02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia

UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisasterReductionsecretariat(UNISDR) AsianDisasterPreparednessCenter(ADPC)
NationallevelInstitutionalandPolicy Landscape,ProjectEffortsandGood PracticesinSoutheastAsia

Project:Enablingenvironmentforintegrating disasterriskreduction(DRR)andclimatechange adaptation(CCA)inSoutheastAsia
PreparedbyA.R.SubbiahandXiaoliWang,RIMES
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NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia
2010
TableofContents
1. 2. THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK .........................................................................................................4 THEEXISTINGINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMANDPOLICYONDRRANDCCAATNATIONALLEVEL ..5 2.1 Cambodia .....................................................................................................................................8 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ..................................................................................8 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR ...........................................................................9 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................11 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................13
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2
Indonesia ....................................................................................................................................13 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................13 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................14 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................16 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................18
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3
LaoPDR ......................................................................................................................................18 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................18 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................20 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................21 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................22
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4
Myanmar ....................................................................................................................................23 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................23 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................24 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA(notavailable) .......................................................25 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA(notavailable) ................................................25
2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5
Philippines ..................................................................................................................................25 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................25 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................29 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................30 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................30
2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.6
Vietnam ......................................................................................................................................33 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................33 2
2.6.1
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2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 3. ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................36 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................36 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................37
REVIEWOFDRRANDCCAENVIRONMENTINSOUTHEASTASIA .....................................................38 3.1 3.2 3.3 MappingOutDRRandCCAEfforts ............................................................................................38 ReviewofPoliciesandInstitutionsonDRRandCCA ................................................................39 ReviewofProjectsEffortsonDRRandCCA ..............................................................................40
4.
ENABLINGENVIRONMENTANALYSISINSOUTHEASTASIA ..............................................................52 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 TheEnablingEnvironmentinCambodia ...................................................................................53 TheEnablingEnvironmentinIndonesia....................................................................................54 TheEnablingEnvironmentinLaoPDR ......................................................................................55 TheEnablingEnvironmentinMyanmar....................................................................................56 TheEnablingEnvironmentinPhilippines..................................................................................57 TheEnablingEnvironmentinVietnam ......................................................................................58
5.
GOODPRACTICELINKINGDRRANDCCAATNATIONALLEVEL ........................................................59 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Indonesia ....................................................................................................................................59 Myanmar ....................................................................................................................................62 Philippines(AngatReservoir) ....................................................................................................64 Vietnam ......................................................................................................................................67
ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................69 ANNEXI ......................................................................................................................................................75 REFERENCE .................................................................................................................................................81
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1. THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK
TheexpressionsDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)andClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA) representpolicygoalsthataimtostimulatestructuralorbehavioralchanges,throughconcrete investmentsthatensure/protectdevelopmentandhumanwellbeingdespitetheoccurrenceof physicalhazardsandchangingtemperatureandrisingsealevels.DisasterRiskReductionisthe conceptandpracticeofreducingdisasterrisksthroughsystematiceffortstoanalyzeand managethecausalfactorsofdisasters,includingthroughreducedexposuretohazards,lessened vulnerabilityofpeopleandproperty,wisemanagementoflandandtheenvironment,andthe improvedpreparednessforadverseevents(TheInternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction systemofUnitedNationsUNISDR,2009).Adaptation,meanstheadjustmentinnaturalor humansystemsinresponsetoactualorexpectedclimaticstimuliortheireffects,which moderatesharmorexploitsbeneficialopportunities(UnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon ClimateChangeUNFCCC).IthasbeencommonlyperceivedthatDRRdealswithexistinghazard riskwhileClimateChangeisconcernedmoreaboutthefuturerisk.However,all characterizationsofriskpresumeafutureorientation.Moreover,inprinciple,DRRinstruments alreadytakeadvantageofthebestavailableinformationincharacterizinghazardriskthese DRRinstrumentscouldberefinedtoaccommodatenewinformationderivedfromclimate projectionsandrelatedmodels. BothDRRandCCAsharecommongoalsforbuildingresilience.Itisfairtosaythatadaptation requiresarangeofstrategies,ofwhichDRRisoneofthebestdefinedandpracticedapproaches. TheintegrationofDRRintoCCAhasalreadytakenplaceinmanyprojectsandplansfor adaptation.WhattendstobedifferentisthatadaptationprojectswithaDRRfocustendtolook atearlywarning,preparednessbuthavelessfamiliaritywiththeotheraspectsofDRRoutlined intheHFA(HyogoFrameworkforAction20052015,HFA41inparticular).Ontheotherhand, almostallDRRpracticeshavesomeadaptivevalue.Andviceversa,namely,almostallCCA projects/programmeshaveriskreductionvalue. Inmanyways,wemaysaythatDRRandCCAareonlydifferentbecauseofthedifferentpolitical historythatshapedcurrentinstitutionalstructures.Inmostcountries,DRRistheconcernof NationalDisasterManagementOffices,whileCCAiswiththeDepartmentsorMinistriesof Environment.Interactionsbetweenthesetwoareusuallyadhoc,forexamplemeetingsfor reportpreparation.Therearestillverylimitedeffortstosustainandinstitutionalizethese interactions.Thereallimitationtoadaptationisthepoliticaldimensionassociatedwithissuesof compensationforcingpolicymakerstoisolateclimaterisksattributabletoanthropogeniccauses fromnaturalclimatevariability.Astheisolationofcausesduetoanthropogenicandnatural
TheFrameworksetsoutfiveprioritiesforaction.Thefourthpriorityaimstoreducetheunderlyingriskfactors,in suchareasasnaturalresourcemanagement,socioeconomicdevelopment,physicalplanningandconstruction.
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climatevariabilityentailhugescientificlimitations,integrationofadaptationandDRRisbeing madedifficult. TheoverwhelmingviewoftheGlobalPlatformisthaturgentactionisrequiredtoharmonize andlinktheframeworksandpoliciesfordisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptation, andtodosowithinthebroadercontextofpovertyreductionandsustainabledevelopment.A priorityistoincorporatebothdisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationascore policyandprogrammaticobjectivesinnationaldevelopmentplansandsupportingpoverty reductionstrategiesandcountryassistanceplans(SecondsessionoftheGlobalPlatformforDRR, 20091).Achievementsinthedisasterriskreductiondomainhavebeenhighlyaddressedinthe BaliActionPlan2(2007)asstrategiesandmeanstoenhanceactiononadaptationinacoherent andintegratedmanner. RiskreductionisacommonconverginggoalforCCAandDRR.BothCCAandDRRhavean objectiveofreducingfactorsthatcontributetoclimaterelatedrisk.Bothapproachesenvisage proactiveanticipatoryactionstoreduceclimateriskofdifferenttimescales.Thenotionofnon stationarityofclimaterisksduetoclimatechangecouldentaildisasterriskmanagementtodeal withuncertaintyandnewpatternofrisks.Disasterriskmanagementhasahistoryofevolving, adaptingandapplyingnewtoolsandpracticestodealwithnewinformationandemergingsocial andeconomicdemands.IPCCFourthAssessmentReportemphasizestheimportanceofiterative riskmanagementapproach.
Respondingtoclimatechangeinvolvesaniterativeriskmanagementprocessthatincludes bothadaptationandmitigation,andtakesintoaccountclimatechangedamages,co benefits,sustainability,equityandattitudestorisk.(IPCC,2007). DRRandCCAwillincreasinglyadaptiterativeriskmanagementstrategiesasandwhennew informationisavailableforallemergingclimateriskpatterns. 2.
THEEXISTINGINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMANDPOLICYONDRRANDCCA ATNATIONALLEVEL
DRRINSOUTHEASTASIA AccordingtotheSecondSessionGlobalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction3,riskprone countriesarenowgivinghighprioritytodisasterriskreductionandwishtomoveaheadquickly inthedesignandadoptionofpoliciesandstrategiestoaddresstheirrisks.Avarietyof nationalandregionalplatformsandorganizationsarebeingrapidlydevelopedorstrengthened toguideandcoordinatethisaction.Thereisapressingneedtobuildinstitutions,including legalframeworks,tosustaindisasterriskreductionactionasanongoingconcern,andseveral 5
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countriesstressedtheneedfortechnicalassistance,tohelpgrowtheircapacities.The developmentofplatformsfordisasterriskreductionatbothnationalandsubnationallevels needstobeacceleratedinordertocreateanenablingenvironment,andtoinclusivelyengage variedgovernmentandcivilsocietyinterestsandaddresscrosscuttingissues. TheinstitutionalmechanismandpoliciesonDisasterRiskReductionintheSoutheastAsiavaries fromcountrytocountryduetotheirdiversityingeophysical,hydrometeorological,political, economical,andculturalaspects,yetfacingcommonchallengestoenableenvironmentfor integratingDRRintoCCAatnationallevel. CCAINSOUTHEASTASIA Asshowninthefigure21,adaptivecapacitiesvaryamongcountries,usingtheequationformas follows:AdaptiveCapacity=f(socioeconomicfactors,technology,infrastructure)2.Limiting factorsincludepoorresourceandinfrastructurebases,povertyanddisparitiesinincome,weak institutions,andlimitedtechnology.ThechallengeinAsialiesinidentifyingopportunitiesto facilitatesustainabledevelopmentwithstrategiesthatmakeclimatesensitivesectorsresilient toclimatevariability(UNFCCC,2007)4.IntheGlobalAssessmentReportonDisasterRisk Reduction,fivegroupsofcountrieswereidentifiedthatsharecommoncharacteristicsinterms oftheirvulnerabilityandresiliencetodisasterlossandtheirdevelopmentlimitations, particularlytheircapacitytobenefitfrominternationaltrade.Thehigherthevulnerabilityofa grouptonaturalhazardrisks,thehigherthenumberofdevelopingcountriesinitthatsuffer extremetradelimitations. Priorto2003therewaslittleconsiderationofclimatechangegiveninpolicyformulationand mostnationalplanninganddevelopmentprogramsarenotableintheirlackofreferenceto climatechange.Asof2004/2005,theLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)weregivencapacity buildingsupportthroughtheUNDP/GEFfacility,whichfundedaseriesofNationalAdaptation ProgrammesofAction(NAPA).5NAPAprovideaprocessforLDCstoidentifypriorityactivities thatrespondtotheirurgentandimmediateneedstoadapttoclimatechangethoseforwhich furtherdelaywouldincreasevulnerabilityand/orcostsatalaterstage.Themaincontentof NAPAsisalistofrankedpriorityadaptationactivitiesandprojects,aswellasshortprofilesof eachactivityorproject,designedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofproposalsforimplementation oftheNAPA.TofacilitateaccesstoprojectdetailsfromtheNAPAs,thesecretariathas developedaNAPAProjectDatabase6. Fornow,allcountriesofSoutheastAsiahaveratifiedtheUNFCCCandbecomePartiestothe Conventionduringthepastdecade.Thesecountrieshavealsoofficiallycommittedthemselves totheKyotoProtocolsince2000.Thesedevelopmentshavespurredthemomentumfor initiatingtechnicalstudiesonclimatechange,vulnerabilityandadaptationinpreparationof NationalCommunications(NCs)andNAPAsthatarerequiredofPartiesoftheConvention7. Thailand,Indonesia,VietnamandthePhilippineshavesubmittedtheirFirstNCs,presenting plansandoptionsformitigatingGreenHouseGas(GHG)emissions,withrelativelylessattention 6
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toadaptationmeasures.LaoPDRandCambodia,asLDCsintheregion,havealsocompleted theirrespectiveNAPAs(ISETN,20088).Althoughthosecountriesarechallengedwithalackof humanresources,alingeringtopdownapproachinthegovernmentandweakunderstandingof boththetechnicalandadaptationaspectsofclimatechange,still,significantadaptivecapacity couldbebuiltsimplythroughimplementationoftheDRRrelatedmeasuresalreadyidentifiedas urgentneedsinthecurrentNAPAs.
Figure21:AdaptivecapacitymapofSoutheastAsiain2005(Source:EEPSEA,2009 )
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Figure22:MapofthemostvulnerableareasinSoutheastAsia(countrystandard,ibid10)
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2.1 Cambodia
2.1.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR TheStrategicNationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReductioninCambodia20082013 (SNAPDRR)waslaunchedinMarch2009,preparedbytheNationalCommitteeforDisaster Management(NCDM)andMinistryofPlanning(MoP).ItmarksamilestoneforDisasterRisk ManagementintheRoyalGovernmentofCambodia(RGoC),toserveastheroadmapfor developmentandstrengtheningofinstitutions,operationalmechanismsandcapacitiesof disastermanagementcommitteesatalllevels.TheSNAPDRRidentifiessixkeyDRR componentsandoutlinesDRRprioritiesinfourlevelscritical,first,secondandthirdlevel.It isthecriticalprioritytoensurethatDRRformsanintegralpartofthegovernments developmentagenda. TheNCDMwasestablishedastheleadingcoordinatingagencyin1995bySubdecree 35ANKRBKsignedandchairedbythePrimeMinister.TheNCDMisresponsiblefor managingdisasterriskdataandprovidingreportingondisaster,securingresourcesfor emergencyresponses,DisasterRiskManagement(DRM)capacitybuildingandhuman resourcedevelopmentinDRM,aswellasdisastercoordination,responseandrecovery.At nationallevel,22governmentministriesandagenciesarethemembersofNCDM,knownas theDisasterManagementWorkingGroup(DMWG),suchasMinistryofNationalDefence, MinistryofEconomyandFinance,MinistryofWaterResourcesandMeteorology,Ministry ofAgricultural,ForestandFisheries,MinistryofHealth,MinistryofRuralDevelopmentand soon.AndNCDMisreplicatedatloweradministrativelevels,whicharechairedrespectively byprovincial/municipalgovernorsandthecommitteemembersfromlinegovernment departmentsandagencies.Pleaseseetheflowchart211. ThemissionoftheNCDMistoleadthedisastermanagementinCambodia.Majorfunctions andresponsibilitiesinclude:1)TocoordinatewiththeMinistriesoftheRoyalGovernment, UNagencies,IOs,NGOs,InternationalCommunities,NationalAssociations,andLocal DonorsinordertoappealforaidforEmergencyResponseandRehabilitation;2)Tomake recommendationstotheRoyalGovernmentandissueprinciples,mainpoliciesandwarnings onDisasterPreparednessandManagementcumthemeasuresforEmergencyResponseand interventionsinevacuatingpeopletohaven;3)TodisseminateDisasterManagementwork toCommunitiesandstrengthenthelinefromtheNationallevel(Ministries/Institutions concerned)totheprovincial/Municipal/District/Precinctlevelalongwithhumanresource developmentaimingtomanageDisasterworksfirmlyandeffectively;4)Toputforwarda proposaltotheRoyalGovernmentonreserves,funds,fuel,meansofworking,equipment andhumanresourcesforDisasterPreventionandinterventioninEmergencyResponseand Rehabilitationbefore,during,andafterdisaster. 8
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TheDisasterManagementWorkingGroup(DMWG)isleadbytheNCDM,incooperation withCambodianRedCross(CRC),InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescent Societies(IFRC),andUnitedNationDisasterManagementTeam(UNDMT).TheDMWG operatesinfivesubgroups,theEmergencyReliefAssistanceSubgroupleadbyNCDMand CRCwithsupportofIFRC;theFoodSecuritySubgroupleadbytheMinistryofAgriculture, ForestryandFisherywithsupportofWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)andFoodand AgricultureOrganization(FAO);theHealthSubgroupleadbytheMinistryofHealthwith supportofWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andTheUnitedNationsChildrensFund (UNICEF);theSmallscaleInfrastructure,WaterandSanitationSubgroupleanbythe MinistryofRuralDevelopmentwithsupportofWHO,UNICEFandWFP,andthe PreparednessandMitigationSubgroupleadbytheMinistryofPublicworkandTransport andMinistryofWaterResourcesandMeteorologywithsupportofpartners.Aspointedin theNationalProgressReportontheImplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforAction (NPR20072009)11,itisagreatinitiativeofestablishmentofthemultisectoralworking groups.Itisalsoagoodopportunitytomobilizethejointeffortsfromdifferentactors. However,therearesomecriticalchallengesoftheworkinggroupsarenotwellfunctioning, duetolackofmanagementmechanismandappropriateplanningandresources. 2.1.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR Nationalpolicyandlegalframeworkondisastermanagementhelpstoensuresubstantial andcomprehensiveachievementsofthedisasterriskreductioninthecountry.SinceNCDM establishedin1995,NCDMhasbeingcollaboratingwithlocal,internationalandregional partneragenciestoimplementthedisasterriskreductionmeasuresatalllevels,especially, atcommunitylevels. In2005,NCDMissuedthePolicyDocumentCambodia:NationalReportinPreparationfor WorldConferenceonDisasterReduction(WCDR)2005,whichprovidedacomprehensive approachtodisastermanagementthatconsiderstheentirerangeofpossibledisastersthat couldoccur,aswellasoutliningtheresponserequiredinanygivenemergencysituation. Alongwiththeestablishmentoffacilities,themobilizationoftechnicalresources,aswellas thecapacitybuildingmechanism,thisdocumentservesasafoundationfromwhichtobuild anefficientandeffectiveprocessfordisastermanagement. AsabroadframeworkforprovidingtheroadmapandguidelinesforCambodiafrom2006to 2010,theNationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan20062010(NSDP)wasapprovedin2006.It hasbeenframedastheimplementationoftheRectangularandthesynthesesofvarious policydocuments,suchasCambodiaMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(CMDG),National PovertyReductionStrategy(NPRS),andNationalPopulationPolicy(NPP).NSDPprovides theframeworkforgrowth,employment,equity,andefficiencytoreachCMDGsandwell focusedanddirectedfutureequitabledevelopment,propoorandprorural. 9
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Since2001,NCDMdevelopedadraftNationalEmergencyManagementPolicy(NEMP). However,duetotheinsufficientsupport,thedrafthasnotbeenfinalized.Currently,NCDM isdevelopingaNationalDisasterManagementBill(NDMB)withactivelyparticipationfrom itslineministrymembers.AccordingtotheNPR20072009,theformalizationofNEMP andNDMBarethefundamentalstepstowardsstrengtheningthedisastermanagement processthroughoutthecountry.Thedocumentsprovideacomprehensiveapproachto disastermanagementthatconsiderstheentirerangeofpossibledisastersthatcouldoccur, aswellasoutliningthenationaldisastermanagementframeworkrequiredbefore,during andafteremergencysituation.AstheNCDMbecomesoperationalatalllevelsofCambodian society,inthisrespect,thedocumentswillserveasafoundationfromwhichtobuildan efficientandeffectiveprocessfordisastermanagement.
Figure211:InstitutionalMechanismonDRRinCambodia 10
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2.1.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA In2004theRGoCadoptedtheRectangularStrategyforGrowth,Employment,Equityand Efficiencyastheframeworkforthecountry'ssocioeconomicdevelopment(RGoC,200412). TheNationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan(NSDP)wasapprovedin2006andhasbeen framedastheimplementationoftheRectangularStrategy,linkingthevisioninthe RectangularStrategytoconcretegoals,targetsandstrategies(RGoC,2006b13). InOctober2006theRGoCestablishedtheNationalClimateChangeCommittee(NCCC) undertheMinistryofEnvironment(MoE).TheNCCCisaseniorpolicymakingbody operatingasaninterministerialmechanismwiththemandatetoprepare,coordinateand monitortheimplementationofpolicies,strategies,legalinstruments,plansand programmesoftheRGoCtoaddressclimatechange.TheNCCCiscrosssectoralandis composedofSecretariesandUnderSecretariesofStatefrom19Ministriesandgovernment agencieswhosemandatesarerelevanttoclimatechangeadaptationormitigationactivities. TheNCCCmeetsatleasttwiceyearlyandmoreoftenifneeded.Itissupportedbythe CambodianClimateChangeOffice(CCCO),whichwasestablishedin2003withinthe DepartmentofPlanningandLegalAffairsoftheMoE.TheCCCOhasthebroadmandateof carryingoutalltechnicalactivitiesrelatedtotheimplementationoftheUNFCCC,andall otherassignedclimatechangerelatedtasks.(ACIAR,2009).Pleaseseefigure212andtable 213formoredetails. Figure212:Cambodiainstitutionalarrangementsforclimatechange(source:MRC, 2009a14)
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Table213:InstitutionsRelevantforClimateChange(Source:MFAD,200815)
Institution Ministry of Environment Type Government Ministry Relevant Objective Mandate over environmental issues, including conservation/protected areas, environmental quality/environmental impact assessment, and rational use and management of natural resources. Carries out all technical activities related to the implementation of the Climate Convention. Facilitates and coordinates donor funded and private sector activities relevant to climate change with other government agencies. Supports and organizes inter-ministerial technical working groups specialized in sectors (energy and forestry), and along climate change themes (GHG inventory, mitigation, vulnerability and adaptation) Prepares, coordinates and monitors implementation of policies, strategies, legal instruments, plans and programmes to address climate change. Mandate over agriculture, including forestry and fisheries. Remarks Focal Point for Climate Change and Biodiversity Conventions, and GEF. Part of Ministry of Environment. Department of Planning and Legal Affairs. Secretariat of the DNA for CDM, and of the UNFCCC focal point.
Cambodian Climate Change Office
Ministry Office
National Committee on Climate Change Ministry of Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Forest Administration Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute National Committee on Disaster Management Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology Ministry of Public Works and Transport Ministry of Health and National Malaria Centre Council for the development of Cambodia
Interministerial Committee Government Ministry
Composed of Secretaries and Under-Secretaries of State from 19 Ministries and government agencies. Meeting at least twice yearly. Focal point of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Formerly known as Department of Forestry and Wildlife. Part of MAFF.
Government Department Government Research Institute Interministerial Committee Government Ministry Government Ministry Government Ministry Government Ministry Government Agency
Responsibilities include forest and wildlife inventory; protection and management of forest resource, and wildlife conservation. Research body for sustainable agricultural and economic development, with primary aim of food security through increased rice production. Provides emergency relief and develops preventive measures to reduce loss of life and property from natural and human induced disasters. Develops and manages energy policy, strategy and planning, including renewable energy. Responsibilities include development and implementation of water resource strategy, determination of water potential, collection and management of meteorological data. Manages execution of national policy on public works, including roads, bridges, ports, railways, waterways and buildings. Mandate over public health. Ultimate objective to eliminate vector borne disease. One-stop service for rehabilitation, development, and investment activities. Facilitates and coordinates governmentdonor relations.
Composed of members of relevant ministries and Armed Forces.
WMO focal point.
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2.1.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA Sofarnocomprehensivenationalplanorstrategyonclimatechangehasbeendrawnup.To date,theonlyexplicitactivityundertakenbytheRGoCinrelationtoclimateadaptationwas theUNDP/GEFfacilitatedNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange (NAPA)planningandreportingprocess.TheNAPAreportforCambodiawaspreparedin 2006(RGoC,2006a).Itproposesatotalof39'noregret'adaptationprojects. ThemaingoaloftheCambodianNAPAistoprovideaframeworktoguidethecoordination andimplementationofadaptationinitiativesthroughaparticipatoryapproach,andtobuild synergieswithotherrelevantenvironmentalanddevelopmentprogrammes(MoE,RGoC, 200616).Atthisstage,RGoCisworkingonthemobilizationofresources,theestablishment ofamechanismforinterministerialcooperation,coordinationandmonitoringforthe implementationofthisProgramme,aswellasraisingawarenessonclimatechangeissues.It isprerequisitetoensuretheinvolvementofallkeystakeholders,includingvulnerable groups,communecouncils,concernedGovernmentministriesandagencies,NGOs,and donoragencies.
2.2 Indonesia
2.2.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR Afterthe2004IndianOceanTsunami,IndonesiaenactedanewLawonDisaster Management(LawNo.24/2007).TheLawNo.24/2007providedbasicrulesrelatedtoright andobligationofstakeholdersondisastermanagement.Itpromotedtheestablishmentof theNationalDisasterManagementAgency(BNPB)wherepreviouslyonlyanadhocinter ministerialcouncilexisted.BNPBisempoweredwithastrongmandatetocoordinateline ministriesontheentirecycleofdisastermanagementfrompretopostdisasterstages. Whilethelawclearlymandatedthecreationofdisastermanagementagenciesatthe provincial(mandatory)anddistrict(dependingonneedsandcapacity)levels,todate,only6 ofthe33provincesand6ofthemorethan450districtsandmunicipalitieshaveactually establishedthelocaldisastermanagementagency(BDPB).Theorganizationalstructureof BNPBisshowninthefigure222. TheheadoftheBNPBisthedisastermanagementofficer(DMO)inchargeofalldisaster relatedpoliciesanddecisionmakingatnationallevel.Intheprovincesanddistricts,BNPBis representedbyatechnicaloperationsunit.TheBDPBwillbeestablishedandhandledbythe localauthority(PEMDA).TheDMOsattheprovincialanddistrictlevelsarefollowing instructionsbytheBDPBincooperationandcoordinationwithPEMDA.
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WithinBNPB,nationaldisastermanagementstakeholdersaredividedintofour departmentaldeputies:a)preventionandpreparednessb)emergencymanagementc) rehabilitationandreconstructiond)logisticsandequipment.Underthesupervisionofthe deputyfordisasterpreventionandpreparedness,earlywarningstakeholdersarelinkedto thedirectoratesofa)disasterriskreductionb)communitydevelopmentc)preparedness. TheMeteorologyandGeophysicalAgency(BMG)anditsNationalTsunamiWarningCenter (operatedbyBMG)arelinkedtotheBNPBdirectorateofpreparedness(Figure221).In emergencies,thedirectorofemergencyresponsecoordinatesbetweenBMG,BNPBandthe crisisoperationcentersatprovincialandlocallevel.(BGR,200917) AtthisstageinIndonesia,thepolicy,legalorregulatoryframeworkisnotfullyinplacethat makesdisasterriskreductionanormalpartofthedecentralized,localleveldevelopment process.In2009,IndonesianNationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction(NPDRR)was establishedtosupportandfacilitatecooperationamongstakeholderondisasterrisk reductioninIndonesia,whichwasbasedoninitialgeneralmeetingandacknowledgedby theBNPB.TheelementsofNPDRRconsistofUniversity,massmedia,privatesector,NGOs, Government,IndonesianRedCross,professionalinstitution,andotherorganizationsor communityforums.Pleaseseethefigure221fortheinstitutionalmechanismofNPDRR. ThemaingoaloftheNPDRRistoaccommodateallstakeholdersinrelationwithdisaster, andalsosynchronizingvariousDRRpolicy,programandactivityatnationallevel,inorderto achieveIndonesianDRRgoalsandnationalresiliencetowarddisaster,aswellastosupport IndonesiainrealizingitscommitmenttoimplementHyogoActionPlan. TheMajormissions ofNPDRRinclude:1)ToraiseawarenessaboutDRR;2)Toincreaseknowledgeandskillon DRR;3)Toencourageparticipation(encourage/motivatepeopletoparticipate)on DRRmatter;4)ToensuresmartresourcesonDRRactivity;5)TobuildnetworkingforDRR. 2.2.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR InthefirstNationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReduction(NAPDRR)coveringtheperiodof 20062009,Indonesiaplacedparticularemphasisontheestablishmentofproperlegal, institutionalandresourceframeworksaspartofbuildingthenationaldisastermanagement system.IntheNationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFramework forAction(20072009)18,thestrategicgoalwaspointedthattointegratemoredisasterrisk considerationsintosustainabledevelopmentpolicies,planningandprogrammingatall levels(BNPB,200919).EffortsforintegratingDRRintotheNationalDevelopmentPlanwere alsoremarkedbythechiefofBNBPattheGlobalPlatformforDisasterRiskReductionin 2009. Atpresent,acomprehensivelegislativeframeworkhasbeenputinplace,but implementationremainsamajorchallenge.In2007,IndonesiaenactedanewLawon DisasterManagement(Law24/2007)thatoutlinestheprinciples,divisionoflabor, organizationandimplementationofthenationaldisastermanagementsystem,including 14
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theroleofinternationalorganizations.Thislawhascarriedoutthenewperspectiveon disastermanagement:havinginserteddisastermanagementnotonlyinanemergency responsecontext,butalsoaspredisasterandpostdisaster.TheLaw24/2007isfollowedby itsancillaryregulations,includingGovernmentRegulation(GR)No.21/2008onDM Operations,GRNo.22/2008onFunding&ManagementofDisasterAssistance,GR No.23/2008onParticipationofInternationalInstitutionsandForeignNonGovernment InstitutioninDM,andthePresidentialRegulationNo.8/2008onNDMA(BNPB). TheLawhasbeenfurtherelaboratedbytheissuanceofthreekeyGovernmentRegulations, onePresidentialRegulationandnumerousimplementingguidelines.Whiletheissuanceof thelegalframeworkisanimportantfirststep,moreworkneedstobecarriedouttoensure thattheregulationsaredisseminatedandimplementedbytherespectiveinstitutionsand observedbythepublic.
Figure221:NationalPlatformonDRRinIndonesia
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Figure222:BNPBOrganizationalStructure2008(Source:BGR,2009) 2.2.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA
Indonesiademonstrateditsstrongcommitmenttocontributetheglobaleffortsinclimate changebysigningtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeinJune1992,andratifying itinAugust1994.SincethedocumentsubmittedtotheSecretaryGeneralofU.N.,Indonesia hasbeenlegallyincludedasaPartyoftheConference.Inordertoproperlyaddressclimate changeissues,StateMinistryofEnvironmentestablishedtheNationalCommitteeon ClimateChange(NCCC).Membersofthecommitteeincluderepresentativefromsectoral departmentsrelatedtoenvironment.Mostrecently,IndonesiahasalsosignedtheKyoto Protocol.Inthelongterm,Indonesia'spriorityinternationallyreflectsitsdomesticpriorities: adaptation,researchanddevelopment,andmitigation. TheAuthorityofIndonesianNationalCommitteeontheCleanDevelopmentMechanism (CDM),establishedtroughMinistryofEnvironment(MoE)decreeNo.206/2005.The functionsofDesignatedNationalAuthority(DNA)divideintomandatoryfunctionandnon mandatorypromotionalfunction.Themandatoryfunctionisimportantfor,approving proposedCDMprojectsbasedonthenationalsustainabledevelopmentcriteria,aswellas trackingtheprogressofProjectDesignDocument(PDD)onCDMExecutiveBoard.Asfor thenonmandatoryaspects,DNAmainlyfunctionsas,1)facilitatingcommunicationamong 16
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investorsandtheproponentandotherrelatedparties;2)facilitatingcapacitybuildingin proposingandimplementingCDMprojects;3)providinginformationtosupportCarbonand EnvironmentalResearch(CERs)marketingand/orCERspotential. PermanentmembersofCommitteeundertakedifferentareasofresponsibilitiesonCDM, whichcover,1)Environmentalsustainability:environmentalsustainabilitythrough conservationordiversificationofnaturalresources,localcommunityhealthandsafety;2) Economicsustainability:incomegeneration,localcommunitywelfare,investmentflow;3) Socialsustainability:localcommunityparticipation,nonegativeimpactoncommunitys socialintegrity,improvementofsocialfacility;4)Technicalsustainability:transferof technology,improvingindigenous/existingtechnology,transferofknowledge,butnotused onexperimentaltechnology.(MoE,Indonesia,200520) Nowadays,IndonesiahasanumberofpromisingpotentialCDMprojects,whichhas attractedAnnex1countries2tobecometheHostCountryforCDM.Theimplementationof CDMhasbeenstrengthenedbytheestablishmentofKNMPB(IndonesianDNA),and recentlybeenacceleratedastheincreasingenthusiasmsfromlocalbusinessplayeraswell asotherstakeholdersinCDM.
Figure223:OrganizationStructureandSupportingElementsofDNAonCDMinIndonesia(KNMPB)
PartiestoUNFCCCareclassifiedas:AnnexIcountriesindustrializedcountriesandeconomiesintransition AnnexIIcountriesdevelopedcountrieswhichpayforcostsofdevelopingcountriesDevelopingcountries. AnnexIcountrieswhichhaveratifiedtheProtocolhavecommittedtoreducetheiremissionlevelsofgreenhouse gassestotargetsthataremainlysetbelowtheir1990levels.Theymaydothisbyallocatingreducedannual allowancestothemajoroperatorswithintheirborders.Theseoperatorscanonlyexceedtheirallocationsifthey buyemissionallowances,oroffsettheirexcessesthroughamechanismthatisagreedbyallthepartiestoUNFCCC.

