Social Projects

R Kumar
Management Consultant, Corporate Trainer & Coach 06 October 2012

R Kumar
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Management Consultant, Corporate Trainer & Coach

Background
These projects are mainly driven by Govts. Or funding

agencies They apply to wide spectrum of social causes like,

Unemployment

Mal-nutrition
Eradication of poverty Education

Shelter for all, .

This is also known as development economic projects

Background
Off late emphasis is shifting From To
Economic Growth Income Distribution

Production

Satisfaction of human needs

Technology
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Development of human resources

Background
This shift in approach calls for paradigm change in project

management techniques and approaches These projects are more nebulous, delicate and at all times deal with social fabric of nations. Three fundamental differences exist between commercial and social projects

1. Agreement on expected results

While there is general agreement on economic goals, there

always exists a lack of agreement on what results social projects are expected to deliver. For example,

Commercial project

Economic goal of a coffee plantation is to increase coffee production at the least cost possible

Social project
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What results are expected of an education project?

2. Agreement on means to measure

While there is general agreement on how to measure

economic results, there is lack of clarity on knowing if the social results have occurred or not. For example,

Commercial project

Economic result of a coffee plantation is net benefit accrued out of the activities implemented

Social project
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How to measure the results an education upliftment?

3. Knowledge about relationship between Inputs and Outputs

Production function is clear in commercial projects and not

so well defined in social projects. For example,

Commercial project

What combination of inputs at what cost will produce a given level of production in coffee plantation

Social project
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There is no such generally laid out equation

Definitions in Social Projects

Project

Any planned activity that is the object of an appraisal exercise The impact of a set of activities is indecomposable i.e their total impact is different from the sum of their impact as individual activities

Program
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A set of inter-related activities

Definitions in Social Projects Project Identification of effects of the project Appraisal Valuation of these effects
Specific results that the project is expected to have Information necessary to determine the success or failure of the project Yardsticks to be used Hypotheses that have to be verified.
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Definitions in Social Projects Project Identification of effects of the project Appraisal Valuation of these effects
It is relatively simple to predict the effects of a hydroelectric plant; but rather very difficult to know the effects of a new curriculum on the cognitive ability of the school children
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Goals Hierarchy
Goal
Overall development directions Desired ends that are expression of the societys value system Example: Increase in consumption, Equitable income distribution, Quality of life, Self-reliance,

Objective

These are expression of goals at the lower level of abstraction Achievement of an objective contributes to the attainment of one or more of the goal variables. Example: To increase the life expectancy at birth to 70 years by 2020 To provide a functional primary education to 90% of the school aged children by 2020

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Goals Hierarchy
Purpose
Operational objectives that have to be achieved to fulfill sectoral objectives Example: To achieve the health objective, it is necessary to decrease the infant mortality by 50%, eradicate malaria, ..

Target
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Specific quantified results that have to be achieved to meet the purpose Example: To eradicate malaria it is necessary to Increase the population served by safe drinking water from 50% to 90% Safe excreta disposal to 100% of the villages Provide hygeine information to 100% of the school children

Goals Hierarchy

Output

Physical products that are to be produced to fulfill targets Example: To provide safe drinking water to 90% of the population, it is needed to install 25,000 hand pumps, 2000 distribution systems for panchayats

Input
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Various factors of production that have to be provided to produce the output Example: To install 25,000 hand pumps, it is needed to import 10 drilling rigs, train 20 drilling teams, carry out hydro-geological survey,

Social Project Management System

Level of analyses
Policy Planning Exercise
Identification of Goals Determination of Planning options Identification of Objectives

Product of analyses Development Plan

Sectoral Planning

Identification of Policy alternatives Identification of purpose

Sectoral Plan

Program Planning

Identification of Program alternatives

Program

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Social Project Management System

Level of analyses Selection Process
Links Goals, Objectives, Purpose & Target

Product of analyses Necessary information for approval

Project appraisal

Identification of outputs Identification of project alternatives Identification link target-output Determination of cost & benefits of project alternatives
Choice of optimal mix of means

Appraisal reports

Project implementation
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Project document

Means Goal Selection & Interdependence Analysis

Goal Macro Socioeconomic analysis

Means

Objective
Sub Objective

Sectoral analysis

Means

Sub- Sectoral analysis Local Level analysis Output Project Level analysis

Means

Targets

Means

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Means

Input

Instrument Level

Management System of Development Activities

Removal of Poverty

Health

Education

Agriculture

Introduce mid day meal program

Provide equal access to education for rural population

Right to education

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Management System of Development Activities (contd..)

Introduce mid day meal program
Provide equal access to education for rural population

Right to education

Curriculum reforms

Increase primary enrollment ratio from . to..

