Economics - Chap 1 - The Story Of Village Palampur

Question: 1. Every village in India is surveyed once is ten years during the Census and some of details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Palampur. a. LOCATION: b. TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE: c. LAND USE (in hectares): d. FACILITIES Answer: d. FACILITIES Educational one high school and two primary school Medical a government primary health centre and private dispensary Electricity Supply-most of the houses and tube wells have electric supply Communication-Many kinds of transport are visible on this road starting from bullock carts, tongas, bogeys (wooden cart drawn by buffalos) loaded with jaggery (gur) and other commodities to motor vehicles like motorcycles, jeeps, tractors and trucks. Nearest Town-shahpur Question: 2. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree? Answer: Yes, modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out the modern farming method in India. The farmers in these regions had set up tube wells for irrigation, and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides in farming. Some of them bought farm machinery like tractors and threshers, which made ploughing and harvesting faster. Here the inputs for modern farming is tube wells, HYV seeds, tractors, threshers etc.. Question: 3. How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur? Answer: Ans:-The Electricity powers all the tube wells in the fields and is used in various types of small scale industry. Question: 4. Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

Answer: Ans: - Yes. Because, not all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation. About one third of the 450 families are landless, i.e. 150 families, most of them dalits, have no land for cultivation. 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size. Cultivation of such plots doesnt bring adequate income to the farmer family. Question: 5. Construct a table on the distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur. Answer: Ans:- Total Family - 450 Dalits, 150 families, have no land Remaining 120 Family have small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size Remaining 60 families of medium and large farmers have more than 2 hectares of land Few of the large farmers have land extending over 10 hectares or more. Question: 6. Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages? Answer: Ans: - There is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Palampur, so people agree to work for lower wages. Question: 7. In your region, talk to two labourers. Choose either farm labourers or labourers working at construction sites. What wages do they get? Are they paid in cash or kind? Do they get work regularly? Are they in debt? Answer: Ans: - In our region Daya and Rani are two farm labourers working at construction site. They get wages around Rs 3540. Yes, they are paid in cash. No mostly they don't get work regularly, because so many people agree to work for lower wages. Yes they are in huge debt because with such a low wage they cannot meet the two ends of the family. Question: 8. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain. Answer: Ans: - To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. All

farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops; many are growing potato as the third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years. 9. Describe the work of a farmer with 1 hectare of land. Answer: Ans: - In Palampur, the yield of wheat grown from the traditional varieties was 1300 kg per hectare. With the HYV seeds, the yield went up to 3200 kg per hectare, because of the modern farming method in India. Question: 10. How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers? Answer: Ans: - Medium and large farmers supply wheat to the market. And they obtain capital for farming while most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village money lenders or the traders. Question: 11. On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tajpal Singh? Would Savitas condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest? Answer: Ans: - Tejpal Singh agreed to give Savita the loan at an interest rate of 24 per cent for four months, which is a very high interest rate. Savita also has to promise to work on his field as a farm laborer during the harvest season at Rs 35 per day. Yes, the interest rates for banks are lower. And there are many schemes for small farmers. Question: 13. What are the non-farm production activities taking place in your region? Make a short list. Answer: Ans:-Dairy, Small scale Industry, poultry. Question: 14. What can be done so that more non-farm production activities can be started in villages? Answer: Ans:-There are few Nonfarm activities like dairy, poultry, small factories can be started in the village.

Economics - Chap 2 - People As Resources

Question: 1. What do you understand by 'people as a resource'? Answer: Ans: - 'People as Resource' is a way of referring to a countrys working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Looking at the population from this productive aspect emphasizes its ability to contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product. Like other resources, population also is a resource a 'human resource'. Question: 2. How is human resource different from other resources like land and physical capital? Answer: Ans:-The basic difference between human resources and other resources is that human resource can make use of land and capital. While Land and capital cannot become useful on its own. Question: 3. What is the role of education in human capital formation? Answer: Ans:- The role of education in human capital formation can be understand by this way As we know that a large population has been considered a liability rather than an asset .But It can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital for example, by spending resources on education .education added to the quality of labour. This enhanced the total productivity. Total productivity adds to the growth of the economy. This in turn pays an individual through salary or in some other form as human capital. Investments made on her education can yield a high return in the future in the form of higher earnings and greater contribution to society. Education contributes towards the growth of society also. It enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance. Question: 4. What is the role of health in human capital formation? Answer: Ans:- The role of education in human capital formation can be understand by this way As we know that if any employ people who might not work efficiently as a healthy worker because of ill health. And hence the ill people cannot assess the future progress of the country. The health of a person helps him to realize his potential and the ability to fight illness. Improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country. Our national policy, too, aimed at improving the accessibility of health care, family welfare and nutritional service with special focus on underprivileged segment of population. Question: 5. What part does health play in the individuals working life?

