1

APPLICATION


The proof of Fermats theorem for a prime number
By method of decomposition 2

The solution the equation of Pythagoras in integers 11



2

G. I. OVCHINNIKOV




THE PROOF OF FERMATS THEOREM FOR A PRIME NUMBER

BY METHOD OF DECOMPOSITION



1. We consider the equation:

3 , = + p z y x
p p p
(1)

Fermats theorem: the equation (1) has no solutions in
integers ) , , , ( z y x p .
We consider the equation (1), provided that the variables
( ) z y x , , are positive integers.
Assuming that y x = , the equation (1) becomes:

3 , 2 = p z y
p p
(2)

From (2), we have the expression:

3 ,
2
1
1

\
|
= p
z
y
p
(3)

For integers ( ) z y , , the equality (3) is not feasible, since the
right-hand side is an irrational number by definition.
Consequently, at least one of the numbers ( ) z y , is an
irrational number.


3

Provided that z y x < < < 0 , we write equation (1) as follows:


.
, 3 ,
x y z
p x y z
p p p
> >
=
(4)

If x is an integer, then by Fermans theorem, at least one of
the numbers ) , ( z y is an irrational number.

2. Let A x = . A - The integer.

In this case, the equation (4) we write as:


.
, 3 ,
A y z
p A y z
p p p
> >
=
(5)

Any composite integer can be uniquely represented as a
product of prime factors.
We represent the integer
p
A in the form of decomposition
into the factors ( ) U V , provided that 1 >V U :

3 , 1 , > = p V U U V A
p
, (6)

{ } ) , 1 ( , N k U V U V
k k
= = , (7)

1 , , ... ...
1 1 1
= > = = = = V V U U V U V U V
k k N N k k
.

For an odd number A , integer multipliers ) , ( U V are odd
number. For an even number B , integer multipliers ) , ( U V are either
even integers or integers of different parity.
4

3. We consider the equation (5) for even and odd values of 3 p .

A. Under the condition 2 , 2 = n n p , equation (5) is:

2 ,
2 2 2
= n A y z
n n n
(8)

In equation (8), we introduce the new variables ) , (
o o
z y :

2 , , = = n z z y y
n
o
n
o
(9)

In view of (9), the equation (8) becomes:

2 ,
2 2 2
= n A y z
n
o o
(10)

According to (9), if ) , ( z y are integers, then ) , (
o o
z y are also
integers. However, if ) , (
o o
z y are the integers, then ) , ( z y are or integers
or irrational numbers.
According to (9), the ratio ) / ( z y is equal to:

2 ,
/ 1

|
|

\
|
= n
z
y
z
y
n
o
o
. (11)

From (11), we have: if the radical right-hand side is an
irrational value, then the ration ) / ( z y is an irrational number.
Consequently, in equation (8) at least one of the numbres
) , ( z y is an irrational number.
Taking into account the expansion (6), we represent equation
(10) as follows:


5

( ) ( ) U V y z y z
o o o o
= + , (12)

2 , ,
2
< = n U V U V A
n


If ) , , , ( U V z y
o o
- integers, then subject
to 0 > >
o o
y z , 0 > >V U we can represent equation (12) as a system of
equations:

V y z
o o
=
(13)
U y z
o o
= +

For the equations (13), we have the solutions:


2
,
2
V U
z
V U
y
o o
+
=

= (14)

From solutions (14), we have:
If ) , ( U V are integers of one parity, then ) , (
o o
z y are
integers.
If ) , ( U V are integers of different parity, then ) 2 , 2 (
o o
z y are
odd integers.
In any case, the ratio ) / (
o o
z y is a rational fraction.
In view of (14), expression (11) is:

2 ,
/ 1

\
|
+

= n
V U
V U
z
y
n
(15)

U V U V A
n
< = ,
2


6

B. Under the condition 1 , 1 2 + = n n p , equation (5) is:

1 ,
1 2 1 2 1 2
=
+ + +
n A y z
n n n
(16)

Let ) , ( z y are perfect squares of integers ) , ( Z Y :


2 2
, Z z Y y = = . (17)

We introduce the variables:

1 , ,
1 2 1 2
= =
+ +
n Z z Y y
n
o
n
o
(18)

In view of (17) and (18), the equation (16) is:

1 ,
1 2 2 2
=
+
n A y z
n
o o
, (19)

From (18), we have: if ) , ( Z Y are integers, then ) , (
o o
z y are
also integers. However, if ) , (
o o
z y are the integers, then ) , ( z y are or
integers or irrational numbers.
According to (17) - (18), the ratio ) / ( z y is equal to:

1 ,
1 2 / 2

|
|

\
|
=
+
n
z
y
z
y
n
o
o
. (20)

If ) , (
o o
z y - integers, then using (12) (13), for equation
(19) are valid solutions (14).