Double output of vocational training institutions

Training of 500 new primary school teachers/year

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Construction of 1000 class rooms

Production of teaching material for all classes in science/ social

Health : Means End Relationship

Increase life expectancy from 65 to 70 years by 2015
Reduce diarrheas / dysentery from 30000 to 20000 / year Reduce number of people below std. wages by 40% Reduce respiratory desceses by 20% Eradicate malaria by 2013

Set up curative / preventive centers for TB / Pertussis

Spraying

Production

Distribution

Reduction in overall cases of diarrheas / dysentery by 15% Sanitary education in slums

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Reduce death incidence of children between 0-4 yrs by 50% Health edu to all pregnant women Commission water supply projects Safe drinking water to all children Provide milk to all children in villages Install efficient distn. system

Drinking water supply

Safe excreta disposal

Another example
Result Area
Health

Specification of Goals
Increase life expectancy at birth rate from 65 to 70% by 2015
Assure min. coverage of 2200 calories / person of which atleast 10% from lipids to everybody by 2015 Dwelling space of an avg. of 2 persons / room for 90% of the population by 2015 Convenient access to safe drinking water to 100% of urban and 80% of rural population by 2015

Measurement at project level

Reduce water related diseases
No. of people in the target group who have achieved the avg. nutritional level because of project

Nutrition

Housing

The number of avoided migrants The number of induced migrants No. of people who have received convenient access to safe water

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Another example
Result Area
Employment

Specification of Goals

Measurement at project level

Number of jobs created Number of unemployed avoided by providing remunerative activities in rural area Addl. Income created weighted according to the income distribution of the country No. of new trees planted and nurtured Increase rainfall pattern & distribution

Creation of 1 million new jobs / year till 2015

Overall economic growth of 5% per year Increase income of people under average income level by 50% by 2015 Aforestation by an additional 20% by 2015 (base year 2005)

Value added

Environment

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Social Cost benefit analysis

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Characteristics of social indicators

Proxy character
Social indicators do not stand for themselves, but are surrogate

for something else

No. of hospital beds/thousand of population this is tracked by health

ministries of all countries But can be used as an indicator only when the analysis of health sector showed Major health problems in the country can be dealt with by curative services Hospitals can successfully deal with major health problems Major constraint in providing curative services is the availability of hospital beds

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Characteristics of social indicators

Measurement aspect of social indicator
Indicators should be relevant

Indicators should include aggregate, structural and

distributive characters of the society

In order to improve agricultural productivity, look at Avg. size of land holding Usage pattern of agri inputs Irrigation pattern usage of modern irrigation systems, ..

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Characteristics of social indicators

No. of indicators to be kept as low as possible
Indicators should preferably relate to people

Indicators should be economical

Indicators should be understandable to all Indicators should be objective

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Govt. Level Goal Deployment

Removal of poverty Economic self reliance
Consolidation of economic political order Prevention of concentration of economic power Reduction of disparities in income & wealth Attainment of balanced regional development Spread of institutions, values, attitudes of free & just society

Removal of Inequality Removal of underdevelopment

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Govt. Level Goal Deployment

Removal of Inequality Removal of underdevelopment

Public Goods consumption Elementary eductaion Drinking water Health & nutrition Home sites for rural landless Roads & electrification Slum development
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Private Goods consumption Increase economic growth rate Employment creation Fuller utilization of resources Priority to backward regions Priority to backward classes

Govt. Level Goal Deployment

Removal of Inequality Removal of underdevelopment

Public Goods consumption Elementary eductaion Drinking water Health & nutrition Home sites for rural landless Roads & electrification Slum development

Private Goods consumption Increase economic growth rate Employment creation Fuller utilization of resources Priority to backward regions Priority to backward classes

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Health & Nutrition Extension services to rural areas Preventive medicine Nutrition Family planning Health education

Employment Creation Redistributive land reforms Major, medium & minor irrigation Animal husbandry, diaries, fisheries Program for rain-fed & rainshadow regions

Govt. Level Goal Deployment

Removal of Inequality Removal of underdevelopment
Public Goods consumption Elementary eductaion Drinking water Health & nutrition Home sites for rural landless Roads & electrification Slum development Private Goods consumption Increase economic growth rate Employment creation Fuller utilization of resources Priority to backward regions Priority to backward classes

Health & Nutrition Extension services to rural areas Preventive medicine Nutrition Family planning Health education

Fuller employment Redistributive land reforms Major, medium &minor irrigation Animal husbandry, diaries, fisheries Program for rain-fed & rain-shadow regions

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Education Reform of curricula Construction of primary schools Teachers training Provision of teaching material

De-stress agriculture Cattle breeding & farming Rural public work Mechanization in farming Cold storage for fisheries

Social Cost Benefit

The definition of cost benefit is simple for private sector
Monetary expenditure considered as cost and income / revenue

as benefit
Social Cost Benefit analyses are not evaluated according to

their profitability of the operating entity but according to their impact on the society as a whole

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Social Cost Benefit

Social benefit includes
Full employment

Consumer sovereignty
Income distribution

Country welfare
Health & Hygiene improvement Education

Food security, .

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Shadow pricing
Implies that there exists an intrinsic value for inputs and

outputs (for any given welfare function) This intrinsic value has to be determined The exactitude of shadow prices depends on how well the policy makers / technicians translates the subjective welfare function of nations

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Stakeholder analysis

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Stakeholder analysis
Very critical step in social project planning
Identification of all stake holders

What impact that the selected project would create by

implementation or non-implementation
Upside Downside

Prepare appropriate mitigation plans

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The End

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