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Overview Finger, Ford cup Capillary viscometer Falling ball viscometer Rotational viscometer Rotational rheometer Selected accessories
Temperature control units Measuring geometries Modules
Extensional rheometer
Principle Biosensor
Device Finger Changel Ford cup (High pressure ) Capillary viscometer (Mikro) Faling ball viscometer Laray-viscometer Torsion viscometer Compression viscometer Krebs-Stormer-viscometer Rotational viscometer / - rheometer
Measured quantity Resistance (Force, Pressure) Time Time (Pressure, Displacement) Time Damping Force, Displacement Force, Displacement
Volum flow
Ford-Cup
Advantages: + cheap + easy handling /robust + fast + easy cleaning Method: Measurement of time t (for a defined volume), seconds as an index for the viscosity
Disadvantages: - relative, type of cup and dye have to be stated e.g. DIN-cup Type A Dye Nr. 4 - no temperature control - wrong times for non-Newtonian fluids - not suitable for fluids with yield point
= C4 * t
C4 viscosity (kinematic) Capillary constant,
L/D > 30
Method: The sample is pressed with a piston through the capillary. Measurement of the pressure drop p and the volume flow Q
Calculations:
Method: Measuring the falling time of a ball by measuring marks in a tube with 10 inclination
Result:
= K*(k - Fl )* t
- Viscosity (kinematic)
Applications: - Low viscous fluids e.g. oils - Evaporating fluids / solvents e.g. toluene - Gases
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CS-Method
Disadvantages:
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Disadvantages: - Relative results for NonNewtonian liquids - Comparable results only using same sensor and same measuring conditions (r.p.m., sensor) - Faulty viscosity readings due to variation in temperature
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- acc. to DIN 53018 - acc. to ISO 3219 - Mooney/Ewart-system - Double gap acc. to DIN 54453
- Brookfield spindles acc. to ISO 2555 - Pin- and vane rotor - Krebs rotor - geometries with serrated surface -
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Large particles sedimentation, separation Special sensors vane or helical grooved sensor
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Coaxial Cylinders
Couette Method Rotor fix, measuring cup rotates (1888, Couette) + No Taylor vortex + Drive unit and torque sensor mechanical separated + Structural disadvantages (temperature controller rotates) Searle Methode Rotor rotates, measuring cup fix (1912, Searle). Common method for commercially available rheometers . + Structural advantages - Taylor vortexes at high rotation speed and low viscosity
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Coaxial Cylinders
Shear stress (r) = Md / ( 2 * L * r2 ) Shear rate . = 2 * Ri2 * Ra2 / (Ri2 - Ra2) / r2 * (r) Related to rotor surface A i = 1 / ( 2 * L * Ri2 cL) * Md = A * Md Mk i = 2 * Ra2 / (Ri2 - Ra2) * 2 / 60
Md Torque [Nm] Angular Velocity [1/s] = ( 2 * n ) /60 v(r) = * r n Rotation speed [1/min] Ratio of radiie =Ra / Ri cL Coefficient of resistance
n = Mk * n
LS
LS= 3 * (Ra - Ri ) cL = 1
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"Truncation"
= 3 / ( 2 *
R3
) * Md = A * Md
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(R) = 2 / ( * R3 ) * Md = A*Md
Mk
1,0E+10
1,E+10
1,0E+08
1,E+08
Cone 20 mm/1
1,0E+06 Shear stress (Pa) 1,E+06 Viscosity (mPas)
= 10 Pas
1,0E+04 1,E+04 1,0E+02 1,E+02
1,0E+00
1,E+00
Cone 60 mm/1
1,0E-02 1,E-02 1,0E-04 1,E-03 1,E-04 1,E+05
1,E-02
1,E-01
1,E+00
1,E+02
1,E+03
1,E+04
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Application:
Samples with low up to medium viscosities + Evaporation blocked + High accuracy + Low sample volume + Easy Cleaning - Sample temperature - Gap setting - Inertia higher than standard cone /plate geometry
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+ + -
No cleaning necessary Higher measurement rate Set-up measuring device Lower Parallelism than standard geometry
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+ -
Improvement of contact between sample and measuring geometry Quasi absolut geometry (reduced accuracy) Higher cleaning effort
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RheoScope Module
Combination of two analytical test methods: Correlation between rheological properties und structur
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Rheological Data
Images
Example: Polyethylene
Click: Video
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Sample
Lasermicrometer
Extensional flows occur in many industrial processes and applications and influence these processes often to a great extent. As a consequence the knowledge of extensional properties is important. Extensional properties can not be measured with rotational rheometers.
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Questions?
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