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2.2.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA
Indonesiaadoptsinternationallawasanationallawtobedetailedintheframeworkof regulationandinstitutions.Themainobjectivesofnationalpolicyonclimatechangein Indonesiaare1)toacceleratethedevelopmentofindustryandtransportationwithlow emissionlevelthroughtheutilizationofcleanandefficienttechnologyaswellasrenewable energy;2)toimprovethepotentialoflandandforestrytoabsorbgreenhousegases. Policymeasuresindealingwithadaptationtoclimatechangecover:(1)formulationofthe CDMtocoverinsurancepolicyforadaptationmeasures;and(2)UnderCDM,linkthe insurancemechanismwiththelevelofglobalmitigationefforts. RelevantlawsandpoliciesonCCAatthenationallevelinclude:ActNo.23/1997concerning EnvironmentalManagement;ActNo.6/1994,RatificationtotheUNFCCC;ActNo.17/2004 RatificationtotheKyotoProtocol;MinistryofForestryDecreeNo.14/2004onA/Rproject. Recently,aseriesofstrategieshavebeenissuedfortheimplementationofCDM,which include:highlysupportofusingRenewableenergy,alternativeenergyandcleantechnology; SimplifiedapprovalprocedureonCDMproposed;IncentiveschemeforCDMProject developer;andPromotingCDMprojectpotentialthroughinternationaleventsuchas carbonexport. Besides,forclimatechangeadaptationinIndonesia,theGovernmentalsoissuedspecific policiesrelatedtoenergyandnonenergysectors.EnergyrelatedPoliciesfocuson:phasing outenergymarketdistortiongradually,promotionoftherenewableenergyuseand development,encouragingtheapplicationofenergyefficiency,supportonconsumptionof cleanandefficienttechnologyforindustryandtradesector,andrestructurepricesof variousenergytypes.Policiesinnonenergysectorcover:sustainableforestmanagement, improvementonagriculturalsystem,applicationofbiotechnologyengineeringtoincrease agriculturalproducts,managementofagriculturalpracticesinlessfertilelandwithdryland variety.(MoE,Indonesia,2005)
2.3 LaoPDR
2.3.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
TheMinistryofLaborandSocialWelfare(MLSW)wasgiventheresponsibilityfordisaster riskmanagementin1995.Intheprocessofdevelopingitscapacitytoperformthisrole,a NationalDisastermanagementOffice(NDMO)wasestablishedin1997withsupportfrom UNDP.Alandmarkdecree,signedbythePrimeMinisterinAugust1999,providedaninter ministerialNationalDisastermanagementCommittee(NDMC)asapolicymakingand 18
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coordinatingbody.Therearelocallevelcommitteesatthelevelsofprovinces,districts,and villages,knownasProvincialDisasterManagementCommittee(PDMC),DistrictDisaster ManagementCommittee(DDMC),andVillageProtectionDisasterUnit(VPDU).21 TheNDMCiscoordinatingdisasterpreventionandprotectionactivitiesandeffortsinthe country.ItpromotesdisasterreductionactivitiesofexistingLineMinistriesandProvinceson naturaldisastermanagementandprotectionwhichconsistsofrepresentativesofkey ministries,institutionsandprovinces.Macroleveldisastermanagementisbeingcarriedout byMLSWandScienceTechnologyandEnvironmentAgency(STEA),whileeachtechnical ministryandprovincehasresponsibilityovertheirrespectiveenvironmentrelatingthe disastermanagementinclosecooperationwithMLSW,STEA,LaoRedCross(LRC),the MinistryofAgriculture/ForestryandMinistryofHealthandsoon(ADRC,200622). TheNDMOfunctionsastheSecretariatoftheNDMCandhasarangeofresponsibilities, whichinclude:1)ProvidingexpertadvicetotheNDMC;2)Promotingcoordinationwith ministerialfocalpoints;3)Promotingdisastermitigationandpreparednessactivitiesatthe locallevel;4)Implementingcommunityawarenessactivities;5)Providingtraining,guidelines andplanstomakedisasterriskmanagementmoreeffective;6)Establishingdisaster managementimplementationteamsatthenational,provincialanddistrictlevels.Inorder tocarryouttheseresponsibilities,theNDMOhasfourfunctionunits,namely,Relief, DisastermanagementPlanning,InformationandDisseminationandTraining.Eachunitis undertheleadershipofaUnitManager.CurrentlytheNDMOhasabout11staffmembers.
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Figure231:OrganizationStructureofNDMCinLaoPDR(source: 23 ADRC,2008 )
2.3.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR ThePrimeMinister'sDecreeNo.158(1999)createdtheNational,ProvincialandDistrict DisasterManagementCommittees(DMCs).Itprovidedthebasisforthedevelopmentofa disastermanagementpolicy.NDMCDecreeNo.97seriesof2000assignedtherolesand responsibilitiesofvarioussectorscomposingtheNDMC.OnDecember12of2007,theother governmentaldecreewasissued,whichseekstochangethedisastermanagementpolicy fromanemergencyresponsetoadisasterriskmanagement(ADRC,200824). TheOrderissuedin2007,specificallystatedthefollowing:(a)MandatetheNDMOtoreview HyogoFrameworkforAction(HFA)commitmentsandfacilitatetheplanningofactivities, monitoringandreportingofprogress;(b)MandatetheMinistryofPlanningandInvestment toplanandcoordinatetheintegrationofdisasterriskreductionintothesocioeconomic developmentplans;and(c)Assigngovernmentagenciestoallocatebudgetforpreparedness andreliefaspartofregularbudgetaryallocations.Giventheimportanceofdisasterrisk reduction,theNDMChasbeenproposedtoahighercommitteewhichwillbechairedbythe DeputyPrimeMinister.Thenumberofcommitteeswillalsoexpandmoreotherkeyline ministriesinordertoaddresstheissueofdisasterriskreductioninamorecomprehensive manner.(NDMO,200925) TocontinueimplementingtheNationalStrategyPlanonDRMaswellastheHFA,theHigh LevelNationalDisasterManagementPlanningWorkshopwasheldinJuly2008,which 20
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focusedonthedevelopmentoftheNationalDisasterManagementPlan(NDMP)into concreteactions,programmesandprojectsandclarifyinginstitutionalrolesand responsibilities.TheNDMPoncedevelopedandendorsedbythePrimeMinister,willhave anallhazardapproachtodisasterriskmanagementandwilladdresspreparedness, responseandrecoveryissuesandintegratingdisasterriskreductionthroughouttheentire disastermanagementcycle.(ibid) 2.3.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ClimatechangehasonlyinrecentyearsbecomeahigherprioritypolicyissueinLaoPDR. TheDepartmentofEnvironment(DoE)withintheWaterResourcesandEnvironment Administration(WREA)hasbeenappointedasthenationalfocalpointforclimatechange actionsandinitiatives.In2008theNationalSteeringCommitteeonClimateChange(NSCCC) wasestablished,chairedbytheDeputyPrimeMinisterandwiththeDirectorGeneralofDoE asthesecretaryandwithmembersfromallconcernedsectors.Anoverviewofthe institutionalarrangementsinLaoPDRconcerningclimatechangeispresentedinFig.232. OneofthefirstassignmentsoftheNSCCChasbeentoinitiatetheformationofseven TechnicalWorkingGroupswithrepresentativesfromvariouslineagenciesasfollows: FoodandlivelihoodssecurityandagriculturalproductivityledbytheMinistryof AgricultureandForestry. Forestandlandmanagementtoreduceemissionsfromdeforestationanddegraded landscapesledjointlybytheMinistryofAgricultureandForestryandtheNationalLand ManagementAuthority. EnergyManagementincludingexportofelectricitytoneighbouringcountriesledbythe MinistryofEnergyandMines. Hydrologyassessmentstopredictvariabilityandvulnerabilitytowaterresourcesledby WaterResourcesandEnvironmentAdministration. CityinfrastructureresilienceandefficientbuildingdesignledbytheMinistryofPublic WorksandTransport. Economicmanagementtoascertaintheimplicationsofclimatechangeimpactson growthtargetspovertyreductiongoalsandattainingthecountrys2020visionledby theMinistryofPlanningandInvestment. Financinginstrumentseconomicincentivesandbenefitsharingarrangementsunderthe cleandevelopmentmechanismorsuccessorarrangements.
ThemaintaskoftheTechnicalWorkingGroupsistostudyandassesstheimpactsofclimate changeontheissuesundertheirrespectiveresponsibilityfortheperiod2009to2020.The DoE,whichactsasthesecretariattotheNSCCC,facilitatesandcoordinatestheworkofthe TechnicalWorkingGroups.Basedonfutureclimatechangeimpactstudies,theDoEin cooperationwiththeTechnicalWorkingGroupswillberesponsiblefordraftingthe followingstrategyandactionplans: 21
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TheNationalClimateChangeStrategyfor2020 TheInterimActionPlanfor20092011 TheFirstNationalActionPlanfor20112016inalignmentwiththe7thNationalSocio EconomicDevelopmentPlan
(SourcefromTheInstitutionalMechanismonCCAinLaoPDRcitedfromACIAR,200926) Figure232:LaoPDRinstitutionalarrangementforclimatechange(Source:MRC, 2009a27)
2.3.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA
InkeepingwiththePrioritiesofActionoutlinedintheHyogoFramework,theGovernment ofLaoPDR(GoL)hastakenproactiveeffortstointegratedisasterriskreductionintoother relevantglobalandnationalinitiativesandprioritiessuchasclimatechange.In2005/2006, theGoLinitiateditsNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange(NAPA) process,supportedbytheGEF/UNDP.AfinalreportwassubmittedtotheUNFCCCin2009 (WREA,200928). NAPAisoneofthemanyenvironmentalmanagementprojectswhichisdirectlylinkedwith allnationaldevelopmentstrategiesandpolicies,includingtheNationalActionPlan(NAP)to CombatDroughtandDesertification,andEightNationalPriorityProgrammes,National GrowthandPovertyEradicationStrategy(2004),andthe5thNationalSocioEconomic DevelopmentPlan(NSEDP)20062010(WREA,2009).
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TheNAPAidentifiesfourcriticalsectorsforadaptation:agriculture,forestry,waterand health,includingstrengtheningthecapacityofnationaldisastermanagementcommittees andfurtherdevelopmentofearlywarningsystems.Acrossallfoursectors,atotalof45 numberactivitieswereidentified,ofwhich12were1storderand33were2ndorderpriority activities/projects,respectively.PleaseseebelowforthedetailsofPriorityOneinfour sectors(WREA,2009). Agriculture:1)StrengthenthecapacityoftheNationalDisasterManagementCommittees;2) Promotesecondaryprofessionsinordertoimprovethelivelihoodsoffarmersaffectedby naturaldisastersinducedbyclimatechange. Forestry:1)Continuetheslashandburneradicationprogrammeandpermanentjob creationprogram;2)Strengthencapacityofvillageforestryvolunteersinforestplanting, caringandmanagementtechniquesaswellastheuseofvillageforests. Water:1)Awarenessraisingonwaterandwaterresourcemanagement;2)Mappingof floodproneareas;3)Establishanearlywarningsystemforfloodproneareas,andimprove andexpandmeteorologyandhydrologynetworksandweathermonitoringsystems;4) Strengtheninstitutionalandhumanresourcecapacitiesrelatedtowaterandwaterresource management;5)Surveyundergroundwatersourcesindroughtproneareas;6)Study,design andbuildmultiusereservoirsindroughtproneareas. PublicHealth:1)Improvesystemsforthesustainableuseofdrinkingwaterandsanitation withcommunityparticipationinfloodanddroughtproneareas;2)Improveknowledgeand skillsofengineerswhodesignandbuildwaterandsanitationsystems.
2.4 Myanmar
Myanmarhasitsownsystemandpracticefordisasterpreventionandpreparednessbaseon itsownsocial,economical,culturalandadministrativepractice.Inordertocarryoutdisaster preventivemeasureeffectively,in2005,theNationalNaturalDisasterPreparednessCentral Committee(NDPCC)wasestablishedinaccordancewiththeprioritiesoftheHyogo FrameworkforAction.Asapolicyformulatingbody,NDPCCischairedbytheprimeMinister. Thereare10subcommitteesunderNDPCCwhichhavebeenentrustedwiththe implementationofthepolicyinaccordancewiththeguidelinesofNDPCC.PleaseseeFigure 261fortheOrganizationalStructureofNDPCC.ConcernedState/Division,District, TownshipandVillageTractlevel,DisasterPreparednessCommittees(DPCs)havealsobeen organizedrespectively. ANationalDisasterPreventionReliefandRehabilitationCommittee(NDPRRC)wasformed undertheNDPCC,soastofacilitatethepracticalimplementationofthepreparednessand 23
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preventivemeasures.AndtheNDPRRCwasheadedbytheDeputyMinisteroftheMinistry ofSocialWelfare,ReliefandResettlement(MSWRR)with9membersfromotherMinistries (SubCommitteesSCs),suchastheDepartmentofHealth,DepartmentofMeteorologyand Hydrology,FireServicesDepartment,HumanSettlementandHouseholdDevelopment Department,IrrigationDepartmentandMyanmarRedCrosssociety. FireisthemostthreateninginMyanmarespeciallyinUpperregion.Thisregionissituatedin centraldryzonewithlittlerainfall.Inruralareas,mostofthehousesareconstructedwith locallyavailablerawmaterialsuchasbamboo,mangroveandthatch.Thereisinadequate waterforfirefighting.Allthesevulnerabilitiesandnegligenceofresidentsarethedriven forcesoffiredisastersinruralareas.FireServicesDepartmentunderMinistryofSocial WelfareReliefandResettlementisresponsibleforfireprecaution,fireprevention, extinction,trainingoffireman,reliefandrescuework,educatingthepublicforawarenessof fireanddisasters.(ADRC,200629) Figure241:OrganizationalstructureofNDPCCinMyanmar(Source:ADRC,
2008) 2.4.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
Myanmarisawareoftheimportanceofinternationalcooperationinthefieldofdisaster reductionactivities,research,trainingandexchangeofexperience.Hence,Myanmaralways 24
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availsitselfoftheopportunitytosenditsofficialstotrainingcourses,seminars,workshops andconferencesabroad.Ontheotherhand,regionalseminarsandworkshopareaccepted toobservewiththecooperationandsponsorshipofinternationalandregionalorganization ESCAP,WMO,UNDP. However,thelegalframeworkonDRRisstillintheprocesstobeframed.Sofar,thereisno nationalplatformreported.AndtheexistingDRRrelatedpolicieswerepromulgatedin 1990s,suchastheRehabilitationBoardAct(1950),theBoardofDevelopmentAffairsAct (1993),theEpidemicDiseasesPreventionAct(1995),theImplementationofInsuranceAct (1996),andtheFireServicesAct(1997). 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA(notavailable) ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA(notavailable)
2.5 Philippines
TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
AsthePhilippineGovernmentsnationalplatformondisasterriskreduction,theNational DisasterCoordinatingCouncil(NDCC)isestablishedundertheCivilDefenseActof1954.The SecretaryofNationalDefenseheadstheNDCCwiththeheadsof18departments/agencies asmembers.TheseincludetheChiefofStaff,ArmedForcesofthePhilippines,Secretary General,PhilippineNationalRedCross,PhilippineInformationAgency,ExecutiveSecretary andtheAdministrator,andOfficeofCivilDefense(OCD)astheExecutiveOfficerofthe Council.TheDisasterCoordinatingCouncils(DCCs)fromtheregional,provincial,cityand municipallevels,ontheotherhand,arecomposedofrepresentativesofnational governmentagenciesoperatingattheselevelsandlocalofficialsconcerned.Pleasesee figure251fortheinstitutionalmechanismofNDCC. Atnationallevel,theNDCCservesasthePresidentsadviserondisasterpreparedness programs,disasteroperationsandrehabilitationeffortsundertakenbythegovernmentand theprivatesector.Itactsasthetopcoordinatorofalldisastermanagementandthehighest allocatorofresourcesinthecountrytosupporttheeffortsofthelowerDCClevel.Inthe dischargeofitsfunctions,theNDCCutilizesthefacilitiesandservicesoftheOCDasits operatingarm.However,unlikeotherdepartmentcoordinatingbodies,theNDCCdoesnot haveitsownregularbudgettodisburse.ItisthroughtheNDCCmemberagenciesandlocal DCCsthatdisasterpreparedness,prevention,mitigationandresponsecarryoutits correspondingtasksandresponsibilitiesundertheNDCCsystem.Table252givesthe detailedfunctionsofNDCCatnationallevel. 25
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Figure251:InstitutionalMechanismofNaturalDisasterCoordinationCouncil(NDCC)
Table252:TasksofNDCCChairmanandMemberInstitutions
Institution Chairman Administrator Office of Civil Defense Type Department of National Defense Government Office Relevant Objective Convene the Council as often as necessary and calls on all other departments/bureaus/agencies, other instrumentalities of the government and the private sector for assistance when the need arises. Coordinate the activities, functions of the various agencies and instrumentalities of the government, private institutions and civic organizations to implement the policies and programs of the NDCC; Disseminate materials relative to disaster prevention, control and mitigation; Advise the Chairman on matters concerning disaster management. Oversee the organization of DCCs, the establishment of Disaster Operations Centers of all local governments, and the training of DCC members in coordination with OCD, DSWD, PNRC, and other appropriate agencies. Extend relief assistance and social services to the victims as necessary.
Secretary of Interior and Local Government
Secretary of
Administrative organ with vertical management system Government
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Social Welfare and Development Secretary of Health Director-General of National Economic Authority Secretary of Labor and Employment Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports Secretary of Trade and Industry Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of Budget and Management Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources Secretary of Finance Secretary of Public Works and Highways Secretary of Tourism Secretary of Transportation and Communications Director of Philippine Information Agency SecretaryGeneral of Philippine National Red Cross Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of Department Government Department Government Department Provide health services during emergencies as necessary; Organize reaction teams in hospitals, clinics and sanitary and other health institutions. Responsible for the determination and analysis of the effects of disasters and calamities on the socio-economic plans and programs of the country, and development of damage assessment scheme. Provide emergency employment opportunities to disaster victims; Implement the industrial civil defense programs and measures; Organize and train Disaster Control Groups in all factories and industrial complexes. Provide assistance in the public education and campaign regarding disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation; Make available school buildings as evacuation centers; Organize and train disaster control groups and reaction teams in all schools and institutions of learning. Maintain normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies; Organize Disaster Control Groups and Reaction Teams in large buildings used for commercial and recreational purposes; Maintain normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies. Undertake surveys in disaster areas to determine the extent of damage of agricultural crops, livestock and fisheries; Provide technical assistance to disaster victims whose crops or livestock have been destroyed. Release funds required by the departments for disaster operations.
Government Department Government Department
Government Department
Government Department Government Department Government Department
Government Agency
Responsible for reforestation and control of areas which tend to cause flooding, landslides, mudflow and ground subsidence; Provide seeds, seedlings and saplings and technical assistance regarding mines, forests and lands; Formulate rules and regulations for the control of water and land pollution. Issue rules and regulations with the relevant agencies concerned for the funding by local government of the requirements for organizing, equipping, and training of their disaster coordinating councils and reaction teams. Restore destroyed public structures such as flood control, waterworks, roads, bridges, and other vertical and horizontal facilities/structures; Provide heavy and light equipment for relief, rescue and recovery operations. Organize and train disaster control groups and reaction teams in hotels, pension houses, restaurants and other tourist-oriented facilities. Restore destroyed communication and transportation facilities such as railroads and vertical structures; Organize emergency transport services from the national down to the barangay level; Restore destroyed communication and transportation facilities such as railroads and vertical structures. Provide public information service through dissemination of disaster mitigation measures.
Humanitarian Organization
Conduct disaster leadership training courses; Assist in the training of DCCs at all levels; Assist in providing emergency relief assistance to disaster victims.
Government Office
Responsible for the provision of security in disaster area; Provide assistance in the reconstruction of roads, bridges and other
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the Philippines structures; Transport facilities for rapid movement of relief supplies and personnel and for the evacuation of disaster victims.
(Source:summarizedbasedontheinformationfromhttp://ndcc.gov.ph/)
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2.5.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR ThelegalbasesofNDCCarePresidentialDecreeNo.1,s1972(PDNo.1),asimplementedby PresidentialLetterofImplementationNo.19,s1972,andPresidentialDecreeNo.1566 datedJune11,1978.PDNo.1wastheIntegratedReorganizationPlanof1972,whichwas implementedthroughLOINo.19.ThesaidLOIdefined,amongothers,theorganization, missionandfunctionsoftheOfficeofCivilDefenseasabureauundertheDepartmentof NationalDefense.PDNo.1566,ontheotherhand,providedforthestrengtheningofthe Philippinedisastercontrolcapabilityandestablishingacommunitydisasterpreparedness programnationwide. ThenationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforActionwas latelyupdatedon29May,2009.Itpointedthat,Thereisinstitutionalcommitmentfrom variousstakeholderstowardsrechargingthelegalbasisforDRR.Thisisshownbyactive advocacyundertakenbyNDCCandNGOs,andtheconsensusisbuildingasopportunitiesto dialogueincrease.However,withoutmajorthrustbyhighgovernmentofficialsincludingthe President,subsequenteffortsareboundtobestymied(NDCC,200930). On23Februaryof2009,ThePhilippineDisasterRiskManagementActof200931(DRMA) wasapproved,entitledAnActStrengtheningPhilippineDisasterRiskManagement CapabilitybyInstitutionalizingtheNationalDisasterRiskManagementFramework, AppropriatingFundsThereforeandforOtherPurposes. On22Februaryof2010,DisasterRiskReductionManagementActof201032wasissuedon theThirdRegularSessionoftheFourteenthCongress.ItisalsoknownasStrengthening DisasterRiskReductioninthePhilippines:StrategicNationalActionPlan(SNAP)20092019. TheSNAPidentifieseighteen(18)programsandprojectsondisasterriskreductionthatwill begivenpriorityoverthenexttenyears.ThisnewActprovidesforthedevelopmentof policiesandplansandtheimplementationofactionsandmeasurespertainingtoallaspects ofdisasterriskreductionandmanagement,includinggoodgovernance,riskassessmentand earlywarning,knowledgebuildingandawarenessraising,reducingunderlyingriskfactors, andpreparednessforeffectiveresponseandearlyrecovery. AfterthisActissued,itshallbethepolicyoftheState,todevelop,promote,andimplement acomprehensiveNationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlan(NDRRMP)that aimstostrengthenthecapacityoftheNationalGovernmentandthelocalgovernmentunits (LGUs),togetherwithpartnerstakeholders,tobuildthedisasterresilienceofcommunities, andtoinstitutionalizearrangementsandmeasuresforreducingdisasterrisks,including projectedclimaterisks,andenhancingdisasterpreparednessandresponsecapabilitiesatall levels.NDCCshallhenceforthbeknownastheNationalDisasterRiskReductionand ManagementCouncil(NDRRMC)ortheNationalCouncil.Theinstitutionalmechanismof NDRRMCshallhenceforthberearranged.(NDRRMC,201033) 29
