Launching eNew Ship of th State

1789 1800

 Americans distrustedauthority andgove rnment American nances wereinbadshape

Hadoverthrownboth th BritishandArticles of e Co nfederation

TroubledT imes f US or Go ve rnment

18th century p oliticalth eory consideredr epublican go ve rnmentoverawideareaimpossible

Littlem oney cominginth rought axes Hugeamountofp ublic debt Worthless p aperm oney incirculation; m m etal oney was scarce

GrowingPains
Population
Doubling every 25 years 1790 4 m illionp eoplelivedinUS Cities grow ing, althoughm p ost eople(90%) live dinr areas ural Mostp eople(95% ) live deastofth e Appalachianm ountains

Americans in1790

GrowingPains
Trans-Appalachianp opulation
Peoplewho livedbetweenwe stofth Appalachian e m ountains buteastofth MississippiRive r e Only 5% ofth p e opulation Co ncentratedinKentucky, T ennessee, andOhio Thesep eoplewe ren very loyalto th US ot e

Firsttrans-Appalachianterritories to becomestates (w ithin14 years) Shippedagriculturalp roducts downMississippi(th m e outh was controlledby th Spanish) e They wretemptedby th Spanish(andBritish) p e romises of independence, ifth brokewith th US ey e

Washingtonf President or
Ge orgeWashington
Unanimously electedp residentby th electoralco llege e - th only n e omineeeverto beelectedu nanimously Preferredf armingatMountVernonto beingp residenthewas th only p nelectedwho didn wantto be e erso ot p resident April30, 1789 took th oath ofo ceinNew York e City (th temporary capitalofth US atth time) e e e

Washingtons Inauguration

Washingtonf President or
Washingtons cabinet
Co nstitutiononly says p residentm r ay equire written opinions ofth heads ofexe cutivebranchdepartments e Thecabinetevolvedinto agroup th heldm at eetings anddiscussedp olicy u nderWashington Only 3 departmentheads wereoriginally inth cabinet e u nderWashington:
Se cretary ofState Thomas Jeerso n Se cretary ofth T e reasury AlexanderHamilton Se cretary ofWarHenry Knox Theo ceofattorney ge neralwas addedin1789

WashingtonandHis Cabinet

TheBill ofRights
Antifederalists hadcriticizedth e Co nstitutionbecauseitdidn thaveabill of r ights So mestates hadsupportedth Constitution e with th u e nderstandingth abill ofr at ights wouldbeincludedlater

TheBill ofRights
Amendments to th Constitutioncouldbe e p ropose din2 ways
An co nstitutionalco nventionco uldber ew equestedby 2/ ofth states 3 e Orby a2/3 vote ofboth houses ofCongress

Madisonchoseto write amendments f th bill of or e r ights andp roposeth th em roughCongress

Hedidn wantto ope nn aco nstitutional ot ew conventionwhe nth f e ederalists hadjustbarely wonth e lastone

Amendingth Constitution e

TheBill ofRights
1791 10 amendments p assed3/4 ofth e state legislatures andbecamelaw
Freedomofr eligion, spe ech, p ress Rightto beararms Rightto trialby jury Rightto assembleandp etitionf r or edress of grievances Prohibitionofcruelandu nusualp unishment Prohibitionofarbitrary go ve rnmentseizureof p rivate p roperty

TheBill ofRights
9th Amendment
Addedto guardagainstth assumptionth th e at e listofr ights wereth only ones p e rotected Saidth specicationofcertainr is ights didn ot deny ordisparage otherr ights r etainedby th p e eople

TheBill ofRights
10th Amendment
Rese rve dall r ights n explicitly delegatedor ot p rohibitedby th Constitutionto th States e e r ctive ly, orto th p espe e eople

TheBill ofRights

TheBill ofRights
Judiciary Actof1789
Organizedth SupremeCourtwith achief e justiceand5 associate justices (6 total) Organizedf ederaldistrictandcircuitco urts Establishedth o ceofattorney ge neral e

TheFederalCourtSystemT oday

 Se cretary ofT reasury AlexanderHamilton

HamiltonRevives th Corpseof e Public Credit

Agenius, butn fully trustedby m because ot any heope nly f redaristocratic gove rnment avo Interferedinothers departments, especially th ofhis bitterr Thomas Jeerso n, at ival secretary ofstate

