IV. K THUT PHN TP KHNG GIAN THU: Nhiu phin bn ca cc tn hiu c to nn bi cc n phn tp khc nhau cn c kt hp tng hiu nng.

g. Trong phn ny chng ta s nghin cu cc phng php kt hp khc nhau ca vic kt hp ti pha thu. Chng ta gi s rng cc anten thu sn c v cung cp cc bn sao y ht ca tn hiu c truyn ti pha nhn. Trong thc t, khng k n phn tp anten pht, ngun phn tp khng nh hng ti phng php kt hp. V d, vic thu 2 phin bn ca tn hiu c pht thng qua phn tp phn cc l ging nh vic thu 2 tn hiu t 2 anten thu i vi mc ch ca vic kt hp. C 2 phng php kt hp chnh c s dng ti pha thu: -Maximum Ratio Combining ( MRC ) -Selection Combining (SC) Hnh 3 v 4 biu din cc biu khi ca MRC v SC. Mt n lai ghp kt hp 2 phng php ny cng c th thc hin c. Chng ta s tho lun v 2 phng php ny.

Hnh 3: Biu khi ca Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)

Hnh 4: Biu khi ca Selection Combining (SC) 4.1 Phng php kt hp Maximum ratio combining (MRC) Chng ta xem xt mt h thng thu M bn sao y ht ca tn hiu c pht thng qua M ng c lp. Gi s , m=1,2,,M, l tn hiu c thu th m, c xc nh bng: (4.1) Trong l mu nhiu trng Gauss c thm vo bn sao th m ca tn hiu. Gii m kh nng ging nht (ML) kt hp M tn hiu c thu ny tm tn hiu c pht ging nht. Chng ta xem xt mt n s pht hin lai ghp trong pha thu bit li ng knh . Bi l cc mu nhiu l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp, nn cc tn hiu c thu cng l cc bin ngu nhin Gauss c lp i vi cc li ng knh a cho v tn hiu c pht. Do , hm mt c iu kin ca cc tn hiu c thu l:

(4.2)

Trong l bin ca cc phn thc v o ca nhiu phc Gauss. ti a chc nng likelihood ny, pha thu cn tm tn hiu c pht ti u, n cn cc tiu ha

| hay | | Lu rng khi khng phn tp, M=1, vic ti thiu | khng kh khn. Gia tt c cc tn hiu c pht c th, iu ny tng ng vi vic tm kim , m gn vi . i vi mt chm cc k t c nng lng bng nhau, cho v d PSK, chng ta c: | | [ ]

(4.3)
Do , vic gii m ML tng t nh vi h thng khng phn tp nu thay v chng ta s dng trung bnh trng s ca cc tn hiu c thu . iu ny c gi l maximum ratio combining (MRC). Tm li, MRC s dng b lc phi hp, m pha thu ti u, cho mi tn hiu c thu v vic s dng cc trong s ti u kt hp cc u ra ca cc b lc phi hp. Nu l cng sut trung bnh ca k t c pht, SNR ca b thu th m l ca MRC, u tin chng ta tnh: | | (4.4) Sau , SNR ti u ra ca MRC l: | | . nhn c SNR t u ra

| |

| |

(4.5)

Do , tnh hiu qu thu SNR ca h thng vi phn tp M l tng ng vi tng thu SNR cho M ng khc nhau. Tm quan trng ca vic tng M ln ny trong SNR l mi quan h gia xc sut li trung bnh v SNR thu trung bnh. Chng ta gi s rng

