Block Diagrams 17

Exciter AC7B and ESAC7B
C
E
R
sT + 1
1

REF
V
S
V
UEL
V
+
1
E
sT
E
K
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
+
+
+
+
+
FE
V
X
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E

Exciter AC7B and ESAC7B
I EEE 421.5 2005 Type AC7B Excitation System Model
1
IR DR
PR
DR
K sK
K
s sT
+ +
+
L FE
-K V
+
C
V
AC7B supported by PSSE
ESAC7B supported by PSLF with optional speed multiplier
RMAX
V
FEMAX D FD
E E E
V -K I
K +S (V )
IA
PA
K
K
s
+
AMAX
V
A
V
2 F
K
1 F
K
+
+
3
1
F
F
sK
sT +
P T
K V
EMIN
V
AMIN
V
RMIN
V
N
I
E
t
IR
DR
A
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - K
4 - K
5 - V
6 - Feedback
States
1 2
3 4
5
6
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter AC8B

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+
+
Exciter AC8B
I EEE 421.5 2005 AC8B Excitation System
R
V
Model supported by PSSE

COMP
V
1
E
sT
( )
E E E
K S V +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
N
I

FE
V
5 2
E
t
R
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - PID 1
4 - PID 2
5 - V
States
3
1
4
FEMAX D FD
E E E
V -K I
K +S (V )
EMIN
V
1
IR DR
PR
DR
K sK
K
s sT
+ +
+
+
+
+
UEL
V
OEL
V
PIDMAX
V
PIDMIN
V
Exciter BBSEX1

3
4
1
1
sT
sT
+
+

REF
V
1
1
E
sT +
+
Exciter BBSEX1
Transformer-fed Excitation System
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
+
+
1
2 2
1 1
1
1
T
K T sT

+

2
1
T
K
T
+
Very similar to the model EXBBC supported by PSLF
C
E
FD
E
T FDMIN
E E
T FDMAX
E E
Switch 0 = Switch 1 =
Supplemental
Signal
1
1
F
sT +
Exciter BPA_EA

T
V
R
sT + 1
1
1
1
1
A
sT +
REF
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E E
S K +
+
Exciter BPA_EA
Continuously Acting DC Rotating Excitation System Model

1
A
A
K
sT +
1
F
F
sK
sT +
Model in the public domain, available from BPA
STB
V
FD
E
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
Regulator
Exciter
Filter
Stabilizer
FD
t
R
R1
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
3 4
5
1 2
Exciter BPA EB

R
sT + 1
1
1
1
1
A
sT +
REF
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E E
S K +
+
Exciter BPA EB
Westinghouse Pre-1967 Brushless Excitation System Model

1
A
A
K
sT +
1
F
F
sK
sT +
STB
V
FD
E
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
Regulator Exciter
Filter
Stabilizer
1
1
1
F
sT +
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E 0 =
T
V
FD
t
R
R1
F
F1
1 - E before limit
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
6 - V
States
3 4
5
1
2
6
Exciter BPA EC

1
1
1
A
sT +
REF
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E E
S K +
+
Exciter BPA EC
Westinghouse Brushless Since 1966 Excitation System Model

1
A
A
K
sT +
1
F
F
sK
sT +
STB
V
FD
E
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
Regulator
Exciter
Stabilizer
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E 0 =
E E
S K +
T
V
3
4
1 2
FD
R
R1
F
1 - E before limit
2 - V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter BPA ED

Exciter BPA ED
SCPT Excitation System Model

R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
+
+
FD
E
R
V
+
2
0.78
If 1, 0
FD
THEV
B
I
A
V
A V

=

> =
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
BMAX
V
B
V
THEV P T I T
V K V jK I = +
1 A FD
I
E
K
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
1
1
A
sT +
Stabilizer
Regulator
Exciter
'
T
V
T
V
T
I
THEV
V
3 4
5
1 2
t
A
R
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - Feedback
States
Exciter BPA EE

'
T
V
REF
V
+

1
E
sT
E E
S K +
+
Exciter BPA EE
Non-Continuously Active Rheostatic Excitation System Model

'
1
A
RH
K
sT
+
FD
E +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
Regulator Exciter
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E
If:
,
,
,
T V R RMAX
T V R RH
T V R RMIN
V K V V
V K V V
V K V V
=
< =
=
R
V
'
T
V
'
TO
V
T
V
RH
V
RH
'
* NOTE:
If the time constant T is equal to
zero, this block is represented as K /s
A
1
2
RH
1 - EField before limit
2 - V
States
Exciter BPA EF

REF
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E E
S K +
+
Exciter BPA EF
Westinghouse Continuous Acting Brushless Rotating Alternator
Excitation System Model

1
F
F
sK
sT +
SO
V
FD
E
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
Regulator
Exciter
Stabilizer
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E 0 =
E E
S K +
( )
T
V
T 0
R
=
(1 )
A A
K sT
s
+
3
1 2
R
F
2 - V
3 - V
States
Exciter BPA EG

Exciter BPA EG
SCR Equivalent Excitation System Model

REF
V
SO
V
+
+
FD
E
R
V
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
1
1
A
sT +
Stabilizer
Regulator
T
V
3
1 2
A
F
1 - EField
2 - V
3 - V
States
Exciter BPA EJ

1
1
1
A
sT +
REF
V
+
+
Exciter BPA EJ
Westinghouse Static Grand Couple PP#3 Excitation System Model

1
A
A
K
sT +
1
F
F
sK
sT +
'
T
V
FD
E
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
Regulator
Stabilizer
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E
SO
V
1
1
R
sT +

Filter
3
4
1 2
t
R
F
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter BPA EK

1
1
1
A
sT +
REF
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E E
S K +
+
Exciter BPA EK
General Electric Alterrex Excitation System Model

1
A
A
K
sT +
1
F
F
sK
sT +
SO
V
FD
E
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
Regulator
Exciter
Stabilizer
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E 0 =
T
R
V
(T =0)
3
4
1 2
R
R1
F
2 - V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter BPA FA

Exciter BPA FA
WSCC Type A (DC1) Excitation System Model

F
V
S
V
1
E
sT
FD
E
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
V
R
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I

+
E E
S K +
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
A
A
K
sT +
ERR
V
+
FE
V
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
3
4
5
1
2
t
B
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter BPA FB

Exciter BPA FB
WSCC Type B (DC2) Excitation System Model

F
V
S
V
1
E
sT
FD
E
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
V
R
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I

+
E E
S K +
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
T RMAX
V V
T RMIN
V V
1
A
A
K
sT +
ERR
V
+
FE
V
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
3
4
5
1
2
t
B
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter BPA FC

1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
S
V
+
F
V
1
E
sT
E
K
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+

+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
N
I
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
ERR
V
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
+
Exciter BPA FC
WSCC Type C (AC1) Excitation System Model

1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
+
3 4
5
1
2
E
t
R
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter BPA FD

1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
+
FD
E
Exciter BPA FD
WSCC Type D (ST2) Excitation System Model

1
F
F
sK
sT +
F
V
0
+
B
V
E P T I T
V K V jK I = +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
MAX
EFD
+
E
V
If 0. and 0., 1.
P I B
K K V = = =
R
V
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
ERR
V
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
3
4
1
2
t
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter BPA FE

Exciter BPA FE
WSCC Type E (DC3) Excitation System Model

ERR
V
RMAX RMIN
V RH
V V
sK T
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
If ,
If ,
If ,
ERR V R RMAX
ERR V R RH
ERR V R RMIN
V K V V
V K V V
V K V V
=
< =
=
RH
V
V
K
V
K
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
FD
E
+
R
V
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
FE
V
3
1
2
t
RH
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
States
Exciter BPA FF

1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
Exciter BPA FF
WSCC Type F (AC2) Excitation System Model

1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
F
V
L
V
LV
Gate
A
V
+
RMIN
V
RMAX
V
B
K
L
K
H
K

+
LR
V
H
V
N
I

( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
ERR
V
+ 3
4
5
1
2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter BPA FG

1
A
A
K
sT +
Exciter BPA FG
WSCC Type G (AC4) Excitation System Model

1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
FD
E
+
IMIM
V
IMAX
V
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
V
S
ERR
V
RMIN C FD
(V K I )
RMAX C FD
(V K I )
+
3 1
2
t
LL
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
States
Exciter BPA FH

1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
+

1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
Exciter BPA FH
WSCC Type H (AC3) Excitation System Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1
F
s
sT +
0
F
V
+
A
V
R
K
N
I
HV
Gate

LV
K

+
LV
V
EFD
N
V
F
K
N
K
FDN
E
FD
E
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
+
ERR
V
3
4
5
1
2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter BPA FJ

1
A
A
K
sT +
Exciter BPA FJ
WSCC Type J Excitation System Model

1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
FD
E
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
S
V
ERR
V
T FDMAX C FD
(V E K I )
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
T FDMIN C FD
(V E K I )
F
V
3
4
1
2
t
LL
F
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter BPA FK

1
A
A
K
sT +
Exciter BPA FK
WSCC Type K (ST1) Excitation System Model

1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
FD
E
+
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
V
S
ERR
V
T RMAX C FD
(V V K I )
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
T RMIN C FD
(V V K I )
IMIM
V
IMAX
V
F
V
3
4
1
2
t
LL
F
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter BPA FL

S
V
REF
V
+
+
+

+
FD
E
Exciter BPA FL
WSCC Type L (ST3) Excitation System Model
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
J
1
K
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
G
V
A
V
G
K
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
R
V

( ) P
E T I P L T
V K V j K K X I = + +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
E
V
B
V
FDMAX
E
GMAX
V
j
P
P
K K e p
=
( )
C T C C T
V V R jX I = + +
T
V
T
I
R
sT + 1
1 C
V
REF
V
+
ERR
V

3 1
2
M
t
LL
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
States
Exciter BPA FM through BPA FV

Exciter BPA FM through BPA FV

No block diagrams have been created
Exciter DC3A and ESDC3A

Exciter DC3A
I EEE 421.5 2005 DC3A Excitation System Model
DC3A model supported by PSSE
ESDC3A model supported by PSLF
States
1 - E
FD

2 Sensed V
t

3 - V
RH

ERR
V
RMAX RMIN
V RH
V V
sK T
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
If ,
If ,
Else
ERR V R RMAX
ERR V R RMIN
R RH
V K V V
V K V V
V V
=
=
=
RH
V
V
K
V
K
1
E E
K sT +
FD
E
+
R
V
R
sT + 1
1
C
V
REF
V
( )
X E
V EFD S EFD =
X
V
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
3
1
2
If exclim 0 then 0 else unlimited <>
Exciter DC4B and ESDC4B

R
sT + 1
1
UEL
(UEL=1)
V
REF
V
+
+
FD
E
Exciter DC4B
I EEE 421.5 2005 DC4B Excitation System Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
T RMAX
V V
T RMIN
V V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
OEL
(OEL=2)
V
HV
Gate
LV
Gate
Alternate UEL Inputs
Alternate OEL Inputs
OEL
(OEL=1)
V
+
C
E
UEL
(UEL=2)
V
S
V
1
I D
P
D
K sK
K
s sT
+ +
+
RMAX A
V K
RMIN A
V K
1
E
sT
EMIN
V

E
K
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
R
V
T
V
+
+
+
F
V
FD
t
R
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - PID1
4 - PID2
5 - V
6 - Feedback
States
3 4
5
6
1
2
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Vu
DC4B model supported by PSSE
ESD4B model supported by PSLF
Exciter EMAC1T

C
E
R
sT + 1
1
REF
V

+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
+
+
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
X
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
F
V
S
V
AMIN
V
FD
E
4 4
3
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
2
1
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
6
5
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
Exciter EMAC1T
Modified I EEE Type AC1 Excitation System Model

1
2
3
5
6
7
FE
FE
sT
sK
+ 1
+
States
1 : VE
2 : Sensed Vt
3 : VR
4 : VLL34
5 : VF
6 : VLL56
7 : VLL56
8 : FBFE
Exciter ESAC1A

C
E
R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
REF
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
+
+
+ +
+
FE
V
R
V
X
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I

Exciter ESAC1A
I EEE Type AC1A Excitation System Model

1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
RMIN
V
RMAX
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
UEL
V
HV
Gate
OEL
V
LV
Gate
F
V
Model supported by PSLF with optional speed multiplier
S
V
AMIN
V
FD
E
3
4
5
1 2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter ESAC2A

E
1
sT R
1
1+sT
C
B
1+sT
1+sT
B
K
H
K
F
F
sK
1+sT
E
K
X E E E
V =V S (V )
EX N
F =f(I )
D
K
C FD
N
E
K I
I =
V
C
E REF
V
F
V
+
+
A
V
+
UEL
V OEL
V
AMAX
V
AMIN
V H
V
R
V

+
RMIN
V
RMAX
V
0
E
V
FEMAX D FD
E E E
V -K I
K +S (V )
FD
E
EX
F
X
V
N
I
FE
V
+
+
+
+
FD
I
Exciter ESAC2A

A
A
K
1+sT
S
V
3
4
5
1
2

HV
Gate
LV
Gate
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter ESAC3A

C
E
R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+

1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1
F
s
sT +
FEMAX D FD
E E E
V -K I
K +S (V )
EMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
UEL
V
HV
Gate
+

F
V
1
E
sT
R
K
E
K
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
+
+
+ +
+
FE
V
A
V
R
V
X
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
EFD
N
V
F
K
N
K
N
V

C
V
N
I
Exciter ESAC3A
3
4
5
1
2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter ESAC4A

C
E
R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX C IFD
V -K I
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
UEL
V
HV
Gate
+
+
FD
E
Exciter ESAC4A
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
I
V
FD
Model supported by PSLF and PSSE
PSSE uses nonwindup limit on E
3 1
2
t
LL
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
States
Exciter ESAC5A

C
E
R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
0
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
+
+
+
X
V
FD
E
F2 F3
If T =0, then sT =0.

Exciter ESAC5A
( )
( )( )
3
1 2
1
1 1
F F
F F
sK sT
sT sT
+
+ +

3
4 5
1 2
t
R
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - Feedback 1
5 - Feedback 2
States
Exciter ESAC6A

C
E
R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+

REF
V
S
V
UEL
V
+
+

A
V
1
E
sT
E
K
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
+
+
+ +
+
FE
V
R
V
X
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E

Exciter ESAC6A
( ) 1
1
A K
A
K sT
sT
+
+
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
T RMIN
V V
T RMAX
V V
H
K
1
1
J
H
sT
sT
+
+
HMAX
V
0
0
H
V

+
FELIM
V

+
C
V
N
I
3
4
5
1 2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - T Block
4 - V
5 - V
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter ESAC7B and AC7B

ESAC7B is the same as AC7B. See AC7B documentation
Exciter ESAC8B_GE

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+
+
Exciter ESAC8B_GE
I EEE Type AC8B with Added Speed Multiplier.
R
V
+
+
+
IR
K
s
PR
K
1
DR
DR
sK
sT +
TMULT RMAX T RMAX RMIN T RMIN
Model supported by PSLF
If V 0, V V V and V V V <> = =
COMP
V
1
E
sT
( )
E E E
K S V +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
N
I

FE
V
5
2
E
t
R
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - PID 1
4 - PID 2
5 - V
States
3
1
4
FEMAX D FD
E E E
V -K I
K +S (V )
EMIN
V
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter ESAC8B_PTI

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V 0
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
( )
X E
V EFD S EFD =
+
+
+
X
V
FD
E
Exciter ESAC8B_PTI
Basler DECS Model
R
V
+
+
+
IR
K
s
PR
K
1
DR
D
sK
sT +
C
V
3
4 5
1 2
FD
t
R
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - Derivative Controller
4 - Integral Controller
5 - V
States

Exciter ESDC1A

C
E
R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
( )
X E
V EFD S EFD =
+
+
+
X
V
FD
E
Exciter ESDC1A
I EEE Type DC1A Excitation System Model
R
V
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
C
V
UEL
V
HV
Gate
F
V
FE
V
Model supported by PSSE but always assumes values of spdmlt =0, UELin =0, and exclim =1
RMIN
V
3
4
5
1
2
FD
t
R
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - Lead-Lag
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
+
UEL 2 UEL <2
UEL
V
if exclim <>0
then limit =0
else unlimited
Exciter ESDC2A

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
T RMAX
V V
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
( )
X E
V EFD S EFD =
+
+
+
X
V
FD
E
Exciter ESDC2A
I EEE Type DC2A Excitation System Model
R
V
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
C
V
HV
Gate
Model supported by PSSE but always assumes values of spdmlt =0, UELin =0, and exclim =1
C
E
F
V
T RMIN
V V
FE
V
3
4
5
1 2
FD
t
R
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - Lead-Lag
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
UEL
V
UEL 2 UEL <2
UEL
V
+
if exclim <>0
then limit =0
else unlimited
Exciter ESDC3A

Exciter ESDC3A
I EEE Type DC3A with Added Speed Multiplier

ERR
V
RMAX RMIN
V RH
V V
sK T
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
If ,
If ,
Else
ERR V R RMAX
ERR V R RMIN
R RH
V K V V
V K V V
V V
=
=
=
RH
V
V
K
V
K
1
E E
K sT +
FD
E
+
R
V
R
sT + 1
1
C
V
REF
V
( )
X E
V EFD S EFD =
X
V
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
t
RH
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
States
3
1
2
If exclim 0 then 0 else unlimited <>
Exciter ESST1A and ESST1A_GE

R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
+
+

+
A
V
FD
E
Exciter ESST1A
I EEE Type ST1A Excitation System Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
HV
Gate
IMIN
V
( )( )
( )( )
1
1
1 1
1 1
C C
B B
sT sT
sT sT
+ +
+ +
HV
Gate
OEL
V
LV
Gate
I
V
T RMIN
V V
T RMAX C FD
V V -K I
LR
K

FD
I
LR
I
Alternate
Stabilizer
Inputs
Alternate
UEL Inputs
+
+
+
C
E
F
V
3 4
5
1
2
A
t
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - LL
4 - LL1
5 - Feedback
States
Support in PSLF and PSSE. Different integer codes for VOS (or PSSin), and UEL codes
VUEL
ESST1A: UEL=1
ESST1A_GE: UEL=2
VUEL
ESST1A: UEL=3
ESST1A_GE: UEL= -1
VUEL
ESST1A: UEL=2
ESST1A_GE: UEL= +1
VS
ESST1A: VOS=1
ESST1A_GE: PSSin=0
VS
ESST1A: VOS=2
ESST1A_GE: PSSin=1
Exciter ESST2A

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
+
FD
E
Exciter ESST2A
1
F
F
sK
sT +
HV
Gate
F
V
0
B
V
E P T I T
V K V jK I = +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
MAX
EFD
E
V If 0 and 0, 1
P I B
K K V = = =
Model supported by PSSE but always assumes values of UEL =0, T 0, and T 0
C B
= =
C
E
C
V
R
V
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
3
4
1
2
FD
t
R
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - LL
States
UEL
V
UEL 2 UEL <2
UEL
V
+
5
Exciter ESST3A

R
sT + 1
1
S
V
REF
V
+
+

+
A
V
FD
E
Exciter ESST3A
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
HV
Gate
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
I
V
G
V
R
V
G
K
1
M
M
K
sT +
MMAX
V
MMIN
V
M
V

( ) P
E T I P L T
V K V j K K X I = + +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
E
V
B
V
BMAX
V
C
E
UEL
V
GMAX
V
RMIN
V
P
j
P
P
K K e
=
3 4 1 2
M
t
R
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - LL
States
Exciter ESST4B

R
sT + 1
1
S
V
REF
V
+
+

+
FD
E
Exciter ESST4B
I EEE Type ST4B Potential- or Compound-Source Controlled-Rectifier Exciter Model
1
1
A
sT +
R
V
G
K
IM
PM
K
K
s
+
MMAX
V
MMIN
V
( )
E P T I P L T
V K V j K K X I = + +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
E
V
B
V
BMAX
V
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
OEL
V
LV
Gate
IR
PR
K
K
s
+
+
GMAX
Model supported by PSSE but assumes V infinite
=
UEL
V
P
j
P
P
K K e
=
COMP
V
3 4 1 2
M
t
A
R
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
GMAX
V
Exciter ESST5B and ST5B

Model supported by PSLF (ESST5B) and PSSE (ST5B)

I EEE (2005) Type ST5B Excitation System
HV
Gate

LV
Gate

V
ref

+
_
V
rmax
/K
r

V
rmin
/K
r

V
rmax
/K
r

V
rmin
/K
r

V
rmax
/K
r

V
rmin
/K
r

V
rmax
/K
r

V
rmin
/K
r

V
rmax
/K
r

V
rmin
/K
r

V
rmax
/K
r

V
rmin
/K
r

0
+1
-1
V
t
V
rmax

V
t
V
rmin

+
+
+
_
V
uel

V
oel

V
c

V
s

E
fd

I
fd

V
rmax

V
rmin

V
r

1
2
7 8
3
4
5
6
States:
1 Efd
2 Sensed Vt
3 LL1
4 LL2
5 LLU1
6 LLU2
7 LLO1
8 LLO2

R
sT + 1
1
UEL
V
REF
V
FD
E
Exciter ESST6B
I EEE 421.5 2005 ST6B Excitation System Model
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
G
G
sK
sT +
OEL
(OEL=2)
V
HV
Gate
LV
Gate
Alternate OEL Inputs
OEL
(OEL=1)
V
+
ESST6B is the same as model ST6B
ESST6B is a PSLF model and ST6B is a PSSE model
C
V
1
IA DA
PA
DA
K sK
K
s sT
+ +
+
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
CL
K
G
V
A
V
T
V
FD
t
G
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - PID1
4 - PID2
5 - V
States
3 4
5
1
2
1
0
RMULT
V
S
V
+
+

M
K

FF
K
LR
K
B
V
RMIN
V
LR
I
FD
I
+

+
+
+
R
V
1
1
S
sT +


R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
FD
E
Exciter ESST7B
I EEE 421.5 2005 ST7B Excitation System Model
1
IA
IA
sK
sT +
OEL
(OEL=2)
V
LV
Gate
Alternate
OEL Inputs
OEL
(OEL=1)
V
+
ESST7B is the same as model ST7B
ESST7B is a PSLF model and ST7B is a PSSE model
C
V
+
+
L
K
H
K
1
1
S
sT +
1
1
G
F
sT
sT
+
+
HV
Gate
AlternateUEL Inputs
UEL
(UEL=1)
V
UEL
(UEL=2)
V
MAX
V
MIN
V
+
+
+
+
DROOP
V
SCL
V

REF_FB
V
S
V
PA
K
HV
Gate
LV
Gate
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+

LV
Gate
HV
Gate
T RMAX
V V
T RMIN
V V
OEL
(OEL=3)
V
UEL
(UEL=3)
V
T RMAX
V V
T RMIN
V V
+
+
+
2
3
4
5
1
States:

1 EField
2 VTerminalSensed
3 InputLL
4 LL2
5 Feedback

Exciter EWTGFC

Exciter EWTGFC
Excitation Control Model for Full Converter GE Wind-Turbine Generators

+
1
1
FV
sT +
RFQ
V
1
1
P
sT +
elec
P
1
N
f
1
PV
V
K
sT +
+
R
sT + 1
1
IV
K
s
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
tan
FAREF
P
REF
Q
1
1
0
Reactive Power Control Model
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
varflg
gen
Q
QI
K
s
MIN
V
+
REF
V
VI
K
s
QMAX
I
QMIN
I
QCMD
I
C
V
3
4
5
1
2
ref
qppcmd
PV
regMeas
IV
ORD
Meas
1 - V
2 - E
3 - K
4 - V
5 - K
6 - Q
7 - P
States
6
7
MAX
V
TERM
V
+
elec
P
dbr
K
1
s
PMAX
I
+
+
TERM
V
PCMD
I
+
pfaflg
REF
Q
0
1
ORD
P
Converter Current Limit
pqflag
dbr
P
0
1
0 BST
E
Exciter EX2000

R
sT + 1
1

IA
PA
K
K
s
+
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1 F
K
EMAX
V
EMIN
V
+

F
V
1
E
sT
P
K ETRM
E
K
D
K
( )
EX E
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
( )
X E E E
V V S V =
+
+
+
+
+
FE
V
A
V
X
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I

Exciter EX2000
I EEE Type AC7B Alternator-Rectifier Excitation System Model
Minimum
Gate 1
IR
PR
K
K
s
+
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
L FE
K V
Reference
Signal
Field Current
Limiter
2 F
K
+
+
EMAX
FEMAX D FD
EMAX
E E E
If field current limiter is included, V is off.
V -K I
If field current limiter is excluded, V =
K +S (V )
C
E
FD
E
REF
3
4
1
2
1st PI Controller 2nd PI Controller
E
t
API
RPI
PI
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - LL
6 - IFD
States
Exciter EX2000 REFERENCE SIGNAL MODEL

REF
Exciter EX2000 Reference Signal Model
Minimum
Gate 2
KRCC
SBASE
Machine MVA BASE
ELEC
Q
1
ETERM
KVHZ
REF
V
UEL
V
STB
V
+
+
+
LIMP
REF
Frequency
Reactive
Current
Reference Signal Model
Exciter EX2000 FIELD CURRENT LIMITER MODEL

KIIFD
KPIFD
s
+
REF2
IFD
LIMN
IFD
Exciter EX2000 Field Current Limiter Model
Level
Detector
Latch
Gate 1
Latch
Gate 2
OR
ADVLIM
IFD
1
1
LEAD
LAG
sT
sT
+
+
Advance Limit
( 1, 1) I T
( 3, 3) I T
( 2, 2) I T
( 4, 4) I T
I nverse Timing
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
LIMP
IFD
REF3
IFD
REF4
IFD
REF1
IFD
FD
I
+
To
Minimum
Gate1
Output =1 if level exceeded
Output =1 if
timing expired
Switch Operation
Output D =B if C =0
Output D =A if C=1
Field Current Limiter Model
(Over Excitation Limiter)
3rd PI Controller
5
6
Exciter EXAC1

R
sT + 1
1
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
Exciter EXAC1
I EEE Type AC1 Excitation System Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
F
V
+
C
V
AMIN AMAX
AMIN
Model supported by PSSE but always assumes value of spdmlt =0
Model supported by PSLF also uses V and V
Simulator will narrow the limit range as appropriate when loading the DYD file
If V V >
RMIN RMIN AMIN
AMAX RMAX RMAX AMAX
then V V
If V V then V V
Model supported by PSLF but always assumes value of spdmlt =1
=
< =
C
E
E
t
R
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
3 4
5
1
2
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter EXAC1A