Answer: Ans: - The health of an individual person helps to realize his potential and the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organization indeed; health is an indispensable basis for realizing ones well being. A family welfare and nutritional service can also be provided by healthy person in his working life. Question: 6. What are the various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector? Answer: Ans: - The various activities have been classified into three main sectors i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, and mining. Quarrying and manufacturing is included in the secondary sector. Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance etc. are included in the tertiary sector. The activities in this sector result in the production of goods and services. These activities add value to the national income. These activities are called economic activities. Question: 7. What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities? Answer: Ans: - The various activities have been classified into three main sectors i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, and mining. Quarrying and manufacturing is included in the secondary sector. Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance etc. are included in the tertiary sector. The activities in this sector result in the production of goods and services. These activities add value to the national income. These activities are called economic activities. While economic activities have two parts -market activities and non-market activities here non market activities Non-market activities is same as non economic activity the production for self-consumption. Question: 8. Why are women employed in low paid work? Answer: Ans: - Women are paid low compared to men. Most women work where job security is not there. Various activities relating to legal protection is meager. Employment in this sector is characterized by irregular and low income. Question: 9. How will you explain the term unemployment? Answer:

Ans: - Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages and cannot find jobs. Question: 10. What is the difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment? Answer: Ans: - In case of rural areas, there is seasonal and disguised unemployment. Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year. People dependent upon agriculture usually faces such kind of problem. There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting, weeding, threshing is done. Certain months do not provide much work to the people dependant on agriculture. In case of disguised unemployment people appear to be employed. They have agricultural plot where they find work. This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity. The work requires the service of five people but engages eight people. Three people are extra. These three people also work in the same plot as five people. The contribution made by the three extra people does not add to the contribution made by the five people. If three people are removed the productivity of the field will not decline. The field requires the service of five people and the three extra people are disguisedly employed. Question: 11. Why is educated unemployed, a peculiar problem of India? Answer: Ans: Educated unemployment has become a common phenomenon. Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find job. A study showed that unemployment of graduate and post-graduate has increased faster than among matriculates. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability. There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth. People do not have enough money to support their family. Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste. Unemployment tends to increase economic overload, due to which India faces unemployment problems. Question: 12. In which field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity? Answer: Ans: Small scale manufacturing sector is the most labour absorbing. Also various new services are now appearing like biotechnology, information technology and so on is very useful to build the maximum employment. Question: 15. Which capital would you consider the best land, labour, physical capital and human capital? Why?

Answer:

Ans:-As I feel human capital is the best among all others capital population need not be a liability. It can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital (for example, by spending resources on education and health for all, training of industrial and agricultural workers in the use of modern technology, useful scientific researches and so on).Because human capital is in one way superior to other resources like land and physical capital: human resource can make use of land and capital. Land and capital cannot become useful on its own!

Geography - Chapter 1 - India - Size and Location

Question: 1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) The Tropic of Cancer does not pass through (a) Rajasthan (c) Chhattisgarh (b) Orissa (d) Tripura (ii) The easternmost longitude of India is (a) 97 25' E (c) 77 6' E (b) 68 7' E (d) 82 32' E (iii) Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim have common frontiers with (a) China (c) Nepal (b) Bhutan (d) Myanmar (iv) If you intend to visit Kavarati during your summer vacations, which one of the following Union Territories of India you will be going to (a) Pondicherry (c) Andaman and Nicobar (b) Lakshadweep (d) Diu and Daman (v) My friend hails from a country which does not share land boundary with India. Identify the country. (a) Bhutan (c) Bangladesh (b) Tajikistan (d) Nepal Answer: 1 (i) 1 (iI) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) Question: (C) Orissa (a) 97 25' E (c) Nepal (c) Lakshadweep (c) Tajikistan