Alexander Hamilton

 Hamiltons nancialgoals f th US or e

HamiltonRevives th Corpseof e Public Credit

Fix economic p roblems fromth Articles of e Co nfederation Favo rwe althy groups so th th wouldlend at ey m oney andp oliticalsupportto th gove rnment e Prospe rity wo uldth trickledow nfromth en e u pperto low erclasses

 Hamiltons go alofstrengtheningth e n ationalcredit

HamiltonRevives th Corpseof e Public Credit

Believe dth US go ve rnmentn e eededth e condenceofth p e eople(especially th e wealthy)

 PushedCongress to p o entiren ay ational debt($54 m illion) atf value ace

Spe culators hadboughtbonds u atlow p s p rice Go ve rnmentbonds haddepreciatedto 10 - 15 cents becausem p ost eopledidn tbelieveth e go ve rnmentwo uldbeableto p th back ay em

HamiltonRevives th Corpseof e Public Credit

 Pushedf Congress to assumestates debts or ($ 21.5 m illion)

Justiablesinceth hadbeenincurredwhile ey ghtingth Revo lution e Hamiltonp rimarily wantedto strengthenth e US
States wouldbem supportiveofth n ore e ational go ve rnment Richcreditors w ouldsupportth n e ational go ve rnment(to getth m eir oney p back) aid

HamiltonRevives th Corpseof e Public Credit

 State r eactionto Hamiltons assumptionp lan

HamiltonRevives th Corpseof e Public Credit

States with largedebts (likeMassachuse tts) supported th p e lan States with small debts (likeVirginia) didn ot Virginiawantedth f is ederaldistrict(authorizedinth e Co nstitution, butithadn beendecidedwhe reth ot e districtwo uldbelocatedyet) f co mmerceand or p restige Inr eturn, Virginiasupportedassumption, anditp assed in1790

TheDistrictofColumbia

Washington, D.C.

Customs Duties andExciseT axes

Becauseofassumption, th n e ationaldebtwas n ow $ 75 m illion($813,226,930.14 in2005 dollars)
Ifth US hadntf e ollowedHamiltons strong desireto strengthenth p e ublic credititco uldhaven p $13 ot aid m illioninback interestandn p th state debts at ot aid e all

Hamiltons trueobjectivef th n or e ationaldebtwas to strengthenth US e

Them creditors th gove rnmentow edm ore e oney to, th e m p ore eopleth wo uldbewith aninterestinm ere aking sureth gove rnmentwo rke d e

Customs Duties andExciseT axes

T aris (t axes onimports) onf oreigntrade
Hamiltons p to p downth debt lan ay e Hamiltons andCongresss way ofp rotecting ak we Americanindustry fromf oreign(especially British) competition 1789 t rst ari law ofsmall 8% duty Hamiltonp ushedf highert or aris, butCongress (dominatedby agriculturalinterests) only slightly increase dt ari after1789

Customs Duties andExciseT axes

Internalt axes (withinth US) wereanadditional e way to p downth debt ay e
1791 Co ngress p assedanexc iset onaf items ax ew Excise aninternalt impose donth p ax e roduction, sale, orco nsumptionofaco mmodity orth u ofa e se servicewithinaco untry: exc ises ontobacco, liquor, andlong-distancetelephonecalls Thehighestwas a7 cents p gallont onwhiske y, er ax p p aid rimarily by distillers (th hurtr f is ural armers th e m becauseth shippedexc ess f ost ey armp roduceto th e Eastby t urning into alcohol it rst)

Hamiltons Financial Structure Supported by Reve nues

 Hamiltons bank

HamiltonBattles Jeerso nf a or Bank

HeadmiredBank ofEnglandandp ropose dap owerful p rivate institutionsimilarto th bank, with th n is e ational go ve rnmentas m ajority stockholder Thegove rnmentwo ulddepo sitm oney fromth f e ederal treasury th ere Wouldp p rint aperm oney andp rovideastablecurrency, backe dby th gove rnments deposits e
This m oney w ouldstimulate th ec onomy by r e emainingin circulation(availablef loans andinvestment) or

TheBank ofEngland

TheGreatHall inth Bank ofEngland e

 Jeerso noppo se dth bank e

HamiltonBattles Jeerso nf a or Bank

Washingtonaskedf Jeerso ns writtenopinion or Jeerso nheldto astrict construction(interpretation) ofth Constitution e Therewas n specic authorizationf abank inth o or e Co nstitution Powers th we ren specically grantedto th at ot e n ationalgove rnment(suchas th f e ormationofabank) werer rve df th states (Amendment10) ese or e Therefore, states hadp owerto authorizebanks, n th ot e n ationalgove rnment

