33-131

Assignment 8 Solutions

Matter & Interactions I

Fall 2012

a a-b

b
Figure 1: The spherical shell for problem 7.C3. 7.C3. The moment of inertia of a uniform sphere of mass m and radius r about its center is 2 2 mr . 5 What is the moment of inertia of a spherical shell of radius a and shell thickness b? I = 7.C3. In order to do this, we will compute the moment of inertia of the larger disk, and then substract from it the moment of inertia of the smaller disk. It = Ia Ib . To do this, we will need the mass of each sphere. We will assume that the mass has a uniform density , so the mass of the larger sphere is ml = For the smaller sphere, we have ms = 4 (a b)3 . 3 4 3 a . 3

From this, we get the two moments of inertia. For the larger sphere its is Il = 4 3 a a2 , 3

and for the smaller we get Is = 4 (a b)3 (a b)2 . 3

Thus, for the resulting object, we have that It = Il Is 4 a5 (a b)5 . It = 3

7.C12. A force applied to the handle of a wrench applies a torque about the bolt to which the wrench is attached. (a) For a wrench of length 50 cm and a 20 N torque applied normal to the wrench, what is the torque about the bolt? If rather than applying the force at an angle of 90 to the wrench, it is applied at an angle of 45 , what is the resulting torque?

F r r

45

Figure 2: A force applided to a bolt for problem 7.C12. The left-hand picture is applied at 90 to the radius, the right-hand is at 45 to the radius.

7.C12. (a) The torque about the center of the bolt is given as = rF . For the situation depicted in the left-hand frame of Figure ??, we have = (0.50 m) (20 N ) = 10 N m which is directed out of the page towards us. (b) For the case of the wrench at 45 , we have the situation depicted in the right-hand picture in Figure ??. = (0.50 m) (20 N ) sin 45 = 7 .2 N m 2

again, the direction is out of the page towards us. 7.C20. A comet of mass m is observed orbiting the Sun in a fairly elliptical orbit. At its closest approach to the Sun, it is a distance rp and moving with speed vp . (a) How fast is the comet moving when it is at its farthest point from the Sun, a distance of ra ? (b) At some point on its orbit, the comet is at a distance r2 from the Sun, and the angle between the radius r2 and the comets momentum, p2 is measured to be . What is | p2 |? 7.C20. (a) Conservation of angular momentum about the sun tells us that the angular momentum must be the same at every point on the orbit. At both the closest and farthest point, the radius and the moemntum are perpendicular to each other. Thus, we get that Lp = m rp vp La = m ra va , and then Lp = La . so we have m rp vp = m ra va rp vp . va = ra (b) At the point given, we have that L2 = m r2 v2 sin 2 . L2 = m r2 v2 2 Conservation of angular momentum gives us that L2 = Lp , so we have 2 m r2 v2 = m rp vp 2 rp v2 = 2 vp . r2

d1 m1 P

d2 m2

Figure 3: Two masses on a board which is balanced on a fulcrum for problem 7.C30. 7.C30. Two masses, m1 and m2 are placed on either end of a massless board. The board is in turn supported by a fulcrum at the point P as shown in Figure 3. The rst mass is a distance d1 to the left of the fulcrum, while the second mass is a distance d2 to the right of the fulcrum. (a) What is the torque about point P due the the gravitational force on m1 ? (b) What is the torque about point P due the the gravitational force on m2 ? (c) The fulcrum exerts an unknown normal force on the board, N . What is the torque due to N about the point P? (d) What is the net torque on the mass-board system about the point P? (e) If the board and masses do not move, express the distance d2 in terms of d1 , m1 and m2 . Under these conditions, what is the normal force, N ? 7.C30. Let us start by dening x to the right, y to be up and z out of the page towards us. (a) The radius from the fulcrum to the mass is r1 = d1 (x ) and the gravitational force is F1 = m1 g (y ). Thus the torque due to m1 is 1 = r 1 F1 1 = d1 m1 g [(x ) (y )] 1 = d1 m1 g z . (b) The radius from the fulcrum to the mass is r2 = d2 ( x) and the gravitational force is F2 = m2 g (y ). Thus the torque due to m2 is 2 = r 2 F2 2 = d2 m2 g [( x) (y )] 2 = d2 m2 g (z ) . (c) For the normal force acting at the fulcrum, the radius is zero. Thus the torque due tot he normal force is zero, N = 0 .

(d) We have that the net torque is net = 1 + 2 + N net = (m1 d1 m2 d2 ) g z . (e) If the object is not movint, then both the net torque and the net force must be zero. That means that we must have that 0 = m1 d1 m2 d2 m1 d2 = d1 , m2 and 0 = N m1 g m2 g N = (m1 + m2 ) g .