2 Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) Name the group of islands lying in the Arabian Sea. (ii) Name the countries which are larger than India. (iii) Which island group of India lies to its south-east? (iv) Which island countries are our southern neighbors? Answer: 2 (i) Lakshadweep lies in the Arabian Sea 2 (ii) There are 6 Countries which are larger than India. The countries are as follows: Russia , Canada , USA , China , Brazil , Australia 2 Anandaman and Nicobar islands (iii) 2 Sri Lanka and Maldives (iv) Question: 3 The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west but the watches show the same time. How does this happen? Answer: The Earth takes 4 minutes to ratate through 10 of Longitute. The time taken to rotate 150 of longitutde difference is 1 hour. India has a longitudinal extent of 300 . And hence , there is a differnce between the sun rises of two hours in Eastern parts of Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west because of this longitudinal extent of 300 . But the watches are set at for all parts of India as per the indian standard time measured at 82 1/20 Longitude. Hence the watches show the same time both at Arunchalam Pradesh and Gujarat.

Question:

4 The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance. Why? Answer: The trans Indian Ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India. The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to close connect with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast. It makes Indian Ocean encloses India from three directions East, West and South. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has. And hence, Indias eminent position in the Indian Ocean justifies the naming of Indian Ocean after India.

Geography - Chap 2 - Physical Features of India

Question: 1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as (a) Coast (c) Peninsula (b) Island (d) none of the above (ii) Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are collectively called as (a) Himachal (c) Purvanchal (b) Uttaranchal (d) none of the above (iii) The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as (a) Coromandal (c) Kannad (b) Konkan (d) Northern Circar (iv) The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is (a) Anai Mudi (c) Mahendragiri (b) Kanchenjunga (d) Khasi Answer: 1 (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1(iv) Question: (c) Peninsula (c) Purvanchal (c) Kannad (c) Mahadergiri

2 Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What are tectonic plates? (ii) Which continents of today was part of the Gondwana land? (iii) What is the bhabar? (iv) Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south. (v) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges? (vi) Name the island group of India having coral origin. Answer: Earth scientists have attempted to explain the formation of physical features with the help of Plate tectonics theory based on certain evidences. According to Plate Tectonics theory, the crust (upper part) of the earth has been formed out of seven major and some minor plates. The movement of the plates results in the building up of stresses within the plates and the continental rocks above, leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity. The Gondwanaland included India, Australia, South Africa and South America as one single land mass. It was located in the southern Hemisphere.

2 (i)

2 (ii)

At the Northern plains, the rivers, after descending from the mountains deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of 2 (iii) the Shiwaliks. It is known as bhabar. All the streams disappear in this bhabar belt. The three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south are as follow 2 (iv) a) The Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. b) Himachal or lesser Himalaya. c) Shiwaliks 2 (v) Central Highlands 2 (vi) Lakshadweep Islands Question: 3. Distinguish between (i) Converging and diverging tectonic plates (ii) Bhangar and Khadar (iii) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats Answer: 3 (i) Converging tectonic plates Diverging tectonic plates

The plates that move away The plates that come from each other and form towards each other and divergent boundary are

form convergent boundary are known as Converging tectonic plates

known as Diverging tectonic plates

Khandar Bhangar a) The largest part of the northern plain is formed of older 3 alluvium. This part is (ii) known as bhangar. b) They lie above the flood plains of the rivers and present a terrace like feature. The soil in northern plains contains calcareous deposits locally known as kankar. The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains are called khadar. They are renewed almost every year and so are fertile, thus, ideal for intensive agriculture.