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
Exciter EXAC1A
Modified Type AC1 Excitation System Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
F
V
+
C
V
C
E
3 4
5
1
2
E
t
R
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter EXAC2

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
FD
E
Exciter EXAC2
1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
F
V
+
C
V
L
V
LV
Gate
A
V
+
RMIN
V
RMAX
V
B
K
L
K
H
K

+
LR
V
H
V
N
I

C
E
3
4
5
1
2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter EXAC3

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
Exciter EXAC3
1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1
F
s
sT +
0
F
V
+
C
V
A
V
R
K
N
I
HV
Gate

LV
K

+
LV
V
EFD
N
V
F
K
N
K
N
EFD
FEMAX
Model supported by PSSE but always assumes values of V 9999 and spdmlt =0
=
C
E
FD
E
3
4
5
1
2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
FEMAX
V
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter EXAC3A

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+

S
V
REF
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
R
V
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
Exciter EXAC3A
1
A
A
K
sT +
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
1
F
s
sT +
EMIN
V
F
V
+
A
V
N
I
R
K
EFD
N
V
F
K
N
K
N
EFD
C
E
FD
E
EMAX
V
Speed
( )
( )
L1 C S REF C F
FEMAX
FA L1
FEMAX D FD
EMAX
E E
LV
EMIN
EX
K V +V +V -V -V
V =
K K
V -K I
V =
S +K
V
V =
F
3 4
5
1
2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
C
V
Exciter EXAC4

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
FD
E
Exciter EXAC4
1
A
A
K
sT +
+
ERR
V
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
RMIN C IFD
V -K I
RMAX C IFD
V -K I
C
E
3 1 2
t
LL
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
States
Exciter EXAC6A

Exciter EXAC6A
R
sT + 1
1
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+

S
V
REF
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
FE
V
E
V
EX
F
(1 )
1
A k
A
K sT
sT
+
+
T RMAX
V V
AMIN
V
1
1
J
H
sT
sT
+
+
0
H
V
+
N
I
H
K
C
E
FD
E
Speed
HMAX
V
AMAX
V
A
V
0
+
FELIM
V
T RMIN
V V
D
K
FD
I
R
V
3 4
5
1
2
E
t
A
LL
F
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - T Block
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter EXAC8B

Exciter EXAC8B
Brushless Exciter with PI D Voltage Regulator
R
sT + 1
1
1
1
A
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+
+
+
+
+
VI
K
s
VP
K
1
VD
VD
sK
sT +
C
E
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
FE
V
E
V
EX
F
0
N
I
FD
E
Speed
D
K
FD
I
IMAX
-V
IMAX
V
3
4
5
1
2
E
t
R
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - Derivative
5 - Integral
States
Exciter EXBAS

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
STB
V
REF
V
+
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
Exciter EXBAS
Basler Static Voltage Regulator Feeding DC or AC Rotating Exciter Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
+
+
UEL
V
N
I
1
2
1
1
F
F
sT
sT
+
+
I
P
K
K
s
+
OEL
V
+ +
C
E
FD
E 3
4 5
1
2
E
t
R
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - PI
5 - LL
6 - Feedback LL
7 - Feedback
States
6 7
Exciter EXBBC

3
4
1
1
sT
sT
+
+

REF
V
1
1
E
sT +
E
X
+
FD
I
Exciter EXBBC
Transformer-fed Excitation System
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
+
+
1
2 2
1 1
1
1
T
K T sT

+

2
1
T
K
T
+
Very similar to the model BBSEX1 supported by PSSE
C
E
FD
E
T FDMIN
E E
T FDMAX
E E
Switch 0 = Switch 1 =
Supplemental
Signal
+
1
1
F
sT +
Exciter EXDC1

Exciter EXDC1
I EEE DC1 Excitation System Model
R
sT + 1
1
S
V
REF
V
+
+
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
+
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
R
V
C
E
Speed
FD
E
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
F
V
3 4
5
1
2
FD
t
B
R
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter EXDC2A

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
+
Exciter EXDC2A
I EEE Type DC2 Excitation System Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX T
V V
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
+
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
R
V

C
E
F
V
S
V
REF
V
+

Speed
FD
E
3
4
5
1
2
RMIN T
V V
FD
t
B
R
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter EXDC2_GE

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
Exciter EXDC2_GE
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX T
V V
1
1
E
sT +
E E
K S +
FD
E +
( )( )
1 2
1 1
F
F F
sK
sT sT + +

RMIN T
V V
comp
V
Speed
3 4
5
1
2
FD
t
B
R
F1
F2
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
6 - V
States
6
Exciter EXDC2_PTI

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
Exciter EXDC2_PTI
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX T
V V
1
1
E
sT +
E E
K S +
FD
E +
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
Model supported by PSEE

RMIN T
V V
comp
V
Speed
+
ERR
V
3 4
5
1
2
FD
t
B
R
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter EXDC4

+
Exciter EXDC4
I EEE Type 4 Excitation System Model
1
RH
sT
RMAX
V
1
E E
K sT +
+
RH
V
C
E
RMIN
V
S
V
REF
V
+

Speed
FD
E
E
S
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
V
K
V
-K
R
V
1
-1
R
K
R
-K
1
2
FD
RH
1 - E
2 - V
States
Exciter EXELI

1
1
FV
sT +

REF
V
+

+
+
+
FD
E
Exciter EXELI
Static PI Transformer Fed Excitation System Model
PU
V
1
NU
sT
+
1
1
FI
sT +
E
X
FD
I
FMIN
E
FMAX
E
PI
V
PNF
V
+
PNF
D
GEN
P
3
1
W
W
sT
sT

+

2
2
1
s
s
sT
sT
+
+
1 s
K
2
1
1
s
s
K
sT +
MAX
S
MAX
S
C
E
3
4 5
1
2
NU
t
FLD
GEN
GEN
GEN
1 - T
2 - Sensed V
3 - Sensed I
4 - P Washout1
5 - P Washout2
6 - P Washout3
7 - Lag Stabilizer
8 - Washout Stabilizer
States
6 7
8
Exciter EXIVO


Exciter EXI VO
I VO Excitation Model

+
V
comp

E
fd

1 2
States:
1 VLL12
2 Sensed Vt
3 VLL34
4 VLL56

_
V
S

3
MIN
5

MAX
5

MIN
1
MAX
1
V
ref

+

MIN
3

MAX
3

4

Exciter EXPIC1

R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
Exciter EXPI C1
Proportional/I ntegral Excitation System Model
+
( )
1
1
A A
K sT
s
+
R1
V
R2
V
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
FD
E +
( )( )
1 2
1 1
F
F F
sK
sT sT + +
R
V
T
E
S
V
A
V
( )
( )( )
3
2 4
1
1 1
A
A A
sT
sT sT
+
+ +
RMIN
V
RMAX
V
FDMIN
E
FDMAX
E
0
E
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
B
V
0
If 0 and 0, then 1
If 0, then
P I B
E
K K V
T EFD E
= = =
= =
E P T I T
V K V jK I = +
C
E
3
4 5
1
2
FD
t
A
R1
R
F1
F
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
6 - V
7 - V
States
6 7
Exciter EXST1_GE

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
FD
E
Exciter EXST1_GE
I EEE Type ST1 Excitation System Model
1
A
A
K
sT +
+
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
T RMIN C IFD
V V -K I
T RMAX C IFD
V V -K I
1
F
F
sK
sT +

comp
V
1
1
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
AMAX
V
AMIN
V
E
X
lr
K
FD
I
lr
I
+
3
4
5 1 2
0
A
t
LL
F
LL1
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter EXST1_PTI

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
FD
E
Exciter EXST1_PTI
1
A
A
K
sT +
+
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
T RMIN C IFD
V V -K I
T RMAX C IFD
V V -K I
1
F
F
sK
sT +

c
E
ERR
V
+
3
4
1 2
FD
t
LL
F
1 - E before limit
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter EXST2

R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
Exciter EXST2
+
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E
sT
E
K
FD
E
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
R
V

E P T I T
V K V jK I = +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
If 0 and 0, then 1
P I B
K K V = = =
+
+
ERR
V
B
V
FDMAX
E
0
S
V
+
E
V
B C
Model supported by PSSE does not include T and T inputs
C
E
3
4
5 1 2
FD
t
R
F
LL
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
Exciter EXST2A

R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
Exciter EXST2A
Modified I EEE Type ST2 Excitation System Model
+
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E
sT
E
K
FD
E
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
R
V

E P T I T
V K V jK I = +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
If 0 and 0, then 1
P I B
K K V = = =
ERR
V
FDMAX
E
0
S
V
+
E
V
B C
Model supported by PSSE does not include T and T inputs
F
V
B
V
COMP
V
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
3
4
5
1
2
FD
t
R
F
LL
1 - E
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter EXST3

R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
Exciter EXST3
+
1
1
C
J
B
sT
K
sT
+
+
FD
E
A
V

( )
E P T I P L T
V K V j K K X I = + +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
ERR
V
B
V
FDMAX
E
S
V
+
E
V
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
R
V
+
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
G
K
G
V
GMAX
V
C
E
P
j
P
P
K K e
=
3 1
2
R
t
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - LL
States
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter EXST3A

Exciter EXST3A
1
1
C
J
B
sT
K
sT
+
+
FD
E
A
V

( )
E P T I P L T
V K V j K K X I = + +
T
V
T
I
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
B
V
E
V
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
+
IMIN
V
IMAX
V
G
K
G
V
GMAX
V
R
sT + 1
1
C
E
S
V
REF
V
+
BMAX
V
Speed
P
j
P
P
K K e
=
3 1 2
R
t
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - LL
States
Exciter EXST4B

Exciter EXST4B
I EEE Type ST4B Excitation System Model
FD
E
( )
E P T I P L T
V K V j K K X I = + +
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
FD
I
N
I
EX
F
B
V
E
V
IM
PM
K
K
s
+
MMAX
V
MMIN
V
+
RMIN
V
RMAX
V
G
K

R
sT + 1
1
C
E
S
V
REF
V
+
BMAX
V
1
1
A
sT +
IR
PR
K
K
s
+
M
V
T
V
T
I
P
j
P
P
K K e
=
3 4 1
2
MInt
t
A
R
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter EXWTG1

Exciter EXWTG1
Excitation System Model for Wound-Rotor I nduction Wind-Turbine Generators
MAX
R
MIN
R
+
+
R
1
1
A
sT + EXT FD
R (E )
REF
1
DP
DP
sK
sT +
E
P
W
K
1
2
1
1
W
W
sT
sT
+
+
+
+
EXT
R
3
1 2
external
1 - R
2 - SpeedReg
3 - Washout
States
Exciter EXWTGE

Exciter EXWTGE
Excitation System Model for GE Wind-Turbine Generators

+
1
1
C
sT +
ORD
Q
RFQ REF
V (V )
1
1
P
sT +
E
P
1
N
f
1
PV
V
K
sT +
+
+
R
sT + 1
1
IV
K
s
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
tan( )
FAREF REF
P (V )
REF
REF
Q
(V )
Switch 0 =
Switch 1 =
ORD
Q
Switch 1 =
Switch 1 =
Switch 0 =
ORD
REF
Q from separate model
(V )
WindVAR Emulation
Open
Loop
Control
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
CMD
Q
pfaflg
varflg
+

GEN
Q
QI
K
s CMD
Q
MAX
V
MIN
V
+

TERM
V
REF
V
VI
K
s
TERM QMAX
V +XI
TERM QMIN
V +XI
Q CMD FD
E '' (E )
ORD S
FromWind Turbine Model
P (V ) PCMD FD
I (I )
PMAX
I
REG
V
3
4
5
1
2
ref
"
QCMD
PV
regMeas
IV
ORD
Meas
1 - V
2 - E
3 - K
4 - V
5 - K
6 - Q
7 - P
States
6
7
GEWTG
machine
model
Exciter IEEET1

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
E E FD
V S E =
+
+
+
E
V
Exciter I EEET1
R
V
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
C
E
3
4
1
2
t
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
FD
E
Speed
1
0
Spdmlt
Exciter IEEET2

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E
sT
E
K
E E FD
V S E =
+
+
+
E
V
FD
E
Exciter I EEET2
R
V
+
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
2
1
1
F
sT +
C
E
3
4 5
1
2
t
R
F1
F2
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter IEEET3

R
sT + 1
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
S
V
+
+

1
E E
K sT +
+
+
FD
E
Exciter I EEET3
R
V
+
2
0.78
If 1, 0
FD
THEV
B
I
A
V
A V

=

> =
1
F
F
sK
sT +
0
BMAX
V
B
V
THEV P T I T
V K V jK I = +
T
V
T
I
1 A FD
I
C
E
3
4
1
2
t
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter IEEET4

1
RH
sT
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
+

1
E E
K sT +
+
FD
E
Exciter I EEET4
R
V RH
V
V
V K < V
E
S

C
E
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
K
V
-K
V
1
-1
R
K
R
-K
V
V K >
1
2
RH
1 - EField
2 - V
States
Exciter IEEET5

1
RH
sT
+
1
E E
K sT +
+
Exciter I EEET5
Modified I EEE Type 4 Excitation System Model
RMAX
V
E
S

C
E
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
K
V
-K
V
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
FD
E
R
V RH
V
V
V K <
V
V
V K >
1
2
RH
1 - EField
2 - V
States
Exciter IEEEX1

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
Exciter I EEEX1
+
ERR
V
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
FD
E
+
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
F
V
R
V
Regulator
Damping

C
E
3 4
5
1
2
t
B
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter IEEEX2

Exciter I EEEX2
I EEE Type 2 Excitation System Model I EEEX2
R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
+
ERR
V
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
FD
E
+
F
V
R
V
Regulator
Damping
C
E
( )( )
1 2
1 1
F
F F
sK
sT sT + +
3
4
5
1
2
t
R
F1
F2
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - LL
4 - V
5 - V
6 - V
States
6
Exciter IEEEX3

R
sT + 1
1
S
V
REF
V
+
Exciter I EEEX3
+
+
ERR
V 1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E E
K sT +
FD
E
+
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
F
V
Regulator
Damping
0
THEV P T I T
V K V jK I = +
T
V
T
I
0
BMAX
V
( )
2
2
0.78
TH FD
V I
TH
V
FD
I
B
V
C
E
R
V
3
4
1
2
t
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
States
Exciter IEEEX4

R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
Exciter I EEEX4
ERR
V
RMAX RMIN
V RH
V V
sK T
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
If ,
If ,
If ,
ERR V R RMAX
ERR V R RH
ERR V R RMIN
V K V V
V K V V
V K V V
=
< =
=
RH
V
V
K
V
K
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
FD
E
+
R
V
C
E
3
1
2
t
RH
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
States
Exciter IEET1A

REF
V
Exciter I EET1A
+
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
FD
E
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
S
V
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E
+
C
E
3
1 2
R
F
1 - EField
2 - V
3 - V
States
Exciter IEET1B

MAG
I
+
+

1
E
sT
+
FD
E
Exciter I EET1B
R
V

E
S
E
K
+
R
sT + 1
1
E
X
T
V

REF
V
+
SMAX
V
SMIN
V
+
Bias
S
V
+
+
+
1
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
2
1
1
A
sT +
REG
V
1
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
Switch=0
Switch=1
Model supported by PSSE but not implemented yet in Simulator
C
E
Exciter IEET5A

1
A
RH
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
REF
V
+

1
E E
K sT +
+
FD
E
Exciter I EET5A
R
V
*
E
S
TO
V
+
T
V
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E
* If equals zero, block becomes
A
RH
K
T
s
C
E
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
K
V
-K
V
V
V K <
V
V K >
1 2
RH
1 - EField
2 - V
States
Exciter IEEX2A

R
sT + 1
1 1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
REF
V
+
Exciter I EEX2A
I EEE Type 2A Excitation System Model
+
ERR
V
1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
FD
E
+
1
1
F
F
sK
sT +
F
V
R
V
0
C
E
3 4
5
1
2
t
B
R
F
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - V
4 - V
5 - V
States
Exciter IVOEX


Exciter I VOEX
I VO Excitation Model

+
E
c

E
fd

1 2
States:
1 VLL12
2 Sensed Vt
3 VLL34
4 VLL56

_
V
S

3
MIN
5

MAX
5

MIN
1
MAX
1
V
ref

+

MIN
3

MAX
3

4
Exciter PLAYINEX

With the PLAYINEX model, specify the index (FIndex) of a specified PlayIn structure. That signal will then be played into the model
as the field voltage during the simulation.

Exciter REXS

R
sT + 1
1
S
V
REF
V
+
Exciter REXS
General Purpose Rotating Excitation System Model
+
ERR
V 1
A
A
K
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
2
1
1
F
F
sT
sT
+
+
F
V
Regulator
0
RMIN RMAX FMIN FMAX TERM
Model supported by PSLF. If flimf =1 then multiply V ,V ,V , and V by V .
C
E
IMAX
V
IMAX
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
VI
VP
K
K
s
+
1 2
1 2
(1 )(1 )
(1 )(1 )
C C
B B
sT sT
sT sT
+ +
+ +

II
IP
K
K
s
+
+
R
V
1
1
P
sT +
FMAX
V
FMIN
V
H
K
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
D
K
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
+
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
N
I
FD
E
+
0
Speed
C
X
TERM
I
CMAX
V
EFD
K
R
V
+
+
FE
I
0
1
2
Fbf
3 4
5
1
2 E
T I
F I
R
1 - V 6 - Voltage PI
2 - Sensed V 7 - V LL1
3 - V 8 - V LL2
4 - Current PI 9 - Feedback
5 - V 10 - Feedback LL
States
6
8 7
10
9
Exciter REXSY1

Exciter REXSY1
R
sT + 1
1
S
V
REF
V
+
+
1
1
A
sT +
RMAX
F V
RMIN
F V
1
2
1
1
F
F
sT
sT
+
+
F
V
IMAX
V
IMAX
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
VI
VP
K
K
s
+
1 2
1 2
(1 )(1 )
(1 )(1 )
C C
B B
sT sT
sT sT
+ +
+ +
R
V
0
1
2
FE
I
FD
E
0
II
IP
K
K
s
+
1
1
P
sT +
FMAX
F V
FMIN
F V
H
K
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
N
I
FD
E
+
C
X
TERM
I
CMAX
V
+
FE
I
R
V
D
K
[ ]
1IMF T E D E
F= 1.0 +F (E -1.0) (K +K +S )
C
E
Exciter Field Current Regulator
Fbf
3 4
5
1
2
Voltage Regulator
E
T I
F I
R
3 - V 8 - V LL2
States
6
7 8
9 10
Exciter REXSYS

Exciter REXSYS
R
sT + 1
1
S
V
REF
V
+
+
1
1
A
sT +
RMAX
F V
RMIN
F V
1
2
1
1
F
F
sT
sT
+
+
F
V
IMAX
V
IMAX
V
1
F
F
sK
sT +
VI
VP
K
K
s
+
1 2
1 2
(1 )(1 )
(1 )(1 )
C C
B B
sT sT
sT sT
+ +
+ +
R
V
0
1
2
FE
I
FD
E
0
II
IP
K
K
s
+
1
1
P
sT +
FMAX
F V
FMIN
F V
H
K
1
E
sT
E E
K S +
( )
EX N
F f I =
C FD
N
E
K I
I
V
=
+
+
E
V
EX
F
FD
I
N
I
FD
E
+
+
FE
I
R
V
D
K
[ ]
1IMP T E D E
F= 1.0 +F (E -1.0) (K +K +S )
C
E
Exciter Field Current Regulator
Fbf
3 4
5
1
2
Voltage Regulator
E
T I
F I
R
3 - V 8 - V LL2
States
6
7 8
9 10
Exciter SCRX

REF
V
Exciter SCRX
Bus Fed or Solid Fed Static Excitation System Model
1
E
K
sT +
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E
FD
E
1
1
A
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
+
T
E
1
SWITCH
C =0
SWITCH
C =1
SWITCH
Model supported by PSSE has C 1 =
C
E
1
2
E
1 - Lead-Lag
2 - V
States
Exciter SEXS_GE

comp
V
REF
V
Exciter SEXS_GE
Simplified Excitation System Model
+
1
E
K
sT +
MAX
E
MIN
E
1
1
A
B
sT
sT
+
+
Stabilizer
Output
+
R
sT + 1
1
FD
E ( ) 1
C C
C
K sT
sT
+
FDMIN
E
FDMAX
E 3
4
1
2
t
1 - EField
2 - Sensed V
3 - LL
4 - PI
States
Exciter SEXS_PTI

C
E
REF
V
Exciter SEXS_PTI
Simplified Excitation System Model
1
E
K
sT +
FDMAX
E
FDMIN
E
FD
E
1
1
A
B
sT
sT
+
+
S
V
+
1 2
1 - EField
2 - LL
States
Exciter ST5B and ESST5B

ST5B is the same as ESST5B. See ESST5B documentation.





Exciter TEXS

C
E
REF
V
Exciter TEXS
General Purpose Transformer-Fed Excitation System Model
FD
E
1
G
G
K
sT +
S
V
+
1
1
R
sT +
IMAX
V
IMAX
V
VI
VP
K
K
s
+
1
VD
VD
sK
sT +
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
+
+

+
+

+
FF
K
M
K
RMIN
V
RMAX
V
LV
Gate

C
X
+

CL
K
LR
I
LR
K
0
FD
I
1 0
Generator
Terminal Voltage
Constant
Source Voltage
R
V
E
V
+
3
4
1
2
t
1 - Feedback
2 - Sensed V
3 - Derivative Controller
4 - Integral Controller
States
Exciter URST5T

C
E
R
sT + 1
1
REF
V
+

C
K
+
+
STB
V
FD
I
FD
E
Exciter URST5T
I EEE Proposed Type ST5B Excitation System Model
UEL
V
HV
Gate
OEL
V
LV
Gate

1
1
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
RMAX R
V /K
RMIN R
V /K
2
2
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
RMAX R
V /K
RMIN R
V /K
RMAX
V
RMIN
V
1
1
1 sT +
RMAX T
V V
RMIN T
V V
R
K
+
3 4
1
2
R
t
1 - V
2 - Sensed V
3 - LL1
4 - LL2
States
Exciter WT2E

Exciter Model WT2E

States:
1 Rexternal
2 Speed
3 Pelec

+
elec
P
MAX
R
MIN
R
Speed
Power-Slip Curve
1
2
3
p
p
sT
K
+ 1
w
w
sT
K
+ 1
s
K
K
ip
pp
+
Exciter WT2E1

+
Exciter WT2E1
Rotor Resistance Control Model for Type 2 Wind Generator
elec
P
MAX
R
MIN
R
external
elec
1 - R
2 - Speed
3 - P
States
1
1
SP
sT +
1
1
PC
sT +
1
P
I
K
sT
+
Speed
Power-Slip Curve
1
2
3
Note: Power-Slip Curves is
defined in the WT2G1 model
Exciter WT3E and WT3E1

Exciter WT3E and WT3E1
Electrical Control for Type 3 Wind Generator
MAX wrat MIN wrat FV C

QCMD QMAX QMIN
WT3E supported by PSLF with RP P and RP -P , T T
WT3E1 supported by PSSE uses vltflg to determine the limits on E . When vltflg >0 Simulator always uses XI and XI .
= = =
+
1
1
FV
sT +
RFQ
V
1
1
P
sT +
elec
P
1
N
f
1
PV
V
K
sT +
+
R
sT + 1
1
IV
K
s
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
tan
FAREF
P
REF
Q
1
0
1
Reactive Power Control Model
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
varflg
elec
Q
QI
K
s
MIN
V
+

REF
V
QV
K
s
QMAX
XI
QMIN
XI
QCMD
E
C
V
3
4
5
1 2
ref ORD
qppcmd Meas
PV
regMeas
IV ORD
1 - V 6 - Q
2 - E 7 - P
3 - K 8 - PowerFilter
4 - V 9 - SpeedPI
5 - K 10 - P
States
6
7
MAX
V TERM
V
vltflg
+
0
0 >
20
( 20%, )
P
P =
100
( 100%, )
P
P =
40
( 40%, )
P
P =
60
( 60%, )
P
P =
( , )
MIN PMIN
P
Speed
P
Active Power (Torque) Control Model
elec
P
1
1
PWR
sT +

IP
PP
K
K
s
+
1
FP
sT

MIN
RP
MAX
RP
PMAX
I
MAX
P
MIN
P
10 9 8
Speed
Speed
+
+
TERM
V
PCMD
I
+
Exciter WT4E1

Exciter WT4E1
Electrical Control for Type 4 Wind Generator
1
1
FV
sT +
RFQ
V
1
1
P
sT +
elec
P
1
PV
V
K
sT +
+
1
1
RV
sT +
IV
K
s
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
tan
FAREF
P
1
0
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
varflg
elec
Q
QI
K
s
MINCL
V
+
VI
K
s
QMAX
I
QMIN
I
QCMD
I
C
V
MAXCL
V
TERM
V
+
elec
P
PMAX
I
+
+
TERM
V
PCMD
I
+
pfaflg
REF
Q
0
1
ORD
P
pqflag
0.01
1
1
PWR
sT +
IP
PP
K
K
s
+
1
F
F
sK
sT +
REF
P
MIN
dP
MAX
dP
3
4
5
1
2
6
7
10
9
8
States:
1 Vref 6 - Qord
2 - E
qppcmd
7 - Pmeas
3 Kpv 8 - TPower
4 VregMeas 9 - Kip
5 Kiv 10 - Feedback
Exciter WT4E

Exciter WT4E
Electrical Control for Full Converter Wind-turbine generators (FC WTG)
1
1
FV
sT +
RFQ
V
1
1
P
sT +
elec
P
1
PV
V
K
sT +
+
1
1
RV
sT +
IV
K
s
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
tan
FAREF
P
1
0
MIN
Q
MAX
Q
varflg
elec
Q
QI
K
s
MINCL
V
+
VI
K
s
QMAX
I
QMIN
I
QCMD
I
C
V
MAXCL
V
TERM
V
+
PMAX
I
+
TERM
V
PCMD
I
+
pfaflg
REF
Q
0
1
ORD
P
pqflag
3
4
5
1
2
6
7
States:
1 Vref 6 - Qord
2 - IqCMD

7 - Pmeas
3 Kpv
4 VregMeas
5 Kiv
WT4T
Governor
Model
ORD
P
TERM
V
Generator Other Model COMP

Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model COMP
= |
|
V
CT

ECOMP
Generator Other Model COMPCC

Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model for Cross-Compounds Units COMPCC
1
=
1
+
2
2
(
1
+
1
) +
1
(
2
+
2
)
V
T

I
T1

I
T2

2
=
1
+
2
2
(
1
+
1
) +
2
(
2
+
2
)
Generator Other Model GP1

Generic Generator Protection System GP1
Generator
Protection
(GP)

I
fd

flag
Excitation
System

Notes: =isoc or ifoc*affl
a =asoc or afoc
k =ksoc or kfoc

Trip Signal
Alarm
Only
0
1
Field
Shunt
V
T

PT
I CT
GSU
52G
T1
T
2

s
2
1.05*pick up pick up
1
=

1.05

2
=

2

Generator Other Model IEEEVC

Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model I EEEVC
= |
+ (
|
V
CT

ECOMP
Generator Other Model LCFB1

Turbine Load Controller Model LCFB1

mwset
P
1
K
s
+
+
P
K
+
b
F
MAX
e
MAX
e
db
db
1
1
PELEC
sT +
gen
P
rmax
L
rmax
L
rmax
L
rmax
L
+
+
0 ref
P
ref
P
Frequency Bias Flag - fbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable

Power Controller Flag - pbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable
Freq
1.0
+
elec
I
1 - P Sensed
2 - K
States
1
2
Kdrp
If Kdrp <=0, then
Kdrp is set to 1.0 for speed reference governors
Kdrp =25.0 for load reference governors
Generator Other Model LCFB1_PTI

Turbine Load Controller Model LCFB1_PTI

mwset
P
1
K
s
+
+
P
K
+
b
F
MAX
e
MAX
e
db
db
1
1
PELEC
sT +
gen
P
rmax
L
rmax
L
rmax
L
rmax
L
+
+
0 ref
P
ref
P
Frequency Bias Flag - fbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable

Power Controller Flag - pbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable
Freq
1.0
+
elec
I
1 - P Sensed
2 - K
States
1
2
Generator Other Model LHFRT

Low/High Frequency Ride through Generator Protection
Fref Frequency ref. in Hz
dftrp1 to dftrp10 Delta Frequency Trip Level in p.u.
dttrp1 to dttrp10 Delta Frequency Trip Time Level in sec.