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2.5.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA OntheSecondRegularSessionoftheFourteenthCongressin2008,theClimateChangeAct of2008(S.B.No.258334)wasissued.TheestablishmentoftheClimateChangeCommission (CCC)wasproposedinSection4,notedthat,itisherebyestablishedundertheOfficeofthe President.UpontheorganizationoftheCommission,thePresidentialTaskForceonClimate ChangeandtheInterAgencyCommitteeonClimateChangeshallbeabolished. OnOctober23rdof2009,PresidentArroyosignedtheClimateChangeActof2009(Republic Act972935),whichlegalizedthisActandthecreationoftheClimateChangeCommission. AccordingtotheAct,theCommissionshallbeorganizedwithinsixty(60)daysfromthe effectivedateofthisAct. AccordingtotheRepublicAct9729,theCommissionshallbeanindependentand autonomousbodyandshallhavethesamestatusasthatofanationalgovernmentagency. ItshallbeattachedtotheOfficeofthePresident.TheCommissionshallbethesolepolicy makingbodyofthegovernmentwhichshallbetaskedtocoordinate,monitorandevaluate theprogramsandactionplansofthegovernmentrelatingtoclimatechangepursuanttothe provisionsofthisAct.Byfar,theCCCisstillintheprocessofestablishment,chairedbythe PresidentandwiththreecommissionersappointedbythepresidentincludingoneVice Chairperson.TheMechanismofCCCisdrawninFigure253. TherepresentativesshallbeappointedbythePresidentfromalistofnomineessubmitted bytheirrespectivegroups.Atleastoneofthesectoralrepresentativesshallcomefromthe disasterriskreductioncommunity.AccordingtotheAct,theCommissionshallmeetonce everythree(3)months,orasoftenasmaybedeemednecessarybytheChairperson.The Chairpersonmaylikewisecalluponothergovernmentagenciesfortheproper implementationofthisAct.Toensuretheeffectiveimplementationoftheframework strategyandprogramonclimatechange,concernedagenciesshallperformthefollowing functionsasshownintable254. 2.5.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA ThePhilippinesInitialNationalCommunicationonClimateChangewasholdinDecember, 1999.AsapartytotheUNFCCC,thestateadoptstheultimateobjectiveoftheConvention whichisthestabilizationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthat wouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystemwhichshould beachievedwithinatimeframesufficienttoallowecosystemstoadaptnaturallytoclimate change,toensurethatfoodproductionisnotthreatenedandtoenableeconomic developmenttoproceedinasustainablemanner.AdaptationStrategiesforagriculture, coastalresources,waterresourcesandmitigationwerewellelaboratedinthisInitial NationalCommunicationReport36. 30
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OnOctober23rdof2009,PresidentArroyosignedtheClimateChangeActof2009(Republic Act972937),whichlegalizedthisActandthecreationoftheClimateChangeCommission. TheCommissionshallformulateaFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange.TheFramework shallserveasthebasisforaprogramforclimatechangeplanning,researchand development,extension,andmonitoringofactivitiestoprotectvulnerablecommunities fromtheadverseeffectsofclimatechange. TheFrameworkshallincludebutnotlimitedto,thefollowingcomponents:(a)National priorities;(b)Impact,vulnerabilityandadaptationassessments;(c)Policyformulation; (d)Compliancewithinternationalcommitments;(e)Researchanddevelopment; (f)Databasedevelopmentandmanagement;(g)Academicprograms,capabilitybuildingand mainstreaming;(h)Advocacyandinformationdissemination;(i)Monitoringandevaluation; and(j)Gendermainstreaming. TheCommissionshallformulateaNationalClimateChangeActionPlaninaccordancewith theFrameworkwithinoneyearaftertheformulationofthelatter.AsfortheLocalClimate ChangeActionPlan,theLGUsshallbethefrontlineagenciesintheformulation,planning andimplementationofclimatechangeactionplansintheirrespectiveareas,consistentwith theprovisionsoftheLocalGovernmentCode,theFramework,andtheNationalClimate ChangeActionPlan.
Figure253:TheMechanismofClimateChangeCommission(CCC)inthePhilippines
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Table254:FunctionsoftheConcernedAgencies Institution Panel of Technical Experts Relevant Objective Provide technical advice to the Commission in climate science, technologies, and best practices for risk assessment and enhancement of adaptive capacity of vulnerable human settlements to potential impacts of climate change; The Department of Education (DepED) Together with the Local Government Academy, facilitate the development and provision of a training program for LGUs in climate change. The training program shall include socioeconomic, geophysical, policy, and other content necessary to address the prevailing and forecasted conditions and risks of particular LGUs. It shall likewise focus on women and children, especially in the rural areas, since they are the most vulnerable; Integrate climate change into the primary and secondary education curricula and/or subjects, such as, but not limited to, science, biology, sibika, history, including textbooks, primers and other educational materials, basic climate change principles and concepts; Oversee the establishment and maintenance of a climate change information management system and network, including on climate change risks, activities and investments, in collaboration with other concerned national government agencies, institutions and LGUs; Review international agreements related to climate change; Make the necessary recommendation for ratification and compliance by the government on matters pertaining thereto; Disseminate information on climate change, local vulnerabilities and risk, relevant laws and protocols and adaptation and mitigation measures; Any provision in their respective charters to the contrary notwithstanding, provide preferential financial packages for climate change- related projects. In consultation with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), they shall, within thirty (30) days from the effectivity of this Act, issue and promulgate the implementing guidelines therefore.
The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)
The Philippine Information Agency (PIA) Government financial institutions
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2.6 Vietnam
AttheCentrallevel,theNationalCommittee,aninterministerialinstitutionservesasa coordinatingbodyfordisasterreductioneffortsinVietnam.Itssecretariatisprovidedbythe DepartmentofDikeManagementandFloodControl(DDMFC)oftheMinistryofAgriculture andRuralDevelopment(MARD).TheCentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl(CCSFC, chairedbytheMARD),isVietnamsnationaldisasterriskmanagementagency,established bydecree1990(ADRC,200838).CCSFCformulatesallfloodandtyphoonrelatedpoliciesand mitigationmeasures,withtheOfficeofGovernment,theMinistryofAgricultureandthe MinistryofDefenseasitskeymembers.ItssecretariatisprovidedbyDDMFCoftheMARD. WhiletheCCFSCisresponsibleforabroadrangeofdisasterriskreductionactivities,its abilitytofocusonandcoordinateresponseamongawiderrangeofministriesislimiteddue toitspositionwithintheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(ISDR,WB,200939). Pleaseseefigure261fortheorganizationstructureofCCSFC. ItsStandingOffice,theSOCCFSCistheagencywiththemainresponsibilityformonitoring theeffectsofstormsandfloods,gatheringdamagedata,providingofficialwarnings,andco ordinatingandimplementingdisasterresponseandmitigationmeasuresreliesonthe administrativestructureoftheDykeDepartmenttocarryoutitsdisasterassessment, disasterreporting,andemergencycoordinationduties.Whenafloodorstormoccurs,the systemforelaboratinganationaldamageassessmentworksinadowntopway.Officialsat thedistrict,provinciallevelareresponsibleforreportinguptoSOCCFSC. Toexpeditethetransmissionofthisinformation,SOCCFSCsetupadisastercommunication systemin1995,anemergencyelectronicmailnetworkthatlinksprovincialdykedepartment officeswiththeSOCCFSC,andbylate1998wasextendedtoeveryprovinceinVietnam.The systemoperates24hoursperday,365daysperyear,andhasbecometheofficial, obligatorymechanismfortransmittingdisasterdamageandneedsdatatotheSOCCFSC.Itis alsousedtoissuedisasterpreventionormitigationdirectivestoitsstaffinthefield,i.e.the provincialdykedepartmentofficialsanddistrictdykemonitors. TheSOCCFSChascreatedaDepartmentwideIntranet,accessiblebothtocentraldisaster managementauthoritiesandtoofficialsinthelocalitiesinVietnam,withtheassistanceof theUNDPDisasterManagementUnit(DMU)3inHanoitoserveasarepositoryfor:1)
3
TheVietnamDisasterManagementUnit(DMU)isthemechanismestablishedundertheMinistryofAgriculture andRuralDevelopmentandtheCentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl,withsupportfromUNDP.The Unithasimproveddisastermitigationandmanagementofinformationthroughtheuseofinformationand communicationstechnologies.TheUnithasalsohelpedprepareaSecondNationalStrategyandActionPlanto mitigateandmanagedisastersuntil2010. (http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/contacts/profile.php?id=52) (http://www.undp.org/cpr/disred/documents/publications/corporatereport/asia/vietnam.pdf)
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Assembledlaws,decrees,directivesandproceduresondisastersanddisastermanagement inVietnam;2)SummariesofdisasterconditionsinVietnamandannouncementsofstorm forecastsandwarnings;3)OfficialDamageAssessmentReportsreleasedbytheSOCCFC;4) ArchiveddisasterdamagedataandmediareportsondisastersinVietnam;5)Hydro meteorologicaldataforriverbasinsandregionsthroughoutthecountry;and6)Additional archivedDisasterManagementReferenceMaterials.TheIntranetisregularlyupdatedwith essentialcorporateinformation,andservesasageneralreferencetoolfordisaster managersintheirdaytodaywork. Tomakedisasterinformationavailabletothepublic,theSOCCFSCsmechanismforthishas beenInternetWebtechnology.WiththehelpoftheDisasterManagementUnit(DMU),the SOCCFSCmaintainsabilingual,WebbasedpublicinformationsystemcalledtheDMUWeb forencouraginginformationsharingregardlessofsectoranddisseminatingkeyinformation ondisastermanagementtotheaidcommunity. ThelastsystembeingadoptedwiththedevelopmentofDMUistheGeographicInformation System(GIS).TheDMUGIShasbeenorganizedasasimplewaytoorganizeandpresent highlycomplexdisastermanagementandreliefneedsdataonVietnamandasavital decisionsupporttool.Byproducingthematichazardandvulnerabilitymapsusingselected variables(economicvalue,population,floodrisk,andageofinfrastructure,forexample), theGIScanidentifyriskareasandclarifyhowbesttorespondtoortomitigatetheriskof disaster.Similarly,theGIScandisplaydisasterdamagedataandneedsanalysisbydistrictor province,whichmakesiteasierforinternationalorganizationsandVietnamesedecision makerstotargetdisasterreliefaid4.(Theabovesource:AloysiusJ.Rego.NationalDisaster ManagementInformationSystems&Networks:AnAsianOverview,200140) Asshowninthetable262,thenationalmechanismstillneedstobestrengthened,given thecurrenttasksofgovernmentagenciesandministriesinvolvedintheCCFSC.Inthenewly promulgatedNationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisasterPrevention,Responseand Mitigation(NIPNDPRM),toconsolidatetheorganizationandmechanismhasbeenhighly pointedasanimportantobjective41.However,itisstilllackofclearinstitutional arrangementsforenforcementandthecurrentorganizationalstructures,mandates,annual budgetearmarksandworkingagendafocuslargelyondisasterresponseratherthan prevention.Thereisnoprofessionalandspecializedcadreofstaffwhofocusondisaster management(ISDR,WB,200942).
Formoredetailsbrowse:http://www.undp.org.vn/dmu/
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Figure261:OrganizationChartofthe CCFSC
Table262:TasksofgovernmentagenciesandministriesinvolvedinDRM5
Institution The National Committee for Search and Rescue (NCSR ) The Fatherland Front and Red Cross Society Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) & Geophysics Institute of Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Voice of Viet Nam (VOV) and Vietnam Television (VTV) Ministry of Finance (MOF) Ministry of Health (MOH) Ministry of Transportation (MOT) Ministry of Post and Telecommunication Ministry of Labour Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) Ministry of Industry Ministry of Foreign Affairs Relevant Tasks responsible for search, rescue and emergency relief during and after disasters; receiving and distributing emergency relief donations; disaster warning and forecasting
disseminating disaster warning and forecast to the public responsible for allocating and releasing emergency response funds and other recourses in order to meet post-disaster needs responsible for post-disaster environment health needs responsible for traffic safety and rehabilitation during and after disasters responsible for rehabilitating communication systems ex-posted charged with setting disaster compensation policies responsible for managing reservoirs in and hydro power plants responsible for disaster-related international cooperation issues
SummarizedaccordingtotheVietnamReportofDisasterRiskManagementProgramsforPriorityCountries
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2.6.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
Vietnamdoesnothaveadisasterriskmanagementlaw.TheNationalStrategyforNatural DisasterPrevention,ResponseandMitigationto2020(No:172/2007/QTTg,200743)isthe keydocumentunderpinningalldisasterriskreductionpolicyandstrategy.TheNational Strategypromulgatestasks,solutionsandplansforimplementation,basedonwhichthe63 provinces/citiesand12ministries/sectorsdevelopedtheirstrategicactionplans.From2007 to2009,alongwiththeachievementsduringthe2yearsofimplementingthestrategy,the nationallegalframeworkhasbeenstepbystepconsolidated.Toenhanceits implementation,theNationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisasterPrevention, ResponseandMitigation(NIPNDPRM)waspromulgatedonSeptember29thof2009. InthisImplementationPlan,nonstructuralmeasuresasanewapproach,becomeacritical factorwellresonatingwithinvestmenteffortsoftheGovernmentinstructuralmeasures.To consolidatethesystemoflegaldocumentsandpolicies,thedraftlawonnaturaldisaster prevention,responseandmitigationshallbecompletedwithin4yearsfrom2009to2012, promulgatedandimplementedin2013.TheCCFSCandtheMARDwillleadthe implementationcoordinatingagency,withsupportfromotherministries,departments, provincesandcitiesnationwide,aswellastheregionalandinternationalorganizationsand NGOs. Earlier,theDRMpolicyhasalsobeenaddressedinseveraladditionalVietnameselawsand decrees,including:1)TheLawonWaterResourcespromulgatedinMay1998governswater usageandthepreventionofwaterrelateddisasters;2)TheOrdinanceonFloodandStorm ControlpromulgatedinMarch1993amendedandrevisedinAugust2000formallycreated theexistinginstitutionalstructure;3)TheLawonDykepromulgatedinNovember2006 regulatestheplanningoffloodpreventionandresponseinfloodproneareas;4)The EnvironmentProtectionLaw(1998)governstheuseofnaturalresourcesasameansto preventnaturaldisasters. Meanwhile,thereviewandrevisionofotherDRMrelatedlegaldocumentsworkistobe conductedbasedontheneedsforsocioeconomicdevelopmentduring2009to2020.Other legislativeinstrumentswhichincorporatedisasterriskmanagementelementsare:TheLaw onForestDevelopmentandProtection;The2003LawonFisheries;TheOrdinanceon IrrigationStructuresUtilizationandProtection;andTheOrdinanceonHydrometeorological StructuresProtection. 2.6.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA
VietNamsignedtheUNFCCCon11June1992andratifiediton16November1994.The KyotoProtocolwassignedon3December1998andwasratifiedon25September2002.The MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(MNRE)hasbeenassignedbythe 36
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GovernmentofVietNamtobetheNationalFocalAgencyforimplementingtheUNFCCCand KyotoProtocolandisthemanaginggovernmentinstitutionforallclimatechangeactivities. Otherministriesinvolvedinclimatechangeactivitiesare:MinistryofForeignAffairs, MinistryofFinance,MinistryofPlanningandInvestment,MinistryofScienceand Technology,MinistryofIndustry,MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,Ministryof TrainingandEducation,andMinistryofTrade.Butuptonow,thereisnotanational platformforinstitutionalizingtheClimateChangeAdaptioninVietNam. 2.6.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA Togetherwiththeworldscommunity,VietNamhasmadestrongcommitmentstocombat againstclimatechangethroughforexample,itsratificationtheUnitedNationsFramework ConventiononClimateChange(VietNam:InitialNationalCommunication,200344),the approvaloftheNationalTargetProgramtoRespondtoClimateChange(NTPbytheMinistry ofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,200745),andrecentlytheannouncementofthe ClimateChangeandSeaLevelRiseScenariosforVietNam(ISPONRE,200946). In2007,itissuedtheNationalStrategyforNaturalDisasterPrevention,Responseand Mitigationto2020.Andin2008,theNationalTargetProgramtoClimateChange Responsewasinitiated.Adetailedstudyofexistinginstitutionalmechanismsandcapacities forbothDDRandCCAwasconductedinpreparationforthenationalpolicyforum.In2009, theGovernmentorganizedtheNationalForum,hostedbytheDeputyPrimeMinister,to raiseawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethesynergiesbetweenDRRandCCA.The ForumalsoadvancedeffortstoestablishaNationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction (NPDRR),amultistakeholdercoordinatingbody,inthecontextofrespondingtoclimate change.AnumberofIOs,suchastheAustralianAgencyforInternationalDevelopment, UNDP,UNISDR,andtheWorldBanksGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery playedaroleinsupportingtheForumandassistinginthedevelopmentofstrengthened crosssectoralcooperationandsynergy(UNISDR,200947).
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3.
REVIEWOFDRRANDCCAENVIRONMENTINSOUTHEASTASIA
3.1 MappingOutDRRandCCAEfforts
BothCCAandDRRhaveanobjectiveofreducingfactorsthatcontributetoclimaterelatedrisk whileenablingsustainabilityinsocialandeconomicdevelopmentundertheinfluenceofexisting andchangingnatural,environmentalandanthropogenicfactors.Inpractice,examplesofboth theadaptationanddisasterriskreductioncover:agricultureandfoodsecurity,watersector, healthsector,awarenessraisingandeducation,environmentmanagement,earlywarning systems,anddevelopmentplanningandpractices(UNISDR,2008). Technically,climateinformationcouldbedividedintofourtypes:pastclimatemodel,recent climateextremes,theobservedtracks,andtheanticipatednewpatterns.DRRismainlybased onthestationaryclimatepredictiongeneratedfromthepastclimatemodel.WhileCCAdeals withthechallengesofnonstationaryclimaterisks,namely,theuncertaintyandanticipatednew patternsofclimaterisks.DRRandCCAwillincreasinglyadaptiterativeriskmanagement strategiesasandwhennewinformationisavailableforallemergingclimateriskpatterns. Almostalltheadaptationeffort(programmes/projects)hasthevalueofriskreduction. FormappingoutthecurrenteffortsonDRRandCCAatinternational,nationalandlocallevels, includingpolicy,institutionaldevelopmentandprojectpractices,weadoptthefourtypes roughlydividedbyWRI(200748)asshownbelow,withaweightingfunctionaccordingtotheir differentlevelsofaddressingclimateinformation.Pleasebenotedthattheweightingisjustfor outliningprojectseffortsineachcountryinthefieldofdisasterriskmanagementbyusingof climateinformation. AddressingtheDriversofVulnerability,focusesonreducingpovertyandaddressing otherfundamentalshortagesofcapabilitythatmakepeoplevulnerabletoharm.The weightofoneprojectorprogrammeis0.5duetotheindirectlinkagewithclimaterisk. Sampleactivitiesincludeeffortstoimprovelivelihoods,literacy,andwomensrights, andevenprojectsthataddressHIV/AIDS; BuildingCapacityonDRR,focusesonbuildingrobustsystemsforproblemsolving.For eachproject,theweightis1becauseofthestrongemphasisonDRRbutstillindirect linkagewithclimatechangeissues.Examplesincludethedevelopmentofrobust communicationsandplanningprocesses,andtheimprovementofmapping,weather monitoring,andnaturalresourcemanagementpractices; ManagingClimateRiskwithaweightof1.5foreachproject,aimsatincorporating climateinformationintodecisionstoreducenegativeeffectsonresourcesand livelihoods,accommodatingthefactthatoftentheeffectsofclimatechangearenot 38
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easilydistinguishedfromtheeffectsofhazardswithinthehistoricrangeofclimate variability.Examplesincludedisasterresponseplanningactivities,droughtresistant crops,andeffortstoclimateproofphysicalinfrastructure; EacheffortinConfrontingClimateChangeisgiventhehighestweight2.Itfocuses almostexclusivelyonaddressingimpactsassociatedwithclimatechange,typically targetingclimaterisksthatareclearlyoutsidehistoricclimatevariability,andwithlittle bearingonrisksthatstemfromanythingotherthananthropogenicclimatechange. Examplesincludecommunitiesthatrelocateinresponsetosealevelrise,andresponses toglacialmelting. Amongallthosefourtypesofefforts,amajorchallengeincommonishowtocontributetoCCA throughthesystematiceffortsinDRRaccumulatedinpastdecades,includingthroughreduced exposuretohazards,lessenedvulnerabilityofpeopleandproperty,wisemanagementofland andtheenvironment,andtheimprovedpreparednessforadverseevents(UNISDR,2009).The table31generallycomparedthemethodologicaldifferencesbetweeneffortsinDRRandCCA.
Table3-1: Major Approaches, Tools and Methods for CCA and DRR Area Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Approaches, Tools or Methods Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) Working Group on Mainstreaming Disaster Reduction in Development (MDRD) Community-Based Disaster Risk Management/Reduction (CBDRM/CBDRR) Coastal Community Resilience (CCR) Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) National Communications (NCs) National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) Climate Forecast Applications (CFA) Livelihoods Adaptation to Climate Change (LACC) Climate Risk Management (CRM) Climate Resilient Cities (CRC)
Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)
3.2 ReviewofPoliciesandInstitutionsonDRRandCCA
Theneedtosystematicallyintegratedisasterriskreductionandadaptationintonational developmentstrategieshasbeenlistedintheBaliActionPlan,andalsoemergedasakey conclusionfromanumberofrecentinternationalpolicyforums.Inparticular,theStockholm PlanofActionforIntegratingDisasterRiskandClimateChangeImpactsinPovertyReduction andtherecentOsloPolicyForumonChangingtheWayWeDevelop:DealingwithDisastersand ClimateChangereiteratedthisview.TheUNISDRhasidentifiedandpromotedthefollowing threeareasofactionover2008:developingnationalcoordinationmechanismstolinkdisaster riskreductionandadaptation,conductingabaselineassessmentonthestatusofdisasterrisk 39
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reductionandadaptationefforts,andpreparingadaptationplansdrawingontheHyogo Framework.BasedonthedeskworkforChapter2andChapter3,weoutlinedareviewofthe existingnationalpoliticalandinstitutionalmechanismonDRRandCCAseparately,includingthe institutions,policies,buildingprocess,climateriskinformationandfinancing.Pleaseseethe AnnexIforthedetailedreviewinformation.However,foranalyzingtheenablingpolicyand institutionalenvironmentforintegratingDRRintoCCA,furtherconsultationsarerequiredwith differentstakeholdersineachcountry.
3.3 ReviewofProjectsEffortsonDRRandCCA
Atits5thmeetinginCopenhageninNovember2008,theGFDRRConsultativeGroupaskedthe Secretariattofocusonaselectgroupofprioritycountriestoachieveincreasedimpact.20core countriesand11singledonortrustfundcountriesareidentifiedbyGFDRRforaseriesof comprehensiveprogramsfordisasterriskmanagementandclimatechangeadaptationforthe nextthreetofiveyears.Ineachprioritycountry,thereisastocktakingofongoingriskreduction andclimatechangeadaptationprogramsbykeystakeholders,includingUNagencies,multilateral andbilateraldonors,andotherpartners.Itprovidedthemainsourceforreviewingtheongoing (mainlyDRR)projectsefforts.ButnotallongoingDRRprojectsincountriesareincludedinthis chapter.AndfortheoutlineoftheCCAprojectsineachcountry,pleasereferthecountrysNAPA asshowninthefootnote6.Fourtypeswithdifferentweightsasexplainedin3.1,wereadoptedas thecriteriausedforsortingtheprojectsonDRRandCCAinSoutheastAsia.Therationof adaptingthiscriteriaistoderivehomethepointthatriskreductionisundertakenthrough continuumofdevelopmentprocessisacommonandconvergingpointforCCAandDRR. Figure32:TheTypeandNumberofProjectsonDRRandCCAinSoutheastAsia
MinistryofEnvironment,Cambodia.2006.NationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange. StateMinistryofEnvironment,Indonesia.2007.NationalActionPlanAddressingClimateChang. NationalEnvironmentCommittee,LaoPDR.2009.NationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange. TheHouseofRepresentativesofthePhilippinesinCongress,thePhilippines.2009.TheClimateChangeActof2008. MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,Vietnam.2008.NationalGargetProgramtoRespondtoClimate Change(unofficialtranslationofVietnameseDraftVersionof27/7/2008).

