ESQUEMAS DE CIRCUITOS ELECTRNICOS

DIEGO GUEVARA

1.5V LED Flashers

The LED flasher circuits below operate on a single 1.5 volt battery. The circuit on the upper right uses the popular LM3909 LED flasher IC and requires only a timing capacitor and LED. The top left circuit, designed by Andre De-Guerin illustrates using a 100uF capacitor to double the battery voltage to obtain 3 volts for the LED. Two sections of a 74HC04 hex inverter are used as a squarewave oscillator that establishes the flash rate while a third section is used as a buffer that charges the capacitor in series with a 470 ohm resistor while the buffer output is at +1.5 volts. When the buffer output switches to ground (zero volts) the charged capacitor is placed in series with the LED and the battery which supplies enough voltage to illuminate the LED. The LED current is approximately 3 mA, so a high brightness LED is recommended. In the other two circuits, the same voltage doubling principle is used with the addition of a transistor to allow the capacitor to discharge faster and supply a greater current (about 40 mA peak). A larger capacitor (1000uF) in series with a 33 ohm resistor would increase the flash duration to about 50mS. The discrete 3 transistor circuit at the lower right would need a resistor (about 5K) in series with the 1uF capacitor to widen the pulse width.

A / D Conveter - 8Bit With Output Current-To-Voltage Conversion

HF Broadband Antenna PreAmp

The HF/SW receiver preamplifier is comprised of broadband toroidal transformer (L1-a and L1-b), LC network (comprised at 1600-kHz, high-pass filter and 32-MHz, low-pass filter), L2 and L3 (26 turns of #26 enameled wire wound on an Amidon Associates T-50-2, red, toroidal core), a pair of resistive attenuators (ATTN1 and ATTN2), and a MAR-x device. Shown here is the composition of basic 1-dB pi-network resistor antenuator. This is the method of supplying dc power to a preamplifier using only the RF coax cable.

Amateur Radio Linear Amplifier 2-30MHz 140W

The amplifier operates across the 2-30 MHz band with relatively flat gain response and reaches gain saturation at approximately 210 W of output power. Both input and output transformers are 4:1 turns ratio (16:1 impedance ratio) to achieve low input SWR across the specified band and a high saturation capability. When using this design, it is important to interconnect the ground plane on the bottom of the board to the top, especially at the emitters of the MRF454s.

80-M Amateur Radio Transmitter

This transmitter consists of a keyed crystal oscillator/driver and a high efficiency final, each with a TMOS Power FET as the active element. The total parts cost less than $20, and no special construction skills or circuit boards are required. The Pierce oscillator is unique because the high Crss of the final amplifier power FET, 700-1200 pF, is used as part of the capacitive feedback network. In fact, the oscillator will not work without Q2 installed. The MPF910 is a good choice for this circuit because the transistor is capable of driving the final amplifier in a switching mode, while still retaining enough gain for oscillation. To minimize cost, a readily-available color burst TV crystal is used as the frequency-determining element for Q1. An unusual 84% output efficiency is possible with this transmitter. Such high efficiency is achieved because of the TMOS power FET's characteristics along with modification of the usual algorithm for determining output matching.

Low-Power 40-Meter CW Transmiter

This CW transmitter has an output of up to 3 W. By using 24 V on Q2, up to 10 W output can be obtained, If a 24-V supply is used, Q1 must not see more than 12V. Connect 12V between junctions C3, R2 and L2, and remove L5. L1 should be a low-Q 18- to 20-uH inductor. R6 can be used (up to 47 ohm) to reduce the Q further. Amplifier - 8 Watts

Amplifier - 22 Watts

IC [U1] TDA1554

The circuit dissipates roughly 28 watts of heat, so a good heatsink is necessary. The chip should run cool enough to touch with the proper heatsink installed. The circuit operates at 12 Volts at about 5 Amps at full volume. Lower volumes use less current, and therefore produce less heat. R1 is also a 5% resistor.

Amplifier - 29MHz

The Audio / Video Distribution Amplifier

With the amount of equipment in home entertainment centers today the need to be able to vary the gain of the audio or video signal is needed. I found this particular circuit helpfull when used in conjuction with the Universal Descrambler and a Stabilizer circuit I built for making copies of video tapes. It not only allowed me the ability to fine tune the video strength it also helped me increass the recorded audio which typically becomes poor when makeing tape copies Circuit operation is straight forward for amplifier circuits. The second channel for the audio amplifer is made up of the same componets except the other half of IC1 is used. Pin 6 & 5 are inputs and 7 is the output

Differential Amplifier

This circuits will take it's two inputs and amplify their difference

Differential Amplifier - True Balanced Input

This circuits will take it's two inputs and amplify their difference...with a balanced input...

