POWER SYSTEM MODEL TO ANALYZE THE FREQUENCY STABILITY OF THE POWER SYSTEM DUE TO WIND POWER PENETRATION LEVEL

Abstract A sustained unbalance between supply and demand leads to deviation of frequency from its nominal value. A significant contribution of wind power causes a principle problem of system balancing due to uncontrollable nature of its prime mover power, i.e. wind speed. This paper concentrates on the development of power system model to analyze the impact on system frequency due to supply- demand unbalance. Power system model developed using Matlab Simulink and it is employed with both primary and secondary frequency regulation. Current practice of manual frequency controlling has been modeled as an external loop replacing the traditional integral controller. This model is then used for the determination of the maximum possible wind penetration level in the Sri Lankan power system which does not violate the allowable frequency variation limits. Keywords Frequency stability, Power system modeling, Wind power penetration 1. INTRODUCTION Sri Lankan power system is an island system, comprising of hydro power plants, oil fired and coal fired thermal power plants and wind power plants. The government of Sri Lanka has set a target to produce 10% of electricity demand from the renewable energy sources by 2015. Among renewable energy sources wind power is more attractive due to easiness of the construction and high revenue. The impact of wind power on the power system depends on the size of the power system and also the penetration level of wind power. Since wind

power technology differs from conventional power plant technologies wind turbine output cannot be controlled as our wish. This leads to undesirable frequency variations in the power system if wind penetration level is significant compared to size of the power system. Thus load frequency control plays vital role when analyzing the frequency stability due to wind power variation. Further simulations have to be carried out for extended periods approximately 30 minutes unlikely in the typical dynamic simulation studies, to observe the recurrent frequency deviations due to wind power variation. Considering the above facts new power system model was developed using Matlab Simulink incorporating the manual frequency control as well rather than using PSSE software which widely uses for the transient stability studies. The basic concept behind the model is single area consisting of basic governor, turbine, generator and load. Then turbine / generator
were split into hydro and thermal separately to represent different behavior of hydro and gas turbines. Since system frequency stability

phenomenon depends on the power imbalance between electrical and mechanical power in the system wind power variation has been modeled as electrical power change. Wind plant modeled refers to the model derived in the Modeling of wind turbines for grid studies [1]. Typical wind speed variation in Sri Lanka is fed to this model as the input and the output of the unit will be active power change corresponding to the wind speed. It is assumed that all wind turbines will have same characteristics for the sake of simplicity.

Ultimately studies have been carried out to assess the frequency stability by increasing the wind penetration level. 2. POWER SYSTEM MODELING During modelling it is assumed that system frequency is uniform throughout the system and hence inter machine oscillations have not been considered to avoid the complexity of the overall model. The above assumption is made considering the fact that Sri Lankan power system is tightly meshed and electrically short, with the relative impedances between nodes quite small [2]. Basic overview of the model used for the study is shown in figure 1.
+Govern or Turbine

temperature controller loop. Thus model is used without temperature controller loop [3]. Generally at higher loads gas turbine output depends on the temperature controller mode rather than droop mode. Therefore in this model temperature control function is achieved limiting maximum generation up to 10% of its rated value. Simplified steam turbine model TGOV model is used for the studies. Dead band has its own role in the governor model. Governor will response continuously to small changes in frequency deviation in absence of dead band. Therefore dead band is used in governor model to prevent the response of governor to any signal within the specified range. B. Generator model Generator model is described by the swing equation expressed in equation 1.
Pm Pe Dgen.f 2 Hs .f

+Pe

Power System

1/R -K/S

(1)

Figure 1: Basic power system model A. Governor / Turbine model Hydro, Gas and steam turbines behaves in a different way during the transient conditions. Therefore it was decided to model hydro, Gas and steam turbines separately rather than representing all the generators as a single machine. Additionally Sri Lankan power system comprises of diesel generators. But all of them operate at fixed load and do not contribute for the primary frequency regulation. Hence they have not been modeled. There exist various dynamic models of governor turbine with varying degree of complexity. But turbine-governor model that commonly used for the stability studies was used for this study. The GAST is the most commonly used simplest model that use to represent gas turbine. GAST model does not represent give adequate representation of the

Pm Pe Dgen H

= Mechanical power change in per unit = Electrical power change in per unit = Damping constant of the generator = Inertia Constant of the generator

Since considered power system is multi machine system above equation has to be modified by changing the base value to system
Pmi Pi Pg Pei Pi Pg Dgen.f P Pi i 2 His .f Pg Pg

(2)

generation from generator rated value. Summing all the machines in the system together
n Pm i Pi n Pe i Pi ( ) ( ) i 1 i 1 Pg Pg P n Dgen .f i Pg i 1
n Pi 2 (H i s ).f i 1 Pg

As frequency changes electrical load also changes due to contribution of the frequency dependency
Pe PL Dsys .f

loads. Total electrical load in the system can be represented as follows.

