EEL6935 Advanced MEMS 2005 H.

Xie 1
Lecture 25
Optical Coherence Tomography
Agenda:
OCT: Introduction
Low-Coherence Interferometry
OCT Detection Electronics
4/11/2005
EEL6935 Advanced MEMS (Spring 2005)
Instructor: Dr. Huikai Xie
References: Bouma and Tearney, Handbook of Optical Coherence Tomography, Marcel Dekker, Inc, 2002
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Echo Time Delay of Sound and Light
100m
10m
33fs
67ns
Electronics: OK
Too fast to
electronics
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Measuring Ultrafast Optical Echoes
Nonlinear optical gating
Kerr shutter
Second harmonic generation
o High intensity
o Short pulses
Interferometric detection
Low coherence interferometry
White light interferometry
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Michelson Interferometer
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Optical Coherence Tomography
Heart disease and cancer are the top two killers in US
Lack of in vivo intravascular imaging modalities
Lack of high-resolution imaging for early cancer diagnostics
X-ray (safety, dye, resolution, )
Ultrasound (~100m)
Optical Coherence Tomography first demonstrated by
Prof. Fujimoto et al. in 1991
Non-invasive or minimal invasive
Based on low coherence interferometry
High Resolution (
2
/, ~10m) cross-sectional
images
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Optical Coherence Tomography
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Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc.,
Eye diseases (e.g. glaucoma)
Lightlab Imaging
Cardiovascular imaging
Cancer detection
Dentistry
Pentax/Lightlab
Olympus
Many universities
Lightlab Imaging
OCT System
Zeiss Stratus OCT
Optical Coherence Tomography
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Schematic of a simplified OCT setup
50:50
Photo
detector
Reference
mirror
Fiber 2
Transverse
scanning: 1D
or 2D
Sample
Beam
splitter
Broadband
source
Electronics Computer
Axial scanning, z
Fiber 1
z
x
y
Optical Coherence Tomography
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OCT Imaging Catheter
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Photo
detector
Reference
mirror
Sample
Michelson Interferometer
Beam splitter
Light
source
E
S
E
R
E
S
+ E
R
l
R
l
S
Low Coherence Interferometry
l
D
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Photocurrent of
the detector:
( )
| | 2
( )
R R
j l t
R Rm
E t E t e

=
( )
| | 2
( )
S S
j l t
S Sm
E t E t e

=
2
0
2
R S
e
I E E
Z

= +

{ }
2 2
*
0
1 1
2 2
Rm RS R S
e
I E E E E
Z

(
= + +
(

{ }
( )
*
cos 2 cos 2
/ 2
R S Rm Sm R S Rm Sm
l
E E E E l l E E

| |
( = =
|

\ .
For monochromatic
light source,
The interference has a period of /2 relative to the length mismatch l.
Michelson Interferometer
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Non-dispersive Media
2
2
2
cos 2
/ 2
l
I e

(
(

| |

|
\ .
For partially coherent light source,
: time delay;

: standard deviation of the temporal width

which is inversely proportional to the spectral bandwidth
The interference
changes periodically
but the intensity
decays exponentially.
Low Coherence Interferometry
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Full-width at half-maximum (FWHM):
2 2ln 2 FWHM =
2 2
0 0
2ln 2
0.44
FWHM
l


=

where l
FWHM
and are the
full-width at half-maximum
axial resolution and spectral
bandwidth, respectively.
Low Coherence Interferometry
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The photocurrent is a sinusoidal signal,
OCT: Detection Electronics
( )
0 0
2
cos cos
p
l
I
v

| |

=
|
|
\ .
Assume the reference mirror moves at a constant speed, i.e.,
0
2
cos
r
p
v
I t
v

| |

|
|
\ .
r
l v t =
Then
So, the electrical signal of the detector has a frequency of
0
0
2
2
2 2
D r
D r
p
v
f v
v


= = =

is the Doppler shift due to the moving reference mirror.

D
f

For example, v
r
= 1m/s,
0
= 1.3m
Then f
D
= 1.5MHz
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Relations Between Electrical and Optical Frequencies
The electrical signal of the detector has a frequency of
2
r
v
f

The equivalent quality factors of both electrical and optical signals are equal.
2
0
2
r
v
f

0
1
D
f
Q f

OCT: Detection Electronics

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Block Diagram of OCT Electronics
OCT: Detection Electronics
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Transimpedance Amplifier
C for stability and high-frequency suppression
v iR =
OCT: Detection Electronics
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Bandpass Filters
1. Active Sallen and Key Cascade Filter
Cascading a low-pass S/K filter and a high-pass S/K
filter
2. Passive Network Butterworth Filter
OCT: Detection Electronics
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Sallen and Key Low-pass Filter
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1
1
o
i
V s
H s
V s s R R C C s R R C
= =
+ + +
1 2 1 2
1
n
R R C C
= 1 2
2
1 2 1
R R
C
Q
R R C
=
+
( )
( )
2
2 2
/
n
n n
H s
s Q s

=
+ +
OCT: Detection Electronics
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Sallen and Key High-pass Filter
1 2 1 2
1
n
R R C C
=
1 2
1
1 2 2
C C
R
Q
C C R
=
+
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
/
n
n n
s
H s
s Q s

=
+ +
OCT: Detection Electronics
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Passive Network Butterworth Filter
( ) 2 1 2
sin
2
s
i
c
i R
L
N

(
=
(

( ) 2 1
2
sin
2
i
s c
i
C
R N

(
=
(

Assume equal source and load resistances (R
s
= R
L
), cutoff frequency
c
and
unity DC gain. The ith L and C .
N
th
-order low-pass LC ladder network
N
th
-order high-pass LC
ladder network
OCT: Detection Electronics
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N
th
-order Butterworth Bandpass Filter
Set
c
= 1 rad/s
Calculate L
i
and C
i
Transform L to L+C
Transform C to L//C
Low-pass to bandpass frequency warping
2 1
B =
2 1 m
=
Bandwidth
Midband frequency
OCT: Detection Electronics
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Demodulation
Mixing (multiplier)
Envelope detection
( ) ( ) ( ) cos cos
c s s c d
t t + + i
OCT: Detection Electronics
~ ~
Phase control
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Noise
Thermal noise
Shot noise
Relative intensity noise
Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE)
Design Issues
Design for shot-noise limited sensitivity
Trade-offs between resolution, power, speed and
sensitivity
OCT: Detection Electronics