Amplifier - Inverting / Non Inverting

The non-inverting amplifier will give you 15db gain, and the inverting amplifier will take the signal that's coming in and give the opposite on the output. Power Amplifier - 10W

This amplifier will make a great addition to your tape / cd player.

Amplifier / Compressor - Low Distortion

Designers can build a 15-dB compressor with a miniature lamp and a currentfeedback amplifier. The circuit possesses extremely low distortion at frequencies above lamp's thermal time constant. This means that distortion is negligible from audio frequencies to beyond 10 MHz. There's also relatively little change in phase versus gain compared to other automatic gain-control circuits. Lastly, the circuit has many instrumentation, audio, and highfrequency applications as a result of its low distortion and small phase change. The AD844 op amp is a perfect fit for this application because it's a currentfeedback amplifier. Each stage of the circuit, U2, lamp, and feedback resistor compresses an ac signal by over 15dB (see the figure). Cascading a number of stages delivers higher compression ranges. Op amp U1 operates as a unity-gain buffer to drive the input to the compressor. However, U1 is optional if a low-impedance signal source is used. The lamp's resistance will increase with temperature, which reduces the ration of resistor R3 to the resistance of the lamp. This ratio reduces the gain of U2. The lamp's cold resistance should be greater then the input resistance of U2 (more then 50 ohms) for proper operation. The lamp's resistance will change slightly for low input levels. Therefore, the ratio of R3 to the resistance of the lamp and the gain of U2 stays high.

Power Amplifier - 12W, Low-Distortion

Power Amplifier - 20 Watts

This circuit will add 20 Watts of power to your audio signal.

Audio Frequency Meter

The meter uses time averaging to produce a direct current that is proportional to the frequency of the input signal. Audio LED VU Meter

This circuit will desplay audio input in LEDs, each LED is a frequency level....just like the things on your stereo.

Audio LED VU Meter - 2

IC [U1] LM3915

Audio Pre-Amplifier

This circuit will is useful if you have a microphone or a device that produces a low audio level and you want to connect it to a stereo or something. This circuit will boost it's output level.

Remote Loudspeaker

Audio Pre-Amplifier - Single IC

This circuit will is useful if you have a microphone or a device that produces a low audio level and you want to connect it to a stereo or something. This circuit will boost it's output level.

Car Voltage Gauge The Car Voltage Gauge is based on 3 parts. The input circuit is an Analog to Digital Converter (IC2 CA3162E). The purpose of this chip is to sample an analog voltage and convert it to a decimal value which is read by a Display/Decoder Driver (IC1 CA3161E). This chip will turn each seven segment display on through the driver transistor Q1 - Q3. The power is derived from the car and is converted to 5 volts by the 5 volt regulator. The circuit works as follows: The 10uf capacitor is charged up by the cars voltage. Its value is then read by IC2 and a decimal value of that voltage is provided to IC1 which multiplexes the three display units. Each display is turned on sequentially with its appropriate value displayed. The transistors Q1 through Q3 control the drive to each seven segment display. By monitoring the cars voltage with an accurate multimeter you can adjust the "Zero Adj." pot and the "Gain Adj." pot for accurate readings. LED 1 and 2 are optional. They can be used to indicate power on or can light up a cut out display that says "Volts". This can be made by a plastic module that has a thin plastic cover on it with the word "Volts" cut into it. The LED's would be mounted inside the module.

CMOS Circuits With RC Timing

Combination Lock

When button S12 (#) is pressed, a positive voltage fed through Rl appears at the base of transistor Ql, turning it on. When Ql is conducting, pin 1 of Ul is brought to ground (low) or the battery's negative terminal. With pin 1 low, two things occur: Pin 8 of Ul goes high (+ 9 volts dc), turning on LED 1indicating that the circuit has been armed-and pin 13 goes from high to low. Transistor Q2 requires a low signal or negative voltage on its base in order to conduct. It also needs a positive voltage on its emitter and a negative voltage on the collector. As long as the door switch (Sl5) remains open (with the door itself closed), Q2's emitter will not receive the necessary positive voltage. If, however, an unauthorized person opens the door, thus closing switch S15 and placing a positive voltage on the emitter of Ql, the following sequence occurs: 1) Transistor Q2 conducts, receiving the necessary biasing current through a current-divider network consisting of resistors R3 and R4. 2) As Q2 conducts, a voltage drop is developed across the voltage dividers made up of resistors R5 and R6. With R5 at 10,000 ohms and R6 at 1000 ohms, approximately one volt appears at the gate of SCR1. That's enough voltage to trigger the SCR's gate.