7

In view of (14), expression (20) becomes:


1 2 / 2 +
|

\
|
+

=
n
V U
V U
z
y
, 1 n (21)

,
1 2
U V A
n
=
+
U V <

4. Consider the equation (5), provided a A = , a - a prime
number.
In this case ) 3 ( , = p a A
p p
and the equation (5) has the
form:

3 , = p a y z
p p p
. (22)

According to (9) ( 2 , 2 = n n p ) and (18) ( 1 , 1 2 + = n n p ), we
introduce in equation (22) the variables ) , (
o o
z y :

3 ,
2 2
= p a y z
p
o o
. (23)

We represent 3 , p a
p
in the form of decomposition into
the factors ( ) U V , .
Under the condition 2 , 2 = n n p , we have the factors:

( ) n i a a a
i n i n n
, 0 ,
2
= =
+

(24)
) , 1 ( , , n i a U a V
i n i n
= = =
+





8

Under the condition 1 , 1 2 + = n n p , we have the factors:

( ) n i a a a
i n i n n
, 0 ,
1 1 2
= =
+ + +

(25)
) , 0 ( , ,
1
n i a U a V
i n i n
= = =
+ +



Given the decompositions (24) and (25), we obtain the
solutions (14) for the variables ) , (
o o
z y .

Under the condition 2 , 2 = n n p , we have the solutions:

( ) ( ) ) , 1 ( ,
2
,
2
n i a a
a
z a a
a
y
i i
n
o
i i
n
o
= + = =

(26)

Under the condition 1 , 1 2 + = n n p , we have the solutions:

( ) ( ) ) , 0 ( ,
2
,
2
1 1
n i a a
a
z a a
a
y
i i
n
o
i i
n
o
= + = =
+ +
(27)

Substituting (26) and (27), respectively, in (15) and (16), we
obtain expressions for the ratio ) / ( z y :

3 ,
1
1
2

|
|

\
|
+

= p
a
a
z
y
p

(28)

+ = = +
= =
=
1 , 1 2 , ) , 0 ( , 1 2
2 , 2 , ) , 1 ( , 2
n n p n i i
n n p n i i
(29)


9

5. Under the condition 2 = a , the integer ( ) 1 , 2 2 =

R is
multiple of 2.
In this case the expression (28) is equal to:

3 ,
1 2
1 2
2

\
|
+

= p
R
R
z
y
p
(30)


Since ) 1 2 ( , ) 1 2 ( + R R are mutually prime odd numbers, then
the radical of the right side of (30) is an irrational quantity.
Consequently, at least one of the numbers ) , ( z y is an irrational
number.

6. If 3 a , then an odd number of

a can be written as:

1 2 + = S a

, (31)

1 , 3 , 1 S a .

In this case the expression (28) has the form:

3 ,
1
2

\
|
+
= p
S
S
z
y
p
(32)


Since S and ) 1 ( + S are mutually prime integers of different
parity, then the radical of the right side of (32) is an irrational value.
Consequently, at least one of the numbers ) , ( z y is an
irrational number.


10

So, if in the equation (1) subject to z y x < < < 0 , x is a prime
number, then at least one of the numbers ) , ( z y is an irrational number.

This assertion is true if 2 , 2 = n n p , and also
if 1 , 1 2 + = n n p provided that the variables ) , ( z y are perfect
squares of integers.


December 2005. Tartu

Gennady Ivanovich Ovchinnikov





















11

G. I. OVCHINNIKOV


THE SOLUTION THE EQUATION OF PYTHAGORAS IN INTEGERS




1. We consider the equation of Pythagoras:


2 2 2
z y x = + (1)

The equation (1) has the solutions in the form [1, 2]:

m n x = ;
2
2 2
n m
y

= ;
2
2 2
n m
z
+
= (2)


For all values of n and m ( ) n m > , the expressions (2) are
the solutions of the equation (1).
If ( ) n m , are integers of one parity, then ( ) z y x , , are the
integers.
If ( ) n m , are integers of different parity, then ( ) z y 2 , 2
are the odd integers.