Generator Other Model LHVRT

Low/High Voltage Ride through Generator Protection
Vref Voltage ref. in p.u.
dvtrp1 to dftrp10 Delta Voltage Trip Level in p.u.
dttrp1 to dttrp10 Delta Voltage Trip Time Level in sec.

Generator Other Model MAXEX1 and MAXEX2

+
-
V
LOW

EFD
Maximum Excitation Limiter Model MAXEX1 and MAXEX2
K
MX

0
V
OEL

EFD
DES
*EFD
RATED

(EFD1, TIME1)
Time(sec.)
EFD (p.u. of Rated)
(EFD
2
, TIME
2
)
(EFD
3
, TIME
3
)
Generator Other Model MNLEX1

+
+

I
REAL

Minimum Excitation Limiter Model MNLEX1
0
EFD
XADIFD
+

VUEL
1 +
2
1 +
2

MELMAX
-
1

PQSIG

+
+

Q
0
P
+

VUEL
1 +
2
1 +
2

MELMAX
-
PQSIG
-

+
X
2

X
2

2

(
2
)
2

-

Q
P

Radius
Q
o


+
+

Qo
(1.0 p.u.)
0
+

VUEL
1 +
2
1 +
2

MELMAX
PQSIG
-

+
B

+
Q/V
P/V
B =Slope

EFD
Qo
(1.0 p.u. V)
Generator Other Model OEL1

Over Excitation Limiter for Synchronous Machine Excitation Systems OEL1
Reference
Runback

Voltage
Regulator

Voltage
Reference
Field
Winding
Field
Current
Transformer
PT
CT
Generator
Overexcitation
Limiter

Generator Other Model PLAYINREF

With the PLAYINREF model, specify the indices (Vref_Index and Pref_Index) of a specified PlayIn structure. Those signals will
then be played into the model as either Pref of the Governor models or Vref of the Exciter models.

Generator Other Model REMCMP

Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model REMCMP
Remote bus Remote bus number

Governor BPA GG

Governor BPA GG
WSCC Type G Governor Model
mech
1 - P
2 - Lead-Lag 1
3 - Integrator 3
4 - Integrator 4
States
'
1
K
2
1
1
1
sT
sT
+
+

+
MO
P
MAX
P
+
3
1
1 sT +
4
1
1 sT +
5
5
1
1
sFT
sT
+
+
M
P
M e
P -P
e
P
2 3 4 1
Governor BPA GH

Governor BPA GH
WSCC Type H Hydro-Mechanical Governor Turbine Model
1
(1 )
G P
T sT +
UP
P
1
s
/2
1
1
W
W
sT
sT
+
'
1
K
DOWN
P
0
P XR
MAX(P.U.)
P
MIN
P =0
R
+
+
1
d d
d
SD T
sT +
+
PILOT VALVE GATE SERVO TURBINE
M
P
2
3
4
1
mech
1 - P
2 - P gate valve
3 - y3
4 - Feedback
States
Governor BPA GIGATB, BPA GJGATB, BPA GKGATB, and BPA GLTB

Governor BPA GI GATB, BPA GJ GATB, BPA GKGATB, and
BPA GLTB
Governor BPA GSTA

Governor BPA GSTA
WSCC Type S Steam System Governor
And Nonreheat Turbine (Type A) Model
1
s
1
K
0
P
MAX(P.U.)
P
MIN(P.U.)
P
+
GV
P
2
1
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
3
1
T
UP
P
DOWN
P
1
1
CH
sT +
M
P 2 3 1
mech
1 - P
2 - P gate valve
3 - Lead-lag
States
Governor BPA GSTB

Governor BPA GSTB
WSCC Type S Steam System Governor and Tandem Compound
Single Reheat Turbine (Type B) Model
1
s
1
K
0
P
MAX(P.U.)
P
MIN(P.U.)
P
+
GV
P
2
1
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
3
1
T
UP
P
DOWN
P
M
P
1
1
CH
sT +
1
1
RH
sT +
1
1
CO
sT +
HP
F
IP
F
LP
F
+
+
+
+

2
3
4 5
1
1 - P gate valve
2 - Lead-lag
3 - y3
4 - y4
5 - y5
States
Governor BPA GSTC

Governor BPA GSTC
WSCC Type S Steam System Governor and Tandem Compound
Double Reheat Turbine (Type C) Model
1
s
1
K
0
P
MAX(P.U.)
P
MIN(P.U.)
P
+
GV
P
2
1
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
3
1
T
UP
P
DOWN
P
M
P
1
1
CH
sT +
1
1
1
RH
sT +
2
1
1
RH
sT +
VHP
F
HP
F
IP
F
+
+
+
+
1
1
CO
sT +
LP
F
+
+

2
3 4 5
6
1
1 - P gate valve
2 - Lead-lag
3 - y3
4 - y4
5 - y5
6 - y6
States
Governor BPA GWTW

Governor BPA GWTW
WSCC Type W Hydro Governor System
And Hydro Turbine (Type W) Model
K
0
P
+
GV
P
2
1 3
1
(1 )(1 )
sT
sT sT
+
+ +
MAX/100
P
MIN/100
P
1
1 0.5
W
W
sT
sT
+
M
P
2 3
1
mech
1 - P
2 - y0
3 - y1
States
Governor CCBT1

Governor CCBT1
Steam Plant Boiler/Turbine and Governor Model
MIN4

Proportional-integral blocks 1-6 also have rate limits not shown in the block diagram
1
1
W
sT +
1
D
sT
1
1
F
sT +
1
1
I
P
K
K
s
+
7
7
7
1
D
P
D
sK
K
sT
+
+
4
4
I
P
K
K
s
+
3
3
I
P
K
K
s
+
1r
rpelec
rvalve
B
K
-dbd
+dbd

MAX4
MIN3
MAX3
MIN7
MAX7
MIN2
2
2
I
P
K
K
s
+
MAX2
MIN5
5
5
I
P
K
K
s
+
MAX5
1.0
MIN6
6
6
I
P
K
K
s
+
MAX6
MIN1
MAX1
P
K
1 ah
ah
1
RH
sT
1
PLM
PLM
K
sT +
1
1
G
sT +
IGOV
PGOV
K
K
s
+
MIN
V
MAX
V

1
1
Pelec
sT +
-1
0
ref
Speed
1.0
Speed
mech
P
Valve Bias
mech
P
ref
L
Bias
ref
Press
lmref ref
P Press
gen
P
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
3
4
5
6
1
7
8 9
10
11
12
+
13
14
15
50
PLM
T =
Governor CRCMGV

(HP)
Speed
( )
1( )
1/
1
HP
HP
R
sT +

+
mech(HP)
P
Governor CRCMGV
Cross Compound Turbine-Governor Model
( )( )( )
( ) 5( )
3( ) 4( ) 5( )
1
1 1 1
HP HP
HP HP HP
sF T
sT sT sT
+
+ + +
Reference
MAX(HP)
P
0
+
( )
1( )
1/
1
LP
LP
R
sT +

+
( )( )( )
( ) 5( )
3( ) 4( ) 5( )
1
1 1 1
LP LP
LP LP LP
sF T
sT sT sT
+
+ + +
Reference
MAX(LP)
P
0
+
( )( )
2
( ) H HP T HP
D E

+
( )( )
2
( ) H LP T HP
D E

(LP)
Speed
High-Pressure Unit
Low-Pressure Unit
mech(LP)
P

2 3 4
5
6
1
1 - HPInput
2 - HPState1
3 - HPState2
4 - HPState3
5 - LPInput
6 - LPState1
7 - LPState2
8 - LPState3
States
7 8
Governor DEGOV

Governor DEGOV
Woodward Diesel Governor Model

( )
( )( )
4
5 6
1
1 1
Actuator
K sT
s sT sT
+
+ +
MAX
T
MIN
T
( )
3
2
1 2 1
1
1
Electric Control Box
sT
sT s TT
+
+ +
1+Speed
Engine
D
sT
e
mech
P
2
3 4 5
1
1 - Control box 1
2 - Control box 2
3 - Actuator 1
4 - Actuator 2
5 - Actuator 3
States
Speed
Governor DEGOV1

Governor DEGOV1
Woodward Diesel Governor Model

( )
( )( )
4
5 6
1
1 1
Actuator
K sT
s sT sT
+
+ +
MAX
T
MIN
T
Speed
1+Speed
Engine
D
sT
e
mech
P
( )
3
2
1 2 1
1
1
Electric Control Box
sT
sT s TT
+
+ +
1
1
E
sT +
SBASE
MBASE
elec
P
DROOP
ref
P
1
0
6
Droop Control
1 - Control box 1
2 - Control box 2
3 - Actuator 1
4 - Actuator 2
5 - Actuator 3
6 - Droop Input
States
2 1
3 4 5
Governor G2WSCC

Governor G2WSCC
Double Derivative Hydro Governor and Turbine
Represents WECC G2 Governor Plus Turbine Model

GV
N
(Speed)
eps
1
db
1
1
D
sT +
1
1
F
sK
sT +
2
2
2
(1 )
F
s K
sT +
+
+
+
R
1
1
T
sT +
elec
P
1
G
P
K
sT +
OPEN
VEL
CLOSE
VEL
1
s
MAX
P
MIN
P
2
db
GV
1
1
turb turb
turb turb
sA T
sB T
+
+
GV
P
mech
P
+
T
(T =0)
ref
P
+
I
K
s
2 3
4 5
6
1
mech
D
1
2
2
elec
1 - P
2 - T
3 - K
4 - K first
5 - K second
6 - Integrator
7 - P Sensed
8 - Valve
9 - Gate
States
8 9
7
GV1, PGV1...GV6, PGV6 are the x,y coordinates of block
GV
N
Governor GAST_GE

Governor GAST_GE
Gas Turbine-Governor Model

ref
P
( )
4
5
1
1
A
K sT
sT
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
2
1
1
AsT
BsT
+
+
eps
0
db
(Speed)
3
1
1 sT +
1
1
sT
MAX
V
MIN
V
LIM
R
1
R
IDLE
F
T
K
IDLE
F
MAX
L
+
V
G
GV
P
dbb
mech
P
1
1
LTR
sT +
+
V INC LIM TRAT

LIM MAX
if (D >L ) R =L
else R =R

V
D
2
3
4
5
1
LV
GATE
1 - Input LL
2 - Integrator
3 - Governor LL
4 - Load Limit
5 - Temperature
States
GV1, PGV1...GV6, PGV6 are the x,y coordinates of vs. block
GV
P GV
Governor GAST_PTI

Governor GAST_PTI

MAX
V
ref
Load
mech
P
+
turb
D
1
R
MIN
V
1
1
1 sT +
2
1
1 sT +
LV
Gate

+
Speed
3
1
1 sT +
T
K
+
+

+
T
A (Load Limit)
2
3
1
1 - Fuel Valve
2 - Fuel Flow
3 - Exhaust Temperature
States
Governor GAST2A

Governor GAST2A

Low
Value
Select
( ) 1 W sX
sY Z
+
+
+
Reference
sT
e
MAX
MIN
Speed
Governor
Speed
Control
3
K
+
Fuel
Control
A
C sB +
1
1
F
s +
CR
sE
e
F
K
6
K
Valve
Positioner
Fuel
System
f
W
Fuel
Flow
TD
sE
e
5
1
T
sT
s
+
MAX
+
4
1
1 sT +
5
4
3
1
K
K
sT
+
+
1
f

Turbine
Exhaust
Turbine
Radiation
Shield Thermocouple
Temperature
Control*
C
T
1
1
CD
sT +
2
f
MBASE
RATE
T
+
1.0
+
mech
P
( )
1 R f1 f1
f1
f =T -A 1.0-w -B Speed
| |
|
\ .
( ) ( )
f2 2 f2 f2 f2
f =A -B w -C Speed
f2
w
Turbine
Gas Turbine
Dynamics
* Temperature control output is set to output of speed governor when temperature control input changes frompositive to negative
2 3
4
5
7
1
f1
w
1 - Speed Governor
2 - Valve Positioner
3 - Fuel System
4 - Radiation Shield
5 - Thermocouple
6 - Temp Control
7 - Turbine Dynamics
States
6
Governor GASTWD

Governor GASTWD
Woodward Gas Turbine-Governor Model

Low
Value
Select
+
Speed
Reference
sT
e
MAX
MIN
Speed
Control
3
K
+
Fuel
Control
A
C sB +
1
1
F
s +
CR
sE
e
F
K
6
K
Valve
Positioner
Fuel
System
f
W
Fuel
Flow
TD
sE
e
5
1
T
sT
s
+
MAX
+
4
1
1 sT +
5
4
3
1
K
K
sT
+
+
1
f

Turbine
Exhaust
Turbine
Radiation
Shield
Thermocouple
Temperature
Control*
1
1
CD
sT +
2
f
MBASE
RATE
T
+
1.0
+
mech
P
( )
( ) f =T -A 1.0-w -B Speed
1 R f1 f1 f1
( )
( ) f =A -B w -C Speed
2 f2 f2 f2 f2
f2
w
Turbine
Gas Turbine
Dynamics
* Temperature control output is set to output of speed governor when temperature control input changes frompositive to negative
I
K
s
P
K
D
sK
+
+
+
SBASE
RATE
T
1
DROOP
D
K
sT +
elec
P
e
P
T Setpoint for
C
Temperature Control
2
3
4
5
6
1
f1
w
1 - Power Transducer
2 - Valve Positioner
3 - Fuel System
4 - Radiation Shield
5 - Thermocouple
6 - Temp Control
7 - Turbine Dynamics
8 - PID 1
9 - PID 2
States
7
8 9
Governor GGOV1

Governor GGOV1 GE General Governor-Turbine Model

( / )
dref turb fnl
L K w + +
1
1
Fload
sT +
1
1
SA
SB
sT
sT
+
+
m
D
**D
m
m
< If D 0, (Speed+1)
m
> If D 0, (Speed)
1
1
C
B
sT
sT
+
+
eng
sT
e
turb
K
Pload
K
Iload
K
s
+
+
+
1.0
A
K t
+
+

+
1
A
s
sT +

dref
L
mech
P
Speed
Pgov
K
Igov
K
s
1
Dgov
Dgov
sK
sT +
+
+
+
+
maxerr
minerr
-db
db
+ +
1
1
ACT
sT +
MAX
V
MIN
V
ref
P
Low
Value
Select
r
IMW
K
s
+
1
1
Pelec
sT +
elec
P
fnl
w
1.0(Speed+1)
governor output
valve stroke
aset
IMW
UP DOWN CLOSE OPEN
Model supported by PSSE does not include non-windup limits on K block
R , R , R , and R inputs not implemented in Simulator
+
2
3
4
5
6
1
Flag
0
1
Rselect
1
1
2
mwset
P
1.1r
-1.1r
Timestep
elec
1 - P Measured 5 - Turbine LL
2 - Governor Differential Control 6 - Turbine Load Limiter
3 - Governor Integral Control 7 - Turbine Load Integral Control
4 - Turbine Actuator 8 - Supervisory Load Co
States
ntrol
9 - Accel Control
10 - Temp Detection LL
7
8
9
10
MIN
V
MAX
V
Governor GGOV2

Governor GGOV2 - GE General Governor-Turbine Model

mwset
P
( / )
dref turb fnl
L K w + +
1
1
fload
sT +
1
1
sa
sb
sT
sT
+
+
m
D
1
1
c
b
sT
sT
+
+
eng
sT
e
turb
K
pload
K
iload
K
s
+
+
+
1.0
a
K t
5 s 9 s
6 s
+
+

+
1
a
s
sT +
8 s
4 s
dref
L
MECH
P
Speed
pgov
K
igov
K
s
1
dgov
dgov
sK
sT +
+
2 s
+
+
1 s
+
+ +
1
1
act
sT +
ropen
vmax
vmin
rclose
ref
P
Low
Value
Select
r
imw
K
s
+
1
1
Pelec
sT +
ELEC
P
7 s
0 s
fnl
w
3 s
1.0
aset
+
MIN
V
MAX
V
Frequency-
dependent
limit
Speed
fsrt
fsra
fsrn
1.1r
-1.1r
Flag
0
1
Timestep
**D
m
m
< If D 0, (Speed+1)
m
> If D 0, (Speed)
(Speed+1)
Rselect
1
1
2
governor output
valve stroke
maxerr
minerr
-db
db
8
7
10
2
3
4
5
6
1
elec
1 - P Measured 5 - Turbine LL
2 - Governor Differential Control 6 - Turbine Load Limiter
3 - Governor Integral Control 7 - Turbine Load Integral Control
4 - Turbine Actuator 8 - Supervisory Load Co
States
ntrol
9 - Accel Control
10 - Temp Detection LL
9

Governor GGOV3

1
1
cd
bd
sT
sT
+
+

mwset
P
( / )
dref turb fnl
L K w + +
1
1
fload
sT +
1
1
sa
sb
sT
sT
+
+
m
D

1
1
c
b
sT
sT
+
+
eng
sT
e
pload
K
iload
K
s
+
+
+
1.0
a
K t
+
+

+
1
a
s
sT +

dref
L
MECH
P
Percieved
Speed
pgov
K
igov
K
s
1
dgov
dgov
sK
sT +
+
+
+
+
+ +
1
1
act
sT +
ref
P
Low
Value
Select
R
imw
K
s
+
1
1
Pelec
sT +
ELEC
P
fnl
w
1.0
aset
turb
K
2
3
4
5 6
1
7
8
9
10
11
**D
m
m
< If D 0, (Speed+1)
m
> If D 0, (Speed)
1.1r
-1.1r
Flag
0
1
Timestep
MAX
V
MIN
V
UP DOWN CLOSE OPEN
dnrate, R , R , R , and R inputs not implemented in Simulator
Rselect
1
1
2
(Speed+1)
governor output
valve stroke
MIN
V
MAX
V
elec
1 - P Measured 5 - Turbine LL 9 - Accel Control
2 - Governor Differential Control 6 - Turbine Load Limiter 10 - Temp Detection LL
3 - Governor Integral Control 7 - Turbine Load Integral Contro
States
l 11 - Fuel System Lead Lag
4 - Turbine Actuator 8 - Supervisory Load Control
Maxerr
Minerr
-db
db


dnlo
Percieved
Speed
dnhi
ffa
ffb
slope =1
slope =ffc
Measured
Speed
Nonlinear Speed Filter
Filtered
Speed
Rate limit dnrate not used in Simulator
Governor GPWSCC

Governor GPWSCC
PI D Governor-Turbine Model

GV
N
err
1
db
1
1
D
sT +
1
K
s
1
D
f
sK
sT +
+
+
+
R
1
1
t
sT +
( 0)
t
T >
1
G
P
K
sT +
1
s
2
db
GV 1
1
turb turb
turb turb
sA T
sB T
+
+
+
P
K
CV
GV
P
0
t
T =
1 7 6
5
3
4
2
mech
P
elec
P
(Speed)
ref
P
OPEN
VEL
CLOSE
VEL
MAX
P
MIN
P
GV
N
mech elec
D
1 - P 5 - P Sensed
2 - T 6 - Valve
3 - Integrator 7 - Gate
4 - Derivative
States
Governor HYG3

Governor HYG3
PI D Governor, Double Derivative Governor, and Turbine

1
db
1
1
D
sT +
I
K
s
1
1
f
sK
sT +
+
+
+
1
1
t
sT +
1
G
P
K
sT +
1
s
MAX
P
MIN
P
2
db
GV
+
2
K
gate
R
1
db
1
1
D
sT +
1
1
f
sK
sT +
( )
2
2
2
1
f
s K
sT +
+
+
elec
R
1
1
t
sT +
+
+
I
K
s
gate
R
(speed-1)pu =
cflag>0
cflag<0
GV
N GV
P
1
W
sT
0
H
t
A

turb
D
GV
q/P
qNL

+
+
+

H
q
GV
P
mech
P
ref
P
ref
P
elec
P
CV
CV
1
2
4 5
7
6
3
8
9
1
7
2
OPEN
VEL
CLOSE
VEL
elec
R
Note: cflag determines numbering of states
D
1
i
W
elec
2
2
1 - T
2 - K
3 - K
4 - Valve
5 - Gate
6 - T
7 - P Sensed
8 - K First
9 - K Second
States
elec
P
3
GV
N
GV

Governor HYGOV

Governor HYGOV
Hydro Turbine-Governor Model

+
1
1
f
sT +
R
1
r
r
sT
rT s
+
1
1
g
sT +
turb
D
t
A

g
+

2
db
GV
P
GV
1
1
n
np
sT
sT
+
+
MAX
G
MIN
G
elm
rate limit - V
1
db
ref
P
1 2 3
GV
N
GV
mech
P 1
W
sT
Hdam=1
qNL

+
+
H
4
GV
P
GV
q/P
Model supported by PSSE and PSLF
Rperm shown as R, Rtemp shown as r
Ttur, Tn, Tnp, db1, Eps, db2, Bgv0...Bgv5, Bmax, Tblade not implemented in Simulator
GV
N
1 - Filter Output
2 - Desired Gate
3 - Gate
4 - Turbine Flow
States

Governor HYGOV2

Governor HYGOV2

MAX
P
GMAX
V
GMAX
-V
+
I P
K sK
s
+
1
3
1
A
sT
K
sT
| | +
|
\ .
2
4
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
1
s
R
1
temp R
R
sR T
sT +
5
6
1
1
sT
sT

1 2 3
4
5
6
1 - Filter Output
2 - Governor
3 - Governor Speed
4 - Droop
5 - Gate
6 - Penstock
States
MIN
G
mech
P
ref
P
MAX MIN
The G G limit is modeled as non-windup in PSSE but as a windup limit in Simulator.
MAX
G
Speed

Governor HYGOV4

GV
N
GV
P
GV
Governor HYGOV4

+
1
1
p
sT +
1
g
T
1
s
+
+

1
db

C
U
O
U
2
db
perm
R
+
1
r temp
r
sT R
T s +
turb
D
t
A
mech
P
ref
P
MAX
P
MIN
P
GV
1
W
sT
Hdam
qNL

+
+
H
4
GV
P GV
q/P
q
3
2 1
GV
N
W
1 - Velocity
2 - Gate
3 - Rtemp
4 - T
States
Bgv0...Bgv5, Bmax, Tblade not implemented in Simulator

Governor HYGOVR

Fourth Order Lead-lag Governor and Hydro Turbine Model
HYGOVR
+

P
mech

V
elcl

db2
-

H0

V
elop

+
-

+
At
R
-

CV
qn1

gmin

gmax
P
ref

-
P
elec

P
max
P
min

db1
G
V

-

+
+

-

G
V

P
gv

q/P
gv

H
q

Dturb

CV
8
7
10
2 3
4
5 6
1
9
States: 1 Input Speed 5 LL78 9 Flow
2 LL12 6 Governor 10 P
elec

3 LL34 7 Velocity
4 LL56 8 Gate

Governor HYPID


Governor HYPI D
Hydro Turbine and Governor

+
_
b
P
ref

P
elec

g
min

2
States:
1 Ki
2 RPelec
3 Gate
4 Turbine Flow
5 Derivative
6 - Blade
_
qnl
3
At
+
R

|ds2/dt|<velm

+

_

g
max

T
elec
>0

T
elec
<0
D
turb

+

_
+

_

hdam
Pv =f(g,b)
g
P
mech

speed
speed
1
4
6
5

Governor HYST1

Governor HYST1
Hydro Turbine with Woodward Electro-Hydraulic PI D Governor,
Surge Tank, and I nlet Tunnel

i
p
K
K
s
+
+
1
1
a
sT +
1
d
a
sK
sT +
+
+
1
1
a
sT +
1
perm
reg
R
sT +
1
1
b
sT +
MAX
G
MIN
G
( ) G s
+
turb
D
GV
P
GV
ref
P
gen
P
mech
P
4
3
2
1
5
6
9
7
8
Not yet implemented in Simulator

Governor IEEEG1 and IEEEG1_GE

Governor I EEEG1 and I EEEG1_GE
I EEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model

HP
SPEED
4
1
1 sT +
2
1
(1 )
1
K sT
sT
+
+
3
1
T
C
U
O
U
1
s
MAX
P
MIN
P
1
K
5
1
1 sT +
3
K
6
1
1 sT +
5
K
7
1
1 sT +
7
K

2
K
4
K
6
K
8
K

HP
PMECH
LP
PMECH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
M1
P
M2
P
+
GV
P
GV
1
db
2
db
3 4 5
1
2
1 - Governor Output
2 - Lead-Lag
3 - Turbine Bowl
4 - Reheater
5 - Crossover
6 - Double Reheat
States
6
ref
P
IEEEG1_GE is supported by PSLF. PowerWorld ignores the db2 term. All values are specified on the
turbine rating which is a parameter in PowerWorld and PSLF. If the turbine rating is omitted or zero, then
the generator MVABase is used. If there are two generators, then the SUM of the two MVABases is used.