DC Motor Speed Control

With this circuit you can make a DC motor go faster and slower...

Digital Entry Lock

A block pinout diagram of the LS7220 keyless-lock IC is shown. The keypad must provide each key with a contact to a common connection. In this case, the common connection goes to the positive supply rail so that when a key is pressed, a positive voltage is passed through to the wire associated with that key. Each of the 12 keys are brought out to separate wires, and each wire is connected to a different pin of a 24-pin socket (SO1). To activate (unlock) the circuit, a preprogrammed four-digit access code must be entered in the proper sequence. The four-digit access code must be entered in the proper sequence. The four-digit access is programmed into the circuit by connecting jumpers between terminals of a 24-pin plug-in header. When the correct access code is entered (in the proper sequence), positive voltages appear at pins 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Ul. That causes Ul to output a positive voltage at pin 13, which is fed through resistor R2 to the base of Ql, causing it to conduct. With Ql conducting, its collector is pulled to ground potential, energizing relay Kl. The normally open relay contacts close, switching on any external device. Capacitor C2 controls the total time that the output of Ul at pin 13 is positive after the release of the first key. With a value of 3.3 uF for C2, active time after release of the first key is about two seconds, assuming a 6-V supply or four seconds with a 12-V supply. Therefore, if you push the subsequent keys too slowly, the relay might not close at all! To increase the time allotted for code entry, you will have to increase the capacitance of C2

Digital Volume Control

Capacitor [C1] 0.1uF IC [U1]

DS1669

S1 turns the volume up, S2 turns it down. The input signal should not fall below -0.2 volts.

This digital volume control has no pot to wear out and introduces almost no noise in the circuit. Instead, the volume is controlled by pressing UP and DOWN buttons. This simple circuit would be a great touch to any home audio project. Discrete OP Amplifier

Digital Weight Scale

This circuit employs a potentiometer as the weight sensing element. An object placed upon the scale displaces the potentiometer wiper, an amount proportional to its weight. Conversion of the wiper voltage to digital information is performed, decoded, and interfaced to the numeric display.

Fiberoptic Interface

An op amp is used to interface between a fiberoptic system and the MOS SCR to multi-cycle, half-wave control of a load. This receiver has two complementary outputs, one at a quiescent level of about 0.6V and the second at 3V. By adding a 4.7V zener in series with the return bus, the effective Vcc becomes 5.3V and also the 0.6V output level is translated up to about 5.3V. This level is compatible with the reference input (5.9V) of the single-ended powered op-amp acting as a comparator.

Fiberoptic Receiver - 10MHz The receiver will accurately condition a wide range of light inputs at up to 10 Mhz data rates. The optical signal is detected by the PIN photodiode and amplified by a broadband fed-back stage, Q1-Q3. A second, similar, stage gives further amplification. The output of this stage (Q5's collector) biases a 2-way peak detector (Q6-Q7). The maximum peak is stored in Q6's emitter capacitor while the minimum excursion is retained in Q7's emitter capacitor. The dc value of Q5's output signal's mid-point appears at the junction of the 0.005uF capacitor and the 22M ohm unit. This point will always sit midway between the signal excursions, regardless of absolute amplitude. This signaladaptive voltage is buffered by the low bias LT1012 to set the trigger voltage at the LT1016's positive input. The LT1016's negative input is biased directly from Q5's collector.

Infrared Remote Control

Transmisor Receptor
omponent: Value: omponent: Value:

Resistor [R1] Resistor [R2] Resistor [R3] Resistor [R4, R5]

11K, W 1M, W 1K, W 100K, W

Capacitor [C7] Transistor [Q1] Transistor [Q2] Transistor [Q3] Diode [D1] IC [IC1] IC [IC2]

1.5uF, 16V 2N2222 2N2907 NPN Phototransistor 1N914 LM308 567 Infrared LED 6V Relay SPST Push Button 3V

Potentiometer [R6] 50K Capacitor [C1, C2] 0.01uF, 16V Capacitor [C3] Capacitor [C4] Capacitor [C5] Capacitor [C6] 100pF, 16V

0.047uF, 16V LED [LED1] 0.1uF, 16V 3.3uF, 16V Relay Switch [S1] Battery [B1]

To adjust the circuit, hold down S1 while pointing LED1 at the receiver. Adjust R6 until you hear the relay click. You can increase range by using a high output LED for LED1. Bright light will stop the receiver from responding to the transmitter.