Western Ghats a) The Eastern Ghats stretch from the Mahanadi Valley to the Nigiris in the south. The Eastern Ghats 3 are discontinuous and (iii) irregular and dissected by b) The Western Ghats rivers draining into are higher than the the Bay of Bengal. Eastern Ghats. Their b) The average Height of average elevation is Eastern Ghats is 600 9001600 meters meters Question: 4. Describe how the Himalayas were formed. Answer: The Gondwanaland included India, Australia, South Africa and South America as one single land mass. The convectional currents split the crust into a number of pieces, thus leading to the drifting of the Indo-Australian plate after being separated from the Gondwana land, towards north. The northward drift resulted a) Western Ghats lie parallel to the western coast. They are continuous chain from Gulf of Cambay to Kanyakumari. Eastern Ghats

in the collision of the plate with the much larger Eurasian Plate. Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosynclines known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalayas Question: 5. Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau. Answer:

The physical features of India can be grouped under the following physiographic divisions (i) The Himalayan Mountains (ii) The Northern Plains (iii) The Peninsular Plateau (iv) The Indian Desert (v) The Coastal Plains (vi) The Islands

Question: 6. Give an account of the Northern Plains of India. Answer:

The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil. The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the foothills of the Himalaya over millions of years formed this fertile plain. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 Km long and 240 to 320 Km broad, is a densely populated physiographic division. With a rich soil cover combined with adequate water supply and favorable climate it is agriculturally a very productive part of India. The Northern Plain is broadly divided into three

sections. Punjab Plains - The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its tributaries, the larger part of this plain lies in Pakistan. The Indus and its tributariesthe Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj originate in the Himalaya. This section of the plain is dominated by the doabs. Ganga Plains - The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the states of North India, Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar, partly Jharkhand and West Bengal to its East. Brahmaputra plain - The Brahmaputra Plain lies in the eastern and is often known as Assam Valley.

Question: 7. Write short notes on the following. (i) The Indian Desert (ii) The Central Highlands. (iii) The Island groups of India Answer:

7 (i)

The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is a sandy plain covered with sand dunes. The rainfall is below 150 mm per year. It has arid climate with low vegetating cover. Streams appear during the rainy season. Luni is the only large river in this region. The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as the Central Highlands. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand ,Baghelkhand and The Chotanagpur plateau

7 (ii)

The Western part consists of Vindhayas , Aravallis and Malwa Plateau 7 India has two groups pf Island. (iii) a) Lakshadweep Islands group - It is lying close to the Malabar coast of Kerala. This group of islands is composed of small coral islands. It covers small area of 32 sq km. Kavaratti island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. This island group has great diversity of flora and fauna. b) Andaman and Nicobar islands - The elongated chain of islands located in the Bay of Bengal extending from north to south are Andaman and Nicobar islands. They are bigger in size and are more numerous and scattered. The entire group of islands is divided into two broad categories The Andaman in the north and the Nicobar in the south.

CBSE Geography - Chapter 3 - Drainage - P23 - Q1

Question: 1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) Which one of the following describes the drainage patterns resembling the branches of a tree? (a) Radial (c) Centrifugal (b) Dendritic (d) Trellis (ii) In which of the following states is the Wular lake located? (a) Rajasthan (c) Punjab (b) Uttar Pradesh (d) Jammu and Kashmir (iii) The river Narmada has its source at (a) Satpura (c) Amarkantak (b) Brahmagiri (d) Slopes of the Western ghats (iv) Which one of the following lakes is a salt water lake? (a) Sambhar (c) Wular (b) Dal (d) Gobind Sagar (v) Which one of the following is the longest river of the Peninsular India? (a) Narmada (c) Godavari (b) Krishma (d) Mahanadi

(vi) Which one amongst the following rivers flows through a rift valley? (a) Damodar (c) Krishna (b) Tungabhadra (d) Tapi Answer:

1 (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1(v) 1 (vi)

Question:

(b) Dendritic (d) Jammu and Kashmir (a) Amarkantak (a) Sambhar (c) Godavari (d) Tapi

2. Answer the following questions briefly. (i) What is meant by a water divide? Give an example. (ii) Which is the largest river basin in India? (iii) Where do the rivers Indus and Ganga have their origin? (iv) Name the two headstreams of the Ganga. Where do they meet to form the Ganga? (v) Why does the Brahmaputra in its Tibetan part have less silt, despite a longer course? (vi) Which two Peninsular rivers flow through trough? (vii) State some economic benefits of rivers and lakes. Answer:

