BI 1.

IU CH V GII IU CH DELTA TUYN TNH (LINEAR DELTA MODULATION- DEMODULATION)

I. L THUYT 1. Phng php iu ch Delta iu ch Delta l k thut iu ch iuch s cho tn hiu tng t. Vic iu ch c thc hin qua hai thut ton cn bn: Ly mu v m ha tn hiu thnh s. Tn hiu s s c truyn i. Do vy,iu ch Delta c th kho st nh iu ch PCM ch PCM. u im ca iu ch Delta l c s n gin hn PCM. Cc trng hp iu ch Delta c kho st l iu ch Delta tuyn tnh, Delta-Sigma v iu ch Delta thch ng (Adaptive Delta Modulation). 1.1. iu ch Delta tuyn tnh S iu ch Delta tuyn tnh v gin thi gian lm vic c trnh by trn hnh 1.1 v hnh 1.2.

Hnh 1.1. Phng php iu ch Delta tuyn tnh Tn hiu vo l s(t) tc ng mt li vo b so snh. Li vo cn li ni vi b tch phn ca nhnh phn hi s(t). Tn hiu lun bm theo tm hiu vo s(t). Khi s(t)> , tn hiu (t) li ra so vi b so snh c du dng, cn khi s(t)< , (t) c u m.

B iu ch thc hin vic nhn chui xung t my pht nhp

vi +1 khi (t)

c du duong v nhn vi -1 khi (t) c du m. Kt qu l chui xung ra b iu ch c phn cc dng hoc m ty thuc vo hiu s tn hiu s(t) v . Chui xung c tch phn thnh . Cc xung kim khng truyn tt trn ng truyn, v vy chng thng c bin i thnh chui bit 0 v 1 vi di bit . Bit 0 biu th s gim tn hiu vo cn bit 1 biu th s tng tn hiu vo. Nh vy, trong phng php iu ch Delta c truyn nh phn 1 bit ca tn hiu s (t) trong khi PCM gi i m s nh phn ca tn hiu s(t). Nhn xt rng tn hiu xung c c tn hiu (t) ch c hai mc. Vi mc ch truyn tn hiu trn (t) c ko di trong khong thi gian ng truyn t hiu qu th tn hiu xung

(t).

Hnh 1.2. Gin thi gian iu ch Delta tuyn tnh Gii iu ch Delta l mt b tch phn n gin, to tn hiu gn ging s(t), c mp m kiu rng ca (hnh 1.2) do tc ng tch phn cc nhp nhy bc. B lc thng

thp mc li ra b tch phn s hn ch cc mp m ny. Tn hiu ra s(t) ging vi tn hiu s(t). Cn ch khi c tp m tc ng trong h thng, hai tn hiu ny c th sai lch.

Hnh 1.3. S iu ch Delta tuyn tnh c bn Trn hnh 1.3, l s iu ch Delta tuyn tnh c s dng trigger D l yu t iu ch. Xung nhp hoc du m ca (t). V d: Ti thi im t1, tn hiu s(t)< , (t) c du m, to mc 0 li vo D trigger. Xung nhp t1 s gh vo trigger trng thi 0 (hnh 1.4). Ti thi im t2, s(t) vn thp hn , (t) vn cha i du v trigger vn 0. n thi im t3, s(t) tr nn cao hn , (t) c du dng, to mc 1 li vo D trigger. Xung nhp t3 s ghi vo trigger trng thi 1. M nh phn l cc xung vung rng c a ti s tch phn to tn hiu ra dng rng ca. iu khin ghi vo trigger trng thi 1 hoc 0 theo du dng

Hnh 1.4. Gin thi gian ca iu ch Delta tuyn tnh Tn hiu li ra b tch phn ca s gii iu ch Delta cng c dng ging nh trn hnh 1.4. S khc nhau gia tn hiu ti lp v tn hiu gc gaayboiwr qu trnh iu ch l tp m lng t ha, hay cn gi l tp m ht (Granular noise) biu th s khng mn ca tn hiu ra. Trn gin hnh 1.4, tp m ht c dng s(t) - . gim tp m ht c th thc hin cc cch nh sau: - Tng tn s xung nhp rng hn. - Gim bin d ca xung rng ca. Tuy nhin iu ny dn n s qu ti bin . Khi gia hai nhp Clock, tn hiu vo s(t) thay i gi tr bin >d, s l mo dng tn hiu (khi khng thay i bin ). S mo dng tn hiu do qu ti bin c th gii quyt khi s dng phng php iu ch Delta-sigma hoc Delta thch ng. 1.2. iu ch Delta-Sigma iu ch Delta-Sigma s dng iu ch Delta-tuyn tnh khi b xung b tch phn tn hiu s(t) trc khi iu ch v b vi phn trc khi gii iu ch. , lm tng s bit truyn, v do cn di truyn thng