H 1 MVA1 H 2 MVA 2 ... Hn MVA n MVA1 MVA 2 ... MVA n

(7)

Where Dsys is the damping constant of the power system. The coherent response of all the generators to changes in the system load is represented by an equivalent generator. Equivalent generator having equivalent inertia constant of Heq is driven by the combined mechanical outputs of the individual turbines which are in free governor operation. In this case rather than considering the each turbine separately all the hydro turbines are lumped together, except frequency controlling turbine. All gas turbines and steam turbines lumped together and represented separately.
Pm1 Pm2 ..Pm3 PL (2Heqs D)f Kps Pm1 Pm2 Pm3 Pm4 PL f sTps 1

System inertia can be expressed either total system MVA base or total system MW base. Approach II Rate of change of frequency under sudden generation rejection from the system is determined by the following equation. (8) df/dt - Initial rate of change of frequency in pu - Decelerating power in per unit of connected MVA H - System inertia MW-S/MVA Actual generator trippings in the system are considered to evaluate the H constant. Rate of change of frequency, df/dt was obtained from DFR. System inertia is calculated considering five cases using equation 8 and compared with values obtained from approach I. Table 1: Comparison of H obtained from both approaches Case Load Rejected /(MW) 50 62 75 107 75 H, Approach I 4.57 4.25 4.34 4.04 3.86 H, Approach II 6.32 6.82 6.85 6.09 5.74

(5) (6)

Kps 1/D Tps 2Heq/D

Pm1 - mechanical power change in hydro turbines in pu Pm2 - mechanical power change in gas turbines in pu Pm3 - mechanical power change in steam turbines in pu Pm4 -mechanical power change in frequency controller in pu Heq - equivalent inertia of the system. D - damping constant in the power system in pu C. Estimation of the inertia constant of power system Approach I Inertia constant of the power system could be determined by considering the committed generators in the system from following equation. I II III IV V

There is a deviation between two values which obtained from two approaches. Both values are used during the validation of model and select more appropriate value which gives closest response to actual conditions. D. Equivalent Droop Model

In general per unit droop for a machine is given based on the turbine rating. When dealing with the whole power system it is required to have unique base value for every quantity. Droop setting of a particular machine can be represented with respect to system generation base as equation 9.

Frequency controller model and complete power system model is illustrated in figure 2 in figure 3 respectively. 3. MODEL VALIDATION Figure 4 and 5 shows the frequency response for a 75 MW and 107 MW generation reduction respectively using the developed model. Model parameters such as available spinning reserve and equivalent drop settings are determined considering the dispatch at the time of generator tripping for both cases. The initial rate of change of frequency in simulation is slightly higher than the actual. This implies system inertia used in this simulation which obtained from approach I is lower. As system inertia is changed to value obtained from approach II df/dt has become more similar. Further it is observed that some deviations in minimum frequency and frequency recovery. Thus system damping constant, D is adjusted until both are matched. The parameters of governor/turbine models have not been validated for the present conditions. Those values may be slightly differ from settings have in records. Therefore one to one validation of the model hardly achieved.

Ri new Ri

Pturbine Pg

(9)

Rinew - New droop setting in system MW rating Ri - Previous Droop setting in turbine rating Pg - Total system generation in MW Pturbine - MW rating for the turbine
n 1 P1t 1 Pnt .... ) f Pm ( R1 Pg Rn Pg i 1

(10)

E. Frequency Controller Model Automatic Load frequency control or frequency controlling is responsible for maintaining the system frequency at its nominal value. ie 50Hz. In Sri Lanka frequency controlling carried out manually by the operator at power station who asked to do so. Operator at the frequency controlling station increases or decreases the load reference set point as frequency drops or rise from its nominal value respectively to normalize the frequency. Due to the human intervention conventional integral constant could not be used. Therefore frequency controller model is developed using the features in MATLAB Simulink considering following facts. Operator changes load reference set point only when frequency drops less than 49.80 Hz and raise above 50.2 Hz. ie + 0.004 pu deviation. Ramp of changing the load reference point is 1 MW/S