JCE BELGAUM

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Block Diagram of Communication System Modulation; need for modulation Types of modulation Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Super heterodyne receiver Radio telephony & telegraphy

Communication:

Communication is exchange of information between 2

points i.e., means of conveying the information from one point to other. The point from where the information is transmitted is called transmitter and the point where the information is received is called receiver.

Basic Block Diagram of a Communication System:

Information Source Voice, Video Text

Transmitter

Channel

Receiver

Destination

Modulation

Noise

Demodulation

Loud Speaker CRT Printer

The elementary block diagram of a communication system is as shown above.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM The information source produces the information which will be in the form of voice, video and text. This information stored is electrical in nature (transmitter converts non-electrical signal into electrical one). The O/P of the information source is fed to the transmitter where a process called modulation is carried out in which the information signal is superimposed on the carrier signal, the modulation is then sent through the channel to the destination. The channel is medium through which the information signal travels. The communication through the channel; may be wired or wireless communication. If the information signal flows through wire or transmission lines, the communication system is said to be line or wired communication system. In line communication the transmitter and receiver are connected through cables. Ex: Telephony, Telegraphy If the input signal flows through the open space in the form of electromagnetic or radio waves it is called wireless or radio communication. Ex: TV, Radio, Mobile Maximum amount of noise interfere with the information signal in the channel; Noise is some unwanted electromagnetic energy that interfere with information signal and tries to corrupt it, due to noise the quality of information transmission will degrade. Once the noise is added it cannot be separated from the information. The noise can be either natural (lighting & radiating from sun & stars) or man made (ignitions, welding, electric motion).Even though noise cannot be completely eliminated, its effect can be reduced by using various techniques. The output of channel is then given to receiver where a process called demodulation or detection is carried to extract the information signal from modulated carrier. The information signal is then fed to the output devices, Such as loud speaker, monitor & printer etc.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication System

Unidirectional or Bidirectional

Based on the Information Signal

Based on the technique of transformation

Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

Analog

Digital Base Band Transmission

Radio

Walkie talkie

Telephone

Modulated Communication System

Modulation
Modulation is defined as the process of changing certain characteristics of high frequency signal called carrier signal according to the instantaneous value of message signal or modulating signal. In modulation the high frequency signal called carrier signal is made to carry the information or message signal. Using modulation the information signal can be superimposed on the carrier by changing certain characteristics of carrier.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM Information can be introduced in the carrier signal by changing one of three characteristics of the carrier. Based on which characteristic of the carrier is changed, there are 3 different type of modulation. Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (FM)

Need For Modulation

The low frequency signal such as voice, video and text cannot be directly transmitted using antenna because these low frequency signals are heavily attenuated in the space and are corrupted by noise. So the message signals are always transmitted using a technique called modulation. 1). It reduces the length of the antenna According the communication theory the efficient transmission of signal through the space the length l of the antenna should be almost quarter wave line. i.e., l = 4 l= c . 4f

= c
f

Hence l 1 f This equation clearly shows that if the frequency of the transmitted signals is small the length will be large and vice versa. Thus, using modulation, frequency is increased to reduce the length l.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

2).

Mixing of Signals is Avoided If several audio signals are transmitted through the space at the time they will mix up and becomes difficult to separate them at the receiving end. If modulation is used, separate carriers can be assigned to each message signal so hat they do not mix up and can easily be separated.

3).

Long Distance Communication is Possible As energy associated with high frequency signals is more, long distance communication is possible in modulation.

4).

Multiplexing is Possible Multiplexing is a technique using which several signals can be transmitted through the same channel at a time without allowing them to mix up. Since separate carriers are used for every information signal hence multiplexing is possible.

5). 6). 7).

Effect of Noise is Reduced Improves Quality of Reception Power Requirement reduces

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

Amplitude Modulation
VM(t) VM

O -VM VC(t) VC

wt

Modulating (Message) Signal

O -VC VAM(t) +ve Envelope VC

Carrier Signal wt

wct

Amplitude Modulated Signal

-VC - ve Envelope -(VC + VM)

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM It is the process of changing amplitude of the carrier according to the instantaneous value of message signal keeping frequency and phase of the carrier constant. A.M. is used in radio and picture transmission in T.V. For sinusoidal message signal and carrier signal the amplitude modulated signal is as shown in the fig above.