Any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland,separates two drainage basins. Such an upland 2 (i) is known as a water divide. Ambala is located on the water divide between th Indus and the Ganga river systems. 2(ii) Ganga- Brahmaputra The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake 2(iii) Mansarowar.The headwaters of the Ganga originates at Gangotri Glacier. 2 (iv) The headwaters of the Ganga is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devaprayag in Uttaranchal. Here the river gets it

name 'Ganga' 2 (v) 2 (Vi) In Tibet the river carries a smaller volume of water and less silt as Tibet is a cold and a dry area. Narmada and Tapi Roles and Economic Benefits of River and Lake are as follows :

2 (vii)

Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout the human history. Water from the rivers is a basic natural resource, essential for various human activities. The river banks have attracted settlers from ancient times. These settlements have now become big cities. Using rivers for irrigation, navigation, hydropower generation is of special significance especially country like India Lakes are of great value to human beings. A lake helps to regulate the flow of a river.During heavy rainfall, it prevents flooding and during the dry season, it helps to maintain an even flow of water. Lakes can also be used for developing hydel power. They moderate the climate of the surroundings; maintain the aquatic ecosystem, enhance natural beauty, help develop tourism and provide recreation.

Question: 3. Below are given names of a few lakes of India. Group them under two categories natural and created by human beings. (a) Wular (c) Nainital (e) Gobind Sagar (g) Barapani (i) Sambhar (k) Nizam Sagar (m) Nagarjuna Sagar (b) Dal (d) Bhimtal (f) Loktak (h) Chilika (j) Rana Pratap Sagar (l) Pulicat (n) Hirakund

Answer:

Natural Lakes (a) Wular , (b) Dal , (c) Nainital , (d) Bhimtal , (f) Loktak , (g) Barapani , (h) Chilika , (i) Sambhar , (k) Nizam Sagar , (l) Pulicat (m) Nagarjuna Sagar Man-made Lakes (e) Gobind Sagar , (j) Rana Pratap Sagar , (n) Hirakund Question: 4. Discuss the significant difference between the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers. Answer:

Peninsular Rivers Himalayan Rivers 1. Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial. It means that they have water throughout the year. These rivers receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains. 2. The Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to the sea. 3. The two major Himalayan rivers, the Indus and the Brahmaputra originate from the north of the mountain ranges.
Question: 5. Compare the east flowing and the west flowing rivers of the Peninsular plateau. Answer:

1. A large number of the Peninsular rivers are seasonal, as their flow is dependent on rainfall. 2. The Peninsular rivers have shorter and shallower courses as compared to their Himalayan counterparts. 3. Most of the rivers of peninsular India originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal.

The east flowing rivers

The west flowing rivers

Mahanadi , Godavari , Krishna Cauvery ae east flowing rivers These rivers form deltas on the east coast They flow into Bay of Bangal

Narmada and Tapi are west flowing rives Deltas are not formed by these rivers These rivers fall into Arabian Sea.

Science - Chap 2 - IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

Question: 1. What is meant by a pure substance? Answer: A pure substance consists of a single type of particles and all the constituent particles of that substance are the same in their chemical nature. Question: 2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Answer: Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout. Examples of such mixtures are: (i) salt in water and (ii) sugar in water. Heterogeneous Mixtures are those mixtures which contain physically distinct parts and have non-uniform compositions. Mixtures of sodium chloride and iron filings, salt and sulphur, and oil and water are examples of heterogeneous mixtures. Question: 2. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other? Answer: Sol: A Sol is a heterogeneous mixture. The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually seen by naked eyes. Colloids are big enough to scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path visible. Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. In a solution there is homogeneity at the particle level. For example, lemonade tastes the same throughout. This shows that

particles of sugar or salt are evenly distributed in the solution.Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution. So, the path of light is not visible in a solution. Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye. The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path visible. Question: 3. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water at 293 K. Find its concentration at this temperature. Answer: (i) Mass of solute (Sodium Chloride) = 36 g Mass of solvent (water) = 100 g Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent = 36 + 100 = 136 g Mass by mass percentage of a solution (Concentration of solution) = (Mass of solute)/ (Mass of solution) 100 = (36 g of sodium chloride) / (136 g of water) 100 = 26.47 % Question: 1. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their boiling points is more than 25C), which are miscible with each other? Answer: We can use distillation process to separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their boiling points is more than 25C), which are miscible with each other. To separate kerosene and petrol from their mixture, take the mixture in a distillation flask. Fit it with a thermometer. Arrange the apparatus as shown in Fig. 2.9.(NCERT BOOK PAGE 21) Heat the mixture slowly keeping a close watch at the thermometer. The kerosene vaporizes, condenses in the condenser and can be collected from the condenser outlet. Petrol is left behind in the distillation flask. Question: 2. Name the technique to separate