2. Consider the equation (1) provided that the
numbers ( ) z y x , , are positive integers.
Under the condition y x = , the equation (1) is:

2 = y z (3)

For integers ( ) z y , , equality (3) is impossible by definition.

12

3. We consider the equation (1), subject to:

0 > > > x y z

Let A x = , where A - integer.
In this case, the equation (1) can be written as:


2 2 2
A y z = (4)


The integer A we can be to represent in the form of
decomposition into prime factors:


m i
a a a a A =
2 1
1 , (5)



i i
a a
+1
, ( ) 1 , 1 = m i , 2
1
a ,


i
a - A prime number.

Given (5), we represent the integer
2
A as an expansion in
integer factors ( ) U V , provided that 1 >V U :


1 ,
2
> = V U U V A , (6)

{ }
k k
U V U V = , ( ) N k V U
k k
, 1 , = > ,

1 , ... ...
1 1 1
= = = = = V U V U V U V
N N k k
.



13

In view of (6), we present equation (4) as follows:

( ) ( ) U V y z y z = + (7)

Since ( ) U V z y , , , - integers, 0 > > y z 0 > >V U then the
equation (7) can be represented as a system of equations:


U y z
V y z
= +
=
(8)



From the equations (8), we have the solutions:


2
V U
y

= ,
2
V U
z
+
= , 1 > V U (9)





If ( ) U V , - the integers of the one parity then ( ) z y , are the
integers.
If ( ) U V , - the integers of different parity then ( ) z y 2 , 2
are the odd integers.

4. In view of (8), we represent equation (4) as follows:

( )
2 2 2
A y y V = +
(10)
( )
2 2 2
A y y U =






14

If A - odd integer, then ( ) U V , the odd integers. If A -
even integer, then ( ) U V , - either the even integers, or the integers of
different parity.
If ( ) A V , and ( ) A U , - the integers of the one parity, then
for a whole number y (any parity), the equalities (10) are taking
place: both sides are the integers of one parity.
So, instead of the equation (4) we have the equations (10),
where ( ) A U V , , the integers of one parity.
From (10), we have the solutions (9), where ( ) U V , the
integers of one parity. In this case ( ) z y , are whole numbers only.
If A - an odd integer, then the multipliers ) , ( U V are odd
integers.
If A - an even integer, then the multipliers ) , ( U V are even
integers only.

5. We will compare the solutions (2) and (9), with each
other.
As a result, we obtain the relations:


V U n m
V U n m
=
+ = +
2 2
2 2
(11)

From the expressions (11), we get the condition under which
the integer solutions (2) and (9) are equal:


2 2
, m U n V = = (12)

According to (12), the factors ) , ( U V are perfect squares of
integers.

15

However, according to (5) and (6), the factors ) , (
k k
U V are
not necessarily perfect squares of integers.
Thus, the solutions (2) (in integers) are special case of more
general solutions (9).

6. The condition (12) is completely feasible, if a A = , where
a - a prime number.

Consider the solutions (2) and (9), subject to (12).

For solution (2), the factors ( ) m n , are equal to:

a m n a m n x = = = = , 1 , (13)

For solution (8), the factors ( ) U V , are equal to:


2 2 2
, 1 , a U V a U V A = = = = (14)

In view of (15) and (16), the solutions (2) and (9) are equal
to each other and have the form:


2
1
,
2
1
2 2
+
=

=
a
z
a
y (15)

7. Consider the solutions (15).

Assuming that 1 = a , the solutions (15) are 1 , 0 = = z y .
Assuming that 2 = a , the solutions (17) are 5 2 , 3 2 = = z y .
So, under the condition 2 = A , equation (4) has no solution
in integers.

16

In other words, if in the equation (4), 2 = A and y is an
integer, then a member of ) 4 (
2
+ y is not a perfect square integer, ie
z - an irrational number, (Section 8).
Subject to 3 a , an odd number of
2
a , we will present in
the form:

1 2
2
+ = S a . (16)

In view of (16), the solutions (15) are:

1 , + = = S z S y (17)

According to (17), ( ) z y , - mutually prime numbers with
different parity.
In this case, the first three integers for the solutions (17)
there are 5 , 4 , 3 = = = = z y a x .

8. Consider the equation (4) subject to 2 = A :

4
2 2
= y z (18)

Equality (18) holds provided that ( ) z y , - integers of the
one parity.

