I. II.

III.

Overview Anatomy A. Caudate nucleus B. Putamen C. Globus pallidus - medial to the putamen and lateral to htalmus 1. Subidicided into GPe and GPi 2. Functionally different 3. Glbus pallidus is the oputput nucleus of the basal ganglia and sends INHIBITOTRY projections tohte thalamus 4. Globus pallidus and the putlamen = lentiform nucleus 5. Internal capsule separates the lentiform nucleus fro the caudage nucleus and the thalamus D. Nucleus accumbens - anterior and ventral part of the striatum where the head of the caudate and ptuament are ocntious with each other 1. Receives dopaminergic input and is an integrat part of the limbic system an reward circuitry E. Subthalamic nucleus - lies inferior to the thalamus and superior to the tegemntum, caudal to hpothalmaus 1. Receives afferents from crorex and other BG structures 2. Output is excitatory through glutamatergic proections to the GP as well as the SN 3. clock of BG dfefnigin the otput rhythm F. substantia nigra (SN) rostral midtrain within the cerebral penduncle at the lvel of the superior colliculi 1. contains dopaminergic neurosn tha project othe putamen and caudate nucleus as well as the STN G. Cross sectional 1. Insula 2. Putamen (most lateral) 3. Globus pallidus (external) then internal 4. Medial to GP is anterior limb of the internal capsule consisting of projection fibers to and from the cortex 5. Head and body of caudate lie in the floor the lateral ventricle 6. Tail of the caudate located in the roof of thein efriro horn of the lateral ventricle Tracts A. Input to the BG 1. To the striatum a. Putamen and caudate receive input from distinct cortical and subcrotical regions 2. Input to stratium enables BG to ingrate info from differenet areas 3. Integrator: single cell receives input from multiple sources 4. Integration allows BG to encode to fthe decision to ove, the direction of the movement, the ampltidue of movment and motor expression of emotions B. Output from othe basal ganglia 1. Output is inhibitory via GABA neurons 2. Projections arise from the GPi and SN and project to the VA and VL of the the thalamus C. Internal cicructs of the BG (input is integrated and the output is regulated) - thalamus is under tonic inhibition - unless the inhibition is removed there is no signaling - thalamus receives specific input that is relayed to the cortex

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output from the basal ganaglia can either increase or decrease the tonic inhibition of the thalamus via two interanal pathways corticostriatal pathway- projection from the cortex to th the straitum nigrostriatal pathway - connection between the SN and the stiratum Subthalamic fasciculus - connection between the STN and the GP Thalamic fasiculus - projection from GP to the thalamus Direct pwathway - target oritened an eefficent behavior Indirect pathway - suppresses superfluous behaviors that are not related to the targeted behavior Direct pathway- removing tonic inhibition from thalamaus leads to more excitation of the cortex and more cortical input a. Corticostraite projections (excitatory) from the cortex to the striatum synapase with inhibitoatry neurons b. Inhibibortayr neurosn pjreoct directly to the GPi c. From the Gpi inhibigotory neurson project to the thalamus d. Inhibibotry input from the striatum to the Gpi nihbits the inhibitory projection othe thalamus e. Inhibition onf the inhibition release the tonic inhibition of the the lamaus resulting in increased output f. Thalamus sents excitatory fibers to the cotex g. Cortical putput resuts from increased excitation of the cortex.