Thomas Jeerso n

 Hamiltons r eply to Jeerso nwas also r equestedby Washington

HamiltonBattles Jeerso nf a or Bank

Hamiltonheldto aloose construction (interpretation) ofth Constitution e Anythingth Constitutiondidn f e ot orbidit p ermitted(Jeerso nbelieve dexactly th e opposite)

 Hamiltonu dth n se e ecessary andp roper (elastic) clause(fromArticleI)

HamiltonBattles Jeerso nf a or Bank

TheCongress shall havep ower T m all laws o ake whichshall ben ecessary andp roperf carrying or into executionth f e orego ingp owers, andall otherp owers ve stedby th Co nstitutioninth gove rnmentofth is e e UnitedStates, orinany departmentoro certh ereof. fromArticleI, section8 Go ve rnmentwas explicitly authorizedto co llectt axes andr egulate trade Abank wouldhelp go ve rnmentcarry outth p ese owers Therefore, th bank was implied(impliedp e owers) in otherexplicitp owers

 The overth bank expose ddierences ght e betweenth North andSouth e

HamiltonBattles Jeerso nf a or Bank

Theindustrialandco mmercialNorth supported th bank e TheagriculturalSouth didn supportth bank ot e

 Hamiltons view p revailed; in1791 th e bank w as createdby Co ngress

HamiltonBattles Jeerso nf a or Bank

Charteredf 20 years or LocatedatPhiladelphia Beganwith capitalof$10 m illion 1/5 ofth bank was ownedby th f e e ederal go ve rnment Stock inth bank so ldoutquickly inap e ublic sale

TheBank ofth UnitedStates e

 Importanceofwhiske y to r ural communities

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania

Badr oads f orcedm f any armers to convertgrain to alcoholf easierandcheapershipping th or to e east Whiskey was eve nu das m se oney insomep arts ofth frontier e

 Hamiltons exciset onwhisky hurtr ax ural f armers

Notat onaluxury butaburdenona ax n ecessity andaf ormofm oney Distillers t arredandf eatheredr nueo cers, eve stoppingco llections Criedf Liberty andNo Excise or

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania

1794 Whiske y Rebellion

AGo ve rnmentInspec torT arredand FeatheredDuringth Whiske y Rebellion e

 Washingtonbroughtm ilitiafromseve ralstates to stop th Whiske y Rebellion e

Initially th was aquestionofwhe therm from ere en otherstates wouldu to anotherstate nite ght Anarmy of13,000 didm archto Pennsylvania Ther ebels dispe rse dwhe nth heardtroops w ere ey coming 2 m we reco nvictedf r en or ebellion; Washington p ardonedth em Theincidentincrease dth p e owerofth n e ational go ve rnment, althoughsomecriticizedWashingtons brutality

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania

WashingtonRevie ws th T e roops atth e Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

 Hamiltonsucceededingivingm p ore ower

TheEmerge nceofPolitical Parties

to th ce ntralgove rnment, atth expenseof e e th states e Hamiltons succ esses ledto divisions in p ublic opinionbetweenstates r ights and f ederalp ower
Grew fromap nalf betweenJeerso n erso eud andHamiltonto afull-blownp oliticalr ivalry

 Parties versus f actions

TheEmerge nceofPolitical Parties

Organizedp oliticalp artieddidn existduring ot Washingtons term rst Politicaldivisions (Whigs andT ories, f ederalists andantifederalists) weref actions, n p ot arties
Groups who oppose deachotherandf oughtover spe cic issues Thesegroups disbandedafterth issuehadgone e away

 Founders hadn anticipatedth existence ot e ofp arties

Organizedoppo sitionto th democratic e go ve rnmentseemeddisloyalto th em

TheEmerge nceofPolitical Parties

 1790s Jeerso nandMadisonbegan organizingagainstHamilton

TheEmerge nceofPolitical Parties

Thep arty systembeganto t f ake ormas

Worke dagainstHamiltons p rograms in Co ngress only Didn anticipate th creationofap ot e opular p arty

oppositionto Hamiltongrew and n ewspapers broughtordinary citize ns in

 Thep arty systeminUS history

TheEmerge nceofPolitical Parties

Co mpetitionf p or owerbetween2 p arties w as importantf asounddemocracy or Theoppo sitionp arty m s sureth otherone ake e doesntgo too f fromth wishes ofth p ar e e eople