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Table331:ListofProjectsonDRRandCCAinCambodia
Projects Addressing Drivers of Vulnerability (4) N Donors o /Partners 1 ADPC, NCDM, ECHO, UNDP, MoEYS 2 Aus AID Projects/Programmes Goals Mainstreaming DRR in the education sector;Total (159) officials and teachers including officers from secondary school education department, teachers training department, provincial and district education officers, directors, deputy directors and principals from (10) pilot schools have been trained and 447 students (amongst them 239 are girls) have been taught the DRR module. In addition the Senior Minister MOEYS H. E. Kol Pheng actively participated in the National Workshop. Reducing the vulnerability of the poor to natural disasters. To accelerated efforts towards programbased approaches for delivering Australian aid. An explicit focus on Cambodian Millennium Development Goals will anchor this work, and action to improve the health of women and children will be a high priority. Food aid through Food For Work program targeted towards poorest communities, damage and needs assessment guidelines and tools for NCDM development To integrate child rights into national climate change responses and integrate climate change into national child rights agendas Standard Operating Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations (SASOP). To develop a Synthesis Report on ASEAN Member States Disaster Risks by carrying out a desk review of already available reports, studies, maps, analysis and assessments regarding disaster risk (vulnerability and hazards) carried out at the country and regional levels; 5-year Memorandum of Cooperation. Capacity Building for Integrated Disaster Management. The framework for a collaborative alliance between the two organizations. Community-based Flood Mitigation and Preparedness Project under the Asian Disaster Mitigation Program, aims to establish sustainable, replicable non-government mechanisms for disaster mitigation and preparedness with a focus on flooding. Flood Management and Mitigation Program, two projects: Flood Emergency Management Strengthening, and Capacity Building for Planning and Implementation of Flood Preparedness Programs at Provincial and District Levels in the Lower Mekong Delta. Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy for Flood and Drought Timeframe / Link http://www.preventionweb.net/files /10480_Cambodia.pdf 2007-2008 Phase I http://www.AusAID.gov.au/publica tions/pdf/appr_cambodia_0708.pd f 2003-2007
3 WFP 4 IDS, Plan
http://www.childreninachangingcli mate.org/research_home.html
Building Capacity on DRR (16)
1 ARPDM, AADMER 2 ASEAN, UNISDR, WB 3 ADPC, UNDP 4 ADPC/WB 5 ADPC, AUDMP, with CRC, PACT etc. 6 ADPC, MRC, GTZ, ECHO 7 ADB, with ADPC, MoWRAM 8 UNESCA P, ADPC, DIPECHO
2004-2010 2009-2014
forthcoming 1998-2004 http://www.proventionconsortium. org/themes/default/pdfs/CRA/Cam bodia.pdf http://www.preventionweb.net/files /13076_Flood09.pdf 2003-2008 2007-2012
The partnerships for Disaster Reduction in Southeast Asia (PDRSEA) programme, to promote community based approaches to disaster risk management, and to institutionalize CBDRM in government policy, planning and implementation.
http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Progra ms/CBDRM/INFORMATION%20R ESOURCE%20CENTER/CBDRM %20Publications/2008/final_crcam bodia_23nov.pdf
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9 GFDRR Capacity building of Hydmet agencies for early warning and weather forecast systems; developing DRM components within Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) in Transport and Health Sectors; Focuses on emerging Urban risks. Investigate some aspects of the recent droughts in the Mekong region and tries to establish their likely causes and how much incidents could best be mitigated. Identify natural solutions as an essential contribution to cost effective climate change adaptation and mitigation, such as the role of natural systems for regulating water flow, improving water quality, reducing disaster impacts, protecting soil, sustaining fisheries productivity and sequestering and storing carbon. A technical assistance program to ensure better coordination and implementation of SNAP-DRR geared towards integrating disaster risk reduction into national development planning, implementing the national CBDRR strategy and developing guidelines for integration of DRR into local development plans. Flood Emergency Rehabilitation Project repaired and rehabilitated infrastructure damaged by floods in 2000, and provided technical assistance which built capacity to more effectively manage and mitigate future water disasters. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development (MDRD). To Promote Safe development and good governance in RCC member countries with increased community resilience to natural disasters; thus contribute to realizing the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and advancing priorities of the HFA. Establishment of Regional Flood Management and Mitigation Centre (RFMMC); Structural Measures and Flood Proofing; Enhancing Cooperation in Trans-boundary Flood Issues; Flood Emergency Management Strengthening and Land Management. Promoting and strengthening Disaster Resilient in Cambodia (with several NGOs including Action Aid, Lutheran World Federation, CRC, DRC, Netherlands Save the Earth, etc.) Since 1998 over 20 projects have been funded in Cambodia under the DIPECHO programme for over 5 million. 2008-2012
1 Oxfam 0 GB, IEDM 1 WWF 1
http://www.preventionweb.net/files /9066_cambodiaclimatechangerep ort1.pdf http://www.preventionweb.net/files /12119_folletoingnature11.pdf
1 GFDRR/ 2 WB 1 WB 3 1 RCC 4 Program
forthcoming
Phase I (2004-2007); Phase II (2008-2012)
1 MRC 5
1 DIPECHO 6
On-going http://www.mrcmekong.org/downl oad/free_download/AFF4/session2/meeting_local_needs. pdf http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/polic ies/dipecho/presentations/cambod ia_11_07_en.pdf Ongoing ongoing
Managing Climate Risk (1)
1 UNDP, NDCM, MRC
Developing climate forecasts and applications, and flood mapping and early warning initiatives.
Confronting Climate Change (0)
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Table332:ListofProjectsonDRRandCCAinIndonesia
Projects Addressing Drivers of Vulnerability (6) N o 1 Donors/ Partners Netherlands Red Cross, IFRC Aus AID Project/Programme Goals Addressing the humanitarian consequences of climate change, a pilot project on reducing the risk from climate change, aims to strengthen the capacities of over 120,000 people at risk and reduce their vulnerability to natural and manmade hazards, including the negative impacts of climate change. It reflects the determination of Australia and Indonesia to work together to help tackle poverty and promote regional peace, stability and prosperity. Australia Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction and Development: Post-disaster recovery in Aceh and Nias. Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias Reconstruction; Java Reconstruction Fund. Save the Childrens tsunami response program (Total Tsunami expenditures in Indonesia: $183,228,447 ) The Gender Equity and Womens Rights: Raising the Profile, aims to explore popular perceptions of womens rights and gender equity issues in Indonesia in order to raise their profile and obtain greater policy traction on the issues. The opinion poll will help Indonesian policy makers and the Indonesian public see where the gaps are between Indonesias laws regarding womens rights and gender equality, and the reality. Australia Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction: support Indonesias and the regions efforts to reduce the impact of disasters and to improve self-management capabilities through training and outreach; risk and vulnerability assessment; and research and analysis on emerging regional threats. Regular annual programming which include support to DRR projects. Institutional revitalization project for Flood Management; and Flash Flood Disaster Management. Timeframe and Link http://www.preventionweb. net/files/1744_annual20re port202006.pdf 2008-2013 http://www.AusAID.gov.au/ country/aipstrategy.cfm 2005-2008 http://www.AusAID.gov.au/ country/aiprd.cfm 2005-2012 2006-2012 http://www.preventionweb. net/files/12547_tsunamire port20091.pdf Ongoing http://www.undp.or.id/proje cts/projDetail.asp?ItemID= 4
3 4 5 6
Aus AID WB Save the Children UNDP Indonesia
Building Response Capacity (15)
AusAID
2009-2014 http://www.AusAID.gov.au/ media/release.cfm?BC=M edia&ID=2353_9531_923 6_9485_392 2007-2010 and 2008-2011 http://www.id.embjapan.go.jp/oda/en/odaproj ects_protech.htm 2009-2011 2008-2010 2007-2011 2009-2012 2005
2 3
4 5 6 7 8
AusAID Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) JICA USDAID UNDP/DFID/Aus AID GFDRR BNPB, UNDP
Multi-disciplinary hazard reduction. Promoting Private Sector Role in Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia; Strengthening Emergency Preparedness and Response in Indonesia. Safer Community through Disaster Risk Reduction (SCDRR ) Capacity building of national and local DRM agencies, including in risk assessment and riskresponse The establishment of Data and Information on Indonesian Disaster (DiBi)to provide online
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9 10 11 USAID, ADPC USAID UNDP searchable data on past disasters. Program for the Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER ) Climate Forecast Applications Project, to strengthen the national capabilities to manage and reduce the impacts of climate fluctuations through targeted demonstration projects and community participation. Safer Communities through Disaster Risk Reduction (SC-DRR) Early Recovery Assistance Programme for Jogjakarta and Central Java Tsunami Recovery Waste Management Programme Emergency Response and Transitional Recovery (ERTR) Programme Support to Strengthen the Capacity and Role of Civil Society Organizations in the Recovery of Communities in Aceh and Nias Mainstreaming DRR in Indonesia: Mainstreaming DRR in regular development and through post-disaster recovery Support to comprehensive risk financing strategy linked to DRR actions Program for Hydro-meteorological Risk Mitigation in Asian Cities: Increased adoption of private and public sector mechanisms for community preparedness and mitigation of hydrometeorological disaster risk, in order to measurably alleviate human suffering, prevent loss of life, and reduce the potential for physical and economic damage. Mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in local governance: the Disaster Awareness in Primary Schools (DAPS) program. DAPS has been implemented in eight provinces involving 58,000 students nationwide, through a project team composed of trained resource persons and consultants. Reduced Impact Logging for Carbon Sequestration in East Kalimantan 1998-2003
On going http://www.undp.or.id/proje cts/listproject.asp
12 13 14
GFDRR GFDRR USAID, ADPC
2009-2012 2010-2012 http://www.adpc.net/udrm/ brochure/UDRM_PROMIS EbrochureRevised.pdf http://www.preventionweb. net/files/9443_gtz2008042 1enncdrr1.pdf 1997-2000
15
GTZ, ECHO
2 3
Counterpart International/COP EC/APHI/IPB/Mo E/MFEC Same as above GFDRR
4 5
UNDP UNDP
Reduction of greenhouse gas emission through landfill resources recovery and Utilisation Municipality of Ujung Pandang Linking Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Adaptation: Support to national and local strategy for DRR and CCA linkages; Pilot initiatives and investment in climate adaptation and resilience in urban and rural communities to build alliance among the DRR and CCA constituents and programs; Support to implementation of disaster and climate proof building codes and standards and micro zoning Support to the Second National Communication on Climate Change Integrating Climate Change into Development Planning
2001 2009-2012
Table333:ListofProjectsonDRRandCCAinLaoPDR 44
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Projects Addressing Drivers of Vulnerability (3) N o 1 Donors /Partners ADPC/UNDP/ECH O NDMO/MoE Save the Children Project Goals Mainstreaming DRR in the Education Sector in Lao PDR project, include: Integrating DRR in the School Curriculum; Study on Impact of Disasters on the Education Sector; School Construction. Water Supply and Sanitation Program; Women Livelihood Creation; Sayaboury Integrated Hazard Mitigation Project; Disaster Risk Education for Children in Xieng Hone and in Sayaboury. To strengthen the information management system, currently being piloted in Sayaboury province. Flood Mitigation and Management Program, including: Establishment of Regional Flood Management and Mitigation Centre (RFMMC); Structural Measures and Flood Proofing; Enhancing Cooperation in Trans-boundary Flood Issues; Flood Emergency Management Strengthening; and Land Management. Flood Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Project (FVAMP), as component 1, working to provide flood vulnerability indices to better manage flood and drought indices. Community Based Disaster Preparedness Program in 5 flood and drought prone villages in Khammoaune and Savannakhet province. GFDRR pipeline project will fund risk mapping in two to three provinces. A project Tools for Disaster Risk Assessments (TDRA): it support the development of a risk assessment system for use in Sayaboury district and will support the provincial and district capacities in hazard and risk identification, assessment, and financing. Flood Preparedness Project Standard Operating Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations (SASOP) 5 year Memorandum of Cooperation The framework for a collaborative alliance between ADPC and WB Emergency Relief for the 2008 Floods has been provided by most major UN Agencies (FAO, WHO, UNIC EF) and NGOs and bilateral donors (ECHO, USAID, Japan, Singapore, Sweden, Canada and Germany (OCHA). Strengthen community level preparedness and response to natural disasters Timeframe and Link http://www.preventionweb.net/files/8 196_Laos1.pdf http://www.directoryofngos.org/pub/n go_projects.php?id=78
Save the Children/ADPC MRC, Japan, Denmark
http://www.mrcmekong.org/program mes/flood.htm
Lao Red Cross
3 4
WBGFDRR Save the Children ADPC/NDMO
20072011 http://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2010kobe/ documents/HFA/Laos.pdf forthcoming 2007-2009
5 6
ADPC/MRC AADMER/ARPDM
2001-2010
7 8 9
ASEAN, UNISDR and WB ADPC/WB FAO, UNICEF, NGOs etc Laos Australia NGO Cooperation Agreement (LANGOC A)/ AusAID JICA
2009-2014 Forthcoming
10
11
Riverbank Protection in Vientiane Municipality
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12 13 GFDRR, DMH, WREA, NDMO WB/NDMO/MPI Capacity building of Hydmet agency for early warning and weather forecast systems. Capacity building for Damage and Loss Assessment: aims to prepare a cadre of local experts for damage and loss assessment who can be readily deployed in the event of a major natural disaster. Partnerships for Safe Development and Good Governance: RCC Program on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development (MDRD) Phase II. Program Components include, mainstreaming DRR into National Planning Processes, Priority Implementation Partnerships on Mainstreaming DRR into Sectoral Development, Advocacy for Building Awareness and Political Support, Knowledge Management Platform for MDRD, and Capacity Development for Mainstreaming DRR Flood Preparedness Plans for Khammouane and Savannakhet provinces The operationalization of the Strategic Plan for DRM, including an implementation plan for its DRM strategy and strengthen the hydromet, early warning and river basin management, as well as helping strengthen the Governments capacity in carrying out damage and loss national assessment (DALNA) to measure impact of natural disasters. Incorporating DR M component in Mekong Water Resources Management Project; Incorporating DR M component in Khammouane (Province) Development Project, and Second Province Development Project; Emerging urban risks: Identifying and assessing emerging urban risks for Vientiane Capital; Strengthening capacity for DRM; Issue paper on disaster risk financing (agriculture insurance, private sector participation, etc) A Strategic National Action Plan for DRM, will focus on getting more ownership by various sector ministries in advancing DRM in the country. Develop DRM components within Sector Wide Approach (SWA p) in Education, Health and Transport Sector.
14
ADPC RCC
Phase II (2008-2015) http://www.preventionweb.net/englis h/professional/trainings-events/edumaterials/v.php?id=8196
15 16
LNMC, ADPC, NDMO, GTZ, ECHO WB, NDMO, WREA, MPI
17
GFDRR, MRC, ADB, WREA
18 19
NDMO/UNDP GFDRR, MoE, MoH, MPWT, NDMO
Managing Climate Risk (0) Confronting Climate Change (0)
Table334:ListofProjectsonDRRandCCAinMyanmar 46
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Timeframe and Link http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=2101 Ibid Ibid http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=2041
Projects Addressing Drivers of Vulnerability (4) No 1 Donors Oxfam/Metta Foundation/Mangr ove Service Network Oxfam/Metta Foundation Metta Foundation UNICEF/ADPA/ Government of Myanmar/UNDP/ WFP/World Vision and Local NGOs. FAO/ Myanmar Government WHO/SEARO/UN OCHA/MoH Project Goals The Tsunami Program, aims to support 100 households in their livelihood plans, which incorporate mangrove rehabilitation to protect the coastline; to establish savings and loan schemes.
2 3 4
Metta is running several ambitious rebuilding and education projects: rebuilding and renovating or extending schools, providing teaching materials and furniture, and training primary school teachers. In 2006, Metta provided emergency relief to people affected by cyclone Mala, which hit areas previously damaged by the tsunami. A program to rebuild childrens lives and restore hope since the tsunami, aims to promote and monitor childrens nutritional status, to provide sate water and solar-powered water pumps and the improvement of existing sanitation situation, to supply kits for children and assist with emotional and mental recovery from the tsunami, to contribute to the rehabilitation of schools.
1 2
ASEAN/UN/Gover nment of the Union of Myanmar
UN Myanmar
As a member of the Consortium to Restore Shattered Livelihoods in Tsunami-devastated Nations (CONSRN), drafted the Myanmar Tsunami Rehabilitation Strategy. Formed a Tsunami Response Group for Disaster Preparedness and Response, activities undertaken include: Renovation of affected health infrastructure; Development of a national disaster preparedness plan; Production of information, education and communication (IEC) materials for basic health staff and the community; Procurement of personal protective equipment; Procurement of rapid test kits and other laboratory items; Operations room support for the Department of Health; Provision of basic units of new emergency health kits (NEHK) and supplementary kits; Provision of drugs, insecticides, bednets, fogging machines and rapid diagnostic tests for malaria control. Set up a Tripartite Core Group to coordinate relief efforts: including 1) a Post-Nargis Joint Assessment (PONJA) to determine the full scale of the impact of the cyclone and requirements for both immediate humanitarian assistance and medium to long term recovery; 2)UNEP proposed a project to assist the Nargis recovery programme with emphasis on long-term recovery (to 2012 and beyond) and the key role of environment and sound natural resource management in attaining sustainable livelihoods and promoting disaster risk reduction.. Post-Nargis Response and Preparedness Plan (PONREPP), prepared jointly by the international community and the Government of Myanmar under the auspices of the TCG and sets out a three year framework to guide recovery efforts following Cyclone Nargis. The International Institute for Environment and Development CLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAMME aims to enhance understanding of the linkages between sustainable development and climate change. Its Working Paper1 provided a profile of existing vulnerabilities to climate change at the national level, including biodiversity, agriculture, human health and water resource.
Forthcoming http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=1914
http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=8293 Ibid
IIED/BCAS/ENDA/ SHELL Foundation
http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=9607
Table335:ListofProjectsonDRRandCCAinPhilippines 47
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Projects Addressing Drivers of Vulnerability (2) No 1 2 Donors DSWD The Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund of the Spanish government OXFAM-GB , Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) and PDCC-Albay ASEAN AUSAID; UNDP; PHIVOLCS, PAG -ASA; Mines and Geosciences Bureau-DENR, NAMRIA and the OCD. IB M International Foundational (ERN Sahana Philippines) ADRC Miami Dade Fire Rescue Department; USAID , ADPC UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)/NDCC DENR; PHIVOLCS, PAG-ASA Japanese Grant Aid Program, JICA, MMDA LGUs NGOs, private and civic organizations and government agencies NDCC Project Goals Housing and Livelihood Support to Disaster Victims A study of the vulnerability of critical sectors to climate change Timeframe and Link http://www.dswd.gov.ph/
1 2 3
Case Study on the Institutionalization of Albay Provincial Safety and Emergency Management Office ASEAN Agreement on Disaster and Emergency Response (AADMER) Hazard Mapping and Assessment for Effective Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (READY): being prepared to cover 27 provinces mostly located along the eastern part of the Philippines. Emergency Response Network (ERN ) http://www.aseansec.org/PRAADMER-EIF-End-2009.pdf http://www.preventionweb.ne t/english/professional/news/v .php?id=3645
5 6
7 8
Web-based Event Data Base (CALAMIDAT.PH). LGUs, NGOs and communities are constrained to contribute more substantially to the development of a database of disasters and impacts, especially as capacities are limited at this level. Simultaneous Nationwide Earthquake Drills and the Nationwide Water Search and Rescue (WASAR ) Training and the Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER ) Contingency Planning Manual National Geohazards Mapping and Assessment
http://www.adrc.asia/highligh ts/NewsNo154
Upgrading the forecasting capability of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Enhancing the capabilities of local chief executives and their DCCs: especially their technical capacities in terms of data interpretation and uses. Undertake public awareness and information campaigns on disaster risks in many vulnerable areas. But there is no countrywide public awareness program on DRR. Programs such as Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies (HOPE) under the Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER) has been organized by NDCC, along with concerned government agencies and supported by NZET
http://www.gov.ph/cat_localg ov/cpm.pdf http://www.preventionweb.ne t/english/professional/news/v .php?id=3758 http://www.pagasa.dost.gov. ph/ http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov. ph/
10 11 12
http://www.nset.org.np/peer/ publication/071009PEERne wsletter8.pdf
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13 14 15 16 17 UN-ESCAP; UN-ECLAC; UNDP DOST ADPC DEPED World Bank Institute (WBI ); Hazard Management Unit and ProVention Consortium NEDA, DEPED ADPC, DPWH DEPED United Architects Philippines; Private Sector Disaster Management Network. NDCC AusAID; UNDP; PHIVOLCS, PAG -ASA ; Mines and Geosciences Bureau-DENR, NAMRIA and the OCD. NEDA and USAID. Improvement of Methodologies for Assessing the Socio-economic Impact of Hydro-meteorological Disasters The National Science and Technology Plan for 2002-2020 has given some attention to DRM, including natural disaster mitigation under the Environment in the National Program for Basic Research. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector Disaster Preparedness through Educational Multi-Media Online Natural Disaster Risk Management Program