Hnh 1.5. S iu ch Delta-Sigma Trong k thut iu ch Delta-Sigma, dc ca tn hiu tng t c th c ti to bng vic tch phn chnh tn hiu trc khi i vo b iu ch Delta. Thao tc ny s lu gi c cc thng tin quan trng. Ti ni thu, mt b vi phn tng ng s c a vo b iu ch Delta tuyn tnh. Hnh 1.5 m t s khi ca h thng iu ch Delta-Sigma( ).

, b iu ch s khng x l tn hiu s(t) m l tch phn ca s(t). Hm tch phn ca s(t) s c dc nh hn . Chnh v th m hin tng qua ti dc s gim i. Nh mch tch phn li vo, tn hiu nh. c dng bin i chm hn (hnh 1.6)

v do mch iu ch pha sau s c trng qu ti bin i tt hn khi chn gi tr d

Hnh 1.6. c trng qu ti bin

5

Hnh 1.6a l tn hiu tng t v ti to, hnh 1.6b l tch phn ca s(t) v ti to. trng hp th hai (hnh 1.6b) hin tng qu ti dc l nh hn ng k so vi trng hp 1. Mt nhn xt na l s khi trong hnh 1.5 c th rt gn nu b tch phn 1 m nhim lun chc nng ca b tch phn 2 (cch lm ny c th tit kim chi ph phn cng m hiu qu l tng ng). Ngoi ra, ti ni thu th b vi phn v tch phn s loi tr nhau cho ta hnh 1.7 l s rt gn cui cng. Trong s hnh 1.7, s dng mt b tch phn mc vo sau s so snh.

Hnh 1.7. B iu Delta-Sigma Phng php iu ch Delta-Sigma hin nay t c s dng do c trng tp m ht v qu ti bin khng ci thin nh mong mun. 1.3. iu ch Delta thch ng (Adaptive Delta Modulation) iu ch Delta thch ng da trn vic nn v dn tn hiu (Companding: Compressing - expanding), cho php thay i bin tn hiu rng ca d theo bin tn hiu vo. Khi bin tn hiu vo ln, d c gi tr ln, tn hiu vo nh - d nh. Bin rng ca d bm theo thch ng vi bin tn hiu vo. Kt qu l b iu ch khc phc c hiu qu c trng tp m ht v qu trnh ti bin . Nguyn tc ny c p dng ph bin ch to cc vi mch. B iu ch theo phng php ny c gi l b iu ch Delta thch ng hay b iu ch Delta c c trng thay i lin tc (CVSD: Continously Variable Slope Delta-modulation).

Hnh 1.8. B iu ch v gii iu ch Delta thch ng S iu ch v gii iu ch CVSD c trnh by nh hnh 1.8, v c bn da trn iu ch Delta tuyn tnh. im khc bit l trong nhn phn hi c b sung b khuch i vi h s khuch i iu chnh c. H s khuch i ca b khuch i c iu khin bng tn hiu s t logic iu khin thng qua b tch phn 2-thng gi l b lc Syllabic (SILFILT-Syllabic Filter). Tn hiu vo s(t) qua b so snh hnh thnh tn hiu (t). Chui xung nhp CLOCK s t trigger D trng thi tng ng vi du ca (t). Li ra ca trigger D l m ra ng truyn. M ny cng c gi ti b ghi dch 3 bit. Logic lm vic ca CVSD l ch kim tra 3 bit lin nhau t li ra b iu ch. Nu c 3 bit cng 0 hoc cng 1, chng t chiu hng thay i mnh ca tn hiu vo, lc cn phi thay i gi tr d tng ng. iu khin ny c gi l trng phng (Coincidenne). ng vi trng hp c trng phng, tn hiu ra t s logic c tch phn nh b tch phn (b lc 2). Th ra t b lc iu khin h s khuch i b tch phn 1 qua s phn cc (Polarity). B phn cc cung cp du ca bit (0 hoc 1) t b iu ch. Mc trung bnh ca tn hiu vo c th o bng phng php ni trn. H s khuch i ca b tch phn thay i theo mc trung bnh ny. Do tn hiu rng ca c bin d c gim xung.