 By 1793 p oliticalp arties hadf ormed

Democratic-Republicans (Jeerso nian) Federalists (Hamiltonian)

TheImpactofth French e Revo lution

Foreignp olicy m dierences be tween ade th p e arties eve nm p ore ronounced

 In1789 th FrenchRevo lutionbegan e

TheImpactofth French e Revo lution

26 years beforeEuropewo uld nally beat p eace Leftsignicantimpactonth US andth r e e est ofth Westernwo rld e

 Early stage s ofth FrenchRevo lution e

TheImpactofth French e Revo lution

Peacefulattemptto limitth p e owerofKing Louis XVI Americans supportedth as animitationofth is e AmericanRevo lution(exceptf af or ew u ltraconservativeFederalists)

 1792 Francedec laredwaronAustria

TheImpactofth French e Revo lution

Austriaf oughtto r eturnking Franceand to p ntdemocratic r lutionary ideas from reve evo spreading Late in1792, FrancedefeatedAustria Americans celebratedAustrias defeat

 1793 th FrenchRevo lutiongrew r e adical

KingLouis XVI was beheaded TheReignofT errorbegan(endingin1794); 40,000 p eoplewe rekilledduringth time is

TheImpactofth French e Revo lution

TheExecutionofLouis XVI

 Americanr eactionto th r e adicalismofth e FrenchRevo lution

Federalists t urnedagainstth Revo lution e immediately Jeerso nians r egrettedth killing, butaccepted e th killingofsomearistocrats infurtheranceof e humanfreedom

TheImpactofth French e Revo lution

 Theimpactofth FrenchRevo lution e

TheImpactofth French e Revo lution

Britainwas broughtinto th conict(allied e with Austriato France) ght Eve ntually cameto involveaconictbetween th Europeanp e owers f co ntrolofth Atlantic or e This broughtth US andth r ofth wo rld e e est e into th co nict e

 Theallianceof1778 betweenFranceand Americawas still inf orce

Was to lastf oreve r accordingto th treaty e Obligatedth US to defendth FrenchWest e e Indies (whereBritainwas certainto attack)

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

 Democratic-Republicans wantedto honor th treaty e

Sidedwith Franceoverth r eir ecentenemy Britain Arguedth th US owedFranceits freedom at e

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

 Washington(backe dby Hamilton) r esisted supportingFrance

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Believe dth US hadto avo idconicts with e Europef 1 2 generations, so th American or at strength andn umbers (th roughahighbirth r ate) couldbebuiltu p Believe dth ifth US enteredEuropeanwars at e (to defendits r ights onth Atlantic) itwo uld e p ossibly bedefeatedorsignicantly hurt

 Neutrality Proclamationof1793

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

Issuedr afterth warstartedbetweenBritainand ight e France Proclaimedth US go ve rnments strictn e eutrality WarnedAmericancitize ns to ben eutraltowardboth sides Inuencedth spreadofiso lationistf e eelings among m Americans any Ange redm Democratic-Republicans becauseitwas any seenas abetrayalofFranceandbecauseitwas announcedby Washingtonwithoutco nsulting Congress

 CitizenEdmondGent

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

April1793 as ambassadorfromFrance, arrive din Charleston, So uth Carolina Receive denthusiastically by m Democraticany Republicans inth South e Ge ntm istake nly believe dth m Americans didn at ost ot supportth Neutrality Proclamation e Worke dto r ecruitAmericans to invadeSpanishFlorida, LouisianaandBritishCanada 1794 WashingtondemandedGe ntber eplaced

Citize nGe nt

 Neutrality Proclamationshow edth alliances are at alw ays basedonself-interest

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

1778 both FranceandAmericagainedfromth eir alliance 1793 only Francewo uldgain, so th alliancedidn e ot happen TheUS didn ttechnically vio late th 1778 alliance e becauseFrancen rcalledonth US f help (because eve e or afterth Neutrality Proclamation, Franceknew th US e e wouldr efuse )

 Americann eutrality f redFrance avo

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

TheFrenchWestIndies n eededf fromth ood e US Ifth US hadenteredth waronth sideof e e e France, Britainwo uldhaveblockaded Americanco ast, cuttingo supplies No blockadem eantth US couldcontinue e shippingto Frances colonies