(i) Butter from curd, (ii) salt from sea-water, (iii) camphor from salt. Answer: (i) Butter from curd - Separation process is Centrifugation (ii) salt from sea-water - Separation process is Evaporation (iii) camphor from salt - Separation process is Sublimation Question: 3. What type of mixtures is separated by the technique of crystallization? Answer: Crystallization is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution. The crystallization method is used to purify solids. For example, the salt we get from sea water can have many impurities in it. To remove these impurities, the process of crystallization is used. Question: 1. Classify the following as chemical or physical changes: cutting of trees, melting of butter in a pan, rusting of almirah, boiling of water to form steam, passing of electric current, through water and the water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen gases, dissolving common salt in water making a fruit salad with raw fruits, and burning of paper and wood. Answer: cutting of trees ------------> Physical Changes melting of butter in a pan ------------> Physical Changes rusting of almirah ------------> Chemical Changes boiling of water to form steam ------------> Physical Changes passing of electric current, through water and the water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen gases ------------> Chemical Changes dissolving common salt in water ------------> Physical Changes making a fruit salad with raw fruits ------------> Physical Changes burning of paper and wood ------------> Chemical Changes Question: 2. Try segregating the things around you as pure substances or mixtures.

Answer: Pure substances -----------> salt, sugar, water Mixtures Question: 1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following? (a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water. (b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium chloride. (c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car. (d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals. (e) Butter from curd. (f) Oil from water. (g) Tea leaves from tea. (h) Iron pins from sand. (i) Wheat grains from husk. (j) Fine mud particles suspended in water. Answer: (a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water. -------------> Evaporation (b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium chloride. ------------> Sublimation (c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car. -------------> Decantation (d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals. -------------> Chromatography (e) Butter from curd. -------------> Centrifugation (f) Oil from water. -------------> Separating Funnel (g) Tea leaves from tea. -------------> Filtration (h) Iron pins from sand. -------------> Magnetic Separation (i) Wheat grains from husk. ------------->Winnowing (j) Fine mud particles suspended in water. -------------> Centrifugation Question: 2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue. Answer: Water is a solvent which is boiled in a sauce pan. Milk and tea are solutes that are added to water (solvent). They form a solution. The solution is poured through a strainer. The insoluble part, residue, is left in the strainer and solution is collected in a teapot. Sugar is added to the filtrate and soluble sugar dissolves in the solution. And we get the tea. Question: -----------> milk, water, minerals, soil, and lemonade

3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at different temperatures and collected the data as given below (results are given in the following table, as grams of substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).

See the Table in NCERT Book Page No 28 (a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K? (b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the solution to cool at room temperature. What would she observe as the solution cools? Explain. (c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest solubility at this temperature? (d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt? Answer: (a) At 313 K, 62 g of Potassium nitrate is required to be added in 100 g of Water to make a saturated solution. (As per the Table given)

To make saturated solution with 50 g of water = (62/100)* 50 g of potassium nitrate would be needed = 31 g (b) There will be precipitation of potassium chloride as the solution cools down to room temperature from 353. The solubility of potassium chloride decreases as the temperature of water decreases. (c) Ammonium Chloride has the highest solution at 293 K. (d) As observed at the given table, the solubility of a salt increases with the increase of temperature and decreases as the temperature decreases. Question: 4. Explain the following giving examples. (a) Saturated solution (b) pure substance (c) colloid (d) suspension Answer: (a) Saturated Solution: At any particular temperature, a solution that has dissolved as much solute as it is capable of dissolving is said to be a saturated solution. In other words, when no more solute can be dissolved in a solution at a given temperature, it is called a saturated solution.