A simple one-channel remote control. It will trigger a relay upon press of a button.

Low-Battery Detector

Comparator A detects when the supply voltage drops to 4 V and enables comparator B to drive a piezoelectric alarm. Is: 6V at 45 mA. Is: 3.8 V at 1 mA. f: 3 kHz.

Low Voltage Battery Disconnect

This circuit will disconnect the battery when voltage falls below a certain level which you set

DC Millivoltmeter

An LF356 op amp is used as a gain amplifier with the output taken across R5. When a full-scale current of 1 mA is flowing through the meter, exactly 1 V appears across R5 (should be 1% tolerance or better). This is fed back to R2 to the summing junction of IC1 (a full-scale produces 1uA). This offsets the current through R1. R1 has a value of 1 M ohm/V which is used to zero the meter. R4 provides some overcurrent protection for the meter.

Optical Toggle Switch

Moisture Detector

A bar-graph LED driver is used to drive 10 LEDs to give a relative indication of moisture. The moisture probes are connected so that electrical conductivity due to moisture tends to forward bias Q1, providing a dc voltage at pin 5 of U1 that is proportional to leakage current. Ideally, the probes should be made of stainless steel.

Panning Circuit - Voltage Controlled

PC Serial Port Receiver

Component: Value:

Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor Capacitor Capacitor IC IC IC IC

1K 150K 75K 23K 510pF 1800pF 4013 4011 74HCT164 4017

Transistor 2N3053 This circuit was designed to control a 32 channel Christmas light show from the PC serial port. Originally designed with TTL logic, it has been simplified using CMOS circuits to reduce component count. It is a fairly simple, reliable circuit that requires only 4 common CMOS chips (for 8 outputs), an optical isolator, and a few discrete components. The schematic diagram (SERIAL.GIF) illustrates the circuit with 16 outputs which can be expanded with additional 8 bit shift registers.

Disclaimer This circuit requires physical connections be made to the computer's serial port (COM1 or 2). To the best of my knowledge, it is difficult to cause damage to yourself or your computer by improper connections to this port, but there is no guarantee that damage will not result. Use caution when making any external electrical connections. Basic RS232 serial transmission Serial data is transmitted from the PC as a series of positive and negative voltages on a single wire which occur at predetermined times established by the baud rate. Both the transmitter and receiver must be operating at the same baud rate so that the receiver knows when to expect the next bit of information. For the PC serial port, baud rate and bit rate are the same thing, but this is not necessarily true with modems that can detect more than two states of the line. In the quiescent state, with no load on the line, the voltage on the transmit line (pin 2 of the 25 pin connector) will be about -12 relative to the signal ground (pin 7), which corresponds to a logical "1". The output impedance of the serial port is about 1K ohm which yields about 6 milliamps at 6 volts. A typical data transmission frame consists of a start bit, 8 data bits, and one to three stop bits. The start bit which is always positive, signals the beginning of the transmission and is used by the receiver to synchronize the clock so that the data bits can be sampled at the proper times. After the 9th time interval passes (start bit plus 8 data bits) a dead time occurs which allows the receiver time to get ready for the next character. This dead time is referred to as a stop bit, which is always negative or the same as the quiescent state. The circuit described here requires two stop bits of dead time for reliable operation. More sophisticated circuitry would require only one. Transmitted character examples The letter "A" has a ASCII decimal value of 65. The "1" and "64" bits are transmitted as a negative voltage (logical "1"), and the others are transmitted as a positive voltage (logical "0"). 64 + 1 = 65 = "A"
+ _____ _____________________________ _____ | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------Start Stop Decimal value 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Stop

--

Receiver's Clock _______ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ---------

The letter "B" has a ASCII decimal value of 66. The "2" and "64" bits are transmitted as a negative voltage (logical "1"), and the others are transmitted as a positive voltage (logical "0"). 64 + 2 = 66 = "B"
+ ___________ _______________________ _____ | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------Start Stop D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Stop