IEEEG1 is supported by PSSE. PSSE does not include the db2, db1, non-linear gain term, or turbine rating.
For the IEEEG1 model, if the turbine rating is omited then the MVABase of only the high-pressure
generator is used.
GV
P GV
Governor IEEEG2

Governor I EEEG2
I EEE Type 2 Speed-Governor Model

4
4
1
1 0.5
sT
sT
+
2
1 3
(1 )
(1 )(1 )
K sT
sT sT
+
+ +
MAX
P
MIN
P
+
3
2 1
ref
P
mech
P
mech
1 - P
2 - First Integrator
3 - Second Integrator
States
Speed
Governor IEEEG3_GE

Governor I EEEG3_GE
I EEE Type 3 Speed-Governor Model I EEEG3

( ) 1
1
TURB TURB W
TURB W
K A sT
B sT
+
+
REF
P
1
1
P
sT +
1
s
MAX
P
MIN
P
+
1
TEMP R
R
R sT
sT +
+
+
C
U
O
U
1
G
T
GV
P
GV
1
db
2
db
GV GV
P
3 2
1
mech
P
PERM
R
4
mech
1 - P
2 - Servomotor position
3 - Gate position
4 - Transient droop
States
PSLF model includes db1, db2, and Eps read but not implemented in Simulator
Speed
Governor IEEEG3_PTI

Governor_I EEEG3_PTI
I EEE Type 3 Speed-Governor Model I EEEG3

13 21
23 11
23
11
1
1
W
W
a a
a a sT
a
a sT
( | |
+
( |
\ .
+
1
(1 )
G P
T sT +
1
s
MAX
P
MIN
P
+
O
U
C
U
PERM
R
1
TEMP R
R
R sT
sT +
+
+

REF
P
mech
P
3 2
1
4
mech
1 - P
2 - Servomotor position
3 - Gate position
4 - Transient droop
States
Speed
Governor IEESGO

Governor I EESGO
I EEE Standard Model I EEESGO

Speed
4
1
1 sT +
O
P
1 2
1 3
(1 )
(1 )(1 )
K sT
sT sT
+
+ +
MAX
P
MIN
P
+
2
1 K
2
1 K
3
6
1
K
sT +
2
5
1
K
sT +
+
+
+
3
2
1
4
5
mech
P
1 - First Integrator
2 - Second Integrator
3 - Turbine T4
4 - Turbine T5
5 - Turbine T6
States
Governor PIDGOV

Governor PI DGOV - Hydro Turbine and Governor Model PI DGOV

i
p
K
K
s
+
+
1
1
a
sT +
1
d
a
sK
sT +
+
+
1
1
a
sT +
1
perm
reg
R
sT +
SBASE
MBASE
0
1
1
b
T
1
s
MAX
G
MIN
G
MAX
Vel
MIN
Vel
Gate
Power
1
2
3
1
1 2
Z
Z
sT
sT
+
+
( )
Z tw w
T = A *T
turb
D
Feedback signal
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
mech
P
REF
P
elec
P
(G0,0), (G1,P1), (G2,P2), (1,P3) are x,y coordinates of Power vs. Gate function
1 - Mechanical Output
2 - Measured Delta P
3 - PI
4 - Reg1
5 - Derivative
6 - Reg2
7 - Gate
States
Speed
Governor PLAYINGOV

With the PLAYINGOV model, specify the index (FIndex) of a specified PlayIn structure. That signal will then be played into the
model as the mechanical power (Pmech) during the simulation.

Governor SHAF25

25 Masses Torsional Shaft Governor Model SHAF25

State # State number containing delta speed
Var # Variable number containing electrical torque
Xd - Xdp X
d
- X'
d

Tdop T'
do

Exciter # Exciter number
Gen # Generator number
H 1 to H 25 H of mass 1 to H of mass 25
PF 1 to PF 25 Power fraction of 1 to power fraction of 25
D 1 to D 25 D of mass 1 to D of mass 25
K 1-2 to K 24-25 K shaft mass 1-2 to K shaft 25-25

Governor TGOV1

Governor TGOV1
Steam Turbine-Governor Model TGOV1

1
1
1 sT +
MAX
V
MIN
V
1
R
+
t
D
2
3
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
+

REF
P
mech
P 2 1
1 - Turbine Power
2 - Valve Position
States
Speed
Governor TGOV2

Governor TGOV2
Steam Turbine-Governor with Fast Valving Model TGOV2

1
1
1 sT +
MAX
V
MIN
V
Reference
MECH
P
1
R
+
t
D
3
1
1
K
sT
+
+
1
t
v
sT +
K
+
I
A A
B B
T: Time to initiate fast valving.
T : Intercept valve, , fully closed T
seconds after fast valving initiation.
T : Intercept valve starts to reopen T
seconds after fast va
v
C C
lving initiation.
T : Intercept valve again fully open T
Speed
3 2 1
4
C
T
B
T
A
T
I
T
( )
I A
T T + ( )
I B
T T + ( )
I C
T T +
Time, seconds
1.
0.
I
n
t
e
r
c
e
p
t

V
a
l
v
e

P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n

1 - Throttle
2 - Reheat Pressure
3 - Reheat Power
4 - Intercept Valve
States
Governor TGOV3

RMAX
P
Governor TGOV3
Modified I EEE Type 1 Speed-Governor with Fast Valving Model
4
1
1 sT +
REF
P
2
1
(1 )
1
K sT
sT
+
+
3
1
T
C
U
O
U
1
s
1
K
2
K
6
1
1 sT +
3
K
+
+
+
+
+
MAX
P
MIN
P
5
1
sT
+
v
I
A A
B B
T: Time to initiate fast valving.
T : Intercept valve, , fully closed T
T : Intercept valve starts to reopen T
seconds after fast va
v
C C
lving initiation.
T : Intercept valve again fully open T
C
T
B
T
A
T
I
T
( )
I A
T T + ( )
I B
T T + ( )
I C
T T +
Time, seconds
1.
0.
I
n
t
e
r
c
e
p
t

V
a
l
v
e

P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n

MECH
P
0 0.3
0.8
Intercept Valve
Position
F
l
o
w

3
2
1
4
5
6
1 - LL
2 - StateT3
3 - StateT4
4 - StateT5
5 - StateT6
6 - Intercept Valve
States
Gv1,Pgv1 ... Gv6, Pgv6 are x,y coordinates of Flow vs. Intercept Valve Position function
Speed
Governor TGOV5

Governor_TGOV5 - I EEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model Modified to I nclude Boiler Controls

+
HP
SPEED

4
1
1 sT +
O
P
2
1
(1 )
1
K sT
sT
+
+
3
1
T
C
U
O
U
1
s
MAX
V
MIN
V
1
K
5
1
1 sT +
3
K
6
1
1 sT +
5
K
7
1
1 sT +
7
K

2
K
4
K
6
K
8
K

HP
PMECH
LP
PMECH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 M
P
2 M
P
s
m
1
MW
MW
K
sT + ELEC
P
B
f
14
K
1
s
MIN
R
MAX
R
MAX
L
MIN
L
+
+ +
O
P
L
K

MW
Demand
Desired
MW
2
C

+
12
K
+
13
K
3
C
+
+
SP
P
DPE
DPE
Dead Band
E
P
(PressureError)
( )( )
( )
1
1 1
1
I I R
R
K sT sT
s sT
+ +
+
MAX
C
E
P
Fuel Dynamics
+
+
1
B
sC
11
K
10
K
T
P
D
P
9
K
1
C
+ +
O
P
s
m
s
m
SP
P
Desired
MW
MIN
C
T
P

Governor_TGOV5 - I EEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model Modified to I nclude Boiler Controls

States:
1 Governor Output
2 Speed Lead-Lag
3 Turbine Bowl
4 Reheater
5 Crossover
6 Double Reheat
7 P
ELEC

8 P
O

9 FuelDyn1
10 FuelDyn2
11 Controller1
12 Controller2
13 P
D

14 Delay1
15 Delay2
16 Delay3
17 Delay4

Governor URGS3T

Governor URGS3T
WECC Gas Turbine Model

GV
GV
P
2
db
1
1
sT
ref
P
err
1
db
+
+
4
5
(1 )
1
a
K sT
sT
+
+
LV
GATE
+
MAX
V
MIN
V
2
2
1
1
AsT
BsT
+
+
LIM
R
+
mech
P
T
K
3
1
1 sT +
IDLE
F
MAX
L
+
+
+
turb
D

IDLE
F

1
R
Speed
1
1
LTR
sT +
+
V INC LIM TRAT

LIM MAX
If (D >L ), then R =L
else, R =R
V
D
2
3
4
5
1
1 - Input LL
2 - Integrator
3 - Governor LL
4 - Load Limit
5 - Temperature
States

GV
P GV
Governor W2301

Governor W2301
Woodward 2301 Governor and Basic Turbine Model

Speed
1
1
V
sT +
Valve Servo
+
Gamma
+
1 2Beta s +
1
1
p
sT +
1 0.5
(1.05 )
Rho s
Beta s Alpha
+

Speed
Ref
+
gnl
Turbine
PI
Controller
+
mech
P
3
2 1
4
1 - PelecSensed
2 - PI
3 - Valve
4 - Turbine
States
D
1
1
t turb
turb
sK T
sT
+
+
ref
P
Gain, Velamx read but not implemented in Simulator.
Gmax
Gmin
elec
P
Governor WEHGOV

Governor WEHGOV
Woodward Electric Hydro Governor Model

0 (Speed deadband)
( ) (Speed deadband) (Speed deadband)
( ) (Speed deadband) (Speed deadband)
Out if ERR
Out ERR I if ERR
Out ERR I if ERR
= <
= >
= + <
Governor and Hydraulic Actuators
(*)
(*)
1
W
sT
0
H =1

+
H
4
ss
q/q
Turbine Flow, q
Flow
mss
P Gate
position, g
Gate
Flow
ss
Steady-State
Flow, q
mss
P
+

mech
P
g

turb
D Speed
I
K
s
Gmin-DICN
6
Gmax+DICN
+
+
+
P
K
ERR
Speed deadband

1
DV
sT
1
1
1
P
sT +
Gmin-DPV
Gmax+DPV
Pilot Valve
1
D
D
sK
sT +
Feedback
signal=1
Feedback
signal=0
+
g
GTMXCL*T
g
GTMXOP*T
2
Gate position, g
1
s
3
Gmax
Gmin
1
g
T
1
PE
RpermPE
sT +
7
Distribution Valve
RpermGate
0
Feedback
signal
SBASE
MBASE
elec
P
Turbine Dynamics
5
1 - Pilot Valve
2 - DistributionValve
3 - Gate
4 - Turbine Flow
5 - Derivative
6 - Integrator
7 - PelecSensed
States
(Gate 1, Flow G1)...(Gate 5, Flow G5) are x,y coordinates of Flow vs. Gate function
(Flow P1, PMECH 1)...(Flow P10, PMECH 10) are x,y coordinates of Pmss vs. Flow function
+

1
1
0
ref
P
Governor WESGOV

Governor WESGOV
Westinghouse Digital Governor for Gas Turbine Model

*
Droop
Speed
P
K
+
1
I
sT ( )( )
1 2
1
1 1 sT sT + +
+
1
1
pe
sT +
**
+
Reference
Digital Control ***

lim
*Sample hold with sample period defined by Delta TC.
**Sample hold with sample period defined by Delta TP.
***Maximum change is limited to A between sampling times

.
mech
P
elec
P
3 2
1
4
1 - PEMeas
2 - Control
3 - Valve
4 - PMech
States
lim
A read but not implemented in Simulator
Governor WNDTGE

Governor WNDTGE
Wind Turbine and Turbine Control Model for GE Wind Turbines

+
+
1
1
p
sT +
1
1 5 s +
+
Rotor
Model
Over/Under
Speed Trip
Trip
Signal
rotor
/
pp ip
K K s +
2
0.67 1.42 0.51
elec elec
P P + +
ref
cmd
Wind
Power
Model
Blade
Pitch
/
ptrq itrq
K K s +
1
1
pc
sT +
ord
P
+
/
pc ic
K K s +

Power Response
Rate Limit
Apcflg is set to zero. Limits on states 2 and 3 and trip signal are not implemented.
Anti-windup on
Pitch Limits
mech
P
elec
P
elec
P
Anti-windup on
Power Limits
Anti-windup on Pitch Limits
Torque
Control
Pitch Control
Pitch
Compensation
PIMax & PIRat
PImin & -PIRat
err
PWmax & PWrat

PWmin & -PWrat
1
2
4
5
7
6
3
8
9
1 - Pitch
2 - Pitch Control
3 - Torque Control
4 - Pitch Compensation
5 - Power Control
6 - Speed Reference
7 - Mech Speed
8 - Mech Angle
9 - Elect Speed
10- ElectAngle
11- Washout
12- Active Power
States
10
Wind
Power
Model
if (fbus <fb OR
fbus >fc)
Frequency
Response
Curve
Active Power
Control
(optional)
avl
P
avf
P
To gewtg
Trip Signal
(glimit)
WTG Ter
Bus Freq
Auxiliary
Signal
(psig)
fbus
+
+
set
p
0
1
fflg
apcflg min
P
max
P
stl
p
setAPC
P
1
MAX
Release
P
if fflg set
Wind
Speed
(glimv)
1
12
1
1
pav
sT +
+
1
W
W
sT
sT +
+
+
11
wsho
perr
plim
Spdwl
Simulator calculates initial windspeed Spdwl.
ord
P
dbr
P
+
+

Governor WNDTGE
Wind Turbine and Turbine Control Model for GE Wind Turbines

1
s
Two- Mass Rotor Model
1
s
1
s
1
s
1
2H
1
2
g
H
tg
D
base
base
mech
T
elec
T
tg
K
+ +

+
+
rotor
shaft
T
+
+
+
+
7 8
9 10
Turbine Speed
Generator Speed
mech
mech
mech 0
P
T

=
+
mech
elec
elec
elec
elec 0
P
T

=
+
Wind Power Model
( )
3
mech
P ,
2
r w p
Av C
=
( / )
b w
K v =
( )
4 4
0 0
,
i j
p ij
i j
C
= =
=
See charts for curve fit values

Governor WNDTRB

Governor WNDTRB
Wind Turbine Control Model

1
s
90
0
r
Rotor speed
mech
P
1
2
(1 )
1
P
K sT
sT
+
+
+
1
1
a
sT +
ref
wo
P
MX
BPR
MX
-BPR
1 2 3
cos
1 - Input
2 - Blade Angle (Deg)
3 - Blade Pitch Factor
States
Governor WPIDHY

Governor WPI DHY
Woodward PI D Hydro Governor Model

+
+
P
K
D
sK
i
K
s
+
+
( )
2
1
1
A
sT +
1
s
MAX
Vel
1
1
B
sT +
1
REG
REG
sT +
+
MAX
G
MIN
G
MAX
P
MIN
P
1
1
2
W
W
sT
T
s
+
P
G
D
+
0
( ,0) G
1 1
( , ) G P
2 2
( , ) G P
3
(1, ) P
GatePosition (pu)
0 1.0
REF
P
Speed
MECH
P
ELEC
P
P
e
r

U
n
i
t

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
M
B
A
S
E
)

1
2
4
5
7 6
3
1 - Mechanical Output
2 - Measured Delta P
3 - PID1
4 - PID2
5 - PID3
6 - Velocity
7 - Gate
States
MIN
Vel
Governor WSHYDD

Governor WSHYDD
WECC Double-Derivative Hydro Governor Model

GV
N
(Speed)
err
1
db
1
1
D
sT +
1
1
F
sK
sT +
( )
2
2
2
1
F
s K
sT +
+
+
+
I
K
s
ref
P
R
1
1
T
sT +
( 0)
T
T >
elec
P
1
G
P
K
sT +
OPEN
VEL
CLOSE
VEL
1
s
MAX
P
MIN
P
2
db
GV 1
1
turb turb
turb turb
sA T
sB T
+
+
rate
T
MVA
GV
P
mech
P
+

0
T
T =
2
3
7
8
6
1
mech
D elec
1
2
2
1 - P 6 - Integrator
2 - T 7 - P Sensed
3 - K 8 - Valve
4 - K first 9 - Gate
5 - K second
States
4 5
9
Inputs GV1, PGV1...GV5, PGV5 are the x,y coordinates of block
GV
N
Governor WSHYGP

Governor WSHYGP
WECC GP Hydro Governor Plus Model

GV
N
err
1
db
1
1
D
sT +
I
K
s
1
D
f
sK
sT +
+
+
+
R
1
1
t
sT +
( 0)
t
T >
1
G
P
K
sT +
1
s
2
db
GV 1
1
turb turb
turb turb
sA T
sB T
+
+
rate
T
MVA
GV
P
+
P
K
0
t
T =
CV

1 7 6
5
3
4
2
mech
P
elec
P
(Speed)
ref
P
OPEN
VEL
CLOSE
VEL
MAX
P
MIN
P
mech elec
D
1 - P 5 - P Sensed
2 - T 6 - Valve
3 - Integrator 7 - Gate
4 - Derivative
States
GV
N
Governor WSIEG1

Governor WSI EG1
WECC Modified I EEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model

err
1
db
4
1
1 sT +
1
K
5
1
1 sT +
3
K
6
1
1 sT +
5
K
7
1
1 sT +
7
K

2
K
4
K
6
K
8
K

HP
PMECH
LP
PMECH
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
M1
P
M2
P
GV
N
O
U
C
U
1
s
MAX
P
MIN
P
2
db
GV
GV
P
3
1
T
K
2
1
1
1
sT
sT
+
+
CV
0
GV
+
GV
N
1
6
5
3
4
2
1 - Lead-lag
2 - Governor Output
3 - Turbine 1
4 - Turbine 2
5 - Turbine 3
6 - Turbine 4
States
MIN MIN
MAX MAX
MIN MIN
MAX MAX
Iblock 1 : if P =0, P =Pinitial
: if P =0, P =Pinitial
=
=
=
Governor WT12T1

Governor WT12T1
Two-Mass Turbine Model for Type 1 and Type 2 Wind Generators
From
WT12A
Model
Initial rotor slip
+
+
+
+
+
+
shaft
D
Damp
1
2
t
H s
1
2
g
H s
1
s
base
base
base
Rotor
angle
deviation
shaft
K
s
elec
T
mech
T Speed
t tfrac
g t
2
t g
shaft
0
H =HH
H =H-H
2H H (2 Freq1)
K =
H
1 - TurbineSpeed
2 - ShaftAngle
3 - GenSpeed
4 - GenDeltaAngle
States
3
2
1
4
Governor WT1T

Governor WT1T
Wind Turbine Model for Type-1 Wind Turbines

+
1
2H
1
s

shaft
D
1
2
t
H
1
s
1
2
g
H
1
s
1
s
K
t tfrac
g t
2
t g
H =HH
H =H-H
2H H (2 Freq1)
K =
H
t
mech
P
gen
P
Type 1 WTG Turbine Two-mass Model
Type 1 WTG Turbine One-mass Model
mech
T
elec
T
From
Governor
Model
From
Generator
Model
t
t

g

tg

tg

+
+
+
+
acc
T
From
Generator
Model
From
Governor
Model
mech
P
gen
P
To
Generator
Model and
Governor
Model
1
2
3
4
1 - TurbineSpeed
2 - ShaftAngle
3 - GenSpeed
4 - GenDeltaAngle
States
1
Damp
1
s
Governor WT2T

Governor Model WT2T
H Inertia
Damp Damping factor
Htfrac Turbine inertia fraction
Freq1 First shaft torsional frequency
DShaft Shaft damping factor

Governor WT3T

Governor WT3T
Wind Turbine Model for Type-3 (Doubly-fed) Wind Turbines

t tfrac
g t
2
t g
H =HH
H =H-H
2H H (2 Freq1)
K =
H
Type 3 WTG Turbine Two-mass Model
1 - TurbineSpeed
2 - ShaftAngle
3 - GenSpeed
4 - GenDeltaAngle
States
+
1
2H
1
s
Type 3 WTG Turbine One-mass Model

acc
T
From
Generator
Model
From
Pitch Control
Model
mech
P
gen
P
To Pitch
Control Model
and Converter
Control Model
1 +
Simplified
Aerodynamic Model
mo
P
aero
K
+
Blade
Pitch

2
2 1
When windspeed >rated windspeed, blade pitch initialized to 1
0.75
W
Theta
V
| |
=
|
\ .
Damp
shaft
D
1
2
t
H
1
s
1
2
g
H
1
s
1
s
K
mech
P
gen
P
mech
T
elec
T
t
t

g

tg

tg

+
+
+
+
1
2
3
4 1
s
Governor WT3T1

Governor WT3T1
Mechanical System Model for Type 3 Wind Generator

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
shaft
D
1
2
t
H s
1
2
g
H s
1
s
base
shaft
K
s
elec
T
mech
T
t tfrac
g t
2
t g
shaft
0
H =HH
H =H-H
2H H (2 Freq1)
K =
H
3
2
1
4
Damp
+
Initial
Pitch
Angle
aero
P initial
aero
K
+
Blade
Pitch
1
1 State1 +
base
base
From
WT3P1 Model
Rotor
Angle
Deviation
Initial rotor slip
mech
T
t

g

tg

g
Governor WT4T


Governor WT4T
Simplified Type-4 (Full Converter) Wind Turbine

_
P
elec

P
ord

1
2
States:
1 Pelec
2 PIOut
3 Feedback
+

+
3

dP
min

dP
max

P
ref

_
_
P
ref

P
iin
P
iou

2
C
R
HVDC
Two Terminal DC Control Diagram
1
2 3
(1 )
(1 )(1 )
K sT
sT sT
+
+ +
DES
P
MOD
P
RECT
+ +
DES
DES
MEAS
P
I
V
=
1
1
v
sT +
DC
V
MEAS
V
DES
I
CONSTANT
POWER
CONSTANT
CURRENT
MEAS
V
MIN
V
MAX
I
MIN
I
If

If ,
If ,
MIN DES MAX
ORD DES
MIN DES ORD DES
MAX DES ORD MAX
I I I
I I
I I I I
I I I I

=
> =
< =
1
1
C
sT +
DC
I
MAX
I
+
+
MARGIN
SWITCH
LOGIC
10%*
*
MIN MAX
MIN LIM RATED
I I
V V V
=
=
ORD
I
LIM
0
'
V
+
+
cos
cos
R
I
1
1
D
sT +
1.35
C
E
V
cos cos
cos cos
R o
OR
I
OR
V
E
V
E

=
=

OR OI
E E
( )
MEAS
I
RECTIFIER ( )
MEAS
I
INVERTER
( )
MOD
I
RECTIFIER
( )
CURRENT
MARGIN
INVERTER
VOLTAGE
TRANSDUCER
CURRENT
TRANSDUCER
0 min
(cos cos ) 2 ( )
(cos cos ) 2 ( )
OR MEAS C
OI STOP MEAS C
LIM E I R RECT
LIM E I R IVERT

= +
= +
MEAS
I
Available in old BPA IPF software

HVDC
WSCC Stability Program Two-Terminal DC Line Model
Ar
V
Ai
V
'
r
D
'
i
D
r
V
i
V
pi
V
cr
X
cr
R
sr
L R L
si
L
ci
R
vi
V
ci
X
1 2
3
vr
V
pr
V
r
P
i
P
I
r r
PGEN jQGEN +
1:
r
N
i i
PGEN jQGEN
:1
i
N
' '
'
3 2 3 2
cos cos
2
3
cos PGEN
cos
cr
r r AR pr r r
pr
r r cr r r
r
r
r
IX
E NV V
V
I
D E X D I
D
E

= = =
= =
=
' '
'
3 2 3 2
cos cos
2
3
cos PGEN
cos
ci
i i Ai pi i i
pi
i i ci i i
i
i
i
IX
E NV V
V
I
D E X DI
D
E

= = =
= =
=
''
'''
( cos cos ) /
( cos cos ) /
3
WHERE ( )
r MIN i MIN vr vi TOT
r MIN i STOP vr vi TOT
TOT cr ci cr ci
I E E V V R
I E E V V R
R R R R X X

=
= +
= + + +

6
C
X
HVDC-MTDC Control System for Rectifiers and I nverters without

Current Margin
1
2 3
(1 )
(1 )(1 )
K sT
sT sT
+
+ +
DES
DES
MEAS
P
I
V
=
1
1
v
sT +
DC
V
LAG
V
DES
I
CONSTANT
POWER
CONSTANT
CURRENT
V
DV
MAX
I
MIN
I
If

If ,
If ,
MIN D MAX
ORD D
D MAX ORD MAX
D MIN ORD MIN
I I I
I I
I I I I
I I I I

=
> =
< =
1
1
C
sT +
DC
I
ORD
I
LIM
0.0
3
V
1
1
LIM
sT +
do
V
cos cos
ON
doL
V
V
=
MEAS
I
REF
I
0 min
0
(cos cos )
(cos cos )
doL
doL STOP
RECT LIM V
INV LIM V

= +
= +
MEAS
I
+
1
V V

GREATER
OF THE
TWO
C
V
doL
V
+1.
1.
cos
'
MAX
I

6
C
X
HVDC-MTDC Control System for Terminals with Current Margin

1
2 3
(1 )
(1 )(1 )
K sT
sT sT
+
+ +
+
ORD
I
LIM
0.0
3
V
1
1
LIM
sT +
do
V
cos cos
ON
doL
V
V
=
MEAS
I
MARG
I
(cos cos )
doL ON STOP
LIM V = +
MEAS
I
+
1
V V

GREATEST
OF THE
TWO
C
V
doL
V
+1.
1.
cos
DC
I 1
1
C
sT +
1 ORD
I
2 ORD
I
3 ORD
I
-1 ORD N
I
.
.
.

