Non-Destractive test Si.

no NDE TYPE DEFECTS DETECTED ADVANTAGES

Radiographic

Produces permanent Gas pockets, slag inclusions, record.Detects small incomplete penetration, flaws.Most effective for buttcracks welded joints. Porosity holes, slag inclusions, weld undercuts,overlapping Weld surface-type defects: cracks,seams, porosity, folds,pits, inclusions,shrinkage Cracks, porosity, lackof fusion Subsurface flaws:laminations, slag inclusions

Visual

Helps pinpoint areasfor additional NDE. Used for ferrous and nonferrous materials.Simple and less expensive than RT,MT, or UT. Flaws up to in.beneath surface canbe detected. Can be used for thick plates, welds,castings, forgings.May be used forwelds where RT

Liquid Penetrant

Magnetic Particle

Ultrasonic

LIMITATIONS Expensive.Not practical forcomplex shapes.

Can only detect what is clearly visible.

Can only detect surface imperfections. Cannot be used onnonferrous materials. Summary of NDE types

Welding Filler Materials Si.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Base Material CS to CS CS to T-11 CS to T-22 CS to T-1A T-1A to T-1A T-2 to T-2 T-11 to T-1 T-22 to T-22 T-22 to TP-304H TP-304H to TP-304H TP-304H to TP-347H TP-316H to TP-316H TP-321H to TP-321H TIC ER70S-2 ER80S-B2 ER90S-B3 ER70S-2 ER70S-2 ER80S-B2 SFA-5.28 ER80S-B2 SFA-5.28 ER90S-B3 FA-5.14 ERNiCr-3 SFA-5.9 ER309 SFA-5.9 ER347 SFA-5.9 ER316 SFA-5.9 ER347 Electrode E6010 or E7018 E8018-B2 E9018-B2 E7018-Al E7018-A1 E8018-B2 SFA-5.5 E8018-B2 SFA-5.5 E9018-B3 SFA-5.11 ENiCrFe-2 SFA-5.4 E308-16 SFA-5.4 E347-16 SFA-5.4 E316-16 SFA-5.4 E347-16

Summary of Typical Boiler Tube Materials of Con SI.NO 1 Class ofMaterial Carbon steel

Carbon-molybdenum

Chromium-molybdenum steel

Austeniticstainless steel

Ferriticstainless steel Martensiticstainless steel Nonferrousalloys

Nickel-chromium-iron

Summary of Typical Boiler Tube Materials of Construction Typical Alloy Designations SA-178: Welded carbon steel SA-192: Seamless carbon-silicon steel SA-210: Seamless carbon-silicon steel SA-209-T1, T1a, and T1b: Seamless carbon-1/2 molybdenum steel SA-250-T1: Welded carbon - 1/2 molybdenumsteel SA-213-T2: Seamless 1/2 chromium 1/2molybdenum steel SA-213-T12: Seamless 1 Cr - 1/2 Mo steel

SA-213-T11: Seamless 1-1/4 Cr - 1 Mo steel SA-213-T22: Seamless 2-1/4 Cr - 1 Mo steel SA-213-T21: Seamless 3 Cr- 1/2 Mo steel SA-213-T5: Seamless 5 Cr - 1/2 Mo steel SA-213-T5b: Seamless 5 Cr - 1/2 Mo steel SA-213-T5c: Seamless 5 Cr - 1/2 Mo steel SA-213-T7: Seamless 7 Cr - 1/2 Mo steel SA-213-T9: Seamless 9 Cr - 1 Mo steel A-213-T91: Seamless 9 Cr - 1 Mo steel1/2 VX(Cb/N/Ni/Al) steel SA-213-TP304/304H: Seamless 18Cr 8Niaustenitic stainless steel SA-213-TP316/316H: Seamless 16Cr -12Ni -2Mo austenitic stainless steel

SA-213-TP321/321H: Seamless 17Cr - 11Ni -Ti austenitic stainless steel SA-213-TP347/347H: Seamless 18Cr - 10Ni -Cb austenitic stainless -

Ni - Cr (Alloy 600)

Alloy 800 or 800H

als of Construction General Properties Hypoeutectoid steels.Moderate strength up to1000 Mild corrosion resistance Moderate strength up to1000F(538C) Greater creep strength thancarbon steels. Susceptible to graphitizationwith prolonged exposureabove 875F (468C) Most common boiler tubematerials (particularly T22 andT11). Each increase in Cr contentyields improved properties,particularly higher strengthcreep properties, and improvedcorrosion resistance

Resistant to graphitization.

Excellent oxidation resistanceand good elevatedtemperature strength. H following designationindicates higher carboncontent and slightly highersolution heat treattemperature

For use in highly aggressive orhightemperature environment For use in highly aggressive orhightemperature environment For use in highly aggressive orhightemperature environment For use in highly aggressive orhightemperature environment

Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths Si.no Tube steel type Electric resistance welded Seamless Seamless Electric resistance welded Electric resistance welded Seamless ASME Specification Grade Carbon Steel A SA-178 C SA-192 A1 SA-210 C SA-226 Ferritic Alloy 1 SA-250 T1 T1 T1A T1B T2 T5 T9 T11 T12 T22 T91 55 55 55 55 60 60 60 60 60 60 85 75 75 75 75 75 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 60 30 30 30 30 30 Minimum Ultimate Tensile Stress (KSI) 47 60 47 60 70 47 Minimum Yield Stress (KSI) 26 37 26 37 40 26

1 2 3 4

SA-209

Seamless

SA-213

Seamless

Austenitic Stainless Steel TP304H TP316H SA-213 TP321 TP347 TP347H

Maximum Tube metal Temperatures Si.no 1 2 3 4 Tube steel type Carbon steel Carbon Moly Chiomo Moly Stainless Steel ASME Specification SA-178C SA-192 SA210-A1 SA-209-T1 SA-209-T1A SA-213-T11 SA-213-T22 SA-321-304H SA-213-347H SA-213-304H ASME (Max) Feran ( Centi ) 1000(538) 1000(538) 1000(538) 1000(538) 1000(538) 1200(649) 1200(649) 1500(816) 1500(816) 1500(816) B&w (Max) Feran ( Centi ) 950 (510) 950 (510) 950 (510) 975 (524) 1050 (566) 1115 (602) 1400(760) 1400(760)