http://www.cdp.org.ph/pubs/ drr-mainstream-educ.pdf http://www.emimegacities.org/upload/2010/ ndrmp_brochure.pdf http://www.preventionweb.ne t/english/professional/news/v .php?id=10753
18 19 20 21
Mainstreaming DRR in Development Plans particularly on Land Use and Physical Framework Plans 2nd Phase of the Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into the Infrastructure Sector Construction of Hazard Resilient School Buildings Construction of Innovative Buildings
22 23
Search for Excellence in Disaster Management (Gawad KALASAG ) 2007 Community-based Disaster Preparedness: Development of Information and Education Campaign Materials (2nd component of the READ Y project).
Strengthening the Philippines Institutional Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change, also fosters understanding of the linkage between DRM and climate change adaptation.
Forthcoming
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Table336:ListofProjectsonDRRandCCAinVietnam
Projects Addressing Drivers of Vulnerability (2) Building Response Capacity (16) No 1 2 Donors GFDRR ADB Project Goals DRM integration into the Banks poverty reduction project Emergency Rehabilitation of Calamity Damage Project for a rapid resumption of livelihoods and reduction of vulnerability to natural disasters in the affected areas (primarily infrastructure repair). Three hazard mapping projects underway: Flash flood risk mapping at district level and 1:200.000 scale for selected mountainous provinces; Tsunami risk mapping for coastal areas; and Drought hazard mapping for the Highlands and Southern Central provinces. Asia Flood Network (AFN): (Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam in the Mekong river basin and Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan in the GangesBrahmaputra-Megna ) Joint Advocacy Network Initiative(JANI formerly Dani) program works to improve the effectiveness of Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDR M) in Vietnam Strengthen the hydrological and meteorological capability for Vietnam. Timeframe and Link
MONR Es Institute of Hydro-met and Environment USAID/OFDA
3 4
ECHO MONRE , Department of Hydro-meteorology and Climate Change, National Center of Hydrometeorology Oxfam UK/ Hong Kong Vietnam Red Cross
5 6
WB, Netherlands, Japan and AusAID
Community Based Disaster management in the Mekong Delta/ Mountainous areas Mangrove Disaster Preparedness Programme, to protect sea dykes and people's live and property, to build the capacity of the Vietnam Red Cross in Disaster Preparedness and to improve the coastal environment and to create job and income for vulnerable people. Natural Disaster Risk Mitigation Program involves prevention and mitigation investments, community based disaster risk management, post-disaster reconstruction support and institutional strengthening.
http://www.adrc.asia/publication s/TDRM2003Dec/14_MR.%20N GUYEN%20HUNG%20HA.pdf http://web.worldbank.org/extern al/projects/main?pagePK=6428 3627&piPK=64290415&theSite PK=40941&menuPK=228424& Projectid=P073361
GFDRR
UNDP/One UN
10
USAID/OFDA/ADPC
Study on existing transfer activities; Study on drainage system for coastal cities; Climate resilient cities, pilot in Ha Noi, Can Tho and Dong Hoi; Documentaries to promote CBDRM; Capacity support to DRR and CCA. Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Disaster Risk Management in Vietnam, including Climate Change related disasters program provides institutional capacity building TA for DR M and climate change related issues in Vietnam. Program for Hydro-meteorological Risk Mitigation in Asian Cities (PROMISE ): Da Nang, Vietnam. Increased adoption of private and public sector mechanisms for
http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Prog rams/UDRM/Downloads/PROMI
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community preparedness and mitigation of hydro-meteorological disaster risk in urban areas of South and South East Asia in order to measurably alleviate human suffering, prevent loss of life, and reduce the potential for physical and economic damage. Project for Building Disaster Resilient Societies in Central Region of Vietnam supports storm and flood mitigation infrastructure works in the three central provinces of Quang Ngai, Thua Thien Hue and Quang Nam. Drought Preparedness in Southeast Asia: (Cambodia, East Timor, and Vietnam), to promote community-based drought preparedness planning while also developing expertise in effective low-cost and innovative drought mitigation and preparedness technologies. Capacity Building for Mitigation and Adaptation of Geo-disasters Related to Environment and Energy Development in Vietnam project aims to building capacities for Vietnamese experts in the areas of geodisaster adaptation and mitigation. Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction into Pipeline World Bank projects in Vietnam Support Vietnams NAP Implementation: In close coordination with other donors, provide TA for the preparation of the National Action Plan to implement the National Strategy on DRM; 2. Support sub national DRM structures, in coordination with UNDP, including both establishment of centers and staff capacity building; 3. Update and developing risk maps and related information in conjunction with activity II; 4. Support Vietnams planned national DRM training and awareness raising activities; 5. Improving development and enforcement of building codes which incorporate disaster risk reduction measures. Risk Financing Options Supporting the Development of Vietnams Strategy SE/2009/PROMISE_Brochure2 009.pdf
11 12
JICA USAID/OFDA
13
Norway Government
http://www.ngi.no/en/News/Geodisaster-capacity-buildingbetween-NGI-and-VietnamNational-University/
14 15
GFDRR/WBOH WBOH, Central Committee for flood and Storm Control, MONRE , Provincial authorities
16
GFDRR, WBO H, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development CSIRO/RCFTI/IMH/HMS/IG PO
1 2
Afforestation: Increasing Carbon Sequestration through use of genetically improved planting stock The Model Project for Reduction of Electric Power Consumption in Cement Plant HA TIEN 2
June 2001
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4.
ENABLINGENVIRONMENTANALYSISINSOUTHEASTASIA
TheenablingenvironmentforintegratingDRRandCCAatnationallevel,consistsofthree elements,thesciencedevelopment,institutionalandpoliticalconstruction,andsociety application.Toanalyzethecountrysenablingenvironment,thoseelementscouldbefurther dividedintosixindicators,including1)thePoliticalCommitmentandAwareness,2)thePolicy andInstitutionMechanisms,3)theProgressofIntegratingDRRintoDevelopmentProcess,4) theinstitutionalcapacityofintegratingCRIintothedevelopmentprocess,5)theCapacityof ScientificandtechnicalinstitutionsforgeneratingrequiredClimateRiskInformation(CRI),and6) decentralizationofpowersandresourcestoimplementinnovativeadaptationprogrammes. Usingtheabovesixindicatorstoscore(05),outlinestheenablingenvironmentforintegrating DRRintoCCAincountriesinSoutheastAsia.Pleaseseethetable42.Astheroleoflocal institutionsissignificantinintegratingCCAandDRRatlocallevelonassessmenthasbeenmade onthestatusofenablingenvironmentoflocalinstitutions(seetable41). Table 4-1: Decentralization Level in Southeast Asia
Countries Status of empowerment to local government 2 4 2 0 4 4 Stakeholders participation in local decisionmaking 3 4 2 0 4 4 Financial authority at local level 2 3 2 0 3 3 Capacity of local institutions 1 2 1 1 3 3 Average
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Myanmar Philippines Vietnam
2 3.25 1.75 0.25 3.5 3.5
Table 4-2: Enabling Environment for Integrating DRR into CCA in Southeast Asia Countries Political Commitment & Awareness Policy and Institution Mechanisms Progress of Integrating DRR into Development Process 4 3 4 0 4 5 Institutional Capacity for Taking Adaptation Action 2 4 2 0 3 3 Capacity for Generating Cliamte Risk Information 2 4 2 1 3 2 Decentralization for Implementing Adaptation Programmes 2 3.25 1.75 0.25 3.5 3.5 Total
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Myanmar Philippines Vietnam
4 3 3 0 5 5
3 2 3 0 5 5
18 21 17 2 25 24
ForthePoliticalCommitmentandAwareness,insomecasesgovernmentshavecombinedthe DRRandCCAintonewnationallegislation.Forinstance,inPhilippines,theClimateChangeAct of2009hasalreadyintegratedDRRmeasuresintoCCAplans,developmentandpoverty reductionprogrammes.AndinVietnam,theGovernmentorganizedaNationalForumin2009to raisetheawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethesynergiesbetweenthetwoagendas. 52
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TheroleofpolicyandInstitutionMechanismsis,toprovideasolidfoundation,andacritical supportingenvironmentforadaptationprocessesatallscales,suchasasolegovernmental policymakingbodyonclimatechangeoraninterministerialmechanism,andtheNationallevel PolicyorActionPlan.InSoutheastAsia,thosepolicyandinstitutionmechanismshavebeen establishedorintheprocessofestablishment. Theadaptationputsanemphasisontheprocessofmakingadaptationdecisions,pointsthe importanceofintegratingDRRintothedevelopmentprocessduetothelonghistorical experienceinimplementingDRR.Thatgivesthethirdcriteriafortheanalysis.Incountriesof SoutheastAsia,DRRjuststartstobeformedasanintegralpartofthegovernments developmentagenda,suchasinCambodiaandthePhilippines. ThecapacityfortakingCRIintoadaptationactionsindifferentsectorsisanothercrucial indicator,suchassectorsofagricultural,water,tourism,energy,naturalresourcesandsoon. Alongwiththeparticipationofallstakeholders,theircapacityisthekeyforintegratingDRRinto CCA,humanandfinancialresourcesseenastwoimportantfactors. Adaptationinitiativechoicesvarywiththeinformationavailabletosupporttheirdevelopment andimplementation.TheClimateRiskInformation(CRI)inparticular,playsacentralrole,such astheweatherandclimateobservation,monitoring,thedevelopmentofclear,preciseand usertargetedinformationandclimatepredictions,aswellasthesectorspecificclimateservices. ThecapacityforgeneratingCRIintheSoutheastAsianCountriesisstillverylimited,butgetting improvedbythedonorandNGOsProjects. Thelastindicatorbutthemostcriticalfortakingadaptationstrategiesintoactions,isthelevelof decentralizationofpoliticalpowersandresourcesfortheimplementationofadaptation programmes.Forbetterscoringthelevelofdecentralizationforimplementingadaptation programmes,foursubindicatorsareemployedasbelowtable417.
4.1 TheEnablingEnvironmentinCambodia
Earlyin2006,theGovernmentofCambodiahasalreadyapprovedtheirNationalAdaptation ProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange(NAPA).16priorityadaptationactivitiesinkeysectors wereidentifiedintheNAPA.Inthesameyear,aNationalClimateChangeCommittee(NCCC) undertheMinistryofEnvironment(MoE)wasestablishedasapolicymakingbody.Itprovided aninterministerialmechanismwiththemandatetoprepare,coordinateandmonitorthe
Thereferencesinclude,Environment,Livelihoods,andLocalInstitutions:DecentralizationinMainlandSoutheast Asia(WRI,2002),LocalPowerandPoliticsinIndonesia:Decentralisation&Democratisation(EdwardAspinall, GregFealy.2003)andsoon.
7
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implementationofpolicies,strategies,legalinstruments,plansandprogrammestoaddress climatechange. ToensurethatDRRformsanintegralpartofthegovernmentsdevelopmentagenda,in2009, theGovernmentlunchedtheStrategicNationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReduction(SNAP DRR20082013).Thebuildingprocessisthroughthemultisectoralworkinggroups,in cooperationwithregionalinitiatives(ARPDM,RCC,ADPC,MRC),anddonors(AusAID,UNISDR, WB,UNDP,ADB,GTZ,WFP,UNESCAP). In2003,theNationalDisasterInformationDatabasewassetupundertheNationalCommittee forDisasterManagement(NCDM),withtechnicalsupportfromCRED.SectoralDatabasesare producedandmanagedbydifferentministriesandagencies.However,thescientificrisk informationisstilllimited.SeveraloftheEarlyWarningSystemsarealsonotwellfunctioning, suchaspoordisseminationofforecastandearlywarningtotheendusersatcommunitylevels, poormaintenanceandsoon.Recently,togetherwithdonorprojects,regionalinitiatives,and localNGOs,theyaremakingsomeprogress. SincetheUNFCCCenteredintoforcein1996,itthusmakesCambodiaeligibleunderthefinancial mechanismoftheUNFCCC.AndforthefinancialissuesonDRR,thereisafinancedepartment underNCDM.Butnoriskfinancingstrategyisdevelopedandthereisextremelylimitedinsurance penetration.Thatconstrainstheinstitutionstotakeadaptationactions. EvensincethesigningofthePeaceAccordsin1992,thecentralgovernmentanditsbranchesat theprovince,district,andcommunelevelshavebeenweak,rifewithcorruption,andcrippledby limitedhumanresourcecapacity.Cambodia'sruralareashavehadlittleeffectivegovernment,or governance,perse.(WRI,2002)
4.2 TheEnablingEnvironmentinIndonesia
IndonesiaratifiedtheUNFCCCin1994andtheKyotoProtocolin2004.In2007,Indonesiahosted the13thConferenceofParties(COP13)totheClimateChangeConventioninBali.Inpreparation totheCOP13,theGovernmentlauncheditsNationalActionPlanAddressingClimateChange whichdefinestheIndonesianvisiontotackleclimatechangeissues.Theplaniscrosssectoral (agriculture,forestry,industry,energy,infrastructure,etc.)andmobilizesthewholearrayof toolsavailabletotheGovernment(governmentalorganization,taxation,investmentpolicies, awarenessraising,etc.). ThisNationalActionPlanwastransposedintothedevelopmentplanningprocessunderthe coordinationoftheMinistryofPlanning(Bappenas).Tothisend,the"Nationaldevelopment planning:Indonesiaresponsestoclimatechange"(alsoknownas"yellowbook")wasofficially releasedinJuly2008.Thedocumentconcludeswiththepresentationofamatrixofactionsthe "PolicyMatrix"thatconstitutesthebackboneoftheClimateChangeProgramLoan(CCPL).In 2008,aNationalCouncilonClimateChange(NCCC),composedof17Ministersandchairedby
54
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thePresident,hasbeenestablishedtocoordinateIndonesiasclimatechangepoliciesand internationalpositions. Sincethe2004IndianOceanTsunami,IndonesiahasbeguntoestablishanetworkofTsunami EarlyWarningSystemwiththeassistanceofGermany.Severalkeygovernmentministriesand agenciesworkonupdatinganddisseminatinghazardandriskanalyseswithintheirsectoral purview,suchasMinistryofHomeAffairs,BMKG,MinistryofPublicWorks,andotheragencies VSIandtheNationalMappingAgency.BNPBisalsopreparingguidelinesforlocalgovernmentsto conducttheirdisasterriskassessment.In2008,BNPBpublishedtheDataonDisastersin Indonesia20062007.Evenattheregionallevel,theNationalMappingAgencyandtheMinistry ofPublicWorkscontinuetoupdatenationalandregionalbaseandthematicmapsrequiredfor regionalriskassessmentandmonitoring. GRNo.22/2008onFunding&ManagementofDisasterAssistance,stipulatedthreecategoriesof funding,namely,acontingencyfund,anoncallbudget,andsocialassistancefunds.However,in broaderriskfinancingterms,otherformsoffinancingsuchasriskinsuranceandcontingency linesofcreditintheeventofalargescaledisasterhaveonlyrecentlybeguntobeconsidered andarestillunderdiscussion.Tofullytransformthereactivemindsetintoadaptationaction, systematicinvestmentisrequiredtobuildthecapacityoflocalactorsincludinggovernments, civilsocietyandcommunityorganizationsandtheprivatesector. Indonesiaisexperiencinganhistoricanddramaticshiftinpoliticalandeconomicpowerfromthe centretothelocallevel.ThecollapseofthehighlycentralisedSoehartoregimeallowedlong repressedlocalaspirationstocometothefore.ThenewIndonesianGovernmentthenbegan oneoftheworldsmostradicaldecentralisationprogrammes,underwhichextensivepowersare beingdevolvedtothedistrictlevel.Ineveryregionandprovince,diversepopularmovements andlocalclaimantstostatepowerarechallengingthecentralauthorities(Edward Aspinall, Greg Fealy, 2003).
4.3 TheEnablingEnvironmentinLaoPDR
InLaoPDR,theFirstNationalCommunication(NC)onClimateChangewasholdin2000and SecondNCin2007.In2008,aNationalSteeringCommitteeonClimateChange(NSCCC)was established.In2009,NationalActionPlanforAdaptation(NAPA)forClimateChangewas approvedbytheGovernmenttocombatDroughtandDesertification.45priorityproject proposalstoimplementadaptationactivitieswereidentifiedinfourmainsectors:agriculture, forestry,waterandwaterresources,andpublichealth.Hence,thereisagreaterneedfor NationalDisasterManagementOffice(NDMO)andNSCCCtoworkcloselytoadvanceDRR componentsfortheimplementationoftheNAPA. In2006,DRMwasintegratedintotheSixthNationalSocioEconomicDevelopmentPlanNESDP (20062010)andtheNationalGrowth&PovertyEradicationStrategy(NGPES).In2008,aHigh LevelNationalDisasterManagementPlanningWorkshopwashold,focusingonthedevelopment 55
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oftheNationalDisasterManagementPlan(NDMP)intoconcreteactions,programmesand projects. TheTechnicalWorkingGroupsofNDMCistakingthetasktostudyandassesstheimpactsof climatechangeontheissuesundertheirrespectiveresponsibilityfortheperiod2009to2020. DepartmentofMeteorologyandHydrology(MinistryofAgricultureandForestry)isthemain agencythatproducestheearlywarninginformationanddisseminatestodisastermanagement organizations,mainlytotheNDMC.ThenNDMCsendsinformationtothelocaldisaster managementorganizationsanddisseminateearlywarningtocommunitiesatrisk.Butthereis needtohaveadisasterinformationcentreatNDMC.Thereisnocomprehensiveorcomposite countrywidehazardorriskmapping.Thereisalsolackofcomprehensivedisasterinformation managementsystem,duetoitslackofhumanresourceandrequiredcapacities. Assigngovernmentagenciesaresupposedtoallocatebudgetforpreparednessandreliefaspart ofregularbudgetaryallocations,suchasagriculture,publicworks,socialwelfareandlaboretc. Butpractically,thereisverylimitedbudgetforDRMorrecoveryactivities.Thegovernmentdoes nothaveanationaldisasterreliefreservefundthatprovidesfundingforemergencyresponse andrecoveryactivitieswhenadisasterstrikes. Thegovernmentarguesthatitisappropriatetoconcentrateresourcesattheprovinciallevel, giventheoveralllowhumanresourcescapacityandscarcerevenueatthesubnationallevel (GovernmentofLaoPDR,2000a49).Accordingtothisframework,villageswillmakeonthe grounddecisionsaboutpolicyimplementationandlocalizedplanningissues.Districtswill overseebudgets,providetechnicalsupporttovillages,anddirectrelevantinformationtothe province.Provinceswillberesponsibleforoverallstrategicplanningandguidance.Infact, officialsarealreadybeingreassignedfromthecentraltotheprovinciallevelstoassistwith administrationandmanagement(GovernmentofLaoPDR,2000b50).
4.4 TheEnablingEnvironmentinMyanmar
DepartmentofMeteorologyandHydrologyisentrustedwithataskrelatedtoCCA.Butthereis nonationallevelinstitutionorpolicyonclimatechangeadaptation.TheNationalNatural DisasterPreparednessCentralCommittee(NDPCC)establishedin2005,servedasanationallevel institutionfordisasterriskreduction.Thereare10subcommitteesunderNDPCC,andNational DisasterPreventionandReliefandRehabilitationCommitteealsoformedundertheNDPCC.The legalframeworkonDRRisstillintheprocesstobeframed.Sofar,thereisnonationalplatform reported.AndtheexistingDRRrelatedpolicieswerepromulgatedin1990s. Asforclimateriskinformation,itisataskoftheDepartmentofMeteorologyandHydrology (DMH),tomonitortheclimate,toissuerelevantadversewarningandclimateeventandweather situation,riverwatersituation,provideweather,climateandhydrologicalinformationtothe generalpublic,tosafeguardthepeople,propertiesandresources.Butduetothelimited capacityofinstitutions,thereisanurgentneedtoestablishanationalbodyforclimatechange, 56
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aswellasconductingregulartrainingcoursesfordifferentlevelstakeholders,suchas governmentdepartments,media,NGOs,privatesectorsandlocalcommunities. However,therearestillchallengesforthecreationofnewagenciesanditscapacitybuilding, sincetheclimateworksaregivenlowprioritycomparedtootherurgentissues.Thenew organizationhastoseekrecognitionfromthegovernmentintheregioninvolved,sothatofficial informationandprocessmaybeundertakenbyinstitutions.MemorandumofUnderstanding (MOU)withthegovernmentbothcountryandregionhastobepaidhighconsideration. Formorethanaquarterofacentury,Myanmarhadlivedwithacentrallyplannedeconomy whenreformmeasureswereinitiatedinlate1988tofacilitateamarketorientedeconomic system.Duringthetransitionperiodtheeconomywasmanagedbyformulatingand implementingannualplansfrom19891990to19911992basedonprevailingconditionsandin responsetopolicychangesandreformmeasuresundertakenbythecentralgovernment.The processofdecentralizationisrelativelynewforthepeopleofMyanmar.Thepractice,experience, knowledgeandunderstandingofdecentralizationisstilllimited(FAO,200551).
4.5 TheEnablingEnvironmentinPhilippines
In2009,ClimateChangeCommission(CCC)waslegalizedasPresidentArroyosignedtheClimate ChangeActof2009.TheActhasalreadyintegratedDRRmeasuresintoCCAplans,development andpovertyreductionprogrammes.AndaccordingtotheAct,aFrameworkStrategyonClimate ChangeshallbeformulatedbytheCCC.Besides,aNationalClimateChangeActionPlanin accordancewiththeFrameworkshallbeformulatedwithinoneyearaftertheformulationofthe latter.Byfar,theCCCisstillintheprocessofestablishment,tobeanindependentand autonomousbodyandhavethesamestatusasthatofanationalgovernmentagency. Earlyin2004,theMediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan(MTPDP)hasalreadyintegrated DRRissuesandinvestmentprojectsintheMTPDP20042010.In2009,thenationalprogress reportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforActionupdatedprovidedadditional impetusforimprovingDRM.In2010,DisasterRiskReductionManagementActof2010issued, knownasStrengtheningDisasterRiskReductioninthePhilippines:StrategicNationalAction Plan(SNAP)20092019. TheNDCCisundertakingamultihazardmappingandassessmentprojectinpartnershipwithkey governmentagenciessuchas,PHIVOLCS,PAGASA,MGB,NAMRIA,etc.Thedataand informationgeneratedareusedforDRManddevelopmentplanningbysectoralagenciesand LGUs.Buttheavailableinformationisnotwidelyorproperlydisseminated.Thereisno systematicefforttocoordinate,consolidateandestablishacommonorshareddatabaseamong theorganizationsundertakingthetaskofdocumentingdisasters. NDCCdoesnothaveitsownregularbudgettodisburse.ItisthroughtheNDCCmemberagencies andlocalDCCsthatdisasterpreparedness,prevention,mitigationandresponsecarryoutits correspondingtasksandresponsibilitiesundertheNDCCsystem.Butthenationalandlocal 57
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calamityfundsareprimarilyusedforresponse,reliefoperationsandrehabilitationofdamaged infrastructure. Thenationalgovernmentsstraitenedfiscalsituationhassqueezedcentraltransfers,andpolicies onmunicipalfinancehavehamstrunglocalgovernmentaccesstoprivatecapital.Local governmentinvestmentininfrastructureandsocialserviceshasbeenconstrained,and operationsandmaintenanceexpenditurescurtailed.However,agrowingnumberofexamplesof excellenceinservicedeliveryseemtoindicatethatwellperforminglocalgovernmentsmaybe distinguishedbytheirabilitytoaccessresourcesmoreeffectively,andmanagethemmore transparentlyandaccountably(WB,ADB,200552).
4.6 TheEnablingEnvironmentinVietnam
TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(MNRE)hasbeenassignedbythe GovernmentofVietNamtobetheNationalFocalAgencyforimplementingtheUNFCCCand KyotoProtocolandisthemanaginggovernmentinstitutionforallclimatechangeactivities.In 2009,theGovernmentorganizedaNationalForumtoraisetheawarenessandcommitmentand toenhancethesynergiesbetweenDRRandCCA.In2008,theNationalTargetProgramtoClimate ChangeResponse(NTPbytheMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment)wasinitiated. Toenhanceitsimplementation,theNationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisaster Prevention,ResponseandMitigationto2020(NIPNDPRM)waspromulgatedin2009.Themain objectiveoftheNationalStrategyistheintegrationofDRRintosocioeconomicdevelopment plansatthenationalandlocallevelswithafocusondisasterresponse. Whilelimitednationalhazardmappingexistswithaprimaryfocusonwaterrelatedevents,there islittleifanycomprehensiveriskmapping.Historically,thehazardmappingdatathatexistsis heldbydifferentagenciesandtheredetailedmapsexist,consideredsensitivebythegovernment andnotwidelydisseminated.DonorandNGOprojectshavesponsoredadhocprovincialand communitylevelriskassessments. Mostbudgetaryallocationsareintendedforresponse.Undertheordinanceonfloodandstorm control,thegovernmentisresponsibleforlossestopublicassetscausedbynaturaldisaster. Whenadisasterisdeclared,provincesusetheircontingencyfundandmaylateraskfor reimbursementifdamageisinexcessoftheprovincialcontingentfund.Thereisno comprehensivedataavailablefortotaldisasterreliefexpenditurenororiginofthesefunds. Inspiteoflandreformandthepartialembraceofmarketreforms,Vietnamretainsstrongcentral planningofitseconomy.However,Vietnamisallocatingsomepowersforlocaldevelopment planningtocommunesintheruralareas.Furthermore,thecentralgovernmenthasincreased callsforpublicconsultationinthepolicyimplementationprocessfollowingthefailureofone prominentreforestationprogramoftheearly1990stoshowresults(Decree327),suchasin forestandwaterresourcesectors.
