Chemistry Practical Report

Practical 16: Determination of Heat of Neutralisation Research Question: How can the heat of neutralization when an acid and an alkali are added together be determined? Apparatus: Polystyrene cup, thermometer, 100 cm3 measuring cylinders, and stopwatch. Material: 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1M nitric acid (HNO2), 1M sulfuric acid (H2SO4), 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and 1M potassium hydroxide (KOH). Methodology: Refer to Practical Handbook, page 69. Data Collection: Volume of acid = 50.0 0.5 cm3 Volume of alkali = 50.0 0.5 cm3 Table 1 Temperature of the mixture of acid and alkali at different time in seconds
Acid and alkali HNO2 + NaOH HNO2 + KOH HCl + NaOH HCl + KOH H2SO4 + NaOH H2SO4 + KOH 0 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 38 36 37 36 37 36 The temperature of the mixture at time t, T ( OC) 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 38 38 37 37 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 36 37 36 36 37 36 37 36 36 37 36 37 36 36 37 36 37 36 35 37 36 37 36 35 37 36 37 36 35 37 35 37 36 35 36 35 37 36 35 36 35 36 36 35 36 35 36 36 180 35 35 36 35 36 36

Table 1 (cont.)
Acid and alkali HNO2 + NaOH HNO2 + KOH HCl + NaOH HCl + KOH H2SO4 + NaOH H2SO4 + KOH 19 5 35 35 36 35 36 36 21 0 35 35 36 35 36 36 The temperature of the mixture at time t, T ( OC) 22 24 25 27 28 30 31 33 34 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 35 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 34 34 36 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 34 34 36 36 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 360 34 34 35 34 35 35

*All the readings of temperature above have uncertainties of 0.5 OC.

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Data Processing: The temperature change of the reaction between HNO2 and NaOH 40 38 Temperature, T ( C) 36 34 32 30 28 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time, t (s)

The maximum temperature gathered = 38.5 0.5 OC The difference in temperature = (38.5 0.5) (30.0 0.5) = 8.5 1.0 OC

Assuming the solutions have the density of water; Therefore the mass of the mixture = (50 0.5) + (50 0.5) = 100 1.0 g Assuming the solutions have the specific heat capacity of water; Enthalpy change, H = mcT = (100 1.0) x 4.18 x (8.5 1.0) = 3553.00 453.53 J = 3.55 0.45 kJ

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The temperature change of the reaction between HNO3 and KOH 38 Temperature, T ( C) 36 34 32 30 28 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time, t (s)

The maximum temperature attained = 36.5 0.5 OC The difference in temperature = (36.5 0.5) (30.0 0.5) = 6.5 1.0 OC

Assuming the solutions have the density of water; Therefore the mass of the mixture = (50 0.5) + (50 0.5) = 100 1.0 g Assuming the solutions have the specific heat capacity of water; Heat of neutralization, Hneut = mcT = (100 1.0) x 4.18 x (6.5 1.0) = 2717.00 445.17 J = 2.72 0.45 kJ

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The temperature change of the reaction between HCl and NaOH

38 Temperature, T ( C) 36 34 32 30 28 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time, t (s)

The maximum temperature attained = 37.5 0.5 OC The difference in temperature = (37.5 0.5) (30.0 0.5) = 7.5 1.0 OC

Assuming the solutions have the density of water; Therefore the mass of the mixture = (50 0.5) + (50 0.5) = 100 1.0 g Assuming the solutions have the specific heat capacity of water; Heat of neutralization, Hneut = mcT = (100 1.0) x 4.18 x (7.5 1.0) = 3135.00 449.35 J = 3.14 0.45 kJ

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The temperature change of the reaction between HCl and KOH 38 36 34 32 30 28 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time, t (s)

The maximum temperature attained = 36.5 0.5 OC The difference in temperature = (36.5 0.5) (30.0 0.5) = 6.5 1.0 OC

Assuming the solutions have the density of water; Therefore the mass of the mixture = (50 0.5) + (50 0.5) = 100 1.0 g Assuming the solutions have the specific heat capacity of water; Heat of neutralization, Hneut = mcT = (100 1.0) x 4.18 x (6.5 1.0) = 2717.00 445.17 J = 2.72 0.45 kJ

Temperature, T ( C)

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The temperature change of the reaction between H2SO4 and NaOH

38 Temperature, T ( C) 36 34 32 30 28 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time, t (s)

The maximum temperature attained = 38.0 0.5 OC The difference in temperature = (38.0 0.5) (30.0 0.5) = 8.0 1.0 OC

Assuming the solutions have the density of water; Therefore the mass of the mixture = (50 0.5) + (50 0.5) = 100 1.0 g Assuming the solutions have the specific heat capacity of water; Heat of neutralization, Hneut = mcT = (100 1.0) x 4.18 x (8.0 1.0) = 3344.00 451.44 J = 3.34 0.45 kJ

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The temperature change of the reaction between H2SO4 and KOH

38 Temperature, T ( C) 36 34 32 30 28 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time, t (s)

The maximum temperature attained = 36.5 0.5 OC The difference in temperature = (36.5 0.5) (30.0 0.5) = 6.5 1.0 OC

Assuming the solutions have the density of water; Therefore the mass of the mixture = (50 0.5) + (50 0.5) = 100 1.0 g Assuming the solutions have the specific heat capacity of water; Heat of neutralization, Hneut = mcT = (100 1.0) x 4.18 x (6.5 1.0) = 2717.00 445.17 J = 2.72 0.45 kJ Discussion: To understand the data collected, it is important for us to understand the definition of standard heat of neutralisation itself, which is defined as the enthalpy change when 1 mole of water is formed when an acid reacted with an alkali at room temperature (298 K) and 1 atm. From the reactants of all six reactions, the number of moles of water produced is the same for each six reaction. Because of the fact that the value of Hneut differs from all experiments, a mean has first to be determined.

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Average heat of neutralization, Hneut

= (3.55 0.45) + (2.72 0.45) + (3.14 0.45) + (2.72 0.45) + (3.34 0.45) + (2.72 0.45) 6 = 18.19 2.70 6 = 3.03 2.70 kJ

Limitation and suggestions: One of the assumptions made during the experiment is that all heat is absorbed by the aques solution only. This is obviously not true as even though the polystyrene cup acts as a good insulator, some heat do release into the atmosphere and by the cup itself, causing the temperature reading to be lower than it should be. This decreases the enthalpy of neutralisation. A suggested way to decrease the heat released is by using a bomb calorimeter which releases little heat from the reaction. Another assumption is that the specific heat capacity of the aques solution is exactly the same as distilled water, which obviously not true. The exact specific heat capacity of the solution should be determined first before the experiment. We also assumed that the mass of the solution is the same as water at the same volume, meaning it has the same density. This is not true so I suggest that the mass of the solution is determined first before the experiment by weighing the mass of the cup and mass of the cup with the solution, then the mass of only the solution is determined by subtracting the latter with the former. This experiment is carried out in the morning, from 8.15 to 9.40 a.m. During this period, the temperature of the surrounding increases quite rapidly, sometimes increases by 3C in just a matter of an hour. The increase of temperature affects the decrease of the temperature of the mixture, as the environment have more heat, causing the net heat release from the mixture to be decreased. This can be overcome by performing the experiment in a confined room where the temperature is regulated and fixed. Conclusion: Heat of neutralisation can be derived by the reaction of an acid and an alkali in a calorimeter, where the rise in temperature is used to calculate it using the formulae. The average heat of neutralisation determined from this experiment is 3.03 2.70 kJ