Expression for AM signal

Let Vc (t) = Vc sinwct represents the carrier signal, Vm (t) = Vm sinwmt be the message signal. In AM since amplitude of carrier varies according to amplitude variations of message signal therefore, amplitude of AM signal is a function of time. Let A(t) represents the instantaneous amplitude of AM signal, then we can write. A(t) = Vc + Vm sin wmt Since frequency of the AM signal is same as that of carrier signal the expression for AM is given by Vam(t) = A(t) sin wct Vam (t) = [Vc + Vm sin wmt]. Sin wct = Vc (1 + Vm / Vc sin wmt). Sin wct Let Vm / Vc = m then

Vam (t) = Vc (1 + m sin wmt) Sin wct

This is the required expression for amplitude modulated signal Where Vc Wm Wc m = = = = carrier signal amplitude 2fm is the modulating signal frequency 2fc is the carrier signal frequency & Vm Vc

is the modulation index or depth of modulation or modulation factor of AM.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

Note: If

Vm (t) = Vm cos wmt & Vc (t) = Vc cos wct then

Vam (t) =Vc [1+mcos wmt] coswct

Modulation Index of AM
Modulation index is defined as the ratio of modulating signal amplitude to the carrier signal amplitude. That is Vm Vc = = ma =m

M.I. in case of AM lies in range of 0 < m < 1. M.I. specifies the extent by which the amplitude of the carrier is varied from its un-modulated values.

Effect of Modulation Index on A.M. signal

Case 1 i.,e Or Vm Vc Vm When m < I < I < Vc

The AM signal is called as under modulated which appears as shown below.

VC

Wc t

- Vc

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM Case 2 When m = 1 Vm = 1 Vc Vm = V c The AM signal is called as 100% modulated or perfectly modulated which appears as shown in fig.

VC

W t

- Vc

Case 3 When m >1 Vm > 1 Vc Vm > V c Loss of Information VC The AM signal is said to be over modulated or extra modulated. Hence a distorted AM result, because during every cycle of AM part of the information is lost, hence O over modulation is not used in practice. The over modulated AM signal is as shown in the fig above. Hence the practical value of m used is 0.3 to 0.4; higher value of m is not - Vc used to reduce the transmitter power.

Expression for Modulation Index In terms of Vmax & Vmin

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

Vc + Vm

VC

Vmax

Vmin O wct

- Vc

-(Vc + Vm)

By definition

m =

Vm Vc

__________ (1)

From the above figure Vmax Vmin Vm Vmin =Vc + Vm =2 Vm + Vmin = Vmax Vmin ------------------- (A) 2 = Vc- Vm therefore Vc =

Vmin + Vm

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM Substituting from (A) we get Vc Vc = = = Vc = Vmin + Vmax Vmin 2 2Vmin + Vmax Vmin 2 Vmax + Vmin
2 2

Vmax + Vmin ------------------- (B) 2 Substituting eqn (A) & (B) in (1) we get m = (Vmax Vmin ) / 2 (Vmax + Vmin ) / 2 Vmax Vmin Vmax + Vmin

m =
m =

Vmax Vmin x 100% Vmax + Vmin

Spectrum of AM signal
Consider the expression for AM Signal Vam (t) = Vc [1+m sin wmt] sin wct =[Vc+m Vc sin wmt] sin wct =Vc sin wct +m Vc sin wmt. Sin wct Using the trignometrical relation Sin A. sin B = [cos (A-B)-cos (A+B)]

Vam (t)
Vam (t)

= Vc sin wct +m Vc [cos (wct-wmt)-cos(wct+wmt)] 2

= Vc sin wct + m Vc cos (wc-wm)t - m Vc cos(wc+wm)t 2 2

Where Vc sin wct =carrier m Vc cos (wc-wm) t =L.S.B 2 m Vc cos(wc+wm)t =U.S.B 2

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM From the above expression it is seen that AM signal consist of 3 components the component Vc sin wct is called as carrier component having frequency f c and amplitude Vc. The component m Vc cos (wc-wm) t 2 is called as the lower side band having frequency f c fm and amplitude The component m Vc cos (wc+wm)t 2 is called as upper side band having frequency fc+fm and amplitude

m Vc 2

m Vc 2

That is the amplitude of both the side bands is same hence the same information is available in the side bands, carrier does not convey any information. Hence the line spectrum of AM signal appears as shown. Amplitude B.W BW

= = =

fUSB - fLSB fc+fm fc+fm 2fm Hz

Vc Expression for total power in an AM signal Amplitud e mVc/2 Vc L.S.B mVc/2 0 0 Carrie r U.S.B Frequency Frequency Carrier

fc fcU.S. + fm L.S. fc fm B B BW = 2fm Hz fc fc fc + fm fm

Consider the spectrum of AM signal Pt = P carrier + PLSB + PUSB

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM Pt = P P Pc PLSB PUSB = = = = Pc + PLSB + PUSB = Vrms . Irms

We have Vrms2 = (Vmax /2)2 = Vmax2 R R 2R (Vc )2 = Vc 2 .(a) 2R 2R (mVc /2)2 = m2 Vc 2 (b) 2 8R R m2 Vc 2 (c) 8R Pt = Vc 2 2R Pt = Vc 2 2R + 2m2 Vc 2 8R (1 + m2 ) 2

Pt

= Pc (1 + m2 /2 )

The variation of AM transmitter power with modulation index m is as shown below.