(b) Pure substance: all the constituent particles of that substance are the same in their chemical nature. A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. Pure substances can be elements or compounds. (c) Colloid: Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size is too small to be seen with the naked eye, but is big enough to scatter light. Colloids are useful in industry and daily life. The particles are called the dispersed phase and the medium in which they are distributed is called the dispersion medium. (d) Suspension: Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles that are visible to naked eyes form a suspension. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. Question: 5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture. Soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea. Answer: Homogeneous mixture: soda water, air, vinegar Heterogeneous mixture: wood, soil, filtered tea. Question: 7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a pure substance? (a) Ice (b) Milk (c) Iron (d) Hydrochloric acid (e) Calcium oxide (f) Mercury (g) Brick (h) Wood (i) Air. Answer: Pure substance is as follows (a) Ice (c) Iron (d) Hydrochloric acid (e) Calcium oxide (f) Mercury Question:

8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures. (a) Soil (b) Sea water (c) Air (d) Coal (e) Soda water. Answer: The list of solutions among the following mixtures is (b) Sea water (c) Air (e) Soda water. Question: 9. Which of the following will show Tyndall effect? (a) Salt solution (b) Milk (c) Copper sulphate solution (d) Starch solution. Answer: Milk and Starch Solution will show Tyndall Effect. Question: 10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures. (a) Sodium (b) Soil (c) Sugar solution (d) Silver (e) Calcium carbonate (f) Tin (g) Silicon (h) Coal (i) Air (j) Soap (k) Methane (l) Carbon dioxide (m) Blood Answer: Elements: (a) Sodium, (d) Silver,(f) Tin, (g) Silicon

Compounds: (e) Calcium carbonate, (k) Methane, (l) Carbon dioxide Mixtures: (b) Soil, (c) Sugar solution, (h) Coal, (i) Air, (j) Soap, (m) Blood Question: 11. Which of the following are chemical changes? (a) Growth of a plant (b) Rusting of iron (c) Mixing of iron filings and sand (d) Cooking of food (e) Digestion of food (f) Freezing of water (g) Burning of a candle. Answer: The list of Chemical Changes is (a) Growth of a plant (b) Rusting of iron (d) Cooking of food (e) Digestion of food (g) Burning of a candle.

Science - Chap 6 - TISSUES

Question: 1. What is a tissue? Answer: A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue. This cluster of cells, tissue, is arranged and designed so as to give the highest possible efficiency of function. Blood, phloem and muscle are all examples of tissues. Question: 2. What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms? Answer: In multi-cellular organisms there are millions of cells. Most of these cells are specialized to carry out a few functions. Each specialized function is taken up by a different group of cells. Cells specializing in one function are often grouped together in the body. This cluster of cells, called a tissue, is arranged and designed so as to give the highest possible efficiency of function.

Question: 1. Name types of simple tissues. Answer: There are three types of simple tissues: (a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchymas and (c) Sclerenchyma. Question: 2. Where is apical meristem found? Answer: Apical meristem is present at the growing tips of stems and roots and increases the length of the stem and the root. Question: 4. What are the constituents of phloem? Answer: Phloem is made up of four types of elements: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibers and the phloem parenchyma. Question: 1. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body. Answer: Muscular tissue is responsible for movement in human body. Question: 2. What does a neuron look like? Answer: Nervous tissue is called nerve cells or neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise. Usually each neuron has a single long part, called the axon, and many short, branched parts called dendrites. An individual nerve cell may be up to a meter long. Question: 3. Give three features of cardiac muscles. Answer:

The three features of cardiac muscles are 1. The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. 2. Heart muscle cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate. 3. Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles. Question: 4. What are the functions of areolar tissue? Answer: Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues. Question: 1. Define the term tissue. Answer: Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function. Question: 2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them. Answer: Xylem consists of four elements. They are tracheids, vessels, and xylem parenchyma and xylem fibers. Question: 3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants? Answer: The difference between simple and Complex tissues are as follows: a) Simple Cells are all made of one type of cells, which look like each other. Whereas Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells. All these cells coordinate to perform a common function. b) Parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma are three types of simple tissues. Whereas Xylem and phloem are types of complex tissues. Question:

4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall. Answer:

Parenchyma

collenchymas

sclerenchyma

The cells of this tissue are dead. They are Parenchyma consists of The cells of long and narrow as the relatively unspecialized collenchymas tissue are walls are thickened due to cells with thin cell walls. living, elongated and lignin (a chemical They are usually loosely irregularly thickened at substance which acts as packed, so that large the corners. There is cement and hardens spaces between cells very little intercellular them). Often these walls (intercellular spaces) are space are so thick that there is found in this tissue. no internal space inside the cell. Question: 1. What are the functions of the stomata? Answer: The function of stomata is as follows: a) Stomata are necessary for exchanging gases with the atmosphere. b) Transpiration (loss of water in the form of water vapour) also takes place through stomata. Question: 7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle? Answer: Cardiac muscles of the heart are responsible for the rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. Question: 8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. Answer: striated muscles unstriated muscles Cardiac muscles

On the basis of their structure The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate (having many nuclei). The cells are long with pointed ends (spindle- Heart muscle cells are shaped) and cylindrical, branched uninucleate (having a and uninucleate single nucleus).

On the basis of site/location in the body. The movement of food in the alimentary canal or the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are because of unstriated muscles.They are found in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of the lungs.

They are mostly attached to bones and help in body movement.

The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation

Question: 10. Name the following. (a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth. (b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans. (c) Tissue that transports food in plants. (d) Tissue that stores fat in our body. (e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix. (f) Tissue present in the brain. Answer: (a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth. -----------------> Epithelial Tissue (b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans. -----------------> Tendons (c) Tissue that transports food in plants. -----------------> Phloem (d) Tissue that stores fat in our body. -----------------> Adipose (e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix. -----------------> Blood (f) Tissue present in the brain. -----------------> Nervous Question: 11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle. Answer:

Skin: Stratified squamous epithelial tissue Bark of tree: Simple permanent tissue Bone: Connective tissue Lining of kidney tubule: Cubical epithelial tissue Vascular bundle: Complex permanent tissue Question: 12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present. Answer: Stems roots, fruit, leaves, and flowers are the region where parenchyma tissue is present. Question: 13. What is the role of epidermis in plants? Answer: Epidermis has a protective role to play, cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. The entire surface of a plant has this outer covering of epidermis. It protects all the parts of the plant. Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer on their outer surface. This aids in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi. Stomata present in epidermis are necessary for exchanging gases with the atmosphere. Question: 14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue? Answer: The outer protective tissue forms the several-layer thick cork or the bark of the tree. Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water. And hence cork plays a role of protective tissue Question: 15. Complete the table: Answer:

Simple --------> Parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma Complex ------------> Xylem, phloem

CBSE 9TH Science - Chap 7 - Diversity of Living Organisms - P80 - Q2

Question: Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life-forms around you. Answer:

Three examples of the range of variations that you see in life-forms around us are as follows : 1. The size of organisms is of great variety. On one hand there are microscopic bacteria of a few micrometre in size. While on the other hand we have blue whale and red wood trees of california of approximate sizes of 30 metres and 100 metres repectively. 2. 3. The Life Span varies a lot. Some pine trees livefor thousands of years while insects like mosquitoes die within a few days. Life also ranges from colourless or even transparent worms to brightly coloured birds and flowers.

Question: In which kingdom will you place an organism which is single-celled, eukaryotic and photosynthetic? Answer:

An organism which is single-celled, eukaryotic and photosynthetic will be placed in Kingdom Protista. Question: In the hierarchy of classification, which grouping will have the smallest number of organisms with a maximum of characteristics in common and which will have the largest number of organisms? Answer:

In the hierarchy of classification,a species will have the smallest number of organisms with a maximum of characteristics in common, whereas the kingdom will have the largest number of organisms. Question: Which division among plants has the simplest organisms? Answer:

Thallophyta is the division of plants that has the simplest organisms. This group includes plants, which do not contain a well differentiated plant body. Question: Why do we classify organisms?

Answer:

The wide variety of life (10-13 millions of life forms ) around us has evolved on the earth over millions of years. However, we do not have more than a tiny fraction of this time to try and understand all these living organisms, so we cannot look at them one by one. Instead, we look for similarities among the organisms, which will allow us to put them into different classes and then study different classes or groups as a whole.And Hence the need to classify Organisms.