2 ( )
cos cos
C MARG
ON o
do INITIAL
R FRAC I
V
= +
(cos cos ) 2
CORD do ON o C ORD
V V R I = +
CORD
V
0.25 FRAC =

HVDC
Detailed VDCL and Mode Change Card Multi-Terminal
DES
MEAS
P
V
DES
MEAS
P
V
1 MEAS C
V V >
ORD
I
MEAS
V
NO
YES
DES
I
VDCL
1
Mode Change
PU rated DC Voltage below
which mode is changed to constant
from constant
C
V
I P
1.0
1
Y
0
Y
1
V
2
V
CURRENT
VOLTAGE
1 0
1 2
VDCL
, PU Current on rated Current base
, V PU Voltage on rated Voltage base
Y Y
V

HVDC
Equivalent Circuit of a Two Terminal DC Line
dr
V
di
V
ci
E
r
X
cr
R
L
R
ci
R
i
X
cr
E
d
I
,
r r
P Q
1:T
+
r
R
eqr
R
eqi
R
i
R
,
i i
P Q
r
E
i
E
cos
dor r
V cos
doi i
V
1:T
Dr
V
Di
V

2
C
R
HVDC
BPA Converter Controller
1
2 3
(1 )
(1 )(1 )
K sT
sT sT
+
+ +
DES
P
MOD
P
RECT
+ +
DES
DES
MEAS
P
I
V
=
1
1
v
sT +
DC
V
MEAS
V
DES
I
CONSTANT
POWER
CONSTANT
CURRENT
MEAS
V
MIN
V
MAX
I
MIN
I
If

If ,
If ,
MIN DES MAX
ORD DES
MIN DES ORD DES
MAX DES ORD MAX
I I I
I I
I I I I
I I I I

=
> =
< =
1
1
C
sT +
DC
I
MAX
I
+
+
MARGIN
SWITCH
LOGIC
10%*
*
MIN MAX
MIN LIM RATED
I I
V V V
=
=
ORD
I
LIM
0
'
V
+
+
cos
cos
R
I
1
1
D
sT +
1.35
C
E
V
cos cos
cos cos
R o
OR
I
OR
V
E
V
E

=
=

OR OI
E E
( )
MEAS
I
RECTIFIER ( )
MEAS
I
INVERTER
( )
MOD
I
RECTIFIER
( )
CURRENT
MARGIN
INVERTER
VOLTAGE
TRANSDUCER
CURRENT
TRANSDUCER
0 min
(cos cos ) 2 ( )
(cos cos ) 2 ( )
OR MEAS C
OI STOP MEAS C
LIM E I R RECT
LIM E I R IVERT

= +
= +
MEAS
I
CURRENT
CONTROLLER
DES
I

HVDC
BPA Block Diagram of Simplified Model
1
1
T DC
L
i I
sT +
DES
P
( )
MOD
P
R
+ +
DES
DES
MEAS
P
I
V
=
1
1
v
sT +
dr
V
MEAS
V
des
I
CONSTANT
POWER
CONSTANT
CURRENT
MEAS
V
MIN
V
MAX
I
MIN
I
If

If ,
If ,
MIN des MAX
ord des
MIN des ord MIN
MAX des ord MAX
I I I
I I
I I I I
I I I I
< <
=
=
=
1
1
C
sT +
d
I
MAX
I
+
+
MARGIN
SWITCH
LOGIC
ORD
I
ord r
I
MOD
I
d MEAS
I
Control Scheme
Logic
des
I
+
DI
DI +
+
I
ord i
I
0 0
cos cos 2
dor doi i
T
V V V
R

dor
V
doi
V
ord
I

( ) current margin
. INV Controller
DC
I
ord i
I
ord r
I
d
I
cos
cos
r
i
Control SchemeLogic
If:
; cos cos 2

T ordr d ordr
i o dor r doi o D T D
T ordi
i I CC CEAControl I I
V V V R I
i I CIA CC Control

=
= = + +

; cos cos 2

d ordi
r o doi i do o D T D
ordi T ordr d T
I I
V V V R I
I i I CIA CEAControl I i

=
= =
< < =
;
r o i o
= = Available in old BPA IPF software

HVDC

1
d
s
sT +
1
1
f
sT +
s
s +
2
2
s sA B
s sC D
+ +
+ +
K
MIN
I
MAX
I
MOD
I
AC
AC
I
P
LowLevel Modulation
1
d
s
sT +
1
1
f
sT +
s
s +
2
2
s sA B
s sC D
+ +
+ +
K
*
MIN
P
*
MAX
P
MOD
P
AC
AC
I
P
HighLevel Modulation
1
1
d
s
sT +
1
1
1
f
sT +
1
s
s +
2
1 1
2
1 1
s sA B
s sC D
+ +
+ +
1
K
1
RECT
2
1
d
s
sT +
2
1
1
f
sT +
2
s
s +
2
2 2
2
2 2
s sA B
s sC D
+ +
+ +
2
K
2
INV
MIN
P
MAX
P
+
MOD
P
Dual FrequancyModulation
*
MAX MAX DESIRED
P P P =
*
MIN MIN DESIRED
P P P =

HVDC

1
1
s
sT +
3
4
1
A sT
sT
+
+
5
6
1
B sT
sT
+
+
K
MIN
MAX
AC
V
Gamma Modulation
1 3 4 5
MAX
, , , are in secs. is in degrees/pu volts
, are in degrees , must be 1 or zero
HILO must be 5
MIN
T T T T K
A B

REF
V
+
+
+

DC Converter Equations Revisited
Normally the rectifier and inverter equations are written in terms of the firing angles and .
Rectifier Equations Inverter Equations
=
32
V
ac
cos()
3
+2
V
ac

= cos
1
cos
2
=
32
V
ac
cos() +
3
+2
V
ac

= cos
1
cos
2

For transient stability purposes it is more convenient to write the inverter equations in terms of . is related to by = +.
During the simulation we will need to flip back and forth between and , thus express as a function of and vice versa.
= cos
1
cos
2
and = cos
1
cos +
2
.

Now using the relationship cos = cos +
2
, rewrite the DC voltage equation for the inverter in terms of .
=
32
cos +
2
+
3
+2
=
32
cos +
6
+
3
+2
=
32
cos +
3
+2

Using these equations, model the converter in the DC network equations as follows, with the extra constraint that the currents can
NOT be negative.

=
32
V
ac
cos(
=
3
+2
=
32
V
ar
cos()
=
3
+2

+
--

+
--

Multi-Terminal DC Network
DC Network Equations

3

1

1
=
32
V
acC1
cos (
1
)
3
=
32
V
acC3
cos (
3
)
=
32
V
acS
cos (
)
V
acS
, V
acC3
, V
acC1

Following are AC per unit voltages from
the network equations.

cos(
) , cos(
1
) , cos (
1
)
Following are outputs of the various
dynamic DC converter models.

1
=
1
3
1
+2
1

3
=
3
3
3
+2
3

+2

Note: For coding purposes it is easier to
flip the direction of the current at the
inverter and then just require that it be
negative instead of positive

+
--

+
--

+
--

Implementation of the numerical solution of the PDCI

In the normal network boundary equations and in Simulator's power flow engine, the DC converter control is assumed to be
instantaneous. We assume that firing angle move instantaneously to bring DC currents instantaneously to a new operating point.
For the PDCI we will be removing these assumptions completely and modeling the dynamics of the firing angle control. It is
convenient for numerical reasons to make the control output of the DC converter equal to either cos() and cos() depending on
whether the converter is acting as a rectifier or inverter. Here we will describe how this changes the numerical simulation of the
multi-terminal DC line.

Inside the transient stability engine in Simulator, an explicit integration method is used. Thus the general process of solving the
equations is to use a numerical integration time step to update all dynamic state variables and then another step to update all the
algebraic variables such as the AC system voltage and angle (network boundary equations). The MTDC simulation is added into this
framework as follows.

During each time-step of the numerical simulation of the multi-terminal DC Line, the following steps are taken
1. Using the standard routines within Simulator to calculate the new states for the dynamic models MTDC_PDCI,
CONV_CELILO_E, CONV_CELILO_N, and CONV_SYLMAR. This is done along with all the other thousands of dynamic models.
--> Updated Variables are cos() or cos() terms for the DC converters
2. Before solving all the other algebraic equations using the AC network boundary equations, take the new cos() and cos()
terms and use them to model a step change in the DC voltages seen by the DC network equations. Use numerical integration
to simulate the change in DC voltages and DC currents on the transmission lines for this time-step. Note that this is the only
place in the numerical routines where the DC system currents in the system change.
--> Updated Variables are the DC voltages and DC Currents
3. Finally, when the normal AC network boundary equations are being solved we must modify how the DC network equations
are handled. Without the dynamic model for the MTDC line modeled, we assume that the DC currents respond
instantaneously to a change in the DC voltages by an instantaneous change in the converter firing angles. Because the PDCI
is modeling the actual dynamics of the DC converter firing angle change, we must assume that the firing angles remain
constant during the network boundary equation solution instead. In addition, the PTDC is a very long transmission line and
thus has a substantial inductance, therefore the current cannot change instantaneously either and must be assumed
constant during the network boundary equation solution. This means that in order to solve the DC network equations we
must allow the voltages in the DC network to change but since we're not allowing the currents to change, then this means all
voltage changes from resistances must be zero. This means that the new voltage variations must be coming from the
inductor L*dI/dt terms. We will show this below.
--> Updated Variables are DC voltages

Numerical Integration to model the change in DC currents and DC voltages after a change in the
() and () terms
DC Converter equations are as follows, where R and E were described earlier. The unknown variable associated with this equation is
the DC current. Note that it's possible for this to result in a current that is impossible (negative current injected into DC network for
a rectifier or positive injection for an inverter). In that case we use a different equation which sets the current to zero.

DC transmission line equations are as follows. The unknown variable associate with this equation is the DC line current.

DC Bus equation is just Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL). The unknown variable associated with the equation is the DC bus voltage.

+ = 0

()
() () =
()

+
_

+
_
dx
dt
(n) +
dx
dt
(n 1)
2
=
x(n) x(n 1)
h

dx
dt
(n) =
2
h
x(n)
2
h
x(n 1) +
dx
dt
(n 1)
Remember the trapezoidal integration rule:
which gives

Where n = the present integer time step
h = the duration of the time step
x(n) = value at present time
x(n 1) = value at previous time step
()
() +
2
() = +
2
( 1)
( 1) +
( 1)

()
() () =
2
()
2
( 1) +
( 1)
Use the trapezoidal rule to write the dI/dt(n) term
()
() () =
2
()
2
( 1) [
( 1)
( 1) ( 1)]
Use the standard relationship above to write the LdI/dt(n-1) term
Finally, group the terms that are a function of values at time (n) on the left and time (n-1) on the right
+
= = 0

+
_
+
--

Using the PDCI as an example, the following matrix equations are created.

Ic1 Ic3 Is Ic Ia Ib Id v3 v4 v7 v8 v9

X

B
Celilo1

Rc1 1

Ic1 (n)

Ec1
Celilo3

Rc3 1

Ic3 (n)

Ec2
Sylmar1

Rs 1

Is (n)

Es
LineC

(-Rc-2Lc/h) 1 -1

Ic (n)

(+Rc-2Lc/h)*Ic(n-1)
- v3 (n-1) + v4 (n-1)
LineA

(-Ra-2La/h) -1 1

Ia (n)

(+Ra-2La/h)*Ia(n-1)
- v7 (n-1) + v3 (n-1)
LineB

(-Rb-2Lb/h) -1 1

Ib (n) =
(+Rb-2Lb/h)*Ib(n-1)
- v8 (n-1) + v3 (n-1)
LineD

(-Rd-2Ld/h) -1 1

Id (n)

(+Rd-2Ld/h)*Id(n-1)
- v9 (n-1) + v4 (n-1)
KCL3

-1 1 1

v3 (n)

0
KCL4

1 1

v4 (n)

0
KCL7

1 -1

v7 (n)

0
KCL8

1 -1

v8 (n)

0
KCL9

1 -1

v9 (n)

0

Simulator solves this set of equations by splitting the actual integration time-step used in the standard numerical integration and
dividing it by 10. We set the h variable above to the time step divided by 10 then iterate this set of equations 10 times. When
solving these equations, we initially assume that none of the currents end up the wrong sign. Then after each sub time step we
check if the converter currents end up as the wrong sign. If converter currents have the wrong sign, we automatically change the
equation for the offending converter to force that converter current to zero and redo this sub time step. We assume the converter
current remains zero during the remainder of this time step and only allow it to back-off this limit during the following time step. I
believe the current would never bounce around during a time step anyway, because this is fundamentally only a set of RL circuits so
you will only get a first-order RL circuit exponential decay response toward the new steady state.

As an example, if the current at Celilo1 ended up the wrong sign, then its matrix equation would be rewritten as
Celilo1

1 0

Ic1 (n)

0

Solution of the algebraic change in DC voltages during the AC network boundary equation solution
DC Converter equations are as follows, where R and E were described earlier. Also note that the DC current is assumed constant so
it is moved to the right side as a known quantity. The unknown variable associated with this equation is the voltage at the terminal.

DC transmission line equations are as follows. The unknown variable associated with equation is the derivative of the DC current.
The DC current is assumed constant during the AC network boundary equation solution.

DC Bus equation is just Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), but for the derivatives of the currents instead of the actual currents. The
unknown variable associated with the equation is DC bus voltage. Also note that we only add an equation for DC buses which are
not connected to a DC converter terminal.

Using the PDCI as an example, the following matrix equations are created

LineC

-Lc 1 -1

dIc/dt

Ic*Rc
LineA

-La 1 -1

dIa/dt

Ia*Ra
LineB

-Lb 1 -1

dIb/dt

Ib*Rb
LineD

-Ld 1 -1

dId/dt

Id*Rd
Celilo1

1

v7 = Ec1-Rc1*Ic1
Celilo3

1

v8

Ec3-Rc3*Ic3
Sylmar1

1

v9

Es-Rs*Is
KCL3

-1 1 1 0

v3

0
KCL4

1 1 0

v4

0
+ = 0

+
_

+
_

+
_
+
--

General Overview of Multi-Terminal DC Line Model for the Pacific DC Intertie
Simulator has a multi-terminal DC (MTDC) record which represents the grouping of the dc converters, dc buses and dc lines for a
single pole of a MTDC transmission line. The Pacific DC Intertie (PDCI) is represented by two of these records: one for each pole of
the PDCI. For the PDCI, each MTDC record contains three DC converters with two at Celilo (North end) and one at Sylmar (South
end). In Simulator these DC converters are also represented by unique objects.

The transient stability model of the PDCI works by assigning a dynamic model to each of the two MTDC records, and also assigning a
dynamic model to each of the DC converter objects. To model this, there are 4 dynamic models

MTDC_PDCI Assigned to the MTDC record.
CONV_CELILO_E Assigned to the Celilo DC converter at the 230 kV bus at Celilo (North). Note: "E" stands for "existing"
CONV_CELILO_N Assigned to the Celilo DC converter at the 500 kV bus at Celilo (North). Note: "N" stands for "new"
CONV_SYLMAR Assigned to the DC converter at Sylmar (South)

The flow of signals is depicted in the following image.

MTDCRecord
Pole 3
Converter
Celilo 230kV
Converter
Celilo 500kV
Converter
Sylmar
CONV_CELILO_E
MTDC_PDCI
CONV_CELILO_N CONV_SYLMAR __
__

cos()
()

cos ()
MTDCRecord
Pole 4
4

Power Flow
Data Record
Transient
Stability
Model

__

The function of the converts is generally described as follows.
MTDC_PDCI Assigned to the MTDC record. Model will coordinate the allocation of current order reference signals
sent to the three DC converters that it manages. Model may also pass on various flags such a VacLow.
Model receives signals of sensed AC and DC voltage and DC current from the converters also.

The two MTDC_PDCI models will act independently of one another, except that each record passes a
measurement of the DC voltage at the rectifier end of each pole to the other pole.
CONV_CELILO_E Assigned to the "existing" Celilo DC converter at the 230 kV bus at Celilo (North). Converter initializes
its Isched and Psched values to those from the initial network boundary equation solution. Model will
take as an input one signals from MTDC_PDCI: the current order reference signal (__).
CONV_CELILO_N Assigned to the "new" Celilo DC converter at the 500 kV bus at Celilo (North). Converter initializes its
Isched and Psched values to those from the initial network boundary equation solution. Model will
take as an input two signals from MTDC_PDCI: the current order reference signal (__) and
the flag VacLow.
CONV_SYLMAR Assigned to the DC converter at Sylmar (South). Converter initializes its Isched and Psched values to
those from the initial network boundary equation solution. Model will take as an input one
signalsfrom MTDC_PDCI: the current order reference signal (__).

In addition the implementation of these four models will be automatically modify based on the initial flow in the initial system flow
direction (depending whether the flow is from Celilo to Sylmar or Sylmar to Celilo). These modifications reflect the differences in
how each converter behaves when acting as a rectifier or inverter. In the following block diagrams portions of the model which are
only used for a flow from Celilo to Sylmar (North to South) are highlighted in green, while portion only used for a flow from Sylmar
to Celilo (North to South) are highlighted in purple. Differences also have a red notation of
added to denote highlighting.

Values which are passed between models are highlighted in orange. Outputs of the control angle for DC converters are highlighted
in pink.

MTDC_PDCI (North to South Implementation)
Measurements and Low Voltage Detection Logic

1
1 +
_

2
0.5
1 +
_

1
(
230
< 0.5) (
500
< 0.5) =
(
230
> 0.6) (
500
< 0.6) =

< 0.5 =

> 0.6 =
(
500
< 150)
< 150 =
(
500
> 350)
> 350 =
=
=
DC Voltage Measurement Freeze
If VLowFlag = TRUE then activate a timer TimerVDCFreeze and set timer to Tdel
friz
. Continue to set this timer
up to Tdel
friz
as long as VLowFlag is TRUE. If VLowFlag become FALSE then start having the timer count down
to zero. Once the TimerVDCFreeze reaches zero then make it inactive.

Whenever TimerVDCFreeze is inactive then
Set VDCFreeze =
and pass as the DC voltage to Current Order Allocation Calculation
Whenever TimerVDCFreeze is active then
Pass the variable VDCFreeze as the DC voltage to the Current Order Calculation
Pole Current Margin Compensator
If VLowFlag = TRUE then activate a timer TimerPCMC and set timer to Tpcmc_rst. Continue to set this timer up
to Tpcmc_rst as long as VLowFlag is TRUE. If VLowFlag become FALSE then start having the timer count down
to zero. Once the TimerPCMC reaches zero then make it inactive.
2
1
3
+
4

(
3
+
4
)

State 2 from the Celilo500
and Sylmar converter
Direct readings of
AC voltage at
converter buses

MTDC_PDCI
Current Order Allocation Calculations for Celilo and Sylmar

+
_
2
(
)

0.5

4
(
+

1
1 +

_
1000

()
0
330
0
0
5
3
_
+
+
+
+
_

_
+
_
__

TimerVDCFreeze Active
__lim_
__
1
1100
2000
+
+
_
_
+
+
+
+
_
_
+
+
_
_
+
+
+
+
__ __

1
_

TimerVDCFreeze Inactive
When TimerPCMC is
Active then Reset
= 0
5
()

1

()
()
__
100
+
+
_
+
_
_
+
_
6

_
+
_
+
+
+

Purple represent
sections only
modeled for Sylmar-
Celilo Flow
Green represents
sections only
modeled for Celilo-
Sylmar flow

+
_
0
if
then use zero
A
B
C
=
500

=
230

=

A
B
C
B
A
500

State 1 from the
respective DC
converters
State 3 from the
Celilo 500 converter
MTDC_PDCI Parameters are all hard-coded based on whether the initial flow direction of the PDCI. The parameters and the
initialization are different for Celilo to Sylmar (North to South) or Sylmar to Celilo (South to North) flow. The following table shows
the differences
Initialization
Reference Values
Celilo-Sylmar
(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)
_ Initialize to Sum of
Psched at two Celilo
Converters
Initialize to Psched
at the Sylmar
Converter
Parameter Celilo-Sylmar
(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)

_
0.1
Initialize based on the following equation
=
__
__ +__

_
0.53
0.44
228/230 n/a FALSE
3100 n/a FALSE
2400 n/a FALSE
0.5 n/a FALSE

n/a Initialize equal to

State 14 to handle
difference between
__ and
_ref_S
Get from CONV_CELILO_E model
Get from CONV_CELILO_N model
Get from CONV_SYLMAR model
_
0.05
0.5120
Initialize equal to State

14 to handle difference
between __
and __
+ __
n/a
n/a 0.2500
__ Get from CONV_CELILO_E model
0.5 cycles
2 cycles

CONV_CELILO_E parameters are all hard-coded based on whether the initial flow direction of the PDCI. The parameters and the
the differences
(North to
South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to
North)
Initialization
Reference
Values
Celilo-Sylmar
(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)
0.0323
2.2 Initialize so State 5 is at its lower limit
=
1.8 1000

0.0323
330 82.5
8.1500 Parameter Celilo-Sylmar

(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)
__ 20 8.5
0 1/240
2160
1/60
_
0.004 0.0084
1 -1
_
0.004 0.0084
__ 0 180
_
0.0333
7.55
1.8

1
1000

1000
+
_
1 +
1 +
+

230
__
1 +

0.1
1
4
cos
16
180

_
+
__
_
1.8

1
1000

1 +
1 +

__
19.5746
()
+
_

5
6

0
CONV_CELI LO_E
Celilo 230 kV Converter Controls (Celilo Existing Controls)

( ) < (__ +400) =
( ) > (__ +800) =

1
1

100

Purple represent
sections only
modeled for Sylmar-
Celilo Flow
Green represents
sections only
modeled for Celilo-
Sylmar flow

1
1 +
_

1
1 +
_

1
3

1
1 +
_

2

1
4

0.5
1100

60
__
_
+
_
1 +
+
_
0.5
1100

_
+

500
>

_
1

1
__
__
_
+
0.001
1 +

v__

1.0

0 ()
-1
2 ()
2.0 0.0
0.0 2.0
+
+
+
+
1

2.0
_max_
1
2

4
7
6
5
_min_

_
+
+
+
+
+

500
CONV_CELI LO_N
Celilo 500 kV Converter Controls (Celilo Expansion Controls)

1
1 +
_

17

[in degrees]

+
+
+
_

60

0.0

Purple represent
sections only
modeled for Sylmar-
Celilo Flow
Green represents
sections only
modeled for Celilo-
Sylmar flow
if
0.0
1
1 +
_

1
1 +
_

1
3

1
1 +
_

2

8
1.0
_

_

CONV_CELILO_N parameters are all hard-coded based on whether the initial flow direction of the PDCI. The parameters and the
the differences.

(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)
(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)
__ 0 150
_
-0.264 +0.26400
_ 1650
-1/360 +1/360
_ +110 -110 _max_ +1.000 +1.91260
__ n/a 60 _min_ -1.992 +0.34700
2/3
-0.5 0.5
1/120
2
n/a -0.333
0.1660 n/a 0.38428
1
0.4400 2 n/a 0.6
+0.7575 -0.7575
n/a 0.11694
0.0138 n/a -0.42743

__ 550
_
0.004 0.0084
-0.4000
_
0.004 0.0084
v__ 0.100 0.066
_
0.0333

()
1
1 +

__
1
CONV_SYLMAR
Sylmar Converter Controls
1

4
(

1
1 +(
)

0.5
7
_
+
(
)
1 +(
)
2(
)
cos ()
+
_
_
()
+1
1
32

(
)
(
)

( )
()

3
+
_

+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ _

+

_ +
(

()
(

() ()

_
()
_
_
+

6
5 +
+
( )
1

2

5
If DA
max2
> DA
max1

ignore DA
max2
and
interpolate between
DA
max1
and DA
max3

( ) 5
( ) 5

Purple represent
sections only
modeled for Sylmar-
Celilo Flow
Green represents
sections only
modeled for Celilo-
Sylmar flow
1
1 +
_

1
1 +
_

1
3

1
1 +
_

2

Specify similar 5 values to
define the
( ) function
)

_
CONV_SYLMAR parameters are all hard-coded based on whether the initial flow direction of the PDCI. The parameters and the
the differences.
(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)
(North to South)
Sylmar - Celilo
(South to North)
230.0
180 /200
286.7
20 /180
0.1
0.003
3100.0
17.5 /180
15 /180
1.000
17 /180
0.300
0
-0.018846501 /180
1000
0
0.0 /180
1
10 /180 90 /180
1
-0.601288000 /180
2
2 /180 999 /180
2
-0.029795800 /180
3
1 /180 5 /180
0.090
1
110 /180 0 /180
0.150 n/a
2
140 /180 120 /180
0.002 n/a
1
-5 /180 -6 /180
0.050 n/a
2
-5 /180 -8 /180
-0.050 n/a
3
-5 /180 -15 /180
_
0.03 0.00
1
0 /180 35 /180
200 /180
2
10 /180 70 /180
_
95 /180 5 /180 Initialize so State

32 is at the upper
limit
n/a
_
0.004 0.0084
_
0.004 0.0084
_
0.0333
3100
-1 1

Line Relay FACRI _SC

Fast AC Reactive I nsertion for Series Capacitors (FACRI _SC)
MonitoredBus Busatwhichthevoltageismonitored
volt_high Highcutinvoltage(pu)
volt_low Lowcutinvoltage(pu)
td_high Highcutintimedelay(sec)
td_low Lowcutintimedelay(sec)
ExtraObject1 Line1
ExtraObject2 Line2
ExtraObject3 Line3
ExtraObject4 Line4
ExtraObject5 Line5
ExtraObject6 Line6
ExtraObject7 Line7
ExtraObject8 Interface1
ExtraObject1through7canbespecifiedaslines,multisectionlines,orinterfaces.
Thefollowingpseudocodedescribeshowtheinputsareusedtodetermineseriescapacitorswitching:
SeriesCap=Seriescapacitortowhichthismodelisassigned
LineSectionsAreOpen=AnylinesectionopenforExtraObject1to7
CapBlocked=((Interface1MWFlow<50)OR(Interface1MWFlow>0))ANDLineSectionsAreOpen
If ((notCapBlocked)and(SeriesCap.Status=Bypassed))
AND
((MonitoredBusVoltage<volt_lowfortd_low)OR(MonitoredBusVoltage<volt_highfortd_high))
ThenBegin
SeriesCap.Status=NotBypassed
End
Line Relays LOCTI

Time I nverse Over-Current Relay

Relaysareassignedtoaspecificendofabranch.Thisendisspecifiedby
thecolumnDeviceLocationwhichcanbesettoeitherFromorTo.Itis
specifiedonthebranchdialogbycheckingtheboxDeviceisatFromEnd
ofLine(otherwiseatToEnd).TheendspecifiedbytheDeviceLocationis
referredtoasthe"RelayEnd",whiletheotherisreferredtoasthe"Other
End".
Whenthisrelay'sconditionsaremet,theentirebranchisopened.
Nouel Suppoiteu by PSLF
(m1*Threshold,t1*Tdm)
TimeToClose
[seconds]
Current
[pu]
Threshold
Current
(Threshold,3600*Tdm)
RelayOperation
TheTimeToClosevariesaccordingtothepiecewiselinearfunctionofperunitcurrentasshowntotherightandasspecifiedbytheinputvaluesThreshold,
m1..m5,andt1..t5.Ifm1isgreaterthan1.0,thenanadditionalpointattheThresholdcurrentof1hour(3,600seconds)isaddedtothecurve.
Thetimeatwhichtherelaywillcloseisdeterminedbyintegratingthefollowingfunction.Whenthefunctionequal1.0thentherelaywillclose.
0 = ]j
1
1mc1oCIosc
[dt
RelayResetting
WhenthecurrentdropsbelowtheThresholdcurrent,thentherelayresetsaccordingto
theparameterTReset.IfTResetiszero,thentherelayresetsto 0 = uinstantaneously.
Otherwisethereisatimedresetwhichoccursbyintegratingusingthefunction
0 = ]_1 - [
ICucnt
1hcshoId
2
_ j
-1
1Rcsct
[dt
Thisfunctionmeansthatatzerocurrent,itcompletelyresetsinTResetseconds.
MonitorFlag
Ifthemonitorflagis0,thentherelaywillcreateresulteventstoindicatethatlineswould
havetripped,butwillnotactuallytripanylines.Ifmonitorflagisnotzero,thentherelay
willsendatripsignaltothebranchwhento 0 1andthebranchwilltripafterthe
BreakerTimesecondshaveelapsed.
Line Relays OOSLEN

Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R
[pu]
Wt
Out-of-step relay with 3 zones OOSLEN
Relays are assigned to a specific end of a branch. This end is specified by
the column Device Location which can be set to either Fromor To. It is
specified on the branch dialog by checking the box Device is at From End
of Line (otherwise at To End). The end specified by the Device Location
is referred to as the "Relay End", while the other is referred to as the "Other
End".