A. ( ) z y , - the even integers:


k l l l z
k k y
> =
=
, 1 , 2
, 1 , 2
(19)


17

In view of (19), the equation (18) is:

( ) ( ) 1 , 1 > = + k l k l k l . (20)

B. ( ) z y , - the odd integers:


. , 1 , 1 2
, 0 , 1 2
k l l l z
k k y
> + =
+ =
(21)

In view of (21), the equation (18) is:

( ) ( ) 0 , 1 1 > = + + k l k l k l . (22)

So, for all values of the integers ( ) l k , , the equalities (20)
and (22) are not feasible: the left side is greater than 1.
Consequently, in the equation (18) the numbers ( ) z y ,
are not integers of the one parity.

If y - an even integer, then in view of (19), the equality
(18) has the form:

( ) 1 , 1 4
2 2
+ = k k z (23)

From the expression (23) implies that z is an irrational
number, by definition:

( ) 1 , 1 2
2 / 1
2
+ = k k z (24)



18

If y - an odd integer, then in view of (21), the equality (18)
has the form:

( ) 0 , 1 1 4
2 2
+ + + = k k k z (25)

For the integers( ) k z , , the equality (25) holds, if z - an
odd number.
However, according to (22), z is not an odd number.
Consequently, for integers ( ) k z , , the equality (25) is
impossible: the left - an even number, and the right - an odd number.

We represent (25) in the form of solution:

( ) ( ) 0 , 1 1 4
2 / 1
2
+ + + = k k k z (26)

If y - an integer, then according to (20) and (22) z can
not be an integer.
Consequently, the radical in the right of (26) is an irrational
number.

9. If in equation (1) x - even, then expansions are
possible in which the solution (2), in contrast to (9) are not integers.
Let a x 2 = . Where a is a prime number, ( 2 a ).
Provided that 2 = a the factors
( ) m n , and ( ) U V , , therefore, are:

4 , 1 , 4 = = = = m n m n x (27)




19

16 , 4
2
= = = U V A A


8 , 2
16 , 1
2 2
1 1
= =
= =
U V
U V
(28)

According to (2) and (27), we have the
solution 17 2 , 15 2 = = z y , that is ( ) z y , - the rational fractions.
According to (9) and (28) for the factors ( )
2 2
, U V , we
have solutions in integers 5 , 3 = = z y .

Provided that 3 a the factors
( ) m n , and ( ) U V , , therefore, are:

3 , 2 = = a a m n x


a m n
a m n
= =
= =
2 2
1 1
, 2
2 , 1
(29)

3 , 4 , 2
2 2
= = = a a U V A a A


a U a V
a U V
a U V
a U V
4 ,
, 4
2 , 2
4 , 1
4 4
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
= =
= =
= =
= =
(30)



20

According to (2) and (29), the solutions ( ) z y , are
rational functions, that is ( ) z y 2 , 2 - odd numbers.
According to (9) and (30) for the factors ( )
2 2
, U V , the
solutions ( ) z y , are even numbers:

3 , 1 , 1
2 2
+ = = a a z a y (31)


10. A simple example will show that the solutions (2) in
integers are a special case of solutions (9).
Consider equation (1) provided:

2 , 3 , = N a a x
N
(32)

In view of (32), equation (1) is:

2 , 2 ,
2 2 2
= N a a y z
N
(33)

For equation (33) we define the factors ( ) m n , .
We distinguish the odd and even number of values N :
1 , 1 2 ; 1 , 2 + = = p p N p p N .

Provided that 1 , 2 = p p N the factors ( ) m n , are:

1 , ) , 1 ( , , = = =
+
p p i a m a n
i p i p
(34)

Provided that 1 , 1 2 + = p p N , the facors ( ) m n , are:

1 , ) , 0 ( , ,
1
= = =
+ +
p p i a m a n
i p i p
(35)

21

In view of (34) and (35), we obtain the solutions (2) for
variables ( ) z y , .
Provided that 1 , 2 = p p N , we have the solutions:

( ) 1 , ) , 1 ( , 1
4 1 ) ( 2
= =

p p i a a y
i i p
(36)

( ) 1 , ) , 1 ( , 1
4 1 ) ( 2
= + =

p p i a a z
i i p
(37)


Provided 2 , ) 1 , 1 ( = p p i solutions (36) and (37)
are even numbers for all 2 a .
Provided 1 , = p p i solutions (36) and (37) are as
follows:

1 ,
2
1
,
2
1
4 4

+
=

= p
a
z
a
y
p p
(38)


Under the condition 2 = a solutions (38) are rational
fractions.
If a prime number 3 a , then the solutions (38) are
integers.