1.5 125 Pc

0.5

1.0

Pt max = 1.5 Pc

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

Expression for total antenna current in an AM Transmitter

Let It be the total antenna current fed to the antenna and I c be the carrier current and R be the resistance of the antenna used. Then the transmitter power Pt is given by Pt Pc = = It2 , R ..(a) Ic2 , R(b) Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2 ) we get. 2

Substituting eqn. (a) & (b) in It2 , R = Ic2 , R ( 1 + m2 ) 2

It = Ic (1 + m2 /2)
It is the required expression for the total antenna current

Expression for transmission efficiency of AM

The transmission efficiency of an AM is defined as the ratio of Power in the side bands to the total transmitted power i,e. Pt PSB = = PSB x 100% Pt Pc (1 + m2/2)

Pt = Pc + m2 /2 Pc =m2/2 Pc is called side band power

PSSB = m2/4 Pc is single side band power. = m2/2 Pc x 100% 2 Pc (1+m /2)

if m =

= m2 x 100% m2 +2
1

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM max max = = 1 1+2 x 100 %

33.333%.

Only 33.33% of power is used and 66.666% is present in carriers.

Various forms of AM Signals

1. Double side band full carrier (DSB FC) Here, the carrier & both the side bands are transmitted. 2. Double side band suppressed carriers ( DSB SC) Here, the two side bands are transmitted without carriers. 3. Single side band full carrier (SSB FC) Here, along with the carrier only one side band is transmitted. 4. Single side band suppressed Carrier (SSB SC) Here, only one side band is transmitted by suppressing the other side band and carrier. It is the universally used method of AM Transmission.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

Frequency Modulation

VM(t) VM Message Signal wt

O -VM VC(t) VC

Carrier Signal wt

-VC Vfm(t) VC fC - fC +

FM Signal wt

-VC fC + Carrier Frequency Variation

fC fC -

wt

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

It is a type of angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal keeping amplitude and phase of the carrier constant. The FM signal appears as shown in the figure above. An FM is used for sound transmission in T.V. and FM mobile phones etc. In FM the information is available in frequency variation of the carrier. The maximum deviation in the carrier frequency is denoted by or f and is called carrier frequency deviation. And this deviation is always measured from the original frequency of the carrier called center frequency fc. Hence the max frequency of FM is given by And And the total carrier frequency swing = 2 fmax = fc +

fmin = fc -

Expression for FM Signal

Let Vm (t) = Vm cos wmt be the modulating signal and Vc (t) = Vc sin wct be the carrier signal. Then the expression for fm signal is given by VFM(t) = Vc sin ------(1)

If w is the frequency of the FM signal then the angle traced out of the FM signal in a time t is given by d w= dt =wdt The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal given by w = wc + time Varying Frequency -----(2)

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

But in case of FM the time varying frequency is given by T.V.F. Wc Vm (t) T.V.F. = K Wc Vm cos wm t Where k is constant of proportionality w = wc + kwc Vm cos wmt w = wc (1 + kvm coswmt) Substituting the value of w in equation (2) = [wc + wc k Vm cos wmt] dt = wct + k wc Vm sin wmt wm = wct + k wc . 2 fc 2 fm sin wmt

= wct + k fc . Vm sin wmt fm

Substituting the value of in eqn (1) VFM (t) = VC sin VFM (t) =VC sin [wct + kfc. Vm sin wmt] fm But the term kfc. Vm = called carrier frequency deviation Hence VFM (t) = Vc sin (wct + fm Then fm Let = mf sin wmt]

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

VFM (t) = Vc sin (wct + mf sin wmt)

Vc = Carrier Signal Amplitude wc = 2 fc Carrier Signal Frequency wm = 2 fm Carrier Signal Frequency & mf = fm modulation index of FM.

Modulation Index (mf):

The modulation index of FM denoted by mf is defined as the ratio of carrier frequency deviation to the modulation signal frequency. i.e., mf = fm The value of mf is always greater than 1. Its value lies between 0 < mf < Practical value varies from 1 < m < 2500

Spectrum of FM Signal
The expression for FM signal is given by

VFM (t) = Vc sin (wct + mf sin wmt)

Since FM is a sine of sine function it cannot be directly expanded using power serried expansion. The only way of expanding is by using Bessells function as shown below.

VFM (t) = Vc [J0 (mf) sin wct + J1 (mf) [sin ((wc + wm) t sin (wc wm) t] + J2 (mf) [sin
(wc + 2wm) t + sin (wc 2wm) t] + J3 (mf) [sin ((wc + 3wm) t sin (wc 3wm) t sin (wc 3wm) t] + J4 .