Embroilments w ith Britain

Britainkept7 f onth n orts e orthernborder betweenth US andCanada, inUS territory e
Violationof1783 Treaty ofParis Was r eluctantto giveu th p p e rotablefurtrade WantedanIndianbuerbetweenCanadaand th US e

AmericanPosts Heldby th e BritishAfter1783

Embroilments w ith Britain

MiamiConfederacy 8 Indiann ations alliedwith British
Britishp rovidedIndians with guns andalcohol Indians saw th Ohio Rive ras US s n e orthern boundary (andth southernboundary) eir 1790 1791 US ge nerals HarmarandSt. Clairdefeatedby Indians

Embroilments w ith Britain

1794 BattleofFallenT imbers
Ge neralMadAnthony Waynedefeatedth e MiamiIndians TheBritishr efuse dto shelterth e eeing Indians (supposedly th allies) inth British eir e f orts

Embroilments w ith Britain

August1795 th T e reaty ofGreenville
Indians gaveu hugetracts ofland(inIndianaandOhio) p Indians r eceive d$20,000 andanannualp aymentof $ 9,000 Indians couldco ntinueto huntonth lands th had e ey givenu p Indians wrongly hope dth treaty p limits onwhite e ut expansion

Co nicts with Indians onth e NorthwestFrontierinth 1790s e

Embroilments w ith Britain

Britishattacks onUS shipping
Blockadedth FrenchWestIndies e Seized300 US ships andimpressedUS seamen into serviceonBritishships; otherUS sailors wereimprisoned

ImpressmentofUS Sailors

Embroilments w ith Britain

US r eactionto Britishviolations onth sea e
Jeerso nians calledf awar(oratleastan or embargo ) againstBritain Federalists r esistedJeerso niandemands

Wantedth US to develop tradeandindustry; e dependedonBritainf th or is Didn wantadestructivewarwith m p ot ost owerful country inth wo rld e

 1794 WashingtonsentChiefJusticeJohn Jay to Londonto n tiate atreaty inalast ego attemptto avo idwar

Jays Treaty andWashingtons Farewell

Jeerso nians f earedth p e ro-BritishJay would sell outUS interests Jays n tiations weresabotage dby Hamilton ego
Hef earedwarwith Britain, so hetoldth British e details ofJays n tiating ego strategy As ar esult, Jay go tf co ncessions fromBritain ew

Chief JusticeJohn Jay

 TheJay Treaty

Jays Treaty andWashingtons Farewell

Britainp romisedto evacuate th 7 f onUS e orts so ilandp romisedto p damage s f seized ay or Americanships Brittaindidn p ot romiseanythingaboutfuture ship seizures orimpressments orabout supplying arms to th Indians e Americans p romisedto r epay debts owedto Britishm erchants frombeforeth Revo lution e

 TheJay Treaty enrage dDemocratic-Republicans

Jays Treaty andWashingtons Farewell

Thetreaty seemedto beaco mplete surrenderto Britain Hurtth South (who hadto p large rshareofth e ay e debts) whileth North was helped(by beingr e epaidf or th lostships) eir Jeerso nianm hanged, burnedandguillotinedin obs egy (acrude gureordummy r eprese nting hated a p norgroup) JohnJay erso

Jay Burned inEgy by Anti-British Americans

 Pinckneys Treaty of1795

Jays Treaty andWashingtons Farewell

Spainquickly agreedto m US terms because ost ofth f ofaclose rAnglo-American eir ear alliance TheUS was grantedfreen avigationofth e Mississippiandalargedisputedarean orth of Florida

Pinckneys Treaty, 1795

 1796 Washingtonchoseto r etire

Jays Treaty andWashingtons Farewell

The2-termtraditionf US p or residents lasted u broke nby FranklinRoose ve ltin1940 ntil The22nd Amendment(r atiedin1951) m 2 ade terms p ofth Constitution art e

 Washingtons f arewell address

Jays Treaty andWashingtons Farewell

Publishedinn ewspapers, n delive redas a ot spe ech Warnedagainstp ermanentalliances Didn oppo seall alliances, butadvised ot m akingth temporary em Didth advice(to awe ak n is ation) apply to strongn ationlater?