Provided that 1 , 1 2 + = p p N , we have the solutions:

( ) 1 , ) , 0 ( , 1
2 4 1 ) ( 2
= =
+
p p i a a y
i i p
(39)


( ) 1 , ) , 0 ( , 1
2 4 1 ) ( 2
= + =
+
p p i a a z
i i p
(40)


22

Provided 2 , ) 1 , 0 ( = p p i solutions (39) and (40)
are even numbers for all 2 a .
Provided 1 , = p p i solutions (39) and (40) are as
follows:

1 ,
2
1
,
2
1
2 4 2 4

+
=

=
+ +
p
a
z
a
y
p p
(41)


Under the condition 2 = a solutions (41) are rational
fractions.
If a prime number 3 a , then the solutions (41) are
integers.

For equation (33) we define the factors ( ) U V , :


( ) N j a U a V
N a a U V A a A
j N j N
N N
, 1 , ,
2 , 2 , ,
2 2
= = =
= = =
+
(42)

(42), (9) :

( ) 2 , ) , 1 ( , 1
2 1
= =

N N j a a y
j j N
(43)

( ) 2 , ) , 1 ( , 1
2 1
= + =

N N j a a z
j j N
(44)


We compare the solutions (43) and (44), respectively,
with solutions (36) and (37).


23

Under the condition 1 , 2 = p p N , the solutions (43)
and (44) are:

( ) 1 , ) 2 , 1 ( , 1
2 1 2
= =

p p j a a y
j j p
(45)


( ) 1 , ) 2 , 1 ( , 1
2 1 2
= + =

p p j a a z
j j p
(46)


Provided 1 , ) , 1 ( , 2 = = p p i i j solutions (45) and (46)
coincide, respectively, with solutions (36) and (37).
In addition, there are additional solutions in integers for
odd values 1 2 , 3 2 , ... , 3 , 1 = p p j .
We introduce the notation 1 , ) 1 , 0 ( , 1 2 = + = p p i i j and
provide additional solutions ( )
o o
z y , in the form:


( ) 1 , ) 1 , 0 ( , 1
) 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
= =
+
p p i a a y
i i p
o
(47)


( ) 1 , ) 1 , 0 ( , 1
) 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
= + =
+
p p i a a z
i i p
o
(48)


Provided 2 , ) 2 , 0 ( = p p i the solutions (47) and (48)
are even numbers for all 2 a .
Provided 1 , 1 = p p i the solutions (47) and (48) are
as follows:

1 , 1 , 1
) 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 2 ( 2
+ = =

p a z a y
p
o
p
o
(49)

24

Under the condition 2 = a the solutions (49) are odd
numbers.
If a prime number 3 a , then the solutions (49) are even
numbers.

We compare the solutions (43) and (44), respectively, with
solutions (39) and (40).

Provided 1 , 1 2 + = p p N , solutions (43) and (44) are:

( ) 1 , ) 1 2 , 1 ( , 1
2 2
+ = =

p p j a a y
j j p
(50)

( ) 1 , ) 1 2 , 1 ( , 1
2 2
+ = + =

p p j a a z
j j p
(51)


Provided 1 , ) , 1 ( , 1 2 = + = p p i i j solutions (50) and
(51) coincide, respectively, with solutions (39) and (40).
In addition, there are additional solutions in integers for
even values p p j 2 , ) 1 ( 2 , ... , 4 , 2 = .
We introduce the notation 1 , ) , 0 ( , 2 = = p p i i j and
provide additional solutions ( )
o o
z y , in the form:

( ) 1 , ) , 1 ( , 1
4 ) ( 2
= =

p p j a a y
j i p
o
(52)

( ) 1 , ) , 1 ( , 1
4 ) ( 2
= + =

p p j a a z
j i p
o
(53)

Provided 1 , ) 1 , 1 ( = p p i the solutions (52) and (53)
are even numbers for all 2 a .
25

Provided 1 , 1 = p p i the solutions (52) and (53) are
as follows:

1 , 1 , 1
4 4
+ = = p a z a y
p
o
p
o
(54)

Under the condition 2 = a the solutions (54) are odd
numbers.
If a prime number 3 a , then the solutions (54) are even
numbers.

So, with the additional solutions (47) - (48) and (52) - (53),
the integral solutions (2) are special cases of more general solutions
(9) in integers.

REFERENCES

1. .. . .-. 1934.
2. .. . .1983.


August 2007. Tartu.

Gennady Ivanovich Ovchinnikov