--

Circuit operation The input terminals (pins 1 and 2) of the optical isolator are connected through a 1K resistor to the transmit and signal ground pins of the PC's serial port (pins 2 and 7 of the 25 pin connector). A small signal diode is connected across the isolator input terminals to protect the isolator from reverse voltage. In the idle state, the isolator input voltage will be about -0.7 volts and the isolator LED and transistor will be off. When a start bit is received, about 5 milliamps will flow through the isolator LED causing the isolator transistor to conduct at about 80 microamps which in turn causes the external switching transistor (Q1) to turn off. The rising voltage at the collector of Q1 is coupled through a 510 pF capacitor to produce a narrow positive pulse which sets the Q output of the first RS data latch (1/2 CD4013) and enables the dual NAND gate clock oscillator. The clock oscillator runs at a frequency equal to the baud rate (9600 Hz) and must maintain a frequency accuracy of less than 5% over the temperature range. High stability R and C components are recommended. The clock output is delayed by one cycle so that the start bit will not be received as a valid data bit. This is accomplished by the two remaining NAND gates (1/2 CD4093) and the second RS data latch (1/2 CD4013). One of these gates is used to invert the clock phase so that the first clock edge seen by the latch (clock pin 11) will be going the wrong direction and so ignored. The remaining gate, which is enabled by the second latch, opens on the third clock edge, but also inverts the clock phase, and so supplies a falling clock edge to the counter and shift registers which is again the wrong direction, and is ignored. The fourth clock edge will be rising and active and will occur near the middle (about 52 microseconds) of the first data bit which will be shifted into the registers. The remaining 7 bits are shifted into the registers on each successive rising clock edge. Data is inverted at the register outputs, a logical "1" will correspond to zero volts, and a logical "0" will correspond to +6 volts. Transmitting character (255) will set all outputs low, and transmitting character (0) will set them all high. The 4017 decade counter increments one count on each rising clock edge and resets both data latches on the 8th edge. This in turn stops the clock and resets the counter, and the circuit remains in a waiting state until the next

start bit arrives. Two stop bits of dead time are required to allow the voltage at the input of the NAND gate (pin 2) to reach a logic "1" before the next start bit arrives. Erratic operation may occur when 2 or more characters are transmitted as a string and only one stop bit is used. The circuit may be modified to run at different baud rates by adjusting the clock frequency. This can be accomplished by temporally connecting pin 6 of the CD4013 to the positive supply and then selecting R and C values for the desired frequency. You may need to use a 1% resistor or a couple 5% resistors in series or parallel to get the value close enough. Or use a variable resistor in series of about 10% the total value. At 9600 baud, data output at the shift registers will be unstable for about a millisecond per word while the incoming data bits are shifted into the registers and the existing bits are shifted out (into bit heaven). Higher baud rates will reduce this time proportionally and the original circuit operates at 57.6K baud to eliminate a slight flickering of the lights which was noticed at 9600. The 74HCT164 shift register outputs will sink or source about 4 milliamps at 6 volts which can be increased with medium power transistors or FETs to drive relay coils, incandescent lights and other electronic devices. If relays are used, a small signal diode will need to be added across the relay coil to suppress the inductive voltage. Power supply It is recommended that 0.1 uF capacitors be installed near the power pins of each CMOS device and a well regulated/filtered power supply be used. For test purposes, a 6 volt battery will work but the clock frequency will change slightly with power supply voltage variations. CD4011 Quad NAND gate
14 | Vdd ________|_______ | | | CD4011 | | |____ | -----|----| \ | | | 0 ---|----- 3 -----|----|____/ | | | | | | | |____ | -----|----| \ | | | 0 ---|----- 4 -----|----|____/ | | | | | | | |____ | -----|----| \ | | | 0 ---|----- 10 -----|----|____/ |

1 2

5 6

8 9

| | | | | | |____ | 12 -----|----| \ | | | 0 ---|----- 11 13 -----|----|____/ | | | | |________________| | 7 | Vss CD4013 Dual 'D' Type Flip-Flop 14 | Vdd ________|_______ | | -----| Set 1 Q1 |-----1 -----| D1 | -----| Clock 1 _ | -----| Reset 1 Q1 |-----2 | | | CD4013 | | | -----| Set 2 Q2 |-----13 -----| D2 | -----| Clock 2 _ | -----| Reset 2 Q2 |-----12 |________________| | 7 | Vss Decade Counter/Divider

6 5 3 4

8 9 11 10

CD4017

16 | Vdd ________|_______ | | | CD4017 | | | | "0" |----| "1" |----| "2" |----14 -----| Clock "3" |----| "4" |----13 -----| Clock "5" |----| Enable "6" |----| "7" |----15 -----| Reset "8" |----| "9" |----| Carry out |----|________________| | 8 | Vss 74HCT164