7.S43. A disk of mass M and radius R is free to slide on a frictionless surface. A massless rod with two beads of mass m is attached to the disk as shown in Figure 4. The beads are free to slide along the length of the rod. A massless string is wrapped around the outside of th disk and the string is pulled with a constant force F , directed to the right as shown. The disk starts at rest, and after a after the force has been applied, the center of the disk has moved a distance d to the right. At the same time, a length s of string has unwound from the disk. At the same time, the beads slide along the (frictionless rod) until the collide with the end of the rod, where they stop. (a) At the
d+s m L m d M,R F

Figure 4: The sliding disk for problem 7.S43. instant shown to the right in the gure, what is the speed v of the center of the disk? (b) At the same instant, what is the angular velocity of the disk system? (c) If we look at the system a time t later than shown, by how much will the angular speed change?

7.S43. (a) To get at the speed of the center of the disk, we are interested in Ktran . This implies that we examine the point particle system. Here, the center of mass moves a distance d, and the external force that has been applied is F , so Ktran = F d. Fd If the object starts from at rest, then 1 (M + 2m)v 2 = F d, or that v = M2+2 . 2 m (b) If the angular speed of the disk is , then to get the thermal energy, we will need to use the energy principle. In this case, the external force is F , and it acts through a distance of d + s. We also know the translational and rotational kinetic energies at the instant in time, so we can get at the internal energy as: Eint = F (d + s) Ktran Krot . For the nal rotational kinetic energy, we 1 M R2 , need to get the moment of inertia of the system. For the disk, we have I = 2 L 2 and for each of the masses, we have a contribution of m( 2 ) . As such, the nal 1 1 ( 2 M R2 + 1 mL2 ) 2 . So, we get that: kinetic energy will be Krot = 2 2 1 1 1 Eint = F (d + s) F d ( M R2 + mL2 ) 2 2 2 2 1 = F s (M R2 + mL2 ) 2 4 Part c: To get at the change in angular velocity, we need to use the angular 1 momentum principle, L = t. Which gives us that = I t, where we computed I in part b. The external torque is just RF , so we get that 1 = (RF t)/( (M R2 + mL2 )) 2 = (4RF t)/(M R2 + mL2 )

R M

y F

z x

Figure 5: The rotating disk for problem 7.S44. 7.S44. A uniform disk of radius R and mass M is mounted on a frictionless axle as shown in Figure 5. A nearly massless string is wound around the disk, and you pull on the string with a force F as shown in the gure. (a) If the disk starts from at rest, what 6

is the angular momentum, L, about the axle as a function of time? (b) Assume that R = 20 cm, M = 75 kg and F = 25 N . If at some time the angular velocity of the disk is 2s1 , what is its angular speed 0.1 s later? 7.S44. This is an angular momentum principle problem, L = t. For a wheel mounted to an axle as in this problem, the useful point to choose is the center of the wheel. In this case, the net external torque acting on the wheel about its center is a constant, ). Now, we are also told that at some time t0 , the disk has ext = r F = RF (k an angular velocity, i = 2/s, and we are asked what its angular velocity is 0.1s later. So, let us apply our principle: L = If I i = ext t. Because all of the vectors have to be in the same direction,we can simply solve for f : f = ((RF t) + Ii )/I = ((0.2m)(25N )(0.1s) + (1.5kgm2 )(2/s))/(1.5kgm2 )

m r M

m R

Figure 6: The yo-yo for problem 7.S48. 7.S48. A yo-yo is built out of three disks as shown in Figure 6. The outer two have radius R and mass m, while the inner one has a radius r and mass M . A string is wrapped around the inner disk, and then the yo-yo is suspended from the ceiling by the string. If the yo-yo is released from rest, and the string can unwind without slipping as the yo-yo falls under the inuence of gravity. What is the tension in the string as the yo-yo falls? 7.S48. We start by doing a bit of housekeeping. The total mass of the yo-yo is Mt = 2M + 1 m and its moment of inertia about an axis through its center is I = 2 [mr2 + 2M R2 ]. Now we take the yo-yo as our system an look at the forces acting on it.

The gravitational force and tension are Fg = Mt g y T = Ty The net force acting on the yo-yo is then the sum of these. We can now write Newtons second law as dp = (Mt g T ) y dt dvcm Mt = (Mt g T ) y dt Mt g T dvcm = (y ) dt Mt since all motion is along the y -axis, we can only consider that y-component and we get dvcm Mt g T = . dt Mt If we choose the center of the disk to be our point, only tension exerts a non-zero torque about this point. = rT = rx Ty = rT z The angular momentum principle gives us that dL = dt d I = rT z dt d rT = z dt I Since everything is along the z axis here, we can consider only that componet to get d rT = dt I 8

Now we note that vcm = r, or = vcm /r. This means that we can write our two equations as dvcm Mt g T = dt Mt 2 r T dvcm = dt I and equating these, we get Mt g T r2 T = Mt I r2 T = T g Mt I g = T T =
r2 I

r2 1 I MT g . 1 M t