When this relay's conditions are met, only the Relay End of the branch is
opened (determined by Device Location). However, the relay will
determine if the line presently serves a radial system (i.e. the Nfar bus
branch is already open). If a radial system is served, then all devices such
as load or generation is also opened.

Multiple OOSLEN relays can be assigned to the same end of a branch. In
order to distinguish between them there is an extra key field called Device
ID which must be specified for the OOSLEN. When loading from an
auxiliary file, if this field is omitted, Simulator assumes value of "1".
Nf
Nt
Nfar
Lens Shape [Wt <Rf+Rr] Tomato Shape [Wt >Rf+Rr]
Circle Shape [Wt =Rf+Rr]
AlsousedwhenWt=0
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wt
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
ParameterMeanings
Ang = Angle
Wt = WidthTotal
Rf = RForward
Rr = RReverse
(Forbackwardreach
specifyapositivenumber)
Note:InPSLF,theRrvaluesare
givenwiththeoppositesignfor
OOSLENandZLIN1only.Simulator
willflipsignswhenreadingand
writingRrvaluesfromDYDfiles.
Otherfieldresultsinclude
signalsassociatedwitha
particularzonewhichhavethe
followingmeanings.
0:notpickedup(notinZone)
1:Pickedup,nottimedout
2:Pickedup,timeoutcomplete
Otherfieldresultsincludesignals
associatedwithabreaker.For
breachsignals,thevalueshavethe
followingmeanings.
0:Tripnotinitiated
1:Tripinitiated,CBtimerrunning
2:Breakerhastripped
Line Relays OOSLNQ

Out-of-step relay with 3 zones OOSLNQ
ParameterMeanings
Shape = 1meansRectangle
0meansCircle,
Lens,orTomato
Ang = Angle
Wt = WidthTotal
Wr = WidthRight
Rf = RForward
Rr = RReverse(For
backwardreachspecifya
positivenumber)

Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R
[pu]
Wt
LensShape[Wt<Rf+Rr] TomatoShape[Wt>Rf+Rr]
CircleShape[Wt=Rf+Rr]
AlsousedwhenWt=0
RectangularShape
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wr
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wt
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Nf
Nt
Nfar
Relaysareassignedtoaspecificendofabranch.Thisendisspecifiedbythe
columnDeviceLocationwhichcanbesettoeitherFromorTo.Itisspecified
onthebranchdialogbycheckingtheboxDeviceisatFromEndofLine
(otherwiseatToEnd).TheendspecifiedbytheDeviceLocationisreferred
toasthe"RelayEnd",whiletheotherisreferredtoasthe"OtherEnd".
Whenthisrelay'sconditionsaremet,onlytheRelayEndofthebranchis
opened(determinedbyDeviceLocation).However,therelaywilldetermine
ifthelinepresentlyservesaradialsystem(i.e.theNfarbusbranchisalready
open).Ifaradialsystemisserved,thenalldevicessuchasloadorgeneration
isalsoopened.
MultipleOOSLNQrelayscanbeassignedtothesameendofabranch.Inorder
todistinguishbetweenthemthereisanextrakeyfieldcalledDeviceIDwhich
mustbespecifiedfortheOOSLEN.Whenloadingfromanauxiliaryfile,ifthis
fieldisomitted,Simulatorassumesvalueof"1".
associatedwithaparticularzone
whichhavethefollowingmeanings.
associatedwithabreaker.Forbreach
signals,thevalueshavethefollowing
meanings.
0:Tripnotinitiated
2:Breakerhastripped
Line Relay SERI ESCAPRELAY

Line Relay Model SERI ESCAPRELAY
Tfilter Voltage filter time constant in sec.
tbOn Switching time On in sec.
tbOff Switching time Off in sec.
V1On First voltage threshold for switching series capacitor ON in p.u.
t1On First time delay for switching series capacitor ON in sec.
V2On Second voltage threshold for switching series capacitor ON in p.u.
t2On Second time delay for switching series capacitor ON in sec.
V1Off First voltage threshold for switching series capacitor OFF in p.u.
t1Off First time delay for switching series capacitor OFF in sec.
V2Off Second voltage threshold for switching series capacitor OFF in p.u.
t2Off Second time delay for switching series capacitor OFF in sec.
Line Relays TI OCR1

Time I nverse Over-Current Relay

Relaysareassignedtoaspecificendofabranch.Thisendisspecifiedby
thecolumnDeviceLocationwhichcanbesettoeitherFromorTo.Itis
specifiedonthebranchdialogbycheckingtheboxDeviceisatFromEnd
ofLine(otherwiseatToEnd).TheendspecifiedbytheDeviceLocationis
referredtoasthe"RelayEnd",whiletheotherisreferredtoasthe"Other
End".Whenthisrelay'sconditionsaremet,theentirebranchisopened.
Nouel Suppoiteu by PSSE
TimeToClose
[seconds]
Current
[pu]
Threshold
Current
(Threshold,3600*Tdm)
RelayOperation
TheTimeToClosevariesaccordingtothepiecewiselinearfunctionofperunitcurrentasshowntotherightandasspecifiedbytheinputvaluesThreshold,
m1..m5,andt1..t5.Ifm1isgreaterthan1.0,thenanadditionalpointattheThresholdcurrentof1hour(3,600seconds)isaddedtothecurve.
Thetimeatwhichtherelaywillcloseisdeterminedbyintegratingthefollowingfunction.Whenthefunctionequal1.0thentherelaywillclose.
0 = ]j
1
1mc1oCIosc
[dt
RelayResetting
WhenthecurrentdropsbelowtheThresholdcurrent,thentherelayresetsaccordingto
theparameterTReset.IfTResetiszero,thentherelayresetsto 0 = uinstantaneously.
Otherwisethereisatimedresetwhichoccursbyintegratingusingthefunction
0 = ]_1 - [
ICucnt
1hcshoId
2
_ j
-1
1Rcsct
[dt
Thisfunctionmeansthatatzerocurrent,itcompletelyresetsinTResetseconds.
MonitorFlag
Ifthemonitorflagis0,thentherelaywillcreateresulteventstoindicatethatlineswould
havetripped,butwillnotactuallytripanylines.Ifmonitorflagisnotzero,thentherelay
willsendatripsignaltothebranchwhento 0 1andthebranchwilltripafterthe
BreakerTimesecondshaveelapsed.
TransferTrip
TripsignalsforthisrelaymaybesenttothreedifferentbranchesbypointingtobranchesforTransferTrip1,TransferTrip2,andTransferTrip3.Inaddition,a
TransferTripLoadrecordmayalsobepointedtowithacorrespondingparameterLoadShed%specifyingwhatpercentageoftheloadshouldbetripped.
Line Relays TLI N1

Under-voltage or Under-frequency Relay Tripping Line Circuit Breaker(s) TLI N1
Nf
Nt
Nfar
Relaysareassignedtoaspecificendofabranch.Thisend
isspecifiedbythecolumnDeviceLocationwhichcanbe
settoeitherFromorTo.Itisspecifiedonthebranchdialog
bycheckingtheboxDeviceisatFromEndofLine
(otherwiseatToEnd).TheendspecifiedbytheDevice
Locationisreferredtoasthe"RelayEnd",whiletheother
isreferredtoasthe"OtherEnd".
Whenthisrelay'sconditionsaremet,thetrippingwhich
occursdependsontheFlagparameterasfollows
0:OnlytheRelayEndofthebranchisopened(determined
byDeviceLocation).
1:Bothendsofthebranchareopenedandthefarend
branchisalsoopened.
2:OnlytheRelayEndofthebranchisopened(determined
byDeviceLocation).However,therelaywill
determineifthelinepresentlyservesaradialsystem
(i.e.theNfarbusbranchisalreadyopen).Ifaradial
systemisserved,thenalldevicessuchasloador
generationisalsoopened.
AnOtherFieldincludeasignalwhich
havethefollowingmeanings.
3:CircuitBreakerTripComplete

Thevaluemonitoredbythisrelayis
determinedbytheInputparameter.
0:meansfrequencyinHz
1:meansperunitvoltage
Thebusatwhichthisvalueismonitoredis
specifiedbysignalbus(SBus).Ifasignalbus
isnotspecified,thentheRelayEndbuswill
beusedinstead.
Therelayconditionismetifthemonitored
valuefallsbelowthepickupvalue(V1)at
leasttherelaydefinitetimesettings(T1).
Whentherelayisconditionismetthetrip
willoccurafterthecircuitbreakertime
delay(Tcb1)
Line Relays ZDCB

Relaysareassignedtoaspecificendofabranch.Thisendisspecified
bythecolumnDeviceLocationwhichcanbesettoeitherFromorTo.
ItisspecifiedonthebranchdialogbycheckingtheboxDeviceisat
FromEndofLine(otherwiseatToEnd).Theendspecifiedbythe
DeviceLocationisreferredtoasthe"RelayEnd",whiletheotheris
referredtoasthe"OtherEnd".
ForZone1,theregionisthesameforbothendsofthebranchandeach
endtripindependentlyiftheirZone1conditionsaremet.
Forhigherzonetrippingtooccur,thenZone2conditionsmustbemet
atoneendwhilesimultaneouslytheZone3conditionsattheotherend
arenotmet.
Distance Relay with Directional Comparison Blocking (ZDCB)
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R
[pu]
Wt
AlsousedwhenWt=0
RectangularShape
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wr
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wt
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Nf
Nt
Nfar
ParameterMeanings
0meansCircle,
Lens,orTomato
Ang = Angle
Wt = WidthTotal
Wr = WidthRight
Rf = RForward
Rr = RReverse(For
positivenumber)

meanings.
0:Tripnotinitiated
2:Breakerhastripped
Line Relays ZLI N1

Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R
[pu]
Wt
Distance Relay with 3 zones (ZLI N1)
Nf
Nt
Nfar
AlsousedwhenWt=0
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wt
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
ParameterMeanings
Ang = Angle
Wt = WidthTotal
Rf = RForward
Rr = RReverse
(Forbackwardreach
specifyapositivenumber)
Note:InPSLF,theRrvaluesare
givenwiththeoppositesignfor
OOSLENandZLIN1only.Simulator
willflipsignswhenreadingand
writingRrvaluesfromDYDfiles.
Relaysareassignedtoaspecificendofabranch.Thisend
isspecifiedbythecolumnDeviceLocationwhichcanbe
settoeitherFromorTo.Itisspecifiedonthebranchdialog
bycheckingtheboxDeviceisatFromEndofLine
(otherwiseatToEnd).TheendspecifiedbytheDevice
Locationisreferredtoasthe"RelayEnd",whiletheother
isreferredtoasthe"OtherEnd".
Whenthisrelay'sconditionsaremet,onlytheRelayEndof
thebranchisopened(determinedbyDeviceLocation).
However,therelaywilldetermineifthelinepresently
servesaradialsystem(i.e.theNfarbusbranchisalready
open).Ifaradialsystemisserved,thenalldevicessuchas
loadorgenerationisalsoopened.
Otherfieldresultsinclude
signalsassociatedwitha
particularzonewhichhavethe
followingmeanings.
associatedwithabreaker.For
breachsignals,thevalueshavethe
followingmeanings.
0:Tripnotinitiated
2:Breakerhastripped
Line Relays ZPOTT

Distance Relay with Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (ZPOTT)
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R
[pu]
Wt
AlsousedwhenWt=0
RectangularShape
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wr
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wt
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Nf
Nt
Nfar
ForZone1,theregionisthesameforbothendsofthebranchandeach
endtripindependentlyiftheirZone1conditionsaremet.
ForhigherZone2trippingtooccur,thenZone2conditionsmustbe
metattheRelayandOtherendssimultaneously.
ParameterMeanings
0meansCircle,
Lens,orTomato
Ang = Angle
Wt = WidthTotal
Wr = WidthRight
Rf = RForward
Rr = RReverse(For
positivenumber)

meanings.
0:Tripnotinitiated
2:Breakerhastripped
Line Relays ZQLI N1

Distance Relay with 3 Zones (ZQLI N1)
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R
[pu]
Wt
AlsousedwhenWt=0
RectangularShape
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wr
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wt
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Nf
Nt
Nfar
Whenthisrelay'sconditionsaremet,onlytheRelayEndofthebranch
isopened(determinedbyDeviceLocation).However,therelaywill
determineifthelinepresentlyservesaradialsystem(i.e.theNfarbus
branchisalreadyopen).Ifaradialsystemisserved,thenalldevices
suchasloadorgenerationisalsoopened.
ParameterMeanings
0meansCircle,
Lens,orTomato
Ang = Angle
Wt = WidthTotal
Wr = WidthRight
Rf = RForward
Rr = RReverse(For
positivenumber)

meanings.
0:Tripnotinitiated
2:Breakerhastripped
LINERELAYMOD
EL_
Line Relays ZQLI N2

Distance Relay with 3 Zones (ZQLI N2)
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R
[pu]
Wt
AlsousedwhenWt=0
RectangularShape
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wr
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Wt
Wt
Rf
Rr
Ang
X[pu]
R[pu]
Whenthisrelay'sconditionsaremet,onlytheRelayEndofthebranch
isopened(determinedbyDeviceLocation).However,therelaywill
determineifthelinepresentlyservesaradialsystem(i.e.theNfarbus
branchisalreadyopen).Ifaradialsystemisserved,thenalldevices
suchasloadorgenerationisalsoopened.
Nf
Nt
Nfar
ParameterMeanings
0meansCircle,
Lens,orTomato
Ang = Angle
Wt = WidthTotal
Wr = WidthRight
Rf = RForward
Rr = RReverse(For
positivenumber)

meanings.
0:Tripnotinitiated
2:Breakerhastripped
Load Characteristic BPA INDUCTION MOTOR I

Load Characteristic BPA I nduction MotorI
I nduction Motor Load Model

S S
R jX +
m
jX
R
jX
R
R
R
s
= ,
MWS
T E
MECHANICAL
LOAD
2
2
Model Notes:
Mechanical Load Torque, ( )
where C is calculated by the programsuch that
1.0
1
O
T A B C T
A B C

= + +
+ + =
=
Model in the public domain, available fromBPA
Load Characteristic BPA TYPE LA

Load Characteristic BPA Type LA
Load Model

( ) ( )
2
0 1 2 3 4
1 *
DP
P P PV PV P P f L = + + + +
Load Characteristic BPA TYPE LB

Load Characteristic BPA Type LB
Load Model

( )( )
2
0 1 2 3
1 *
DP
P P PV PV P f L = + + +

Load Characteristic CIM5

Load Characteristic CI M5

A A
R jX +
m
jX
1
jX
1
R
s
2
jX
2
R
s
Type1
A A
R jX +
m
jX 1
R
s
2
jX
2
R
s
Type2
I mpedances on Motor MVA Base
1
jX
2 2
D
L
Model Notes:
1. To model single cage motor: set R =X =0.
2. When MBASE =0.; motor MVA base=PMULT*MW load. When MBASE >0.; motor MVA base=MBASE
3. Load Torque, T =T(1+D )
4. For mot

nom 0
|
or starting, T=T is specified by the user in CON(J +18). For motor online studies, T=T is calculated
in the code during initialization and stored in VAR(L+4).
5. V is the per unit vo
|
|
ltage level below which the relay to trip the motor will begin timing. To display relay, set
V=0
6. T is the time in cycles for which the voltage must remain below the threshold for t
B
he relay to trip. T is the
breaker delay time cycles.
Load Characteristic CIM6

Load Characteristic CI M6

A A
R jX +
m
jX
1
jX
1
R
s
2
jX
2
R
s
Type1
A A
R jX +
m
jX 1
R
s
2
jX
2
R
s
Type2
( )
2 2
D
2
L 0
Model Notes:
3. Load Torque, T =T A +B +C +D
4.
E

nom 0
|
For motor starting, T=T is specified by the user in CON(J +22). For motor online studies, T=T is calculated
in the code during initialization and stored in VAR(L+4).
5. V is the per
|
|
unit voltage level below which the relay to trip the motor will begin timing. To display relay, set
V=0
6. T is the time in cycles for which the voltage must remain below the threshol
B
d for the relay to trip. T is the
1
jX
Load Characteristic CIMW

Load Characteristic CI MW

A A
R jX +
m
jX
1
jX
1
R
s
2
jX
2
R
s
Type1
A A
R jX +
m
jX 1
R
s
2
jX
2
R
s
Type2
( )
2 2
D
2
L 0
Model Notes:
3. Load Torque, T =T A +B +C +D where C0
E

0 0
2
0
|
=1 A B D .
4. This model cannot be used formotor starting studies. T is calculated in the code during initialization and
stored in VAR(L+4).
5. V is the per unit voltage
E

|
|
level below which the relay to trip the motor will begin timing. To display relay, set
V=0
6. T is the time in cycles for which the voltage must remain below the threshold for the rel
B
ay to trip. T is the
1
jX
Load Characteristic CLOD

Load Characteristic CLOD
Complex Load Model

P jQ +
Tap
O
R jX
P
+
Load MW input on systembase
O
P =
I
V
I
V
Constant
MVA
2
*
*
P
K
RO
RO
P P V
Q Q V
=
=
Large
Motors
Small
Motors
Discharge
Motors
Transformer
Saturation
Remaining
Loads
M M
Load Characteristic CMPLD

Composite Load Model CMPLD
1
st
motor Polynomial load
P
sec
+jQ
sec

2
nd
motor
Polynomial load
P
far
+jQ
far

Discrete Tap
Change Control
V
4
V
sec

V
3

r
4
x
4

V
sec_measured
V
sec_init

i
4

i
sec

Load Characteristic CMPLDW


Low Side
Bus
Rfdr, Xfdr
Load
Bus
LTC
Tfixhs
Tfixls
Tmin

Bss
Bf1 Bf2
Tdel
Tdelstep
Rcmp
Xcmp

MVABase
Xxf
Transmission
System Bus
Transmission
System Bus
Transformer Control
Tmax
Step
Vmin
Vmax
P
init
+ jQ
init

P
init
+ jQ
init

DLIGHT Model

Fb
Bf1 = ( Fb )(Bf1+Bf2)
Bf2 = (1-Fb)(Bf1+Bf2)
Theinternal model used by thetransient stability numerical
simulation structurally does thefollowing.
1. Creates two buses called Low Side Bus and Load Bus
2. Creates a transformer between Transmission Bus and Low
Side Bus
3. Creates a capacitor at the Low Side Bus
4. Creates a branch between Low Side Bus and Load Bus
5. Moves the Load from the Transmission Bus to the Load Bus
P
LS
+ jQ
LS

Tap
IEEL Model

LD1PAC or MOTORX Model A

LD1PAC or MOTORX Model B

LD1PAC or MOTORX Model C

LD1PAC or MOTORX Model D

Load Characteristic CMPLDWNF

This represents a load model identical to the CMPLDW model, except that all the parameters related to the Distribution Equivalent
have been removed (the first 17 parameters of CMPLDW and the MVABase).

Model supported by PowerWorld

Load Characteristic DISTRIBUTION EQUIVALENT TYPES

This equivalent model and the parameters used for the Load Distribution Equivalent Types are the same as the first 17 parameters of
the CMPLDW load characteristic model, along with an MVA base parameter.

Model supported by PowerWorld

Load Characteristic DLIGHT

Load Characteristic Model DLI GHT
Model supported by PW
Real Power Coefficient Real Power Coefficient
Reactive Power Coefficient Reactive Power Coefficient
Breakpoint Voltage Breakpoint Voltage
Extinction Voltage Extinction Voltage

Load Characteristic EXTL

Load Characteristic EXTL
Complex Load Model

P
K
s
PMLTMX
PMLTMN
1
initial
P
initial
P
MULT
P actual
P
Q
K
s
QMLTMX
QMLTMN
1
initial
Q
initial
Q
MULT
Q actual
Q
States:
1 P
MULT

2 - Q
MULT

Load Characteristic IEEL

Load Characteristic I EEL
Complex Load Model

( )( )
( )( )
3 1 2
5 6 4
1 2 3 7
4 5 6 8
1
1
n n n
load
n n n
load
P P av a v av a f
Q Q a v av a v a f
= + + +
= + + +
Load Characteristic LD1PAC

Load Characteristic Model LD1PAC
Pul Fraction of constant power load
TV Voltage input time in sec.
Tf Frequency input time constant in sec.
CompPF Compressor Power Factor
Vstall Compressor Stalling Voltage in p.u.
Rstall Compressor Stall resistance in p.u.
Xstall Compressor Stall impedance in p.u.
Tstall Compressor Stall delay time in sec.
LFadj Vstall adjustment proportional lo loading
factor
KP1 to KP2 Real power coefficient for running states,
p.u.P/p.u.V
NP1 to NP2 Real power exponent for running states
KQ1 to KQ2 Reactive power coefficient for running
states, p.u.Q/p.u.
NQ1 to NQ2 Reactive power exponent for running states
Vbrk Compressor motor breakdown voltage in
p.u
Frst Restarting motor fraction
Vrst Restart motor voltage in p.u.
Trst Restarting time delay in sec.
CmpKpf Real power frequency sensitivity,
p.u.P/p.u.
CmpKqf Reactive power frequency sensitivity,
p.u.Q/p.u.

Vc1off Voltage 1 contactor disconnect load in p.u.
Vc2off Voltage 2 contactor disconnect load in p.u.
Vc1on Voltage 1 contactor re-connect load in p.u.
Vc2on Voltage 2 contactor re-connect load in p.u.
Tth Compressor heating time constant in sec.
Th1t Compressor motors begin tripping
Th2t Compressor motors finished tripping
fuvr Fraction of compressor motors with
undervoltage relays
uvtr1 to uvtr2 Undervoltage pickup level in p.u.
ttr1 to ttr2 Undervoltage definite time in sec.

Load Characteristic LDFR

Load Characteristic LDFR
Complex Load Model

m
O
O
n
O
O
r
p po
O
s
q qo
O
P P
Q Q
I I
I I

=

=

=

=

Load Characteristic LDRANDOM

Random Load Model LDRANDOM
The Random Load Model simulates a random load. The user needs to input the Percent of Standard
Deviation to generate a random number; a Time for the filter and the Start time when the random
load will start to be model. Once the random load model start internally it uses a filter and the
generated random number to modify the load.
Load Characteristic MOTORW

Two-cage or One-cage I nduction Machine for Part of a Bus Load Model MOTORW

+
-

1

+
E''
q

-

-
1

+
+

1

d-axis
o
SLIP T
PO

E'
q

o
SLIP
Lp-Lpp
Ls-Lp
+
+
i
d

-
+

+
+

1

+
E''
d

+

-
1

+
+

1

q-axis
o
SLIP T
PO

E'
d

o
SLIP
Lp-Lpp
Ls-Lp

-
+
I
q

-
-

Load Characteristic WSCC

Load Characteristic Model WSCC
p1 Constant impedance fraction in p.u.
q1 Constant impedance fraction in p.u.
p2 Constant current fraction in p.u.
q2 Constant current fraction in p.u.
p3 Constant power fraction in p.u.
q3 Constant power fraction in p.u.
p4 Frequency dependent power fraction in p.u.
q4 Frequency dependent power fraction in p.u.
lpd Real power frequency index in p.u.
lqd Reactive power frequency index in p.u.