B gii iu ch CVSD s dng k thut tng t nh iu CVSD. Tn hiu m s nhn c s cung cp du cho s phn cc v b ghi dch 3 bit. Khi c tn hiu trng phng, b tch phn 2 s thnh th iu khin b khuch i, lm thay i tng ng tn hiu ra b tch phn 1. S khc bit gia iu ch Delta thch ng v tuyn tnh l s dng thm mt b khuch i iu khin in th trong trong mch phn hi ca b iu ch. in th iu khin l tn hiu s pht t b iu ch. Sau tn hiu c tch phn bng b tch phn s 2 (xem hnh 1.8) trong khong thi gian l hng s ln hn b tch phn th nht. B tch phn ny cn c gi l b lc m (do vic p dng rng ri ca k thut ny trong x l m thanh). Lc ny r rang l in th iu khin bin i chm hn rt nhiu theo thi gian. Nguyn l hot ng ca iu ch thch ng: Tn hiu s t trig D l u ra ca b iu ch khng ch c gi i trn ng truyn m cn truyn ti mt thanh ghi dch 3 bit. Thut ton s dng CVSD trong hnh 1.8 ch n thun kim tra 3 bit cui ca b iu ch theo nguyn tc l ba bit ny c ton l bit 0 hay 1 hay khng. iu kin kim tra ny cn c gi l iu kin lp. Khi n xy ra th khuch i ca b tch phn 1 l rt nh. u ra ca b pht hin lp (k hiu l khi LOGIC trn hnh 1.8) s c tnh tch phn nh b tch phn 2. Lc ny, in th u ra ca b lc m s iu khin khuch i ca b tch phn 1 thng qua 1 mch in. Mch in ny s xc nh du ca bit (gi tr 0 hay 1) c pht i t b iu ch. Nhn xt rng vi cch lm ny th mc trung bnh ca tn hiu li vo c th xc nh c. khuch i ca b tch phn s thay i theo mc trung bnh ca tn hiu li vo. V th, bin ca xung rng ca b gim (v nhiu lng t ha cng gim theo) khi tn hiu vo l yu v bin s tng ln (v hin tng qu ti dc cng gim) khi tn hiu vo tng ln. Ti ni thu, b gii iu ch phi s dng k thut tng thch vi ni pht mi c th ti to li c tn hiu.

II. M t thit b th nghim S khi th nghim TC-949 v iu ch v gii iu ch Delta c gii thiu trn hnh 1.9 v s nguyn l cho trn hnh PL4-1, PL4-2. Khi TC-949 bao gm my pht xung nhp, b chia tn s m, cc b iu ch v gii iu ch xy dng trn cng mt loi vimachj MC 3417 (c cu trc theo hnh 1.8) v cc b lc thng thp. My thu pht xung nhp v b chia tn My pht xung nhp CLOCK GEN c xy dng trn vi mch U1 (CD4060) vi cc tr P1, R1, R12 v C6. Li ra y Q4/U1 to tn hiu t 16kHz n 32kHz li ra CK. Tn s c th iu chnh bng bin tr P1-FREQUENCY. B hnh thnh tn hiu Audio (sng sin) Tn hiu OUT t Q9/U1- ng vi h s chia 32 (5 bit) ca tn hiu CK, c bin i thnh dng sin nh b lc thng thp trn U2(AUDIO FORMER). Tn hiu sin c dng cho li vo iu ch Delta. B iu ch Delta B iu ch Delta c xy dng trn vi mch U3 (MC3417 hoc MV3418) c cu trc v lm vic nh trnh by nh phn l thuyt. S c b so snh thc hin so snh tn hiu li vo ANALOG IN vi tn hiu phn hi (ly t b tch phn C10-R22). Du (t) li ra b so snh theo tn hiu nhp t my pht upc ghi vo trigger DFFD. Trong trng hp iu ch Delta tuyn tnh, tn hiu ra t FFD c ly lm tn hiu ra knh truyn. ng thi tn hiu FF D cng qua b tch phn (t C10-R22), to tn hiu rng ca phn hi so snh vi tn hiu vo. Bin tr P3 GAIN cho php chn h s khuch i ca b tch phn. Vn P3 cho php thay i dng np cho t tch phn C10.