tt c cc ng khc nhau c cng SNR trung bnh v l 3.5, SNR trung bnh ti u ra ca MRC l

. Sau , s dng

Vic tng M ln ny trong vic thu SNR trung bnh kt qu trong li phn tp ca M. N c th ch ra rng iu ny l li phn tp c th l ln nht khi M bn sao ca tn hiu sn c trong knh phadinh Rayleigh. Vic tng tnh hiu qu thu SNR s dng MRC nh hng ti xc sut li ti pha thu. i vi h thng khng phn tp, xc sut li trung bnh l tng ng vi gi tr o ca SNR, , ti cc SNR cao [100]. Bi v mi trong M ng tun theo phn b phadinh Rayleigh, xc sut li trung bnh ca h thng vi M ng Rayleigh c lp l tng ng vi . Nh nh ngha trc , M trong s m ca SNR thu c gi l li phn tp. Do , vic s dng MRC chng ta t c li phn tp bng vi s ng c lp sn c. Kt hp li ng u l trng hp c bit ca MRC vi cc trng s l bng nhau.Trong kt hp li ng u, cc tn hiu ng pha c dng vi cc trng s n v. SNR trung bnh ti u ra ca b kt hp li ng u l: [ ] (4.6) 4.2 Phng php kt hp Selection combining (SC) S dng MRC, khi ngun ca M tn hiu c lp l cc anten thu, pha thu cn gii iu ch tt c M tn hiu thu. Ni cch khc, M chain tn s v tuyn (RF) c yu cu pha thu cung cp cc tn hiu bng c bn.Bi v hu ht chain RF l phng tin ca cc mch analog, nn thng kch c vt l v gi thnh ca chng v cao. Trong mt vi ng dng, khng c phng cho mt vi chain RF hoc gi thnh ca chng khng cn chnh li t c bi MRC. Do , cn thit k mt b kt hp m n ch s dng 1 chain RF. Kt hp chn lc (SC) hay vic la chn anten vi tn hiu vi SNR cao nht v s dng n cho gii m. Vic chn tn hiu tng ng vi la chn anten tng ng gia cc anten thu. Mt cch tng ng, n cng ging nh la chn phn cc tt nht trong trng hp ca phn tp phn cc.Nh trn, chng ta gi s M bn sao y ht ca tn hiu c pht, i vi v d thng qua M anten thu. Nh cho thy trn, nu phadinh l Rayleigh, bin ngu nhin , SNR ca anten th m, tun theo mt phn b hm m.Vi lm dng ln na , c pdf ca vi m =1,2,,M l:

(4.7) Trong [ ] l SNR trung bnh ca tn hiu thu th m. Chng ta gi s rng tt c tn hiu thu c cng SNR trung bnh, v l [ ] . Sau , hm phn phi tch ly (CDF), chnh l xc sut bin c gi tr nh hn hay bng , ca SNR thu th m l:

] (4.8)

Bi v cc tn hiu thu khc nhau l c lp vi mi ci khc, xc sut m tt c chng c SNR nh hn l: [ ] [ ] (4.9) Mt khc, xc sut c t nht mt tn hiu thu t SNR ln hn [ ] (4.10) Pdf tng ng l: [ ] (4.11) D , SNR trung bnh ti u ra ca SC l: (4.12) l:

Nh kt qu, vi vic khng tng cng sut truyn, SC a ra s ci thin

ln

trong SNR trung bnh. iu ny t hn t l ci thin cc i ca M. Do SC khng cung cp li phn tp ti u v kt qu tng hiu nng ti u. Tuy nhin, tnh phc tp ca n nh hn v n ch yu cu 1 chain RF. Theo ngha khc, SC cung cp s cn bng gia tnh phc tp v hiu nng. Trong SC, pha thu cn tm tn hiu mnh nht ti mi khonh khc thi gian. trnh s kim tra cc SNR thu c, c th s dng qut SC l trng hp c bit ca SC. Trong khi qut SC, u tin, M tn hiu thu c qut tm ra SNR cao nht. Tn hiu tng ng c s dng cho n khi SNR ca n nm di ngng nh trc.Sau , mt s la chn mi c lm v vic x l tip din.Theo ngha khc, la chn mi cn ch khi nu tn hiu c chn i qua mt mi trng phai dn su. Hnh 5 so snh li SNR ca cc phng php kt hp khc nhau s dng 1 ti 10 anten.Nh mong i, MRC cung cp li cao hn trong khi yu cu tnh phc tp cao. i vi s lng anten thu ln, khong ngt gia MRC v SC ln ln. iu ny l s cn bng vi tnh phc tp thp hn ca SC vi ch 1 chain RF. N c th s dng mt s chain RF l c 1 v M cho nhiu hn 2 anten thu. Chng ta gi s rng pha thu bao gm J RF trong 1< J< M v M>2. Sau , pha thu la chn J tn hiu thu vi SNR cao nht v kt hp chng s dng MRC.Biu khi ca phng php lai ghp nh vy c biu din trong hnh 6. SNR tc thi ti u ra ca lai ghp selection/maximum ratio combining l: Trong l SNR ca tn hiu c chn th j. SNR trung bnh ti u ra ca phng php lai ghp l: [ ] (4.13)

Hnh 5: So snh li gia cc phng php kt hp khc nhau

Hnh 6: Biu khi ca lai ghp selection/maximum ratio combining Trong hnh 5, chng ta cng thy li SNR i vi lai ghp selection/maximum ratio combining vi J=2 s chain RF. Nh c miu t trong hnh, vic s dng nhiu chain RF cho kt qu trong li cao hn. i vi s lng nh anten thu, b kt hp lai ghp vi ch J =2 s chain RF cung cp li ln nht. i vi s lng anten thu ln,

khong cch gia b kt hp lai ghp v MRC tng v cn nhiu chain RF hn thu hp khong cch.