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5.
GOODPRACTICELINKINGDRRANDCCAATNATIONALLEVEL
Inthepast,thetwopolicyfieldshaveoperatedlargelyinisolationfromeachother. Environmentauthoritiesusuallyhaveresponsibilityforclimatechangeadaptation,whereas authoritiesfordisastermanagement,civildefence,andhomeaffairstypicallyhaveresponsibility fordisasterriskreduction.Increasingly,however,countriesareseeingtheshortcomingsofsuch siloapproachesandareseekingtosystematicallylinkclimatechangeadaptationanddisaster riskreduction,oftenasanelementoftheirdevelopmentplanning.Insomecasesgovernments haveevencombinedthetwointonewnationallegislationorinasingleministerialresponsibility. Inothercases,itislocalgovernmentswhoaretakingthesignificantinitiativestodealwiththe twoissuesinacoherentway(ISDR,200953). Thelonghistoricalexperienceinimplementingdisasterriskreductioncancontributegreatlyto adaptation,intermsofpolicyandinstitutionalapproachesaswellastechnicalmethodsand tools.TheseincludetheHyogoFramework,legislationdevelopment,multistakeholdernational platforms,technicalnetworks,andapproachestocommunitycapacitybuilding,alongwith hazardandvulnerabilityassessment,landuseplanningandenvironmentalprotection, constructionofdams,dykesandseawalls,earlywarningsystems,andcommunityeducationand resilienceprogrammes.Itisvitalforadaptationpolicymakersandmanagerstouseandbuild upontheseexistingcapacitiesandresourcesratherthanstartingafresh(ibid). BasedonthereviewofthenationallevelinstitutionalandpolicylandscapesonDRRandCCAin chapter2and3,fourgoodexamplesfromtheabovesixcountriesareseparatelysummarizedin thischapter,toprovidesomepracticalcasesabouthowtointegratethedisasterriskreduction intoclimatechangeadaptationat(sub)nationalorlocallevels.Eachsummarizedgoodpractice followsthebelowstructure:synopsis,strategy,objectives,methodology,implementation activities,achievementsandsuggestions,sourceoftestingadaptationoption,referenceand relevanteresources.
5.1 Indonesia
Synopsis
DespiteIndonesiasprogresstowardstheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,povertyinthe archipelagoisontherisewithnearly40millionpeoplelivinginpoverty,17percentonless thanUSD1perday.Indonesias10millionpoorestsubsistonforestbasedlivelihoods. Indonesiascurrentrateofdeforestationisneitherenvironmentallynorsociallysustainable. Takingintoaccountjustemissionsfromdeforestation,Indonesiawouldrankasthethird largestsourceofannualcarbondioxideemissions(2.3gigatonscarbondioxide).Landuse changeandforestryareestimatedtoreleaseapproximately2.5gigatonsofcarbondioxide
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annuallyaroundsixtimestheemissionsfromenergyandagriculturecombined. Indonesiaseffortstoovercomepovertyarecloselylinkedtotheclimatechangechallenge. ClimatechangeimpactsinIndonesiahavethemostsevereconsequencesforthepoor.In relationtothecurrentissueofClimateChange,theSGPPTFIndonesiaProgrammefocuses onsustainablelivelihoodforforestdependentcommunitiesincludingcustomary communities,includingincreasingthecommunitysresilienceinfacingtheclimatechange impacts.Currentlyitsupportsthirtygrantees,includingNGOsandcommunitybased organizations(CBOs),topromoteforestprotectionandsustainableforestmanagement. Disasterandclimatechangevulnerability:Thehighrateofdeforestationcausedbythe climatechangeandtherisingpovertyleavetheforestdependentcommunitiesexposedto thelivelihoodvulnerabilityandclimatechangevulnerability. Strategy:Alternativelivelihoodstrategy;Sustainableforestmanagement.
Detaileddescriptionofthepractice
Objectives:ThelongtermobjectiveoftheSGPPTFIndonesiaistoalleviatethelifeofforest dependentpeoplebymainstreamingtheinterrelationshipbetweenlocaleconomic developmentinitiativesandsustainableforestuseandmanagement. Approach:IntegratedCollaborativeCommunitybasedNaturalResourcesManagement (CBNRM)forSustainableLivelihoodApproach Figure51:MainStakeholdersinvolvedintheCollaborativeCBNRM TheSGPPTFProject TheLocalGovernment andlinebureaus Communitybased Nongovernment Organizations Organizations (CBOs) (NGOs) Forestdependent Communities NontimberForest FieldSchool ProductsInitiative targetingfemale villagers 60
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Implementationactivities 1. Support30grantees,includingNGOsandcommunitybasedorganizations(CBOs),to promoteforestprotectionandsustainableforestmanagement; 2. Abovethevillagelevel,togetherwithlocalmultistakeholder,suchaslocalvillages,a localNGO,developanontimberforestproductsinitiativethatempowerlocalwomen astheystarttheirownsnackanddrinkbusinessesthatfeaturelocallyproducedcassava, peanutsandginger; 3. Openafieldschool,targetingwomeninthevillageswhohavefewereconomic opportunitiesandhelpingthemtostudysustainableproductdevelopment,suchasthe cassava,peanutsandgingerbusinesses; 4. WorkwithlocalgovernmentandNGOstoimprovelandmanagementplanningforthe sustainablelivelihoodimprovementandenvironmentalconservation,forinstance,the developmentoforganicfarmingandmarkets,trainingonlivestockmanagementand animalhealthmonitoring; 5. Deliverregulartrainingonlanduseplanningandforestandnaturalresource managementpractices,tobuildthecapacitiesofvillagemembers,withadirectlinkto improvedlivelihoodsandhigherwages; Achievements - Builtastrongcommitmentfromthecommunitytoimplementsustainableforest managementconcepttoincreasecommunityresiliencetoclimatechangeimpact; - Providedaproofinaformofanexampleofthecommunitysworkthatreflectanagro forestrysystemthatresembleanaturalforestfunctionandstructureandmanagedby thecommunityinasustainablemanner; - Strengthenedcommunityseconomytoreachastabileeconomicusingvariouspractical andvariousincomegenerationsourcesandactivities.Theinitiativehashelpedtoraise percapitaincomebyIDR150,000(USD16.5)permonth,asignificantriseinthe community; - Empoweredthecommunityandstrengthenedthecommunityscapacitytoseatatthe samelevelduringnegotiationandorcollaborationwithotherstakeholders; - Builtacollaborationschemethatinvolvedcommunity,governmentandbusiness enterprise. Sourceoftestingadaptationoption ThisadaptationpracticehasbeenconductedinthecontextoftheClimatechange adaptationtodeforestationanditsimpactsonthelocallivelihoods,focusedontheforest dependentcommunitiesinIndonesia.InthisprojectUNDPIndonesiaandMultistakeholder atthelocallevel,suchasthelocalgovernmentandcommunities,NGOsandenterprises, wereworkingtogetherthroughanintegratedcollaborativeCBNRMapproach.Effortsfor localeconomicdevelopmentandsustainableforestmanagementhavebeenintegratedinto initiativeandsustainableactivitiesatthelocallevel. 61
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Source UNDPIndonesia,SmallGrantsProgrammeforOperationstoPromoteTropicalForests(SGP PTF),ProjectFacts.November,2007. Eresources http://www.undp.or.id/factsheets/2007/Climate%20Change%20Dec2007.pdf (UNDPPROJECTFACTS) http://www.undp.or.id (UNDPIndonesia) http://www.sgpindonesia.org (TheGEFSmallGrantsProgramme)
5.2 Myanmar
Synopsis
AsoneofthemajorriversinMyanmar,theAyeyawadyRiverstartsinthenorthernpartof thecountry,KachinState,andflowssouthtotheAndamanSeaontheAyeyawadyCoast. Thereare26townshipsinAyeyawadyDivision,andHinthadaandneighbouringdistrictsare locatedinthelowlyingareaoftheAyeyawadyRiver.Floodsusuallyoccurintheabovelow lyingregions,asthecombinedwateroftributariesandcreekscausetheriverleveltorise. Therefore,a106milelongearthendykewasbuiltyearsagotopreventfloodinginthe HinthadaDistrict.Thisdykeisregularlymaintainedandannuallyreinforcedbythe DepartmentofIrrigation,MinistryofAgricultureandIrrigation,usingheavymachineryto strengthentheembankment. Withmultilevelparticipationinfloodpreventionmeasures,andusingtheMyanmar traditionaltechniqueofprotectingdykesYaingKhway,duringthemonsoonseasonof 2004intheHinthadaDistrictofAyeyawadyDivision,itsuccessfullysaved5millionpeople and500,000acresoffarmlandfromtheravagesofflooding. Hazard:Floods Disasterandclimatechangevulnerability:Floodsusuallyoccurinthelowlyingregions traversedbytheriver,asthecombinedwatersoftributariesandcreekscausetheriver waterleveltorise. Strategy:combinedstructureconstructionwithnonstructuremeasurements
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Objectives:Themainobjectiveistoincreasefloodresistance. Approach:Activeparticipatorymanagementplatform,incombinationwiththeuseof traditionalknowledge. Figure52:ComprehensiveFloodManagementSystem Implementationactivities 1. Constructionofthedyke,regularlymaintenanceandannuallyreinforcement; 2. Mobilizationof35000volunteersfromlocalauthorities,concerneddepartments,armed forcespersonnel,policedepartments,NGOs,studentsandmembersoflocal communities,toparticipateinfloodpreventionactivities.Volunteersworkinarotation system,suchasfourmemberfloodmonitoringteams,eachteamdividedintotwopairs walkingalongthedykeinoppositedirections; 3. AMyanmartraditionalmethodofpreservingdykes. Achievements Itpreventedfloodingduringthemonsoonseasonof2004intheHinthadaDistrictof AyeyawadyDivision,saving5millionpeopleand500,000acresoffarmlandfromtheravages offlooding. 63
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Sourceoftestingadaptationoption Thisadaptationpracticehasbeenconductedinthecontextofempoweringthecommunity forDisasterRiskReductionthroughaCommunityBasedDisasterManagementProjectin ChampasackDistrick,ChampasackProvince,LaoPDR.FundedbyAusAID,thisprojectwas implementedbyNationalDisasterManagementOffice,theMinistryofLabourandSocial Welfare,inconjunctionwithWorldVisionLaos,betweenApril2001andMarch2004.It introducedanewapproachtoassistpeopletolearntolivewithdisasterriskandmitigate theeffectsoffloodingwhileatthesametimemaximizingfloodbenefits.Asocially appropriateearlywarningsystemhasbeenestablished,linkingthecommunitylevel organizationswiththeupperleveladministrativeauthorities. Source ADPC,TotalDisasterRiskManagementGoodPractice,2005. Eresources http://www.preventionweb.net/files/9055_TDRM05.pdf (ADPC,TotalDisasterRiskManagementGoodPractices,2005) http://www.AusAID.gov.au (AusAID) http://ndmo.laopdr.org/ndmo.htm (TheNationalDisasterManagementOffice,LaoPDR)
5.3 Philippines(AngatReservoir)
Synopsis
TheAngatReservoirinthePhilippines,locatedinBulacanProvince,provides97%ofthe watersupplyforMetroManila,hometo11millionpeople.WaterfromAngatalsoprovides irrigationforabout30,000hectaresofriceinBulacanProvinceovertwoseasons,supplies 248MWofhydropowerfortheislandofLuzon,andprovidesfloodprotection.Angatis stronglyaffectedbyinterannualclimatevariability,particularlyrelatedtotheENSOcycle.In dryyears,thereisinsufficientwaterforalluses;inwetyears,carefulmanagementis requiredtoavoidseriousfloods. Hazard:drought,flood,typhoon Disasterandclimatechangevulnerability:Variabilityinrainfalllevelsiscorrelatedwiththe ENSOcycle,whichaffectsthetyphoonpatternsaswell.ButtheENSOcycleisnottheonly sourceofseasonaltointerannualclimatevariability. 64
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Strategy:sustainableendtoendclimateinformationandapplicationsystem
Objectives:twomainobjectives,decisionsupporttoolsandcapacitiesdevelopedandtested forselectedlocations,showingmeasurableimprovementsinperformanceofclimate sensitivesectors;capacities,toolsandinformationrequiredtooperationalizethe demonstrationprojectresultsatnationalscaleidentifiedandtransferred. Methodology:TheCFAProgramfollowedasixstepmethodology.Itconsistsof: 1) Assessmentofuserneedsandexistingcapacitiesofnationalinstitutionstomeetthese needs(need/capacityassessments) 2) Assessmentofrelevanceoflatestscientificinformationtomeettheseneeds (assessmentofavailablescience/technology) 3) Developingpartnershipsandenhancingcapacitiesofnationalinstitutionstogenerate climateinformation(capacitybuildingthroughpartnerships) 4) Institutionaldevelopmenttocommunicateinformationtoendusers(institutionalization ofendtoendsystem:pilotdemonstrations,replication) 5) Applyinginformationtoenableproactivedecisionmaking 6) Monitoringandevaluationofapplicabilityofinformation Implementationactivities Tooldevelopment:InternationalResearchInstituteforClimateandSociety(IRI)and PAGASAcollaboratedonspecificareasofclimateresearchtoadvancethe understandingofcriticalclimatefeaturesinthePhilippines,suchasthemonsoononset predictabilityresearch,developingdownscaledforecastsofAngatreservoirinflow.IRI workedcloselywithNWRBtocreateaninterfacethatallowsthemtocreatethe scenariostheyneededfortheirdecisionmakingprocess,whileofferingaclearwayto visualizetheunderlyingprobabilitiesassociatedwiththescenarios. Capacitybuilding:throughtrainings,forumsandworkshops,tostrengthenthe institutionalmechanismforgeneratingandapplyingclimateinformation.Suchas, climatepredictabilitytooltraining,climateforecastapplicationsworkshopformunicipal agriculturists,Angatstakeholderworkshop,climatefieldschool,trainingforobservers andwaterlevelmonitorsofthecommunitybasedfloodearlywarningsystem,local climatetraining,agroclimatedatabasemanagementsystemandsoon. 65
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Achievements - PAGASAstafftrainedinregionalandstatisticaldownscaling.PAGASAtestedand compareditsseasonalforecastingmethods,andcarriedoutexperimentaldownscaled forecasts. - NWRBequippedtouseclimateforecastsindecisionmakingthrougharevisedversion oftheirtool.PAGASAisequippedtoprovidethedownscaledforecastsrequiredforthe tool,whichhasbeendesignedtointegrateintoexistinginstitutionalmechanismsof reservoirwaterallocation. - Reservoirwaterallocationmodelincorporatingforecastsdevelopedbasedonexisting NWRBmodel,withauserfriendlyinterface,modeldemonstratedtostakeholders, refined,andprovidedtoNWRB.NWRBplanstouseitinanexperimentalmode. PAGASApreparedtoproviderequireddownscaledforecasts. - Decisiontooldevelopedthatcanincorporatelongrangclimateinformationin projectingwateravailabilityforAngatReservoir. - Universityresearchpartnershaveanimprovedabilitytounderstandandassessclimate forecastinformation,andintegratethisknowledgeintheirworkonlocalandnational policyissues. - ThroughextensivecollaborationontheAngatReservoir,improvedcapacityisavailable atPAGASAandNWRB,twokeystakeholdersinhydrologicalforecastingandmodeling. - PAGASAandBMKGstaffhaveimprovedtheirunderstandingofclimatedownscaling techniques,therebybetterenablingthemtosupportthedevelopmentofdecision supporttools.UniversityandNGOpartnersalsohaveimprovedcapacitytosupport theseefforts. Sourceoftestingadaptationoption TheClimateForecastApplications(CFA)forDisasterMitigationinIndonesia,Philippines,and TimorLesteprogramwasimplementedinthePhilippinesfrom2003to2009.TheCFA programinIndonesiaandthePhilippineswasimplementedjointlywiththeInternational ResearchInstituteforClimateandSociety(IRI)ofColumbiaUniversityunderasub agreementwithAsianDisasterPreparednessCenter(ADPC).IRIwasprimarilyresponsible forthetooldevelopmentcomponent,andforthedemonstrationsitesinNTTandAngat Reservoir. Source USAID,ADPC.ClimateForecastApplicationsforDisasterMitigationinSoutheastAsia Program(20032009),FinalProgramImplementationReport. Eresources ADPChttp://www.adpc.net/v2007/Programs/CRM/PROGRAMS/CFA/CFA.asp 66
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5.4 Vietnam
Synopsis
Asacoastalcountrywithalongmonsoonaffectedcoastlineandanumberofmajorriver deltas,VietNamisoneofthemostdisasterpronecountriesinAsiaandwillbehighly affectedbyclimatechange.Overthedecade19972006,disastersfromweatherrelated hazardsclaimedasmanyas7,500lives(includesmissingandkilled)andcausedasset damageequivalentto1.5%ofthegrossdomesticproduct.Acutelyawareofthissituation, theVietnameseGovernmentadoptedin2007theNationalStrategyforNaturalDisaster Prevention,ResponseandMitigationto2020andin2008theNationalTargetProgramto ClimateChangeResponse.Followingupontheplans,theGovernmentorganizedaNational ForuminOctober2009toraiseawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethesynergies betweenthetwoagendas. Hazard:alongmonsoonaffectedcoastlineandanumberofmajorriverdeltas Disasterandclimatechangevulnerability:Overthedecade19972006,disastersfrom weatherrelatedhazardsclaimedasmanyas7,500lives(includesmissingandkilled)and causedassetdamageequivalentto1.5%ofthegrossdomesticproduct. Strategy:ANationalForumtoraiseawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethe synergiesbetweentheDRRandCCA
Objectives:Themainobjectiveistopromotetheuseofaccumulateddisasterriskreduction experience. Approach:Highlevelpoliticalleadershiphelpsovercomeinstitutionalbarriers(Pleasesee thefigure351forthestructureoftheClimateChangeCommission) Implementationactivities 1. In2007,NationalStrategyforNaturalDisasterPrevention,ResponseandMitigationto 2020; 2. In2008,theNationalTargetProgramtoClimateChangeResponse; 3. AdetailedstudyofexistinginstitutionalmechanismsandcapacitiesforbothDDRand CCAwasconductedinpreparationforthenationalpolicyforum.
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4. In2009,theGovernmentorganizedtheNationalForum,hostedbytheDeputyPrime Minister,toraiseawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethesynergiesbetween DRRandCCA; 5. TheForumalsoadvancedeffortstoestablishaNationalPlatformforDisasterRisk Reduction,amultistakeholdercoordinatingbody,inthecontextofrespondingto climatechange; 6. AnumberofIOs,suchastheAustralianAgencyforInternationalDevelopment,UNDP, UNISDR,andtheWorldBanksGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery playedaroleinsupportingtheForumandassistinginthedevelopmentofstrengthened crosssectoralcooperationandsynergy. Achievements TheGovernmentisbuildinglinkagesbetweenthecountrysdisasterriskreductionand climatechangeadaptationprogrammes. Sourceoftestingadaptationoption TheVietnameseGovernmentadoptedin2007theNationalStrategyforNaturalDisaster Prevention,ResponseandMitigationto2020andin2008theNationalTargetProgramto ClimateChangeResponse.Followingupontheplans,theGovernmentorganizedaNational ForuminOctober2009toraiseawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethesynergies betweenthetwoagendas.TheForumalsoadvancedeffortstoestablishaNationalPlatform forDisasterRiskReduction,amultistakeholdercoordinatingbody,inthecontextof respondingtoclimatechange.AnumberofIOs,suchastheAustralianAgencyfor InternationalDevelopment,UNDP,UNISDR,andtheWorldBanksGlobalFacilityforDisaster ReductionandRecoveryplayedaroleinsupportingtheForumandassistinginthe developmentofstrengthenedcrosssectoralcooperationandsynergy. Source UNISDR,AdaptationtoClimateChangebyReducingDisasterRisks:CountryPracticesand Lessons,2009. Eresources http://www.preventionweb.net/files/11775_UNISDRBriefingAdaptationtoClimateCh.pdf (UNISDR,AdaptationtoClimateChangebyReducingDisasterRisks:CountryPracticesand Lessons,2009) http://www.unisdr.org (UNISDR) http://www.ccfsc.gov.vn/KW34707D/CatId/90DH34LD9K/StrategiesPlans.aspx (CCFSC,2009.ImplementingplanofNationalstrategyfornaturaldisasterprevention, responseandmitigationto2020)
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ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS
ACIAR ADB ADRC BGR EEPSEA ESCAP FAO GEF GHG HFA IDNDR IFRC IPCC ISET KP LDCs NAPA NCs NPP NPRS OCHA UN UNDMT UNDP AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch AsianDevelopmentBank AsianDisasterReductionCenter FederalAgencyforGeosciencesandNaturalResources,Germany EconomyandEnvironmentProgramforSoutheastAsia UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific FoodandAgricultureOrganization GlobalEnvironmentFund GreenHouseGas HyogoFrameworkforAction InternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReduction InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange InstituteforSocialandEnvironmentalTransition KyotoProtocol LeastDevelopedCountries NationalAdaptationPlansofAction NationalCommunications NationalPopulationPolicy NationalPovertyReductionStrategy UNOfficeforthecoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs UnitedNations UnitedNationDisasterManagementTeam UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
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UNFCCC UNICEF UNISDR WB WCDR WFP WHO WMO WREA Cambodia CCCO CMDG CRC DMWG MoE MoP NCCC NEMP NPP NPRS NSDP RGoC Indonesia BNPB NationalDisasterManagementAgency 70 CambodianClimateChangeOffice CambodiaMillenniumDevelopmentGoals CambodianRedCross DisasterManagementWorkingGroup MinistryofEnvironment MinistryofPlanning NationalClimateChangeCommittee NationalEmergencyManagementPolicy NationalPopulationPolicy NationalPovertyReductionStrategy NationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan(20062010) RoyalGovernmentofCambodia UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange TheUnitedNationsChildrensFund InternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction WorldBank WorldConferenceonDisasterReduction WorldFoodProgramme WorldHealthOrganization WorldMeteorologicalOrganization WaterResourcesandEnvironmentAdministration
2010
BDPB BMG CDM CERs DMO DNA/KNMPB MoE NAPDRR NCCC NPDRR PEMDA LaoPDR DDMC DoE GoL LRC MLSW NAPA NDMC NDMO NDMP NSCCC PDMC STEA VPDU DistrictDisasterManagementCommittee DepartmentofEnvironment GovernmentofLaoPDR LaoRedCross MinistryofLaborandSocialWelfare NationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange NationalDisasterManagementCommittee NationalDisasterManagementOffice NationalDisasterManagementPlan NationalSteeringCommitteeonClimateChange ProvincialDisasterManagementCommittee ScienceTechnologyandEnvironmentAgency VillageProtectionDisasterUnit 71 LocalDisasterManagementAgency MeteorologyandGeophysicalAgency CleanDevelopmentMechanism CarbonandEnvironmentalResearch DisasterManagementOfficer DesignatedNationalAuthority MinistryofEnvironment NationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReduction NationalCommitteeonClimateChange NationalPlatformforDRR LocalAuthorityofDisasterManagement
2010
WREA Myanmar DPCs MSWRR NDPCC NDPRRC SCs Philippines CCA2009 CCC DCCs LGUs NCCAP NDCC NDRRMC NDRRMP OCD PDNo.1 SNAP Vietnam CCSFC DDMFC DMU CentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl DepartmentofDikeManagementandFloodControl DisasterManagementUnit 72 ClimateChangeAct2009 ClimateChangeCommission DisasterCoordinatingCouncils LocalGovernmentUnits NationalClimateChangeActionPlan NationalDisasterCoordinatingCouncil NationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementCouncil NationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlan OfficeofCivilDefense PresidentialDecreeNo.1 StrategicNationalActionPlan(20092019) DisasterPreparednessCommittees MinistryofSocialWelfare,ReliefandResettlement NationalNaturalDisasterPreparednessCentralCommittee NationalDisasterPreventionReliefandRehabilitationCommittee SubCommittees WaterResourcesandEnvironmentAdministration
2010
ISPONRE MARD MNRE NIPNDPRM NPDRR NTP InstituteofStrategyandPolicyonNaturalResourcesandEnvironment MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment NationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisasterPrevention, ResponseandMitigation NationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction NationalTargetProgramtoRespondtoClimateChangebyMinistryof NaturalResourcesandEnvironment StandingOfficeofCentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch AsianDisasterReductionCenter UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific GlobalEnvironmentFund HyogoFrameworkforAction InternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReduction InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange InstituteforSocialandEnvironmentalTransition KyotoProtocol NationalAdaptationPlansofAction NationalPopulationPolicy NationalPovertyReductionStrategy UNOfficeforthecoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs UnitedNations UnitedNationDisasterManagementTeam UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