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM From the above expanded expression it seen that FM contains infinite no. of side bands so theoretically speaking transmission of FM requires infinite band width which is the draw back of FM transmitter. Hence, the spectrum of FM signal appears as shown below:-

Carrier
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3

fm

fc 3fm fc 2fm fc fm

fc

fc + fm fc + 2fm fc + 3fm

The problem of infinite band width can be solved practically by transmitting only the significant pairs of side bands. Those pairs of the side band farthest from the carrier care discarded and rest of pairs are transmitted. How many pairs are significant depends upon the modulating index mf. For ex. If mf = 5 then highest J co-efficient mentioned in the Bessells table is J8 which specifies that 8 pairs of side bands are significant.

Bandwidth of FM signal using Carsons Thumb Rule

According to this rule the bandwidth of the FM signal is approximately calculated using the relation.

B.W. = 2 ( + fm)
Where & = Carrier Frequency Deviation. fm= Modulation Signal Frequency.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

COMPARISON BETWEEN AM AND FM SIGNAL

Amplitude Modulation
Transmitter power depends upon modulation index Mf. The effect of noise is more. Only part of the transmitted power is used. Modulation index of AM is always greater than 1. Adjacent channel interference is more. AM consists of only two side bands. Hence band width is less. AM systems are less complex and less expensiveness. AM broadcast operates in medium frequency & high frequency. Area of reception is large.

Frequency Modulation
Transmitter power does not depend upon the modulation index mf. The effect of noise is less. All the transmitted power is used. Modulation index is always greater than 1. Adjacent channel interference is less. It consists of infinite side bands. Hence band width is large. FM transmitter and receiver are complex and expensiveness. FM broadcast operates in operate in very high frequency & ultra high frequency. Area of reception is smaller than AM.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

Radio Receiver
Radio receiver is a device which picks up the desired signal from the numerous signals propagating at that time through the space, amplifies the desired signal, recovers from it the original modulating signal and displays it in the desired manner. Any radio receiver supposed to have 3 basic qualities. Selectivity Sensitivity Fidelity

Super Heterodyne Receiver

Antenna Reciver RF Amplifier fs Mixer fif = fo - fs IF Amplifier

fo

Ganged Tunning

Local Oscillator

Detector

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

Loud Speaker

Audio Power Amplifier

JCE BELGAUM

The name super heterodyne is a contraction of super sonic heterodyne or the production of beat frequencies. The process of heterodyning or beating involves the mixing of the signal voltage with the local oscillator voltage and converting into a signal of lower fixed frequency called the intermediate frequency. The block diagram of super heterodyne receiver is as shown in the fig. above.

Working
The receiving antenna receives the RF signal (which carries the information) and the RF amplifier amplifies the selected RF signal, local oscillator generates a voltage at frequency f0, the output of the RF amplifier and local oscillator are (beats, heterodynes) mixed using a mixer to produce a standard frequency signal called intermediate frequency signal (commonly used I.F. is 455 kHz.) The signal at IF contains the same modulation as the original carrier. This IF signal is amplified using IF amplifier. Then the output of the IF amplifier is fed to the detector which extracts the information signal. The detected signal is then amplified using audio and power amplifier and finally amplified message signal is fed to the O/P devices like load speaker.

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

RADIO TELEPHONY & RADIO TELEGRAPHY

Radio Telegraphy
Telegraphy is a form of communication that employs type writer like M/cs operating at a maximum speed of about 60 words per min. to send written messages from one point to another. In telegraphy the transmitting teletypewriter produces a set of coded pulses when a given key is taped. In the receiving mode the same M/c prints out the appropriate letter when a given code is received. The telegraphy code used is called Morse Code. In Morse code all the letter, numbers and signs are represented by Dots and Dashes. Usually, the time period of dash is 3 times the time period for dot. The spacing between two dots/dashes or between a dot and dash in the same letter is 1 unit and space between a dot/dash in two letters in the same word is equal to 3 units and the spacing between the two words is 7 units. The coded message is transmitted using the telegraph transmitter and received using receiver as shown in the figure. Antenna

Telegraphy Machine

Oscillator

RF Power Amplitude

Antenna

Radio Receiver

Telegraphy Machine

Printed Message

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE

JCE BELGAUM

Radio Telephony
In telephony the sound signal is converted into the electrical signal using microphone. The electrical signal is modulated and then transmitted using radio waves. At the receiving end radio receivers are used to receive and demodulate the signal and convert it to original electrical signal. This electrical signal is then fed to speakers to generate sound signal. The radio telephony transmitter and receiver are as shown in the figure. Antenna Microphone m Sound Signal Amplifier Modulation RFC Power Amplitude

Carrier Wave

Transmitter
Antenna Speaker Sound Waves

Receiver Amplifier

Amplifier

Modulation

RFC Power Amplitude

Receiver

Notes By Prof. PRAVEEN CHITTI, HOD ECE