Toto je voln peklad z anglickho textu Jany Pernicov. Uitel naleznou originl v sekci uitel na www.bridge-online.cz.

Tento peklad slou pouze pro rychlou orientaci o zpracovvan problematice a jako navigace pro studenty, kte by chtli do tto problematiky nahldnout. Text nemus odpovdat oficiln terminologii a za jeho sprvnost autor neodpovd.

prosinec 2009

METODICK LIST K MZ Z ANGLICKHO JAZYKA 4. Psemn st: koherence a koheze

Studenti by mli zskat povdom o koherenci a kohezi. Jak se koherence li od koheze? Odstavec nebo oddl textu je kohezn, pokud jsou vty v nm dobe strukturovny a propojeny a nedochz ke zbytenmu opakovn. Kohezi lze definovat jako gramatick a lexikln prostedky, kter vzjemn propojuj jednu st textu se druhou. Mezi prostedky koheze pat synonyma, lexikln sady (lexical sets), zjmena, slovesn asy, vrazy pro asov odkazovn (nap. first of all, then, after dvaj textu sekvenci) a gramatick odkazy (nap. it, neither, this odkazuj zptky k mylence zmnn u dve). Psan projev je koherentn, pokud je jasn lenn a logicky plyne. eeno jinmi slovy, text je koherentn, pokud na sebe vty, mylenky a detaily jasn navazuj a ten me text bez problm sledovat. Je nutn vdt, jak prostedky / metody pout, aby byl text koherentn: A) Opakovn klovch slov a frz pomh teni udret si pehled a soustedit se na hlavn mylenky. Opakovn dodv textu koherenci (nebo alespo iluzi koherence). Nap. You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all the time. (A. Lincoln) B) Synonyma jsou slova, kter maj stejn nebo podobn vznam a zpestuj vai slovn zsobu. Pomhaj teni soustedit se na mylenku, o kter pete. Nap. I turned to the ascent of the hill. The climb/task/thing is not difficult. C) Zjmena pirozen spojuj mylenky, protoe tm vdy odkazuj na nco zmnnho dve. Nememe ci: This is true because, ani bychom donutili tene zamyslet se nad tm, co by This mohlo znamenat. Uiten zajmna k odkazovn na fakta uveden dve jsou: this, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, we. D) Spojovac vrazy (transitional words) spojuj vty a naznauj vztahy mezi nimi. Pat mezi n jednoduch spojky (jako and, but, nor, for, yet, or a nkdy i so) a nkdy i komplexnj obraty (spojovac pslovce a vrazy jako however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, in addition, also, on the other hand). Nap. I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I cant help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I will have to shovel heaps of snow from my driveway. E) Opakovan nebo paraleln vty mohou tak nkdy teni usnadnit ten a propojit mylenky. Nap. And so my fellow Americans, ask not what you country can do for you ask what you can do for your country. (J. F. Kennedy) Source: www.aber.ac.uk; http://aaweb.gallaudet.edu; www.missouri.edu; http://leo.stcloudstate.edu_11_2009

OPAKOVN

PRCE V HODIN

Nyn si shrneme a procvime, co jsme se nauili o rznch druzch esej a jejich organizaci. Jestlie nerozdlme text do odstavc, pak je ten textu obtn a zavdjc. Pokud chceme, aby byla esej souvisl a srozumiteln, esej by mla bt rozdlena do odstavc. Kad odstavec by ml obsahovat nov tma, mylenku. Pette si esej ne a odpovzte na otzky 14. 1. 2. 3. 4. O jak druh eseje se jedn? Jak nadpis byste eseji dali? Do kolika odstavc byste esej rozdlili? Oznate funkci, kadho odstavce (Vyberte si z nsledujcch: Zvr, Vhody, Nevhody, vod)

Many young people choose to continue their education at colleges or universities in Englishspeaking countries such as Britain, Australia or America. Nevertheless, while studying overseas has clear advantages, it is not without its problems. In this essay, both points of view will be considered. To begin with, studying overseas has significant academic benefits. In general, the standard of education is very high due to the uptodate equipment and resources that are available in colleges and universities. As a rule, the quality of teaching is also high, as teachers and lecturers are wellqualified professionals who are aware of all the latest developments in their fields of interest. In addition, the qualifications which a student obtains are usually valid anywhere in the world. As well as the obvious academic benefits, students also experience another culture, improve their language skills and meet many new people. As a result of living away from their families, they become more independent, tolerant and emotionally mature, all of which aids their personal development. However, in some cases, studying abroad can have quite negative effects. For instance, if students are insufficiently prepared academically, they might have difficulties understanding lectures or writing assignments. Furthermore, young students may have problems adjusting to a different culture with its unfamiliar climate, food and lifestyle. Because of this, they may experience much loneliness and home sickness. A final problem could be that some students adapt so successfully to Western culture that they have problems readjusting when they finally return home. In conclusion, although there can be problems studying abroad, most students, with appropriate preparation and support, should be able to overcome these obstacles. On the whole, the advantages of an overseas education far outweigh any of the disadvantages described above. CVIEN PRCE V HODIN

Spojovac vrazy jsou dleit, protoe spojuj mylenky mezi vtami a stmi textu. Esej je pak vce kohezn. kol 1: Pette si esej a podtrhnte vechny spojovac vrazy. kol 2: Zaade spojovac vraz z textu do sprvnho sloupce podle funkce. Pro nzornost byl u jeden vraz zaazen.
Adding information furthermore Time/Sequence Giving examples Making generalisations Contrasting information Reason/Result

een (1) Many young people choose to continue their education at colleges or universities in Englishspeaking countries such as Britain, Australia or America. Nevertheless, while studying overseas has clear advantages, it is not without its problems. In this essay, both points of view will be considered. (2) To begin with, studying overseas has significant academic benefits. In general, the standard of education is very high due to the up-to-date equipment and resources that are available in colleges and universities. As a rule, the quality of teaching is also high, as teachers and lecturers are well-qualified professionals who are aware of all the latest developments in their fields of interest. (2/3) In addition, the qualifications which a student obtains are usually valid anywhere in the world. As well as the obvious academic benefits, students also experience another culture, improve their language skills and meet many new people. As a result of living away from their families, they become more independent, tolerant and emotionally mature, all of which aids their personal development. (3/4) However, in some cases, studying abroad can have quite negative effects. For instance, if students are insufficiently prepared academically, they might have difficulties understanding lectures or writing assignments. Furthermore, young students may have problems adjusting to a different culture with its unfamiliar climate, food and lifestyle. Because of this, they may experience much loneliness and home sickness. A final problem could be that some students adapt so successfully to Western culture that they have problems readjusting when they finally return home. (4/5) In conclusion, although there can be problems studying abroad, most students, with appropriate preparation and support, should be able to overcome these obstacles. On the whole, the advantages of an overseas education far outweigh any of the disadvantages described above. Opakovn. 1. 2. 3. 4. Argumentativn esej/Esej Pro a proti Vhody a nevhody studia v zahrani Esej me bt rozdlena do ty nebo pti odstavc. 1.odstavec-vod, 2. odstavec-vhody, 3.odstavec-nevhody, 4. odstavec-zvr

Spojovac vrazy kol 1 viz esej nahoe kol 2: viz tabulka

Adding information in addition; as well as; furthermore Time or sequence in conclusion; to begin with Contrasting information nevertheless; however Giving examples for instance Reason or result as a result of; because of; due to Making generalisations as a rule; on the whole; in general