SOCCFSC ACIAR ADRC ESCAP GEF HFA IDNDR IFRC IPCC ISET KP NAPA NPP NPRS OCHA UN UNDMT UNDP
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UNFCCC
UNICEF UNISDR
UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange TheUnitedNationsChildrensFund InternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction WorldBank WorldHealthOrganization WorldMeteorologicalOrganization WaterResourcesandEnvironmentAdministration
WB WHO WMO WREA
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ANNEXI
Countries Cambodia DRR Institutions National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM); Disaster Risk Reduction Forum created by several NGOs with support from DIPECHO. Policies 2009-The Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction in Cambodia 2008-2013 (SNAP-DRR), to ensure that DRR forms an integral part of the governments development agenda; 2009-National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2007-2009), to integrate DRR considerations into sustainable development; 2006-National Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (NSDP), as the implementation of the Rectangular and the syntheses of various policy documents; 2005-National Report in Preparation for World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR), as a foundation from which to build an efficient and effective process for disaster management; 2002-National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS), identified natural disasters, floods and droughts as critical factor in increasing the vulnerability of rural poor and placing a disproportionate burden of coping with the effects of disasters on women; 2001-National Emergency Management Policy (NEMP). 2006-National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (NAPA) planning and reporting process; 2002-Initial National Communication under UNFCCC, described the countrys capability to respond to the impacts of climate change and measures that have been or need to be taken to mitigate climate change; 1996-The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Building Processes Through the multi-sectoral working groups, in cooperation with regional initiatives (ARPDM, RCC, ADPC, MRC), and donors (AusAID, UNISDR, WB, UNDP, ADB, GTZ, WFP, UNESCAP). Climate Risk Information The National Disaster Information Database in NCDM with technical support from CRED initiated in 2003, through the Ministry of Health (MoH). Sectoral Databases are produced and managed by different ministries and agencies; Limited scientific information of the risks; Several of the Early Warning Systems are not well functioning, such as poor dissemination of forecast and early warning to the end-users at community levels, poor maintenance; Achieved some progress in risk assessment and monitoring and early warning system in the works with donor projects, regional initiatives, and local NGOs. For instance: 1). With the Mekong River Commission (MRC), flood maps for flood-prone provinces were produced. 2). The flood forecast and early warning information are complemented by Community-based flood EWS projects of Cambodia Red Cross. Financing Administration and Finance Department under NCDM is charge of financial issues on DRR; Since the UNFCCC entered into force in 1996, thus making Cambodia eligible under the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. But no risk financing strategy is developed and there is extremely limited insurance penetration.
CCA National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) under the Ministry of Environment (MoE), established in 2006, as a policy-making body.
Inter-ministerial mechanism with the mandate to prepare, coordinate and monitor the implementation of policies, strategies, legal instruments, plans and
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Management; 1993-The first environmental legislation, a Royal Decree on the Creation and Designation of Protected Areas. programmes to address climate change. 3). Further, local risk assessments are undertaken by NGOs, such as Oxfam, Care and ActionAid. 4). In 2003, the NCDM and the UN WFP developed risk maps of 500 of the most at-risk communities. Several key government ministries and agencies have continued to update and disseminate hazard and risk analyses within their sectoral purview, such as Ministry of Home Affairs, BMKG, Ministry of Public Works, and other agencies VSI and the National Mapping Agency. BNPB is also preparing guidelines for local governments to conduct their disaster risk assessment. In 2008, BNPB published the Data on Disasters in Indonesia 2006-2007; Since the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Indonesia has begun to establish a network of Tsunami Early Warning System with the assistance of Germany; The National Mapping Agency and the Ministry of Public Works continue to update national and regional base and thematic maps required for regional risk GR No.22/2008 on Funding & Management of Disaster Assistance, stipulated three categories of funding, namely, a contingency fund, an on-call budget, and social assistance funds. However, in broader risk financing terms, other forms of financing such as risk insurance and contingency lines of credit in the event of a large scale disaster have only recently begun to be considered and are still under discussion.
Indonesia
DDR
National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) established in 2008; Indonesian National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) in 2009.
CCA National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC); Designated National Authority (DNA);
2007-The Law No.24/2007 on Disaster Management enacted, clearly identifies a systematic approach to disaster management across the DM cycle; 2007-National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2007-2009); 2006-The first National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (NAP-DRR) 2006-2009, specifies platform, priorities, action plans and mechanisms pertaining to the implementation and institutional basis of DRR, elaborates interests and responsibilities of all stakeholders, provides guidelines and information to facilitate decision makers. But there is a need to develop a new action plan based on the risk assessment; 2004-National Report in preparation for WCDR, provided a factual overview of DRM in Indonesia; A comprehensive legislative framework has been put in place, but implementation remains a major challenge. Indonesia adopts international law as a national law to be detailed in the framework of regulation and institutions; Relevant laws and policies on CCA at the national level include: Act No.6/1994, Ratification to the UNFCCC; Act No.23/1997 concerning Environmental Management; Act No.17/2004 Ratification to the Kyoto Protocol; Ministry of Forestry
BNPB is empowered by the Law No.24/2007, to coordinate line ministries on the entire cycle of disaster management from pre- to post- disaster stages. While the law clearly mandated the creation of disaster management agencies at the provincial (mandatory) and district (depending on needs and capacity) levels. NCCC is established under the Ministry of Environment. And sectoral departments related to environment are
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Decree No.14/2004 on A/R project; The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). permanent members of committee undertaking different areas of responsibilities. The NDMC is an interministerial policy making and coordinating body, with local level committees known as PDMC, DDMC, and VPDU. assessment and monitoring.
Lao PDR
DRR
National Disaster management Office (NDMO) established in 1997, known as National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) after 1999.
CCA
National
2010-A Strategic National Action Plan for DRM by 2010 is being prepared with UNDP support, which will focus on getting more ownership by various sector ministries in advancing DRM in Lao PDR. 2008-High-Level National Disaster Management Planning Workshop, focused on the development of the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) into concrete actions, programmes and projects; 2007- The Decree issued in 2007, seeks to change the disaster management policy from an emergency response to a disaster risk management; 2006-DRM integrated into the Sixth National Socio Economic Development Plan NESDP (2006-2010) and the National Growth & Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES); 2003-Decree 1139/MLSW defined the Strategic Plan on Disaster Risk Management (SPDRM 2003-2005, 20052010, and 2010-2020); 2000- NDMC Decree No. 97 series of 2000 assigned the roles and responsibilities of various sectors composing the NDMC; 1999-The Prime Minister's Decree No. 158 (1999) provided the basis for the establishment of the national, provincial and district Disaster Management Committees (DMCs), while as a fundamental basis for policy development on DRM. 2009-National Adaptation Plan for Climate
NSCCC is
The Technical Working Groups of NDMC is taking the task to study and assess the impacts of climate change on the issues under their respective responsibility for the period 2009 to 2020; Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) is the main agency that produces the early warning information and disseminates to disaster management organizations, mainly to the NDMC; NDMC sends information to the local disaster management organizations and disseminate early warning to communities at risk. But there is need to have a disaster information centre at NDMC; MRC is working to provide flood vulnerability indices; No comprehensive or composite country-wide hazard or risk mapping exists. The GFDRR
Assign government agencies to allocate budget for preparedness and relief as part of regular budgetary allocations, such as agriculture, public works, social welfare and labor etc. But practically, there is very limited budget for DRM or recovery activities. The government does not have a national disaster relief reserve fund that provides funding for emergency response and recovery activities when a disaster strikes.
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Steering Committee on Climate Change (NSCCC) in 2008; First National Communication on Climate Change in 2000 and Second NC in 2007. Change approved by the government; National Action Plan (NAP) to Combat Drought and Desertification; Eight National Priority Programmes; National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (2004); The 5th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2006-2010. chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister and with the Director General of DoE as the secretary and with members from all concerned sectors. There is a greater need for NDMO and NSCCC to work closely to advance DRR components of the NAPA. pipeline project will fund risk mapping in two or three provinces; There is lack of comprehensive disaster information management system, due to its lack of human resource and required capacities.
Myanmar
DRR
CCA
National Natural Disaster Preparedness Central Committee (NDPCC) in 2005, and 10 sub-committees under NDPCC, and National Disaster Prevention and Relief and Rehabilitation Committee formed under the NDPCC. Department of Meteorology and Hydrology is entrusted with a task related to CCA.
The legal framework on DRR is still in the process to be framed. So far, there is no national platform reported. And the existing DRR-related policies were promulgated in 1990s, such as: The Rehabilitation Board Act (1950), The Board of Development Affairs Act (1993), The Epidemic Diseases Prevention Act (1995), The Implementation of Insurance Act (1996), The Fire Services Act (1997).
The task of Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) is to monitor the climate, to issue relevant adverse warning and climate event and weather situation, river water situation, provide weather, climate and hydrological information to the general public, to safe guard the people, properties and resources. DMH has about 50 Meteorologists and 35 Hydrologists, who render services from various part of the country.
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Philippines DRR National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) established in 1954, served as the Presidents adviser and top coordinator on DRM at the national level. 2010-Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010 issued, known as Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines: Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) 2009-2019; 2009-The national progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action lately updated in 2009 provided additional impetus for improving DRM; 2004-The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) has integrated DRR issues and investment projects in the MTPDP 2004-2010. 2004-National Report in preparation for WCDR, provided a factual overview of DRM in Philippines. The NDCC is established under the Civil Defense Act of 1954, headed by the Secretary of National Defense, with the heads of 18 departments or agencies as members. DCCs from regional, provincial, city and municipal levels are composed of representatives of government agencies at these levels. The Commission shall be an independent and autonomous body and shall have the same status as that of a national government agency. By far, the CCC is still in the process of establishment. The NDCC is undertaking a multi-hazard mapping and assessment project in partnership with key government agencies such as, PHIVOLCS, PAG-ASA, MGB, NAMRIA, etc. The data and information generated are used for DRM and development planning by sectoral agencies and LGUs. But the available information is not widely or properly disseminated. NDCC does not have its own regular budget to disburse. It is through the NDCC memberagencies and local DCCs that disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation and response carry out its corresponding tasks and responsibilities under the NDCC system.
CCA
Climate Change Commission (CCC) was legalized as President Arroyo signed the Climate Change Act of 2009.
2009- The Climate Change Act of 2009 was legalized, and a Framework Strategy on Climate Change shall be formulated by the CCC. Besides, a National Climate Change Action Plan in accordance with the Framework shall be formulated within one year after the formulation of the latter. 1999-The Philippines Initial National Communication on Climate Change was hold in December, 1999.
Vietnam
DRR
The Central Committee for Flood and Storm
The Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control (CCSFC, chaired by the MARD), is Vietnams national disaster risk management
While limited national hazard mapping exists with a primary focus on water related events,
Most budgetary allocations are intended for
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response; Under the ordinance on flood and storm control, the government is responsible for losses to public assets caused b y natural disaster; When a disaster is declared, provinces use their contingency fund and may later ask for reimbursement if damage is in excess of the provincial contingent fund; There is no comprehensive data available for total disaster relief expenditure nor origin of these funds.
Control (CCSFC, chaired by the MARD), is Vietnams national disaster risk management agency, established by decree 1990; At the Central level, the National Committee, an inter-ministerial institution serves as a coordinating body for disaster reduction efforts in Vietnam. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) has been assigned by the Government of Viet Nam to be the National Focal Agency for implementing the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol and is the managing government institution for all climate change activities. agency, established by decree 1990 (ADRC, 200818); To enhance its implementation, the National Implementation Plan for Natural Disaster Prevention, Response and Mitigation (NIPNDPRM) was promulgated on September 29th of 2009. there is little if any comprehensive risk mapping; Historically, the hazard mapping data that exists is held by different agencies and there detailed maps exist, considered sensitive by the government and not widely disseminated; Donor and NGO projects have sponsored ad hoc provincial and community level risk assessments.
CCA
Initial National Communication was in 2003; The National Target Program to Climate Change Response (NTP by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment) was initiated in 2008; In 2009, the Government organized the National Forum, hosted by the Deputy Prime Minister, to raise awareness and commitment and to enhance the synergies between DRR and CCA.
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REFERENCE
ISDR.(2009).TheSecondSessionofGlobalPlatformforDRR. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/section/193_GPProceedingsFINAL.pdfVp. 2 UNFCCC/CP(2007).Decision1/CP.13(theBaliActionPlan) http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_action.pdf 3 ISDR.(2009).OutcomeDocument:ChairsSummaryoftheSecondSessionGlobalPlatformforDisasterRisk Reduction.Geneva,Switzerland,GlobalPlatformforDisasterRiskReductionSecondSession. 4 UNFCCC.(2007).Backgroundpaper:Impacts,vulnerabilityandadaptationtoclimatechangeinAsia.40p. 5 ACIAR.(2009).DevelopingResearchOptionstoMainstreamCCAintofarmingsystemsinCambodia,Laos, BangladeshandIndia.2425p. 6 NAPAProjectDatabase http://unfccc.int/cooperation_support/least_developed_countries_portal/napa_project_database/items/4583.ph p 7 ThepreparationsfortheNCsandNAPAshavebeensupportedbytheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF),UNDP, AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)andothermultilateralandbilateraldonors. 8 ISETNepal.(2008).ClimateAdaptationinAsia:KnowledgeGapsandResearchIssuesinSouthEastAsia.14p. 9 CIDA,EEPSEA,IDRC,Sida.(2009).ClimateChangeVulnerabilityMappingforSoutheastAsia.10p. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/7865_12324196651MappingReport1.pdf 10 CIDA,EEPSEA,IDRC,Sida.(2009).ClimateChangeVulnerabilityMappingforSoutheastAsia.12p. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/7865_12324196651MappingReport1.pdf 11 NCDM,CambodiaGovernment.(2009).NationalProgressReportontheImplementationoftheHyogo FrameworkforAction(20072009). 12 RGoC.(2004).TheRectangularStrategyforGrowth,Employment,EquityandEfficiency. RoyalGovernmentofCambodia,PhnomPenh.22p. http://www.phnompenh.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/FB4480001A594AB9A352 477F16525778/0/RGCRectangularStrategypassw.pdf 13 RGoC.(2006b).NationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan.RoyalGovernmentofCambodia, PhnomPenh.154p.http://www.cdccrdb.gov.kh/cdc/aid_management/nsdp.pdf 14 MRC.(2009a).ClimatechangeadaptationinthecountriesofLowerMekongBasin:Regionalsynthesisreport. PreliminaryreportpreparedfortheRegionalForumontheMRCClimateChangeAdaptationInitiative,23 February2009,Bangkok.96p. 15 MinistryofForeignAffairsofDenmark.(2008).ClimatechangescreeningofDanishdevelopmentcooperation withCambodia.Annex9. 16 MinistryofEnvironment,RGoC.(2006).NationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange. 17 FederalInstituteforGeosciencesandNaturalResources(BGR).(2009).Developmentofasustainable organizationstructurefortheTsunamiEarlyWarningSysteminIndonesia.6p. 18 ESCAP.(2009).ImplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforActioninAsiaandthePacific:Followinguptothe outcomeofthethirdAsianMinisterialConferenceonDisasterRiskReduction:fromtheregionaltotheglobal platform.http://www.unescap.org/idd/events/cdrr2009/CDR_INF4.pdf 19 BNPB.(2009).Indonesia:InterimnationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkfor Action(20072009). 20 MinistryofEnvironment,Indonesia.(2005).IndonesiasPolicyonCDMImplementation. 21 http://ndmo.laopdr.org/ndmo.htm 22 AsianDisasterReductionCenterADRC.(2006).Countryreport:LaoPeoplesDemocraticRepublic2.3. http://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/LAO/2005/english.pdf 23 AsianDisasterReductionCenterADRC.(2008).InformationonDisasterRiskReductionoftheMemberCountries: LaoPeoplesDemocraticRepublic. http://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=418&Lang=en&NationNum=19 24 Ibid.
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SpeechoftheheadoftheNationalDisasterManagementOffice,onSecondSessionoftheGlobalPlatformfor DisasterRiskReductionon17June2009.MinistryofLabourandSocialWelfareoftheLaoPeoplesDemocratic Republic. 26 ACIAR.(2009).DevelopingResearchOptionstoMainstreamCCAintofarmingsystemsinCambodia,Laos, BangladeshandIndia.2829p. 27 MRC.(2009a).ClimatechangeadaptationinthecountriesofLowerMekongBasin:Regionalsynthesisreport. PreliminaryreportpreparedfortheRegionalForumontheMRCClimateChangeAdaptationInitiative,23 February2009,Bangkok.96p. 28 WREA.(2009).Nationaladaptationprogrammeofactiontoclimatechange(NAPA).WaterResourcesand EnvironmentAdministration,LaoPDR.Vientiane,104p.http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/laos01.pdf 29 ADRC.(2006).DRRinformationofmembercountries:MyanmarCountryReport2006. 30 OfficeofCivilDefense,NDCC.(2009).NationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogo FrameworkforAction(20072009).http://www.preventionweb.net/files/7495_Philippines[1].pdf 31 http://www.preventionweb.net/files/9265_philippines.pdf 32 http://ndcc.gov.ph/home/images/DRRM_Act_2010/drrm%20act%20of%202010.pdf 33 NDRRMC.(2010).DisasterRiskReductionManagementActof2010. http://ndcc.gov.ph/home/images/DRRM_Act_2010/drrm%20act%20of%202010.pdf 34 http://www.preventionweb.net/files/12460_PhilippinesClimChangeAct2009.pdf 35 http://www.op.gov.ph/directives/RA9729.pdf 36 http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phinc1.pdf 37 http://www.op.gov.ph/directives/RA9729.pdf 38 ADRC,http://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=704&Lang=en&NationNum=15 39 ISDR,WB.(2009).DisasterRiskManagementProgramsforPriorityCountries.109p. http://gfdrr.org/docs/6thCG_DRM_Programs_for_Priority_Countries.pdf 40 http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN009640.pdf78p. 41 CCFSC.(2009).ImplementingplanofNationalstrategyfornaturaldisasterprevention,responseandmitigation to2020.http://www.ccfsc.gov.vn/KW34707D/CatId/90DH34LD9K/StrategiesPlans.aspx8p. 42 ISDR,WB.(2009).DisasterRiskManagementProgramsforPriorityCountries.110p. 43 http://www.ccfsc.gov.vn/resources/ccfsc/images/download/National%20StrategyE.pdf 44 MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment.(2003).Vietnam:InitialNationalCommunication. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/vnmnc01.pdf 45 FortheinformalEnversionofNTP,pleasebrowsehttp://www.ngocentre.org.vn/files/docs/NTP%20English.pdf 46 ISPONRE.(2009).VietnamAssessmentReportonClimateChange.4p. http://www.roap.unep.org/pub/VTN_ASS_REP_CC.pdf 47 http://www.preventionweb.net/files/11775_UNISDRBriefingAdaptationtoClimateCh.pdf 48 WorldResourceInstitute.(2007).WeatheringtheStorm:OptionsforFramingAdaptationandDevelopment.18p. 49 GovernmentofLaoPDR,MinistryofAgricultureandForestry.2000a.DraftAgricultureMasterPlan.Vientiane, Laos. 50 GovernmentofLaoPDR,StatePlanningCommission.2000b.SocioEconomicDevelopmentPlanfor20002001. Vientiane,Laos. 51 FAO,CountrycaseStudy:Myanmar.http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ac158e/ac158e0e.htm#TopOfPage 52 WB,ADB.(2005).DecentralizationinthePhilippines:strengtheninglocalgovernmentfinancingandresource managementintheshortterm.9p. 53 ISDR.(2009).AdaptationtoClimateChangebyReducingDisasterRisk:CountryPracticesandLessons.23p. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/11775_UNISDRBriefingAdaptationtoClimateCh.pdf
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02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia

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02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia

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UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisasterReductionsecretariat(UNISDR) AsianDisasterPreparednessCenter(ADPC)

NationallevelInstitutionalandPolicy Landscape,ProjectEffortsandGood PracticesinSoutheastAsia

2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.4

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5

2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.6

Vietnam ......................................................................................................................................33 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................33 2

Cambodian Climate Change Office

Interministerial Committee Government Ministry

Composed of members of relevant ministries and Armed Forces.

WMO focal point.

Figure222:BNPBOrganizationalStructure2008(Source:BGR,2009) 2.2.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA

TheNationalClimateChangeStrategyfor2020 TheInterimActionPlanfor20092011 TheFirstNationalActionPlanfor20112016inalignmentwiththe7thNationalSocio EconomicDevelopmentPlan

(SourcefromTheInstitutionalMechanismonCCAinLaoPDRcitedfromACIAR,200926) Figure232:LaoPDRinstitutionalarrangementforclimatechange(Source:MRC, 2009a27)

2008) 2.4.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR

Secretary of Interior and Local Government

Administrative organ with vertical management system Government

Government Department Government Department

Government Department Government Department Government Department

Government Department Government Department

Government Department Government Department

The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG

The Philippine Information Agency (PIA) Government financial institutions

VietNamsignedtheUNFCCCon11June1992andratifiediton16November1994.The KyotoProtocolwassignedon3December1998andwasratifiedon25September2002.The MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(MNRE)hasbeenassignedbythe 36

Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)

3 WFP 4 IDS, Plan

Building Capacity on DRR (16)

forthcoming 1998-2004 http://www.proventionconsortium. org/themes/default/pdfs/CRA/Cam bodia.pdf http://www.preventionweb.net/files /13076_Flood09.pdf 2003-2008 2007-2012

http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Progra ms/CBDRM/INFORMATION%20R ESOURCE%20CENTER/CBDRM %20Publications/2008/final_crcam bodia_23nov.pdf

1 Oxfam 0 GB, IEDM 1 WWF 1

http://www.preventionweb.net/files /9066_cambodiaclimatechangerep ort1.pdf http://www.preventionweb.net/files /12119_folletoingnature11.pdf

1 GFDRR/ 2 WB 1 WB 3 1 RCC 4 Program

Phase I (2004-2007); Phase II (2008-2012)

On-going http://www.mrcmekong.org/downl oad/free_download/AFF4/session2/meeting_local_needs. pdf http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/polic ies/dipecho/presentations/cambod ia_11_07_en.pdf Ongoing ongoing

Managing Climate Risk (1)

1 UNDP, NDCM, MRC

Confronting Climate Change (0)

Aus AID WB Save the Children UNDP Indonesia

Building Response Capacity (15)

On going http://www.undp.or.id/proje cts/listproject.asp

GFDRR GFDRR USAID, ADPC

2009-2012 2010-2012 http://www.adpc.net/udrm/ brochure/UDRM_PROMIS EbrochureRevised.pdf http://www.preventionweb. net/files/9443_gtz2008042 1enncdrr1.pdf 1997-2000

Managing Climate Risk (5)

Counterpart International/COP EC/APHI/IPB/Mo E/MFEC Same as above GFDRR

Confronting Climate Change (0)

Save the Children/ADPC MRC, Japan, Denmark

Building Response Capacity (19)

Lao Red Cross

WBGFDRR Save the Children ADPC/NDMO

20072011 http://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2010kobe/ documents/HFA/Laos.pdf forthcoming 2007-2009

Riverbank Protection in Vientiane Municipality

Phase II (2008-2015) http://www.preventionweb.net/englis h/professional/trainings-events/edumaterials/v.php?id=8196

LNMC, ADPC, NDMO, GTZ, ECHO WB, NDMO, WREA, MPI

GFDRR, MRC, ADB, WREA

NDMO/UNDP GFDRR, MoE, MoH, MPWT, NDMO

Managing Climate Risk (0) Confronting Climate Change (0)

Building Response Capacity (4)

ASEAN/UN/Gover nment of the Union of Myanmar

Forthcoming http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=1914

http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=8293 Ibid

Managing Climate Risk (1)

IIED/BCAS/ENDA/ SHELL Foundation

http://www.prevention web.net/english/profe ssional/publications/v. php?id=9607