Bin tr P4 STEP SIZE- cho php iu chnh gi tr cc tiu bin xung rng ca khi khng c tn hiu tng t. Trong trng hp iu ch CVSD, b ghi dch 3 bit v s d logic cho php chn tn hiu trng phng li ra khi c 3 bit lin tip 0 hoc 1. Tn hiu ny phn cc m bo hiu c s qu ti bin , c gi ti li vo (chn 3) s khuch ai, iu khin h s khuch i ca b tch phn. Kt qu l bin d ca tn hiu rng ca phn hi c thay i tng ng vi s thay i ca tn hiu vo. Vic s dng vi mch U1 (MC3417) v cng sut S1, cho php s dng 1 s kho st 2 kiu iu ch-tuyn tnh v CVSD. B gii iu ch Delta B gii iu ch Delta c xay dng trn vi mch U4 (MC3417) c cu trc v lm vic nh trnh by nh trong phn l thuyt. S ny cng loi vi U1, s dng trong phn iu ch Delta. ch iu ch Delta, cc li vo so snh tng t (AIN,AFDBK) khng s dng. tn hiu iu ch c a vo li vo b so snh (DDATIN) tc ng nh b ly bnh phng. Sau D-Trigger FFD s ti lp li tn hiu iu ch dng chun. M ra t D-trigger c tch phn trn b tch phn C17-R30 ti lp tn hiu tng t. Trong trng hp gi iu ch Delta tuyn tnh, cc b ghi dch v logic khng c tc dng. tn hiu ra t FF-D c tch phn trn b tch phn C17-R30 ti lp li tn hiu tng t. Trong trng hp gii iu ch CVSD, b ghi dch 3 bit v s logic cho php chn tn hiu trng phng li ra hi c 3 bit lin tip 0 hoc 1. Tn hiu ny bo hiu c s qua stair bin , c phn cc m, c gi ti li vo (chn 3) s khuch i, iu khin h s khuch i ca b tch phn. Kt qu l bin ca tn hiu rat hay di tng ng vi s thay i ca tn hiu vo. Vic s dng vi mch U4(MC3417) v cng tc S2, cho php s dng 1 s kho st 2 kiu gii iu ch -tuyn tnh v CVSD.

10

B lc thng thp Tn hiu ra t b gii iu ch thng c tp m ht do qu trnh iu ch v gi iu ch gy nn. B lc thng thp mc li ra gii iu ch cho php lm mn tn hiu ti lp. B lc thng thp c xy dng trn vi mch U5, U6, c tn s ct 3kHz. III. CC BI THC TP 2.1. Kho st cc phn chc nng My pht nhp d liu (CLOCK GENERATOR) Bc 1: S dng dao dng k quan st tn hiu ti cht CK. Bc 2: Vn bin tr FREQUENCY t cc tiu n cc i. Xc nh tn hiu ra ti CK c bin 0/12V, tn s thay i t 16kHz-> 32kHz. B hnh thnh sng sin (AUDIO FORMER) Bc 1: t bin tr FREQUENCY v tr MAX, tng ng tn hiu ra CK 32kHz. Bc 2: S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu li ra OUT ca my pht (cng l li vo ca b hnh thnh xung sin). Tn s tn hiu vo 32kHz :32=1kHz.

Bc 3: Quan st tn hiu ra AUDIO OUT ca b hnh thnh xung sin. Bc 4: Vn bin tr AMPLITUDE kim tra vic iu chnh bin tn hiu ra AUDIO OUT. Bc 5: Vn bin tr FREQUENCY v hng min. 2.2. iu ch v gii iu ch Delta 2.2.1. iu ch Delta tuyn tnh S dng mng LINEAR DELTA & CVSD MODULATION.