Load Relays DLSH

Rate of Frequency Load Shedding Model DLSH
f1 to f3 Frequency load shedding point
t1 to t3 Pickup time
Frac1 to frac3 Fraction of load to shed
tb Breaker time
df1 to df3 Rate of frequency shedding point

Load Relays LDS3

Underfrequency Load Shedding Model with Transfer Trip LDS3
Tran Trip Obj Transfer Trip Object
SC Shed Shunts
tb1 to tb5 Breaker time
ttb Transfer trip breaker time

Load Relays LDSH

Underfrequency Load Shedding Model LDSH
frac1 to frac3 Fraction of load to shed
tb Breaker time

Load Relays LDST

Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Model LDST
z1 to z4 Nominal operating time
tb Breaker time
frac Fraction of load to shed
freset Reset frequency
tres Resetting time

Load Relays LSDT1

Shed (p.u.)
Bus Frequency
Definite-Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT1
Tfilter Input transducer time constant
tres Resetting time

Definite Time
Characteristic
Load Relays LSDT2

Shed (p.u.)
Bus Frequency
Definite-Time Undervoltage Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT2
Rem Bus Remote Bus
Voltage Mode Voltage mode: 0 for deviation; 1 for absolute
tres Resetting time
v1 to v3 Voltage load shedding point

Definite Time
Characteristic
Load Relays LSDT8

Shed (p.u.)
Bus Frequency
Definite-Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT8
tres Resetting time
df1 to df3 Rate of frequency shedding point

Definite Time
Characteristic
Load Relays LSDT9

Shed (p.u.)
Bus Frequency
Definite Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT9
tres Resetting time

Definite Time
Characteristic
Load Relays LVS3

Undervoltage Load Shedding Model with Transfer Trip LVS3
FirstTran Trip Obj First Transfer Trip Object
SecondTran Trip Obj First Transfer Trip Object
SC Shed Shunts
ttb1 to ttb2 Transfer trip breaker time

Load Relays LVSH

Undervoltage Load Shedding Model LVSH
tb Breaker time

Machine Model BPASVC
No Block Diagram. Old BPA IPF program model.

Machine Model CBEST

EPRI Battery Energy Storage Model CBEST
States:
1 VLL1
2 VLL2
3 IQ
4 EnergyIn
5 - EnergyOut

Other Signals
VOTHSG

1

(1 +
1
)(1 +
2
)
(1 +
3
)(1 +
4
)

2
3
2

4

+
+
5

+
+

> 0
< 0
Machine Model CIMTR1

Model CI MTR1
Tp T' - Transient rotor time constant
Tpp T'' Sub-transient rotor time constant in sec.
H Inertia constant in sec.
X Synchronous reactance
Xp X' Transient Reactance
Xpp X'' Sub-transient Reactance
Xl Stator leakage reactance in p.u.
E1 Field voltage value E1
SE1 Saturation value at E1
Switch Switch
Ra Stator resistance in p.u.

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki
5 Speed wr

I nduction Motor Model CI MTR2
D Damping

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki
5 Speed wr

I nduction Generator Model CI MTR3
Switch Switch
SYN-POW Mechanical power at synchronous speed (p.u. >0)

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki
5 Speed wr

I nduction Motor Model CI MTR4
D Damping
SYN-TOR Synchronous torque (p.u. <0)

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki
5 Speed wr
Machine Model CSTATT

Static Condenser (STATCON) Model CSTATT
States:
1 Regulator 1
2 Regulator 2
3 Thyristor
Other Signals
VOTHSG
+

1

(1 +
1
)(1 +
2
)
(1 +
3
)(1 +
4
)

2
3

0

(
)
0
=

0
=

where

=
0

(
)
0
=

0
=

where

Also,

V is on the high-side of the generator step-up if integrated
transformer step-up is included.

||
Machine Model CSVGN1


Static Shunt Compensator CSVGN1
+
5
1
1 sT +
1.
/
MIN
R RBASE
Other Signals
VOTHSG
REF
V

V
( )( )
( )( )
1 2
3 4
1 1
1 1
K sT sT
sT sT
+ +
+ +
MAX
V
MIN
V
/
BASE
C SBASE
Y
/ MBASE SBASE
RBASE MBASE =
is the voltage magnitude on the high side of generator step-up transformer if present. V Note:
3
1
2
States:
1 Regulator1
2 Regulator2
3 Thyristor



+
5
1
1 sT +
1.
/
MIN
R RBASE
Other Signals
VOTHSG
REF
V

/
BASE
C SBASE
Y
ERR
V
V
( )( )
( )( )
1 2
3 4
1 1
1 1
K sT sT
sT sT
+ +
+ +
MAX
V
MIN
V
1, if
/ if
ERR OV
ERR OV
V V
RMIN RBASE V V
>
<
/ MBASE SBASE
RBASE MBASE =
is the voltage magnitude on the high side of generator step-up transformer if present. V Note:
3
1
2
States:
1 Regulator1
2 Regulator2
3 Thyristor



+
5
1
1 sT +
1.
/
MIN
R RBASE
Other Signals
VOTHSG
REF
V

/
BASE
C SBASE
Y
ERR
V
IB
V
( )( )
( )( )
1 2
3 4
1 1
1 1
K sT sT
sT sT
+ +
+ +
MAX
V
MIN
V
1, if
/ if
ERR OV
ERR OV
V V
RMIN RBASE V V
>
<
/ MBASE SBASE
RBASE MBASE =
3
1
2
States:
1 Regulator1
2 Regulator2
3 Thyristor


Static Var Compensator CSVGN5
6
1
1 sT +
MAX
B
MIN
B
( ) VREF I
+
VOLT(IBUS)
VOLT(ICON(M))
or
EMAX
V
EMAX
V
+
1
1
1
s
sT +

+
( ) VOTHSG I
2
3
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
4
5
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
SVS
K
( ) MBASE I
SBASE ( ) VAR L
( )
' '
'
' '
If :
If :
If :
ERR LO R MAX SD ERR
HI ERR LO R R
ERR HI R MIN
V DV B B K V DV
DV V DV B B
V DV B B
> = +
< < =
< =
ERR
V
R
B
Fast Override
Thyristor Delay
'
'
If 0,
/
/
LO MAX SVS
HI MIN SVS
DV
DV B K
DV B K
=
=
=
If 0,

LO
HI
DV
DV DV
DV DV
>
=
=
Filter
Regulator
1st Stage 2nd Stage
'
R
B
SVS
B
3
1
2
States:
1 Filter
2 Regulator1
3 Regulator2
4 Thyristor

4


Static Var Compensator CSVGN6
6
1
1 sT +
MAX
B
MIN
B
VREF
+
VOLT(IBUS)
VOLT(ICON(M))
or
+
1
1
1
s
sT +

+
Other
Signals
( ) VOTHSG I
2
3
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
4
5
1
1
S
S
sT
sT
+
+
SVS
K
( )
' '
'
' '
If :
If :
If :
ERR LO R MAX SD ERR
HI ERR LO R R
ERR HI R MIN
V DV B B K V DV
DV V DV B B
V DV B B
> = +
< < =
< =
ERR
V
R
B
Fast Override
Thyristor Delay
'
'
If 0,
/
/
LO MAX SVS
HI MIN SVS
DV
DV B K
DV B K
=
=
=
If 0,

LO
HI
DV
DV DV
DV DV
>
=
=
Filter
'
R
B
SVS
B
MAX
V
MIN
V
EMAX
V
EMIN
V
+
+
Position 1 is normal (open)

If 2, switch will
close after cycles.
ERR
V DV
TDELAY
>
1 2
BIAS
BSHUNT
+
R
B
3
1
2
4
States:
1 Filter
2 Regulator1
3 Regulator2
4 Thyristor

Machine Model GEN_BPA_MMG2
No block diagram. 2 state machine model (Angle, Speed, and constant Eqp)

No block diagram. 3 state machine model (Angle, Speed, Eqp). Similar to GENTRA

No block diagram. 4 state machine model (Angle, Speed, Eqp, Edp).

No block diagram, but similar to GENSAL and GENSAE. 5 states (Angle, Speed, Eqp, Eqpp, Edpp).

No block diagram, but similar to GENROU and GENROE. 6 states (Angle, Speed, Eqp, Eqpp, Edp, Edpp).

Machine Model GENCC

fd
E
+
Machine Model GENCC

Generator represented by uniform inductance ratios rotor
modeling to match WSCC type F
'
1
do
sT
'
' ''
d d
d d
X X
X X

''
'
d d
d d
X X
X X
' ''
d d
X X
'
q
E
'
q
E
''
1
do
sT
d
i
1
E
e
S
q
d
X
X
q axis
d axis
States:
1 Angle
2 Speed w
3 Eqp
4 Eqpp
5 Edp
6 - Edpp

Machine Model GENCLS_PLAYBACK

Machine Model GENCLS_PLAYBACK
Synchronous machine represented by classical modeling or
Thevenin Voltage Source to play Back known
voltage/frequency signal
Recorded
Voltage
Responding
System
0.03
on 100 MVA base
ab
Z =
A B
gencls
Responding
System
ppd
I
B
Responding
System
0.03
on 100 MVA base
ab
Z =
A B
gencls
ppd
I
States:
1 Angel
2 Speed w

Machine Model GENDCO

Round Rotor Generator Model I ncluding DC Offset Torque
Component GENDCO
D Damping
Xd X
d
Direct axis synchronous reactance
Xq X
q
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance
Xdp X'
d
Xqp X'
q
Tdop T'
do
Open circuit direct axis transient time constant
Tqop T'
qo
Quadrature axis transient time constant
Tdopp T''
do
Open circuit direct axis subtransient time constant
Tqopp T''
qo
Quadrature axis subtransient time constant
S(1.0) Saturation factor at 1.0 p.u. flux
Ta T
a

Machine Model GENIND

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki
5 Speed wr
=
1
+ 1
1
+ 1
2
md

mq

E''
q
= '
d

-E''
d
=
'
q

qr2

-
i
ds

Two Cage or One Cage I nduction Generator Model GENI ND
dr2

i
qs

2

+

L''
msat

-
+
1
o
SLIP

qr1

-
dr1

1

+

-
+
1
o
SLIP

+
+
dr1

-
qr1

1

+

+
+
1
o
SLIP

+
+
dr2

-
qr2

2

+

+
+
1
o
SLIP

2
+
2

S
e

m

L''
msat

L''
msat

L''
msat

-
-
+
+

K
sat
=1 +Se(
m
)
= 1/(1/
+ 1/
1
) =
= 1/(1/
+ 1/
1
+1/
2
)
=
=
1

/(
)
= (
1
+
)/(

1
)
=
2

/(
)
= (
2
+
)/(

2
)

Machine Model GEPWTwoAxis

Model GENPWTwoAxis
Model supported by PW
D Damping
Xd X
d
Xq X
q
Xdp X'
d
Xqp X'
q
Tdop T'
do
Open circuit direct axis transient time constant
Tqop T'
qo
Quadrature axis transient time constant

States:
1 Angel
2 Speed w
3 Eqp
4 Edp

Machine Model GENROE

Round Rotor Generator Model GENROEI nduction Generator
Same as the GENROU model, except that an exponential
function is used for saturation

Machine Model GENROU

fd
E
+
Machine Model GENROU
Solid Rotor Generator represented by equal mutual
inductance rotor modeling
+
+
'
1
do
sT
''
'
d l
d l
X X
X X
''
d
P
d
i
fd
P
' ''
'
d d
d l
X X
X X

'
d l
X X
+
''
1
do
sT
kd
P
+
+
+
'
d d
X X
''
d
P
+
+
''
P
''
( )
q l
q
d l
X X
P
X X
e
S
' ''
'
( )**2
d d
d l
X X
X X
d AXIS

ad fd
L i
*** , q AXIS identical swapping d and qsubstripts
States:
1 Angle
2 Speed w
3 Eqp
4 PsiDp
5 PsiQpp
6 Edp

Machine Model GENSAE

Same as the GENSAL model, except that an exponential function is used for saturation

Machine Model GENSAL

fd
E
+
Machine Model GENSAL
Salient Pole Generator represented by equal mutual
inductance rotor modeling
+
+
'
1
do
sT
''
'
d l
d l
X X
X X
''
d
P
d
i
fd
P
' ''
'
d d
d l
X X
X X

'
d l
X X
+
''
1
do
sT
kd
P
+
+
+
'
d d
X X
+
+
' ''
'
( )**2
d d
d l
X X
X X
d AXIS

ad fd
L i

''
1
qo
sT
kd
P
''
q q
X X
''
q
P
q
i
q AXIS
e fd
S P
States:
1 Angle
2 Speed w
3 Eqp
4 PsiDp
5 PsiQpp

Machine Model GENTPF

''
d
E''
q

E'
q

-
+
Generator Represented by Uniform I nductance Ratios Rotor
Modeling to Match WSCC Type F Model GENTPF
1

S
e

E
fd

+
-

-
+
S
e

i
d

States:
1 Angle
2 Spped w
3 Eqp
4 Eqpp
5 Edp
6 Edpp

= 1 +
= 1 +

Q-Axis Similar except:

Machine Model GENTPJ

Same as the GENTPF model, except that the saturation function input is modeled with an extra term using the
value as follows.

= 1 +
= 1 +

)

Q-Axis Similar except:

Machine Model GENTRA

fd
E
+
Machine Model GENTRA
Salient Pole Generator without Amortisseur Windings
+
d
i
'
d
X
'
d d
X X
+
+
d AXIS

ad fd
L i
q
X
q
i
q AXIS
e
S
'
1
do
sT

States:
1 Angle
2 Speed w
3 - Eqp

Machine Model GENWRI

MECH
P
+
Machine Model GENWRI

Wound-rotor I nduction Generator Model with Variable External
Rotor Resistance
+
1
2Hs
r
slip
0

ELEC
P
S
f
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
0
'
0
'
'
0
'
'
0
'
'
2
2
2 2
( )
( )
s l
s
fd d s d
fd fq
fq q s q
fq fd
d fd
q fq
L L
R Tpo
L L
R Tpo
T
R ex R
S L L i
slip
T
S L L i
slip
T
=
+
+ +
= +
+ +
= +
=
=

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
' '
' '
2 2
' ' '
'
'
'
q s d d a q
d s q q a d
d q
e sat
d e d
q e d
e Li R i
e Li R i
S f
S S
S S
=
= +
= +
=
=
=

'
0
R2Tpo is a constant which is equal to T times
the total rotor resistance.
R2 is the internal rotor resistance
R2ex is the internal rotor resistance
States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Speed wr

Machine Model GEWTG

Machine Model GEWTG
Generator/converter model for GE wind turbines
Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generator (DFAG)
jLpp
States:
1 E
q

2 I
p

3 Vmeas

+
1

1
1 +0.02

1
0.02

rrpwr

+
_

1
1 +0.02

V
T

LVPL
2
Lvpl1
xerox brkpt
V
1
3
if LPVLSW = 0 then ignore this limit
1
0.4 0.8

1.2
is calculated in network equations

solution to enforce high voltage limit
V
T

Low Voltage Active Current Management
High Voltage Reactive Current Management
+
+
Norton
Equivalent
Interface to
network
equations
EXWTGE
Model
When fcflg =0, this means a DFAG machine

Machine Model GEWTG
Generator/converter model for GE wind turbines
Full Converter (FC) Models
States:
1 E
q

2 I
p

3 Vmeas

+
-1 1
1 +0.02

1
0.02

rrpwr

+
_

1
1 +0.02

V
T

LVPL
2
Lvpl1
xerox brkpt
V
1
3
1
0.4 0.8

1.2

V
T

+
+
Norton
Equivalent
Interface to
network
equations
EWTFC
Model
When fcflg =1, this means a Full Converter machine

Machine Model InfiniteBusSignalGen

This model extends the functionality of an infinite bus model. Of course in power system dynamics an infinite bus is
characterized by a fixed voltage magnitude and frequency. This model makes it easy to change both the voltage magnitude
and frequency, hence making it easy to see how other models in the system respond to frequency and voltage disturbances.
Presently the model has the ability to do either unit step changes, ramp changes, or constant frequency sinusoidal changes. Up
to five separate time segments (changes) can be modeled.

The model dialog is shown as follows. It has two general fields (DoRamp and StartTime,Sec) and then five sets of five fields
corresponding to each of the time segments. These fields are described below.

General Options
DoRamp is an integer option that determines whether the non-sinusoidal changes should be discrete (DoRamp = 0) or
ramping (DoRamp = 1). The default is zero.
Start Time, Sec is the number of seconds before the first event occurs. The default is zero.

Segment Fields
The next five fields are associated with each time segment.

Volt Delta(PU) : is the per unit magnitude of the voltage change to simulate.
Volt Freq(Hz) : is the frequency of the sinusoidal function to apply to the voltage disturbance. If this value is greater
than zero then the voltage disturbance is a sin function with a magnitude of VoltDeltaPU. Set this
field to zero when simulating a unit step or ramp disturbance. The default is zero.
Speed Delta (Hz) : is the magnitude of the speed (frequency) change to simulate.
Speed Freq(Hz) : is the frequency of the sinusoidal function to apply to the speed disturbance.
Duration (Sec) : is the duration of the event in seconds. Both the voltage and frequency events have the same
duration, with the usual expectation that either one or the other will be applied. If the duration
value is negative then this event is ignored. A value of zero indicates the event continues until the
end of the simulation (except when a zero is used with a ramp event the ramp is assumed to be a
unit step).

These fields are then repeated for the next time segment. Up to five segments can be simulated. The changes are cumulative,
so the value assumed at the beginning of the next segment is the value that existed at the end of the previous time segment.
The model used is very similar to the PLAYINGEN model.

As an example, consider four bus system shown in upper-left figure on the following page with the generator at bus 2
represented with an InfiniteBusSignalGen model. The signal generator is set to run flat for 1 seconds (Start Time,Sec = 1),
then ramp the voltage up by 0.1 per unit over two seconds, ramp it back down over two seconds, hold flat for one second, then
start a 0.1 per unit, 2 Hz oscillation until the end. This input data is shown in bottom-left figure on the next page with the
results shown in upper-right. In the results figure the Blue line shows the infinite bus voltage (bus 2), while the red shows the
terminal voltage for the other generator (bus 4). The middle-right figure shows a similar test with the generator frequency
except the frequency of the change is dropped to 0.5 Hz. Again blue shows the generator 2 value, in this case speed, while red
shows the generator 4 speed. When the frequency of the infinite bus speed variation approaches the natural frequency of the
bus 4 generator (about 1.8 Hz, calculated through single machine infinite bus analysis), resonance can be seen to occur. This is
shown in lower-right figure; note now the input frequency has a magnitude of just 0.1 Hz and the simulation has been
extended to twenty seconds.

Infinite Bus
slack
Bus 1 Bus 2
Bus 3
0.00 Deg 6.58 Deg
Bus 4
11.57 Deg
4.45 Deg
1.000 pu 1.030 pu 1.048 pu
1.097 pu
Term. PU_GenBus 2#1 Term. PU_GenBus 4#1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
Speed, GenBus 2#1 Speed, GenBus 4#1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
61.3
61.2
61.1
61
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.6
60.5
60.4
60.3
60.2
60.1
60
59.9
59.8
59.7
59.6
59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
59.1
59
58.9
Speed_GenBus 2#1 Speed_GenBus 4#1
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
61
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.6
60.5
60.4
60.3
60.2
60.1
60
59.9
59.8
59.7
59.6
59.5
59.4
59.3

Machine Model MOTOR1

Machine Model MOTOR1
Two-cage or one-cage induction machine
1
1
o r
lr
R
L
o
SLIP
1 dr
1
1.
lr
L
+
+
+
1 qr
2
2
o r
lr
R
L
o
SLIP
2 dr
2
1.
lr
L
+
2 qr
''
msat
L
+
+
'' ''
d q
E =
''
msat
L
qs
i
e
S
m
1. ( )
sat e m
K S = +
''

1 2
1.
/ 1./ 1./
msat
sat m lr lr
L
K L L L
=
+ +
2
2
o r
lr
R
L
o
SLIP
2 qr
2
1.
lr
L
+
+
+
2 dr
1
1
o r
lr
R
L
o
SLIP

1
1.
lr
L
+
+
+
1 dr
1 qr
''
msat
L
+
+
+
2 2
md mq
+
''
msat
L
ds
i

+
'' ''
q d
E =
' '
1
'' ''
1 2
' '
1 1 1 1
'' ' '' '
2 2 2 2
1./ (1./ 1./ )
1./ (1./ 1./ 1./ )
/ ( ) ( ) / ( )
/ ( ) ( ) / ( )
m s l
m m lr l
m m lr lr l
o lr m o r m lr m o r
o lr m o r m lr m o r
L L L
L L L L L
L L L L L L
T L L R L L L R
T L L R L L L R

=
= + =
= + + =
= = +
= = +
mq
md
States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 - Eki
5 Speed wr

Machine Model PLAYINGEN

Playin Signals
States:
1 Frequency [per unit]
2 Voltage [per unit]
3 Delta [radians]

1
1 +

Playin
Signals
1
1 +

Value[Vindex]
Value[Findex]

1.0
+

[radians]

[]
1
3
+
Thevenin
Equivalent
Interface to
network
equations
2

_
Playin Signal Generator (PLAYI NGEN)

Machine Model STCON

V
t

Static Synchronous Condenser Model STCON
q
set

q
term

-
U
MIN
= S3
U
MAX
= S2
U
MIN

U
MAX

+
+
V
MIN

V
MAX

V
ctr

1
1 +

K
p

i
term

R

V
ref

+
V
sig

+ +

+

-

+
V
int

If S4 > I
max

+

-

V
max

+

If S4 < (I
max
- I
mxeps
)
and
v
term
> v
thresh

-
If q
term
0
If q
term
0
If S4 > I
max

+

-

V
min

+

If S4 < (I
max
- I
mxeps
)
and
v
term
> v
thresh

-

-

V
min

+

-

V
max

+

i
term
, q
term

p
term
=0

V
int

1
1 +

|i
term
|

X
t

2

1
2

2
2

3
States:
1 Vsens
2 Integrator
3 Umax
4 Umin
5 I
termSens

6 Qerr

2

4
2

5
2

6
2

3
2

4
2

3
2

4
2

5
2

5
2

5
2

5
2

5
2

5

Machine Model SVCWSC

Static Var Device Model SVCWSC

-
-
+
B
MIN

B
MAX

V
bus

V
ref

V
scs
+V
s

+ +

+
B
svs

1 +
1 +
1

1 +
2
1 +
3

1 +
4
+
5

1
1 +
6

X
C

K
SVS

V
s
(fromexternal PSS)
Ve
MIN

Ve
MAX

V1
MIN

V1
MAX

K
vc
V2
MIN

K
vc
V2
MAX

Fast
Over
Ride
If V
bus
<V1
vd
, K
vc
=0.
If V
bus
>V2
vd
for T
dvcl
sec., K
vc
=1.
Voltage Clamp Logic

1
1 +
7

1 +
8
1 +
9

2
1 +
10

1 +
11
1 +
12

+
+
K
S3

13
1 +
14

Input 1
Input 2
Vscs
MIN

Vscs
MAX

Vscs
2

1
2

2
2

3
2

4
2

5
2

6
2

7
2

9
2

8
States:
1 LLVbus
2 Regulator1
3 Regulator2
4 Thyristor
5 Transducer1
6 LL1
7 Transducer2
8 - LL2
9 WO13

Machine Model VWSCC

Static Var Device Model VWSCC

-
-
+
B
MIN

B
MAX

V
bus

V
ref

V
scs

+ +

+
B
svs

1 +
1 +
1

+
2
+
3

1 +
4
1 +
5

1
1 +
6

X
C

K
SVS

(fromStabilizer)
Ve
MIN

Ve
MAX

Fast
Over
Ride

e
-sTd1

2

1
2

2
2

3
States:
1 LLVBus
2 Regulator1
3 Regulator2
4 Thyristor
2

4

Machine Model WT1G

=
1
+ 1
1
+ 1
2
md

mq

E''
q
= '
d

-E''
d
=
'
q

qr2

-
i
ds

Generator Model for Generic Type-1 Wind Turbines WT1G
dr2

i
qs

2

+

L''
msat

-
+
1
o
SLIP

qr1

-
dr1

1

+

-
+
1
o
SLIP

+
+
dr1

-
qr1

1

+

+
+
1
o
SLIP

+
+
dr2

-
qr2

2

+

+
+
1
o
SLIP

2
+
2

S
e

m

L''
msat

L''
msat

L''
msat

-
-
+
+

K
sat
=1 +Se(
m
)
= 1/(1/
+ 1/
1
) =
= 1/(1/
+ 1/
1
+1/
2
)
=
=
1

/(
)
= (
1
+
)/(

1
)
=
2

/(
)
= (
2
+
)/(

2
)

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki

Machine Model WT1G1

Direct Connected Type 1 Generator Model WT1G1
Tpo T' Open circuit transient rotor time constant
Tppo T'' Open circuit sub-transient rotor time constant in sec.
Ls Synchronous reactance
Lp L' Transient Reactance
Lpp L'' Sub-transient Reactance
Ll Stator leakage reactance (p.u. >0)

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki

Machine Model WT2G

Model WT2G
Ls Synchronous reactance, (p.u. >0)
Lp Transient reactance, (p.u. >0)
Ll Stator leakage reactance, (p.u. >0)
Tpo Transient rotor time constant in sec.
spdrot Initial electrical rotor speed, p.u. of system frequency
Accel Factor Acceleration factor

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki

Machine Model WT2G1

I nduction Generator with Controlled External Rotor Resistor Type 2
Model WT2G1
Xa Stator reactance
Xm Magnetizing reactance
X1 Rotor reactance
R_Rot_Mach Rotor resistance
R_Rot_Max Sum of R_Rot_Mach and total external resistance
Power_Ref1 to Power_Ref_5 Coordinate pairs of the power-slip curve
Slip_1 to Slip_5 Power-Slip

States:
1 Epr
2 Epi
3 Ekr
4 Eki
Note: The Power_Ref and Slip values
specified here are actually used in
conjunction with the WT2E1 model

Machine Model WT3G

Generator/converter Model for Type-3 (Double-Fed) Wind Turbines WT3G
jLpp
1

States:
1 E
q

2 I
p

3 Vmeas

+
1
1 +

rrpwr

+
_

1
1 +

V
T

LVPL
2
Lvpl1
xerox brkpt
V
1
3
1
Lvpnt0 Lvpnt1


V
T

+
+
Norton
Equivalent
Interface to
network
equations
WT3E
Model

Machine Model WT3G1

Double-Fed I nduction Generator (Type 3) Model WT3G1

V
term

1
1 + 0.02

1

T
1
1 + 0.02

E
qcmd

(efd)
From
Converter
Control
I
P cmd

E
q

I
P

I
Yinj

I
Xinj

jX''

-P
llmax

P
llmax

+

T
-1

-P
llmax

P
llmax

V
X

+

Notes: 1.
and
are complex values on network reference frame.

