Hugh De Haven.

Searched for case studies after he was one of four people that survived the plane crash. Wanted to improve safety in transportation and studied the harmful forces on bodies. Trying to push safety to car manufactures and airplanes to stop faulty construction of transportation. Was laughed at for his contributions to trying to start research. But in 1951 the Air Force made a simple statistical comparison which revealed that it was losing more mendead and injuredin automobile accidents than in combat in Korea. Other branches of the armed forces looked over their rolls and found similarly shocking comparisons. So the first grant to the Cornell project came in 1953 from the Army under the technical guidance of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, The initial grant was $54,000, and over the next eight years the total went up to $500,000. Military foresight made one other great contribution to crash injury research. Colonel John Paul Stapp of the United States Mr Force risked his life to prove how tough the human anatomy can be in tolerating tremendous forces. True to the best heritage of his two professions, medicine and physics, Stapp devised the experimental equipment and chose himself as the guinea pig. In 1954 he culminated a series of tests begun in the late forties. Strapping himself into a giant sled powered by four solid-fuel Jato-type rocket motors and capable of supersonic speeds, he shot forward to a speed of 83z miles per hourand stopped in 1.4 sec. at decelerations in excess of 40 g. ( This means that the force on his body was equivalent to forty times his weight.) The Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, which became the heir to ACIR in 1964 lists three general requirements for collision protection in a vehicle: i) a sound outer shell structure which will retain its structural integrity under impactand absorb as much energy as possiblewithout allowing undue penetration of the striking object into the passenger compartment; 2) elimination from the interior surfaces of the shell any hard, sharp projections or edges and the prevention of vehicle components ( such as steering columns and engines) from penetrating into the compartment; also the application of energy-absorbing materials to reduce impact forces on the human body at all probable points of contact

with these surfaces; and 3) provision of passenger restraint systems, not necessarily restricted to seat belt devices, to prevent or minimize relative body motion and abrupt contact with the interior of the automobile, at the same time inducing little or no physiological damage to the passenger due to the operation of these restraint systems. Based on 70,000 case study data. The steering wheel was another case of injury but caused a lot of tension in discussion of changing it. A lot of pressure was put on car companies to put safety patents in cars. Ford, Chevrolet, GM and others. ACIR Robert wolf head director. Cornell Automotive Crash Injury Research (ACIR)