 PresidentWashingtons importance

Jays Treaty andWashingtons Farewell

Fiscalhealth andstrength ofth gove rnment e established Settlementto th Westandseatradewas e expanding Mostimportantly, hehadkeptth US outof e f oreignwars

JohnAdams Becomes President

Theelectionof1796
Federalists n ominatedWashingtons vice p resident, JohnAdams Hamiltonwas too u npopularwith m p any eople becauseofhis nancialp olicies (whichseemed to f rth r avo e ich) Democratic-Republicans n ominatedJeerso n

JohnAdams Becomes President

Thebittercampaignof1796
Federalists andDemocratic-Republicans bitterly attacke deachother Ther ctf Washingtonhadp some espe or ut r estraints onp artisanattacks beforeth is Issues f ocusedheavily onp nalities erso Democratic-Republicans attacke dFederalists f brutality duringWhiske y RebellionandJay or Treaty

 Results ofth electionof1796 e

JohnAdams Becomes President

JohnAdams n arrowly wonth election(71 to e 68 votes inth ElectoralCollege ) e Jeerso nbecameAdams vicep resident

Underth originalsystemf electing ep e or th resident, eachelectorhad2 votes in1 electionf both or p residentandvicep resident; who eve rgotth m e ost vo tes becamep resident; th r e unner-up becamevice p resident This was changedby th 12th Amendmentin1804 e Now th are2 separate elections (1 f p ere or resident, 1 f vicep or resident)

Election of1796

TheFramers Planf th or e Electoral Co llege

JohnAdams Becomes President

JohnAdams p nality erso
Fat(calledHis Rotundity) andshort(5 7) Sternandstubbornintellectualaristocrat Notwe ll-likedby m Americans ost

JohnAdams

JohnAdams Becomes President

Adams p roblems onenteringth p e residency
Heco uldn hopeto m ot easureu to Washington p Hamilton(who hatedAdams) headedth High e Federalists (af actioninth FederalistParty strongly e oppose dto Adams)

Heinheritedaviolent with Franceth m ght at ightlead to war

Heevenp lottedwith m embers ofAdams cabinetagainsthim

Uno cialFightingwith France

TheFrenchwe reangeredby Jay Treaty
Saw th treaty as a step to aUS-British e rst allianceandas aviolationofth Francoe AmericanT reaty of1778 Beganseizing m US erchantships (300 by m id 1797) Refuse dto r eceiveaUS diplomat andeven th reatenedhimwith arrest

Frenchr etaliation

 TheXYZ Aair

Uno cialFightingwith France

Adams wantedto avo idwar, f ollowingWashingtons lead 1797 Adams sent3 m to r en eachanagreementwith France; th m hopedto m with Charles de ese en eet T alleyrand, th Frenchf e oreignm inister Instead, th werem by 3 go -betweens (calledX, Y, ey et andZ), who demandedaloanof$12 m illionanda bribeof$250,000 to t to T alk alleyrand(bribes were standardp rocedureinEurope) Americann tiators r ego efuse dth terms andleft e Europe; th werehailedas heroes inth US u th ey e pon eir r eturn

HereaninnocentyoungAmericais beingr obbe dby FrenchmenwhileJohnBull (Britain) looks onamusedacross th EnglishChannel e

TheXYZ Aair

Uno cialFightingwith France

US r eactionto th XYZ Aair e
Warhysteriasweptth US (eve nto Adams) e Millions f defense, butn onece ntf tribute. or ot or Politically benecialf th p or e ro-BritishFederalists MostJeerso nians (exceptf th m co mmitted) or e ost also co ndemnedth French e

Uno cialFightingwith France

Warp reparations inth US e
Inspite ofsomeoppo sitioninCongress by Democratic-Rebublicans TheNavy Departmentwas createdandth e small n was expanded avy TheUS MarineCorps w as r eestablished An army of10,000 m authorized ew en
Originally createdin1775, butdisbanded

Uno cialFightingwith France

1798 1800 anu ndeclaredn avalwar betweenFranceandth US e
Principally conductedinth WestIndies e TheUS n captured80 Frenchships, avy althoughseve ralhundredUS ships were capturedby th French e Aslightp m ush ighthavebroughtth US and e Franceto full-scalewar

 Francedidn wantwarwith th US ot e

Adams Puts PatriotismAbove Party

Already ghtingawaragainstp owerfulBritain andAustria Britainwas broughtclose rto th US duringth e is timeth againf m years (ar an or any elationship Francewantedto p anendto) ut T alleyrandm itknow nth hewo uldaccept ade at an US diplomat ew