11

Bc 1: Ni li ra AUDIO OUT ca b hnh thnh tn hiu sin ng b vi li vo ANALOG IN ca b iu ch Delta. Tn hiu CK c ni sn vi li vo CK ca b iu ch. Bc 2: t cng tc S1 v tr LINEAR thc hin iu ch Delta tuyn tnh. Bc 3: Vn bin tr STEP SIZE cc i (v tr MAx) nh bc cho bin rng ca. Vn bin tr GAIN cc tiu (v tr MIN). Bc 4: Chnh bin tr tn s FREQUENCY cc i (MAX) tn hiu CK l 32kHz. Bc 5: S dng dao ng k kim tra tn hiu sin li vo (ANALOG IN), tn hiu CK, v dng cc tn hiu ny vo cng gin d thi gian trn. Ch chnh bin sin nh 150mV (nh - nh) trnh s qu ti bin . Bc 6: S dng dao dng k kim tra tn hiu phn hi t li ra b tch phn (chn 7/U3 - INTEGRATOR). V li tn hiu ny vo cng gin thi gian. Chnh li bin xung sin (bin tr AMPLITUDE/AUDI FORMER) d ng b xung. Bc 7: S dng dao ng k kim tra tn hiu li ra iu ch DM OUT, v dng tn hiu ny vo cng gin thi gian trn. C th s dng dao dng k 2 knh hoc 3 knh quan st ng thi cc tn hiu. Bc 8: Nhn xt v s tng quan thi gian ca cc tn hiu. Ch r trn gin thi gian thu c trng thi m ra (0 hoc 1) ng vi cc trng hp tn hiu vo nh hoc ln hn tn hiu phn hi. Bc 9: Tng bin tn hiu AUDIO li vo ln 500mV (nh nh). S dng hai knh ca dao ng k quan st s sai lch gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu phn hi. Bc 10: Tip tc tng bin tn hiu AUDIO li vo ln 600mV (nh nh). S dng hai knh ca dao dng k quan st s lch gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu phn hi. Nhn xt s sai lch gia chng cng ln hn.

12

Bc 11: Vn bin tr P3 (GAIN) cc i (v tr MAX). Quan st v nhn xt s sa lch gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu phn hi gim i. Bc 12: Vn bin tr AMPLITUDE gim bin tn hiu AUDIO li vo ti 0 (MIN). S dng dao ng k quan st dng tn hiu ra DM OUT v tn hiu trn b tch phn. Chnh cc bin tr STEP SIZE v GAIN nhn bin tn hiu rng ca tng ng. 2.2.2. iu ch Delta thch ng (CVSD) Bc 1: Gi nguyn cu hnh th nghim trn. Tn s pht nhp CK 32kHz. Cc bin tr STEP SIZE cc i (v tr MAX), bin tr GAIN cc i (v tr MAX). Bc 2: t cng tc S1 v tr LINEAR thc hin iu ch Delta tuyn tnh. Bc 3: t bin tr AUDIO li vo 500 mV (nh nh). S dng hai knh ca dao ng k quan st s lch gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu phn hi. Bc 4: t cng tc S1 v tr CVSD thc hin iu ch Delta thch ng. S dng hai knh ca dao ng k quan st s sai lch ga tn hiu vo v tn hiu phn hi. So snh s lch trong hai trng hp iu ch Delta tuyn tnh v CVSD. Bc 5: o bin ca bc rang ca. Bc 6: Tng tn hiu sin ln 1 V (nh nh). o bin ca bc rng ca tng ng. Nhn xt s thay i bc rng ca theo tn hiu vo. Quan st tn hiu ra ti chn 9/DOUT cuae U3 v chn 11/COINC ca U3. Nhn xt cc trng hp 3 bit 0 hoc 3 bit 1 lin nhau, li ra trng phng c xung m, s dng hiu chnh h s khuch i ca b tch phn trong nhnh phn hi. o th ti chn 3/SILFILT ca U3. Nhn xt gi tr th ny thay i theo bin tn hiu AUDIO li vo. 2.2.3. Gii iu ch Delta tuyn tnh Bc 1: Gi nguyn cu hnh th nghim trn. Tn s pht nhp CK 32kHz.