3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11 12

8 Bit Serial-In / Parallel-Out Shift Register

14 | Vdd ________|_______ | | | 74HCT164 | | | 1 -----| AND Gated Q0 |----- 3

| Serial Q1 |----2 -----| Inputs Q2 |----| Q3 |----| Q4 |----9 ----0| Reset Q5 |----| Active Q6 |----| Low Q7 |----| | 8 -----| Clock | |________________| | 7 | Vss

4 5 6 10 11 12 13

Serial port male D-SUB connectors as seen from outside the PC. 1 13 _____________________________ ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) \ . . . . . . . . . . . . / ------------------------14 25 1 5 _____________ ( . . . . . ) \ . . . . / --------6 9

Name Output/Input 25 pin 9 pin --------------------------------------------------------Transmit Data O 2 3 Receive Data I 3 2 Request To Send O 4 7 Clear To Send I 5 8 Data Terminal Ready O 20 4 Data Set Ready I 6 6 Ring Indicator I 22 9 Data Carrier Detect I 8 1 Signal ground 7 5 Power line ground 1 -

QBasic test program for 8 bit receiver CLS DEFINT A-Z PRINT "Test sequence in progress, press any key to quit." OPEN "COM1:9600,n,8,2,CD0,CS0,DS0,OP0,RS,TB2048" FOR OUTPUT AS #1 Sequence: FOR Bit = 0 TO 7 PRINT #1, CHR$(255 - (2 ^ Bit)); ' Set one of 8 outputs high. SLEEP 1 ' Wait 1 sec between characters. IF INKEY$ <> "" THEN CLOSE : SYSTEM NEXT Bit GOTO Sequence END

Power Supply - 12V @ 2A

Power Supply - Dual 15V

Power Supply - Variable -- 1.2V To 25V At 4A

This power supply will provide you with variable voltage for your projects and anything else that needs it. It will provide from 1.2 to 25 Volts at 4 Amperes.

Simple Power-Down Circuit

This circuit adds a power down function to analog I/O ports (for example, the AD7769 and AD7774). Moreover, the diodes ordinarily needed to protect the devices against power-supply missequencing can be eliminated (see the figure). In the circuit, MOSFETs Q1 and Q2 switch the +5- and +12-V supplies, respectively, in a sequence controlled by two cross-coupled CD4001 CMOS NOR gates (U1C and U1D). The sequence in which power is applied is important: The controlled circuits may be damaged anytime Vcc exceeds Vdd+0.3V. Consequently, the NOR gates must be powered from a 12-V supply throughout the power-down sequence. Bringing the power down control high (+5V) applies power to the controlled circuit by turning on all MOSFETs. Specifically, raising the power down brings the output of U1C low, causing capacitor C1 to discharge VOL exponentially with time constant R1C1. As the voltage on C1 falls, two events occur. First, it puts a negative gate-source voltage on P-channel Q1, turning it on. Second, it causes output gate U1D to go high. With the output of U1D high, capacitor C2 charges exponentially to VOH-about 12-V-applying a positive gate-source voltage to turn on Q2. In the power down mode, the Power Down control is brought low and the RC circuits and their delays work in reverse. Consequently, capacitor C2 discharges to the logic input of U1C before C1 can charge. Hence, Q2 turns off before Q1.

Sound Sensor

By using a microphone, high-gain amplifier (Fig. b), and detector-relay driver (Fig. a) a sound-detecting alarm system can be constructed. If you want a latching setup, make the dotted connections to the relay shown in Fig. a.

Programmable Timer For Long Intervals

By using an RC oscillator and a programmable divider, this counter can run for hours. An interval oscillator runs at a frequency given by (see schematic): f=1 and R3~2R2 2.3 R4 C2 By using, for example, R4=390 K and C2 = 10mF and R2, the oscillator can run at 0.1 Hz. Divided by 65536, this is a cycle of approximately 655 000 s (182 hours, slightly more than a week).

Simple FM Transmitter

Running from a 9-V battery, this transmitter cam be used as a wireless microphone with an ordinary 88- to 108-MHz FM broadcast receiver. Keep the antenna length under 12 inches to comply with FCC limits. L1 is 6 turns of #24 wire wound around a pencil or a 1/4" form, with turns spaced 1 wire diameter. C6 is a gimmick capacitor of about 1 pF.