Charles deT alleyrand

 Adams dec ision

Adams Puts PatriotismAbove Party

Full war, with th US capturingFloridaand e Louisiana, wo uldbringp owerandp opularity to himselfandth Federalistp e arty Inspite ofth heknew th US was n r is, e ot eady f full warwith aEuropeanp or ower Inearly 1799 hesubmittedn ameofn ew m inisterto Franceto Senate Hamiltonandth HighFederalists w ere e enrage d; Jeerso nians andm r nable ost easo Federalists supportedAdams

 US s 3 ambassadors r eceive dby France

Napoleonhadjustt np ake owerofdictator Co nventionof1800

Adams Puts PatriotismAbove Party

Wantedto stop ghting with Americaand concentrate onEurope(andp ossibly f ormempirein Louisiana) Franceagreedto annulth Franco-AmericanT e reaty of1778 US agreedto p damage s to Americanshippers ay (causedby Frenchattacks)

NapoleonBonaparte

 ImportanceofAdams dealings with France

Avo idedwarwith France Preparedth way f th LouisianaPurchase e or e (1803), whichwas extremely importantto th e futureofth US e Inspite ofth Adams was u is, nappreciatedby m Americans atth time any e

Adams Puts PatriotismAbove Party

TheFederalistWitchHunt
1798 AlienandSeditionActs r ammed th roughCongress
Federalists u dth increase dp se eir opularity (duringth anti-French andth e ereforeantiJeerso nianp eriod) Suppose dly doneto p rotectth US duringawar e with France; inr eality designedto we ake nth e Republicans

TheFederalistWitchHunt
NaturalizationAct
MostEuropeanimmigrants w erep and oor supportedth Democratic-Republicans (th e e p arty f th less p or e rospe rous, andm ore democratic) Raisedr esidencer equirementf aliens (n or on citizens) to becomecitize ns from5 to 14 years

TheFederalistWitchHunt
AlienEnemies Act AlienFriends Act
Presidentco ulddepo rtorimprisonany f oreigners duringtimeofwar(withoutp rooforguilt) Presidentco ulddepo rtany f oreigners w hoseactivities heco nsidereddangerous (withoutp rooforguilt) during timeofp eace

Neve renforced, butboth AlienActs gave p residentarbitrary andexcessivep ower

TheFederalistWitchHunt
Se ditionAct
Sedition conductorlanguageinciting r ebellionagainstth authority ofastate e Anyonewho impededth p e olicies ofth e go ve rnmentorf ly damage dth r alse e eputation ofp ublic o cials (includingth p e resident) was subjectto a orimprisonment ne Many we reindictedand10 p eoplewe re broughtto trialu nderth law is All 10 wereco nvictedby p acke djuries and p ro-Federalistjudges

TheFederalistWitchHunt
TheSupremeCourt(dominatedby Federalists) r efuse dto declareth SeditionAct e u nconstitutional Federalists wrote th law to expirein1801 (so it e couldn tbeu dagainstth ifth lostth 1800 se em e e election) TheSeditionActp robably drovem to th any e Democratic-Republicanp arty (after1800) Howeve r, m others supportedth Alienand any e SeditionActs, especially duringth 1798 1800 e QuasiWar with France

1798 1799 co ngressionalelections Federalists wo n astrong victory ove rDemocratic-Republicans

 Jeerso nf earedth th Federalists could at e becomea1-party dictatorship

TheVirginia(Madison) and Kentucky (Jeerso n) Reso lutions

Restrictiononfreespeechm ightleadto th end e ofotherco nstitutionalr ights Jeerso nandMadisonwrote r lutions eso adoptedby th legislatures inKentucky and e Virginiaoppo singth AlienandSeditionActs e No otherstate adoptedth r lutions e eso
Jeerso ns r lutionwas m r eso ore adicalth an Madisons s

 Jeerso nandMadisonstressedth compact e th eory ofth US go ve rnment e

TheVirginia(Madison) and Kentucky (Jeerso n) Reso lutions

13 so ve reignstates hadm aco mpact(contract) ade whenth f ey ormedth f e ederalgove rnment Thef ederalgove rnmentwas se enas acreationofth e states Thestates th ereforewe reth judges ofwhe ther e nal th f e ederalgove rnmenthadbroke nth co ntract e n ullication (r efusalto acceptth laws) was th ese e r ightfulr emedy

Jeerso ncharge dth th f at e ederalgove rnmenthad exceededits authority with th AlienandSedition e Acts