13

Cc bin tr STEP SIZE v bin tr GAIN cc tiu (v tr MIN). Bc 2: t cng tc S1 v S2 ca phn iu ch v gii iu ch v tr LINEAR thc hin iu ch Delta tuyn tnh. Bc 3: Ni li ra iu ch Delta DM OUT vi li vo DMIN ca b gii iu ch. Bc 4: t bin tn hiu AUDIO l 400 mV(nh nh). Bc 5: S dng 2 knh ca dao ng k quan st tn hiu ra ca b tch phn: Chn 7-AOUT/3 v li ra gii iu ch ANALOG OUT. So snh dng v bin hai tn hiu. Xc nh khong thi gian lch pha gia 2 tn hiu, so snh thi gian ny vi nhp CK. 2.2.4. Gii iu ch Delta thch ng (CVSD) Bc 1: Gi nguyn cu hnh th nghim trn. Tn s pht nhp CK 32kHz. Cc bin tr STEP SIZE v bin tr GAIN cc tiu (v tr MIN). Bc 2: t cng tc S1 v S2 ca phn iu ch v gii iu ch v tr CVSD thc hin iu ch Delta thch ng. Bc 3: Tng dn bin tn hiu AUDIO. Kim tra s tng ng gia tn vo iu ch ANALOG IN v tn hiu ra gii iu ch ANALOG OUT. Quan st tn hiu ti chn 9/DOUT ca U4 v chn 11/COINC ca U3. Nhn xt cc trng hp 3 bit 0 hoc 3 bit 1 lin nhau, li ra trng phng c xung m, s dng hiu chnh h s khuch i ca b tch phn trong nhn phn hi. Lc tn hiu li ra gii iu ch Delta Bc 1: Gi nguyn cu hnh ni trn. Ni li ra ANALOG OUT ca b gii iu ch vi li vo F IN ca b lc thng thp (LOW-PASS FILTER). Bc 2 s dng dao dng k quan st tn hiu li ra (F IN) v li ra (F OUT) ca b lc. Bc 3: Nhn xt kt qu. nh gi vai tr b lc.
14

o c trng tuyn tnh ca iu ch Delta thch ng Bc 1: Gi nguyn cu hnh ni mc V. t cng tc S1 v S2 ca cc phn iu ch v gii iu ch v tr CVSD thc hin iu ch Delta thch ng. Bc 2: S dng dao ng k 2 tia quan st tn hiu li vo (ANALOG IN) ca b iu ch v li ra (F OUT) ca b lc. Bc 3: Thay i tng bc (50Mv) bin tn hiu AUDIO t 100 Mv n 2V (nh nh). o bin tn hiu cc im trn, in kt qu vo bng 1.1. Bng 1.1 STT 1 2 3 ANALOG IN/Mv 100 150 200 F OUT/Mv

2000 Bc 4: Biu din trn th c trng bin ca b gii iu ch: Trc tung biu din bin tn hiu vo, trc honh biu din bin ra. Bc 5: Nhn xt v tuyn tnh ca b bin i Delta thch ng. Quan st tp m ht Bc 1: Gi nguyn cu hnh ni mc V. t cng tc S1 v S2 ca cc phn iu ch v gii iu ch v tr CVSD thc hin iu ch Delta thch ng. Bc 2: S dng dao ng k 2 tia quan st tn hiu li vo (ANALOG IN) ca b iu ch v li ra (F OUT) ca b lc.

15

Bc 3: S dng nt A-B ca dao ng k (ly tn hiu knh A tr cho knh A), trn mn dao ng k s ch th tp m lng t ha (ht). Nu bin ca tn hiu 2 knh lch nhau, cn chnh bin tr V/DIC ca dao dng k nhn cng bin . iu ch v gii iu ch Delta cho tn hiu m thanh Bc 1: Ni Micro vi li vo MIC.IN ca b iu ch. Bc 2: Ni tai nghe vi PHONE li ra b lc thng thp. Bc 3: Pht m vo Micro v nhn xt m thanh thu c qua tai nghe cho cc trng hp: - Thay i tn s xung nhp CK. - iu ch v gii iu ch trong 2 kiu: Tuyn tnh v CVSD

16