2. In steady-state, V
Y
=0, V
X
=V
term
, and =.
3. X
eq
=Imaginary (ZSOURCE)
V
Y

2

1
2

2
2

3
States:
1 Eq
2 Iq
3 Vmeas
4 PLL1
5 Delta
2

4
2

5

Machine Model WT3G2

Double-Fed I nduction Generator (Type 3) Model WT3G2

T
1
1 +

WIPCMD

P
LLMIN

P
LLMAX

+

T
-1

P
LLMIN

P
LLMAX

V
X

+

V
Y

Angle of V
T

If K
PLL
=0 and K
IPLL
= 0
1

R
ip_LVPL

LVPL
WEPCMD

+
-

High Voltage
Reactive Current
Logic

Low Voltage
Reactive Current
Logic
1
1 +
_

V
T

V
T

LVPL
G
LVPL

V
LVPL1
V
LVPL2

V
LVPL
States:
1 Eq
2 Iq
3 Vmeas
4 PLL1
5 Delta
2

1
2
2

3
2

4
2

5

Machine Model WT4G

Model WT4G
Type 4 Wind Turbine with Full Converter Model
States:
1 E
q

2 I
p

3 Vmeas

+
-1
1
1 +

rrpwr

+
_

1
1 +

V
T

LVPL
2
Lvpl1
xerox brkpt
V
1
3
1
Lvpnt0 Lvpnt1


V
T

+
+
Norton
Equivalent
Interface to
network
equations
WT4E
Model

Machine Model WT4G1

Wind Generator Model with Power Converter WT4G1

1
1 +

WIPCMD 1

R
ip_LVPL

LVPL
WEPCMD

+
-

High Voltage
Reactive Current
Logic

Low Voltage
Reactive Current
Logic
1
1 +
_

V
T

LVPL
G
LVPL

V
LVPL1
V
LVPL2

V
LVPL
2

1
2

2
2

3
States:
1 Eq
2 Iq
3 Vmeas
Stabilizer BPA SF, BPA SP, BPA SS, and BPA SG

Stabilizer BPA SF, BPA SP, BPA SS, and BPA SG
Stabilizer Models
+
QV
QV
K
1+sT
QS
QS
K
1+sT
Q
Q
sT
1+sT
'
Q2
Q2
1+sT
1+sT
'
Q1
Q1
1+sT
1+sT
T TO T
V =V V
SHAFT SLIP,
FREQ. OR
ACCEL. POWER
'
Q3
Q3
1+sT
1+sT
'
CUTOFF S S
CUTOFF
'
S S T CUTOFF
S T CUTOFF
T TO T
If V 0.0, then V =V
If V >0.0, then
V =V if V V
V =0.0 if V >V
V =V V

ST
V
SMAX
V
SMIN
V
QS
K ts
e
+
ZERO
'
S
V
T
V
CHOICE OF
INPUT SIGNALS
QS
QV
Q
Q1
Q2
Q3
1 - K
2 - K
3 - T
4 - T
5 - T
6 - T
States
1
2
3 4 5 6
Stabilizer BPA SH, BPA SHPLUS, and BPA SI

Stabilizer BPA SH, BPA SHPLUS, and BPA SI
Stabilizer Models
Stabilizer IEE2ST

Stabilizer I EE2ST
I EEE Stabilizing Model with Dual-I nput Signals

+
+
1
1
K
1+sT
2
2
K
1+sT
3
4
sT
1+sT
7
8
1+sT
1+sT
9
10
1+sT
1+sT
SMIN
L
SMAX
L
S SS CU CT CL
S CT CL
S CT CU
V =V if (V >V >V )
V =0 if (V <V )
V =0 if (V >V )
5
6
1+sT
1+sT
SS
V
Output Limiter
Input Signal #1
Input Signal #2
ST
V
1
2
3 4
5
6
1 - Transducer1
2 - Transducer2
3 - Washout
4 - LL1
5 - LL2
6 - Unlimited Signal
States
Stabilizer IEEEST

Stabilizer I EEEST
I EEE Stabilizing Model

3
4
1+sT
1+sT
5
S
6
sT
K
1+sT
SMIN
L
SMAX
L
S SS CU CT CL
S CT CL
S CT CU
V =V if (V >V >V )
V =0 if (V <V )
V =0 if (V >V )
1
2
1+sT
1+sT
SS
V
Output Limiter
Input Signal
2
5 6
2 2
1 2 3 4
1+A s+A s
(1+A s+A s )(1+A s+A s )
Filter
Model supported by PSLF with time delay that is not implemented in Simulator
ST
V
1 2 3 4
5 6
1 - Filter 1
2 - Filter 2
3 - Filter 3
4 - Filter Out
5 - LL1
6 - LL2
States
7
Stabilizer PFQRG

Stabilizer PFQRG
Power-Sensitive Stabilizing Unit

-MAX
MAX
+
+
I
P
K
K
s
+
ST
V
Reactive
Power
Power
Factor
J =1
J =0
Reference Signal,
Reactive power or
Power Factor
To Voltage
Regulator
Supplementary
Signal
1
1 - PI
States
Stabilizer PSS1A

Stabilizer PSS1A
Single-I nput Stabilizer Model

5
S
6
sT
K
1+sT
SMIN
L
SMAX
L
Output Limiter
Input Signal
Filter
Model supported by PSLF with time delay that is not implemented in Simulator
ST
V
1
2
1+sT
1+sT
3
4
1+sT
1+sT
1
1 + sT
6

1
1 +A
1
s+A
2
s
2

If (Vcu and (Vct >Vcu))
V
ST
=0.0
If (Vcl and (Vct <Vcu))
V
ST
=0.0
Else
V
ST
=Vllout
Vllout
Stabilizer PSS2A

Stabilizer PSS2A
I EEE Dual-I nput Stabilizer Model

+
+
STMIN
V
STMAX
V
Input Signal #2
W1
W1
sT
1+sT
6
1
1+sT
W2
W2
sT
1+sT
W3
W3
sT
1+sT
S2
7
K
1+sT
W4
W4
sT
1+sT
S3
K
N
8
M
9
1+sT
(1+sT )
(
(

+
S1
K
1
2
1+sT
1+sT
3
4
1+sT
1+sT
ST
V
A B S4
Model supported by PSSE without T ,T lead/lag block and with K 1 =
A+sT
1+sT
A
B
S4
K
7 8
1 2 3
4 5 6
Input Signal #1
1 - WOTW1 11 - RampFilter3
3 - Transducer1 13 - RampFilter5
7 - LL1 17 - RampFilter9
8 - LL2 18
States
- RampFilter10
9 - RampFilter1 19 - LLGEOnly
10 - RampFilter2
19
9 18

Stabilizer PSS2B

Stabilizer PSS2B
I EEE Dual-I nput Stabilizer Model

+
+
STMIN
V
STMAX
V
W1
W1
sT
1+sT
6
1
1+sT
W2
W2
sT
1+sT
W3
W3
sT
1+sT
S2
7
K
1+sT
W4
W4
sT
1+sT
S3
K
N
8
M
9
1+sT
(1+sT )
(
(

+
S1
K
1
2
1+sT
1+sT
3
4
1+sT
1+sT
ST
V
10
11
1+sT
1+sT
S1
V
S2
V
S1MAX
V
S1MIN
V
S2MAX
V
S2MIN
V
7 8 1
2
3
4 5 6
20
19
A B S4
Model supported by PSSE without T ,T lead/lag block and with K 1 =
A+sT
1+sT
A
B
S4
K
8 - LL2 18
States
- RampFilter10
9 - RampFilter1 19 - LLGEOnly
10 - RampFilter2 20 - LL3
9 18
Stabilizer PSS3B

Stabilizer PSS3B
I EEE (2005) Dual-I nput Stabilizer Model

1
1 +
1

V
stma

Input 1

+
V
s

V
stmi

3

8
States:
1 Input 1
2 Input 2
3 Washout 1
4 Washout 2
5 Washout 3
6 Filter 1 Internal
7 Filter 1 Output
8 Filter 2 Internal
9 Filter 2 Output

+
1
1 +
2

1
1 +
2

K
s1

K
s2

2
1 +
2

Input 2
3
1 +
3

1 +
1
+
2
2
1 +
3
+
4
2

1 +
1
+
2
2
1 +
3
+
4
2

3

1
3

2
3

3
3

4
3

5
6

6
3

7
3

9
Stabilizer PSSSB

Stabilizer PSSSB
I EEE PSS2A Dual-I nput Stabilizer Plus Voltage Boost Signal
Transient Stabilizer and Vcutoff

+
+
STMIN
V
STMAX
V
Input 1
Input 2
W1
W1
sT
1+sT 6
1
1+sT
W2
W2
sT
1+sT
W3
W3
sT
1+sT
S2
7
K
1+sT
W4
W4
sT
1+sT
S3
K
N
8
M
9
1+sT
(1+sT )
(
(

+
S1
K
1
2
1+sT
1+sT
3
4
1+sT
1+sT
ST
V
S4
K
7 8
1
2 3
4 5 6
19
K
V
T
V >Vcutoff
Sw1
0
1
0
d1
1
1+sT
d2
d2
sT
1+sT
Vcutoff
tl
V
0
0
+
+
T T0 T
V =V -V
20
9 18
8 - LL2 18
States
- RampFilter10
9 - RampFilter1 19 - TransducerTEB
10 - RampFilter2 20 - WOTEB
Stabilizer PSSSH

Stabilizer PSSSH
Model for Siemens H I nfinity Stabilizer

V
smax

P
e

-
V
s

V
smin

States:
1 Pe
2 Int1
3 Int2
4 Int3
5 Int4
+
1
1 +

K
0
K
1

1
1

3

2
3

3
3

4
3

5
3

1

- 1
2

1
3

1
4

K
2
K
3

K
4

K

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Stabilizer PTIST1

Stabilizer PTI ST1
PTI Microprocessor-Based Stabilizer

1 3
2 4
K(1+sT )(1+sT )
(1+sT )(1 sT ) +
+

F
Ms
1+sT
+
+
P
1
1+sT
M
P'
Tap
Selection
Table
t
E
e
P on machine MVA base
1
Model supported by PSSE but not yet implemented in Simulator
ST
V
Stabilizer PTIST3

Stabilizer PTI ST3
PTI Microprocessor-Based Stabilizer

1 3
2 4
K(1+sT )(1+sT )
(1+sT )(1 sT ) +
+

F
Ms
1+sT
+
+
P
1
1+sT
M
P'
Tap
Selection
Table
t
E
e
P on machine MVA base
1
5
6
1+sT
1+sT
Averaging
Function
2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5
2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5
(A +A s+A s )(A +A s+A s )
(B +Bs+B s )(B +B s+B s )
Limit
Function
DL
DL
AL
AL
Switch 0 =
Switch 1 =
Model supported by PSSE but not yet implemented in Simulator
ST
V
Stabilizer ST2CUT

Stabilizer ST2CUT
Stabilizing Model with Dual-I nput Signals

+
+
1
1
K
1+sT
2
2
K
1+sT
3
4
sT
1+sT
7
8
1+sT
1+sT
SMAX
L
S SS CU TO T CL TO
S T TO CL
S CT TO CU
V =V if (V +V >V >V +V )
V =0 if (V <V +V )
V =0 if (V >V +V )
5
6
1+sT
1+sT
SS
V
Output Limiter
Input Signal #1
Input Signal #2
9
10
1+sT
1+sT
SMIN
L
TO
T
V =initial terminal voltage
V =terminal voltage
ST
V
1
2
3
4 5 6
1 - Transducer1
2 - Transducer2
3 - Washout
4 - LL1
5 - LL2
States
Stabilizer STAB1

Stabilizer STAB1
Speed-Sensitive Stabilizing Model
Ks
1+sT
1
3
1+sT
1+sT
2
4
1+sT
1+sT
Speed (pu)
LIM
-H
LIM
H
ST
V
1 2 3
1 - Washout
2 - Lead-lag 1
3 - Lead-lag 2
States
Stabilizer STAB2A

Stabilizer STAB2A

3
2 2
2
K sT
1+sT
(
(

3
3
K
1+sT
e
P on machine
MVA base
LIM
-H
LIM
H
+
+
4
K
2
5
5
K
1+sT
(
(

ST
V
4
1 3
5 6
3
1 - Input State 1
2 - Input State 2
3 - Input State 3
4 - T
5 - Output State 1
6 - Output State 2
States
Stabilizer STAB3

Stabilizer STAB3
e
P on machine
MVA base
LIM
-V
LIM
V
+

X1
1
1+sT
X
X2
-sK
1+sT
t
1
1+sT
ref
P
ST
V
1 2 3
t
X1
1 - Int T
2 - Int T
States
Stabilizer STAB4

Stabilizer STAB4
Power-Sensitive Stabilizer
e
P on machine
MVA base
L1
L2
+

X
X2
sK
1+sT
a
X1
1+sT
1+sT
t
1
1+sT
ref
P
b
c
1+sT
1+sT
d
1
1+sT
e
1
1+sT
ST
V
1
2 3
4 5 6
d
1 - Input
2 - Reset
3 - LL1
4 - LL2
5 - T
States
Stabilizer STBSVC

Stabilizer STBSVC
WECC Supplementary Signal for Static var Compensator
Input Signal #1
Input Signal #2
S1
S7
K
1+sT
S3
K
+
+
S13
S14
sT
1+sT
SCS
-V
SCS
V
S3
K
S2
S10
K
1+sT
S11
S12
1+sT
1+sT
S8
S9
1+sT
1+sT
ST
V
1 2
3 4
5
1 - Transducer1
2 - LL1
3 - Transducer2
4 - LL2
5 - Washout
States
Stabilizer WSCCST

Stabilizer WSCCST
WSCC Power System Stabilizer
+
qv
qv
K
1+sT
T0
V
signal j
speed 1
accpw 2
freq 3

SMAX
V
SLOW
V
+
Blocks in gray have not been implemented in Simulator
q
q
sT
1+sT
'
q2
q2
1+sT
1+sT
'
q1
q1
1+sT
1+sT
'
q3
q3
1+sT
1+sT
T
V
+

1
1
1+sT
2
2
sT
1+sT
qs
K
+
f(U)
k
+
'
V
s
qs
1
1+sT
3
3
sT
1+sT
4
s
1+sT
t
K
U
1
2
3 4
5 6
K
V
Sw1
0
1
0
d1
1
1+sT
d2
d2
sT
1+sT
tl
V
S
V
T
V >Vcutoff
Vcutoff
0
0
+
+
T T0 T
V =V -V
1 - Transducer1
2 - Transducer2
3 - WashoutTq
4 - LL1
5 - LL2
6 - LL3
States
Stabilizer WT12A1 and WT1P

Stabilizer WT12A1 and WT1P
Pseudo Governor Model for Type 1 and Type 2 Wind Turbines
Speed
gen
P
2
1
1+sT
1
s
MIN
PI
MAX
PI
I
K
PE
1
1+sT
1
1
1+sT
I
I
1
WT12A1 supported by PSSE with K =
T
WT1P supported by PSLF
1
2
3
4
gen
I
1
mech
1 - P
2 - K
3 - T
4 - P
States
ref
droop
K
P
K
ref
P
mech
P
+
+
+
+
Stabilizer WT1P and WT12A1

WT1P is the same as WT12A1. See WT12A documentation

Stabilizer WT2P

Stabilizer Model WT2P
ref
+
+
Kw
Kdroop
+
Pgen
Pref
1
1 +

1
1 +
1

1
1 +
2

Pmech
(sent to
WT2T
model)
MIN
PI
MAX
PI
Stabilizer WT3P and WT3P1

Stabilizer WT3P and WT3P1
Pitch Control Model for Type 3 Wind Generator
ORD
P
+
MAX
-RTheta
MAX
RTheta
P
1
sT
P PI MAX MAX MIN MIN MAX RATE
WT3P supported by PSLF
T =T , Theta =PI , Theta =PI , and RTheta PI
WT3P1 supported by PSSE with no non-windup limits on pitch control
=
1 2
3
1 - Pitch
2 - PitchControl
3 - PitchComp
States
ref
set
P
Pitch
+
+
IP
PP
K
K +
s
IC
PC
K
K +
s
MAX
Theta
MIN
Theta
MAX
Theta
MIN
Theta
0

+ +
Switched Shunt CAPRELAY

Switched Shunt CAPRELAY

Rem Bus Remote Bus
Tfilter Voltage filter time constant in sec.
tbClose Circuit breaker closing time for switching shunt ON in sec.
tbOpen Circuit breaker closing time for switching shunt OFF in sec.
V1On First voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
T1On First time delay for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
V2On Second voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
T2On Second time delay for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
V1Off First voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.
T1Off First time delay for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.
V2Off Second voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.
T2Off Second time delay for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.

Switched Shunt CSSCST

Static Var System Model CSSCST
See CSVGN1, CSVGN3 and CSVGN4 for more information.
Switched Shunt FACRI_SS

Fast AC Reactive I nsertion for Switched Shunts (FACRI _SS)
uv1 Switching Group 1 under voltage level 1 (pu)
uv2 Switching Group 1 under voltage level 2 (pu)
uv1td Switching Group 1 time delay level 1 (sec)
uv2td Switching Group 1 time delay level 2 (sec)
inttd Switching Group 1 first switch time delay, initial time delay (sec)
uv3 Voltage at terminal bus that triggers Switching Group 2 switching logic (pu)
uv4 Switching Group 2 under voltage low level (pu)
uv5 Switching Group 2 under voltage high level (pu)
td1 Switching Group 2 time delay for loop 1 (sec)
td4 Switching Group 2 time delay for loop checks (sec)
td5 Duration of time that conditions are checked Monitored Bus b while in each loop (sec)
Extra Object 1 Capacitor 1 Switching Group 1
Extra Object 2 Capacitor 2 Switching Group 1
Extra Object 3 Reactor 1 Switching Group 1
Extra Object 6 Capacitor a1 Switching Group 1
Extra Object 7 Capacitor a2 Switching Group 1
Extra Object 8 Reactor a1 Switching Group 1
Extra Object 9 Monitored Bus b Switching Group 2
Extra Object 10 Reactor b1 Switching Group 2
Extra Object 11 Capacitor b1 Switching Group 2
Extra Object 12 Capacitor b2 Switching Group 2


The following pseudo code describes how the inputs are used to determine switched shunt operation:

Switching Group 1 Switching Logic
Each time that voltage and time delay conditions are met for Switching Group 1, the reactors and capacitors are checked in the following
order until a device is found that can be switched. Reactors are tripped and capacitors are closed. Only one device is switched each time
switching is required.
(1) Reactor 1
(2) Reactor a1
(3) Reactor 2
(4) Reactor 3
(5) Capacitor 1
(6) Capacitor a1
(7) Capacitor 2
(8) Capacitor a2

Switching Group 2 Switching Logic
Each time that voltage and time delay conditions are met for Switching Group 2, if the reactor is online it will be tripped first before any
capacitor switching. Depending on voltage conditions, capacitors may or may not be turned on. When capacitors are switched, they are
checked in the following order until a device is found that can be switched. Only one capacitor is switched each time switching is
required.
(1) Capacitor b1
(2) Capacitor b2
If (Reactor online) Then Begin
Trip Reactor
If (VoltMeasBusb <= uv4) Then Begin
Do capacitor switching
End
End
Else If (not Reactor online) Then Begin
If (VoltMeasBusb <= uv4) or (VoltMeasBusb <= uv5) Then Begin
Do capacitor switching
End
End
Continued on next page


Continued from previous page

Initialization at the start of transient stability run
FirstSwitchComplete = False
Initialize Switching Group 2 Loop Trackers

Operations performed at each time step
VoltMeas = Voltage at the terminal bus of the switched shunt to which this model is assigned
// If voltage falls below specified thresholds, timers are started to record how long the voltages remain below these thresholds.
// The specific timer pseudo code is not shown here.
If (not FirstSwitchComplete) and ( (VoltMeas < uv1 for inttd) or (VoltMeas < uv2 for inttd))
Then Begin
Check Group 1 Switching
FirstSwitchComplete = True
End

If (FirstSwitchComplete) Then Begin
If (VoltMeas < uv1 for uv1td)
Then Begin
Reset Group 1 Timer
End

If (VoltMeas < uv2 for uv2td)
Then Begin
Reset Group 1 Timer
End
End
If (VoltMeas > uv1) Then Begin
Reset Group 1 Timers
FirstSwitchComplete = False
End

Continued on next page


Continued from previous page

// The condition of VoltMeas < uv3 triggers the checking of voltages at Monitored Bus b. This latches on for the duration specified by
// td4. The specific timer pseudo code is not shown here, but Group2Timer will be used to keep track of this.

VoltMeasBusb = Voltage at Monitored Bus b
If (VoltMeas < uv3) and (Group2Timer < td4) Then Begin
If (Group2Timer > td1) and (not Group2Loop1Done) Then Begin
Group2Loop1Done = True
// Continue doing Check Group 2 Switching for td5 until some switching done
End
End
End
End
Else If (Group2Timer > td4) Then Begin
Reset Group 2 Timers
Reset Group 2 Loop Trackers
End
Switched Shunt MSC1

Static Var System Model MSC1
Tin1 Time 1 for Switching in (sec.)
Vmin1 Voltage lower limit 1 (p.u.)
Tout1 Time 1 for Switching out (sec.)
Vmax1 Voltage upper limit 1 (p.u.)
Tin2 Time 1 for Switching in (sec.)
Vmin2 Voltage lower limit 1 (p.u.)
Tout2 Time 1 for Switching out (sec.)
Vmax2 Voltage upper limit 1 (p.u.)
Tlck Lock out time (sec.)

Switched Shunt SVSMO1

Static Var System Model SVSMO1

+
+
-
I
SVC

V
bus

V
r

+
+

+

1 +
1
1 +
1

Bref
Control
Logic
Linear or
Non-Linear
Slope Logic
1
1 +
2

MSS1
V
emax

Bsvc (p.u.)
B
ref

V
rmax

V
rmin

B
err

BSVC(MVAr)
B
V
sched

V
comp

-

+
V
sig

V
ref

V
refmin

V
refmax

SVC over
and under
voltage
tripping
function
V
emin

1 +
2
1 +
2

B
max

B
min

Deadband
Control
(Optional)
MSS Switching
Logic Based on B
MSS8
Over Voltage Strategy,
Under Voltage Strategy and
Short-TermRating
1
1 2
3
1
4
5
States:
1 Vbus Sensed
2 Regulated B PI
3 PI Delay
4 Regulated Slow B PI
5 Verr LL


+
+
-
I
SVC

V
bus

V
r

+
+

+

1 +
1
1 +
1

Bref
Control
Logic
Linear or
Non-Linear
Slope Logic
1
1 +
2

MSS1
V
emax

Bsvc (p.u.)
B
ref

V
rmax

V
rmin

B
err

BSVC(MVAr)
B
V
sched

V
comp

-

+
V
sig

V
ref

V
refmin

V
refmax

SVC over
and under
voltage
tripping
function
V
emin

1 +
2
1 +
2

B
max

B
min

MSS Switching
Logic Based on B
MSS8
Over Voltage Strategy,
Under Voltage Strategy and
Short-TermRating
1
1 2
3
3
1
4
5
States:
1 Vbus Sensed
2 Regulated B PI
3 PI Delay
4 Regulated Slow B PI
5 Verr LL
Look-up
Table dbe
-dbe
dbe
-dbe


+
+
-
V
sig

V
bus

V
r

+

+

1 +
1
1 +
1

dbd
Logic
1
1 +
2

MSS1
V
emax

It (p.u.)
B
ref

V
rmax

V
rmin

flag1=1
(close)
flag1=0
(open)
V
sched

-

-
flag2
V
ref

V
refmin

V
refmax

STATCOM
over and
under
voltage
tripping
function
V
emin

1 +
2
1 +
2

I
max

I
min

MSS Switching
Logic Based on Q
MSS8
I2t Limit
1 2
3
1
4
5
States:
1 Vbus Sensed
2 Regulated I PI
3 PI Delay
4 Regulated Slow Control PI
5 Verr LL
flag1=0

flag1=1

0

dbd>0: open
dbd=0: close

dbd>0: open

dbd=0: close

=
1 1
2 2 < < 1
3 2

Xco 0
1
-Idbd
Idbd
+
+
Switched Shunt SWSHNT

Switched Shunt SWSHNT
Ib Remote Bus
NS Total number of switches allowed
VIN High voltage limit
PT Pickup time for high voltage in sec.
ST Switch time to close if reactor or switch time to open if capacitor in sec.
VIN Low voltage limit
PT Pickup time for low voltage in sec.
ST Switch time to close if reactor or switch time to open if capacitor in sec.


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Block Diagrams 17

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Exciter AC7B and ESAC7B

Model supported by PSSE

Model in the public domain, available from BPA

Model in the public domain, available from BPA

Model supported by PSLF and PSSE

Model supported by PSLF

Model supported by PSSE but always assumes value of spdmlt =0

Model supported by PSLF

Model supported by PSLF

Model supported by PSEE

Model supported by PSLF

Model supported by PSSE

Model supported by PSLF

Model supported by PSLF

Model supported by PSSE

Model supported by PSSE

Model supported by PSSE

MAX wrat MIN wrat FV C

Frequency Bias Flag - fbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable

Frequency Bias Flag - fbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable

Model supported by PSLF

Model supported by PSLF and PSSE

V INC LIM TRAT

Model supported by PSSE

V INC LIM TRAT

GV1, PGV1...GV5, PGV5 are the x,y coordinates of vs. block

Digital Control ***

PWmax & PWrat

See charts for curve fit values

Model supported by PSSE

Model supported by PSSE

Model supported by PSSE

Type 3 WTG Turbine One-mass Model

Model supported by PSLF

HVDC-MTDC Control System for Rectifiers and I nverters without

Available in old BPA IPF software

HVDC-MTDC Control System for Terminals with Current Margin

Available in old BPA IPF software

, rewrite the DC voltage equation for the inverter in terms of .

added to denote highlighting.

Initialize based on the following equation

0.5 n/a FALSE

n/a Initialize equal to

Get from CONV_CELILO_E model

Get from CONV_CELILO_N model

Get from CONV_SYLMAR model

Initialize equal to State

2.2 Initialize so State 5 is at its lower limit

8.1500 Parameter Celilo-Sylmar

0.1660 n/a 0.38428

0.0138 n/a -0.42743

95 /180 5 /180 Initialize so State

Machine Model CSVGN1

Machine Model CSVGN3

Machine Model CSVGN4

Position 1 is normal (open)

Machine Model GENCC

Model supported by PSLF

Machine Model GENWRI

is calculated in network equations

is calculated in network equations

is calculated in network equations

are complex values on network reference frame.

is calculated in network equations