 TheFederalists strongly oppose dth e r lutions eso Federalistarguments againstth r lutions e eso
Thep eople n th states hadm th ot e ade e originalco mpact TheSupremeCourt n th states hadth ot e e r to n ight ullify u nconstitutionallaws p assedby Co ngress

TheVirginia(Madison) and Kentucky (Jeerso n) Reso lutions

This p ositionwas adoptedby th SupremeCourtin e 1803 (Marbury v. Madison)

 Long-standingimpactofth r lutions e eso

TheVirginia(Madison) and Kentucky (Jeerso n) Reso lutions

This extremestates r ights vie w ofth Union e hadalongerlastingimpactth authors had an intended Use dby So uth to supportn ullicationand eve ntually secession Jeerso nandMadisonhadn intendedto ot break u th u p e nion, juststop Federalistabuses ofp ower

 Sharp divisions betweenFederalists and

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans

Democratic-Republicans p rovidedastark choicef voters inth electionof1800 or e

 Federalists background

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Ge nerally f ederalists (th who hadsupported ose th Constitution) e Ledby Hamilton Primarily fromth n e ortheasternAtlantic seaboardandm erchants, m anufacturers, shippers

 Federalists andgove rnment

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Wantedastrongcentralgove rnment, ableto crushdemocratic excesses (likeShays Rebellion), p rotectth r andp e ich, romote f oreigntrade Advo catedr by th be stp ule e eople

Thosewho ow nth co untry oughtto gove rnit. e JohnJay Feareddemocracy andr by commoners ule

 Federalists andf oreignp olicy

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Hamiltonbelieve dinstronggove rnmentto expandUS commerceandtrade Foreigntrade(especially with Britain) was ve ry important

 Democratic-Republicans (Republicans) background

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Ge nerally anti-federalists (th who hadn ose ot supportedth Constitution) e Ledby Jeerso n Primarily small f armers, m iddleclass, u nderprivilege d, laborers, artisans, andsmall shopke epers

AnArtisan, Suchas th OnePictured e Here, WouldLike ly beaRepublican

 Jeerso nhimselfwas abundleof contradictions

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Virginianaristocratandslaveow nerwho lived inam ansion heshouldhavebeenaFederalist Masterp oliticalorganizerth roughhis ability to appealto th u e nderclass (who p rimarily supportedth Democratic-Republicans) e

Monticello, Jeerso ns Virginia Mansion

 Democratic-Republicans andgove rnment

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Wantedawe ak centralgove rnment(th best e go ve rnmentwas oneth gove rnedleast) at Mostp owershouldstay with th states, n th f e ot e ederal go ve rnmentbecauseth p e eople, close rto state go ve rnments, co uldp nttyranny reve Ce ntralauthority shouldbekeptto am inimumth rough astrictinterpretationofConstitution Nationaldebtshouldbep o aid

 Democratic-Republicans andth class e system

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Believe dinn specialp o rivile ge s f groups or (espe cially m anufacturers) Agriculturewas th m importantbranchof e ost th economy e

ACartoonShow ingth Republicans e Supportf Farmers or

 Democratic-Republicans anddemo cracy

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Votingonly f white m literate enoughto or ales informth emselves andvote intelligently Unive rsaleducationimportantf voters and or wouldleadto u rsal(m surage nive ale) Forhis time, Jeerso nwas ve ry open-minded becauseofhis f inth p aith e roperly educated m asses andth co llectivewisdom eir

 Democratic-Republicans andland

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans
Jeerso nf earedp roperty-less dependants wouldbep olitically m anipulatedby landowners Inth way her is econciledslavery with his m ore democratic f eelings
Slave ry allowedwhite southernyeomen(asmall f armerwho cultivates his ownland) to be independent Whites wouldn haveto wo rk f largelandowners ot or onp lantations becauseslaves w oulddo th work is

 Democratic-Republicans andf oreignp olicy

Ge nerally p ro-French; f redth liberal avo e democracy ofth FrenchRevo lution(beforeit e t urnedviolent) ove rth co nservativeBritish e go ve rnment Favo redincreasingdemocracy inUS, espe cially inth frontierbeyondth e e Appalachians

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans

 1790s co nicts betweenth 2 p e arties openedth questionofwhe therth US e e wouldsurvive Inth electionof1800 th was adanger e ere th th US wouldbedestroyedby conict at e

FederalistVersus DemocraticRepublicans