Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta.

Subject: Business Communication Study Program: MBA 1st Semester Topic: Education System of Pakistan Date of submission: November 10, 2011
Submitted By:
Nadeem Iqbal (M-16)

Submitted To:
Sir Adeel Anjum

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)

Contents

Introduction.............................................................................4 Definition of education............................................................5 The Importance of Education in Islam...................................5 An overview on the Education system:...................................6 Literacy.....................................................................................7 Educational Institutions and Enrolment................................8 References..............................................................................18

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)

Education makes a people easy to lead but difficult to drive: easy to govern, but impossible to enslave
(Peter Brougham)

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)

Introduction
Education is considered as the cheapest defense of a nation. But the down trodden condition of education in Pakistan bears an ample testimony of the fact that it is unable to defend its own sector. Though 62 years have been passed and 23 policies and action plans have been introduced yet the educational sector is waiting for an arrival of a savior. This study was designed to serve as comprehensive report on education in Pakistan. In this context, the study aims to give particular attention to important changes that occurred in the education sector since independence with an overview of education system. The efforts have been made to analyze the current issues and problems in Pakistan education and their needed reforms which were designed for recognizing the problems and to solve them in appropriate way in the country. The policy provisions, targets and strategies have been examined, so that reader would be able to get crux of the situation. In addition plan-wise financial allocation, actual expenditure on education and quantitative and qualitative achievements, merits and demerits of the system and the recommendations and suggestions for the improvement of the education system have been discussed. The study is divided into some sections. The first section comprises of introduction of report, with an overview of education system. Whereas the second section explains management of education system. Further situation analysis on primary education, review of National Education Polices, comparison with advanced countrys education system has been explained. In addition, future estimated figures about primary education have also been discussed. Thereafter have a lot of information about higher education. Whereas, explains current situation of adult literacy, causes of low literacy rate in the country. The role of private sector in expansion of education has been examined in this report in the last it is explained role of education for sustainable development at the country and latter on the suggestion has been discussed.

Objectives of the Study Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

This study attempts to review and examine the National Education, its merits, demerits, problems and their solutions which can be adopted to provide education in Pakistan

Definition of education
1. The act or process of educating or being educated. 2. The knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process. 3. A program of instruction of a specified kind or level: driver education; a college education. 4. The field of study that is concerned with the pedagogy of teaching and learning. 5. An instructive or enlightening experience: Her work in the inner city was a real education

The Importance of Education in Islam

To seek knowledge is a sacred duty, it is obligatory on every Muslim, male and female. The first word revealed of the Quran was "Iqra" READ! Seek knowledge! Educate yourselves! Be educated. Surah Al-Zumr, ayah 9 reveals: "Are those equal, those who know and those who do not know?" Surah Al-Baqarah, ayah 269 reveals: "Allah grants wisdom to whom He pleases and to whom wisdom is granted indeed he receives an overflowing benefit." Centuries old monarchy, colonialism and the oppressive rule of their own people have brought about moral and spiritual degeneration of Muslims throughout the world. To retrieve them from this degeneration, its about time that the Muslim Ummah restructures its educational priorities along Islamic lines, fulfilling the existing needs as well. By virtue of such an educational program, the future generations will become the torchbearers of Islamic values and play an effective role in the present world. The challenges of modern times call for rebuilding the structure of our educational program on such a foundation as to fulfill our spiritual as well as temporary obligations. Today we need an education system which can produce, what the late Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi said, Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

"Muslim philosopher, Muslim scientist, Muslim economist, Muslim jurist, Muslim statesman, in brief, Muslim experts in all fields of knowledge who would reconstruct the social order in accordance with the tenets of Islam." The Muslims today are the most humiliated community in the world. And should they persist in following the same educational program as given by their colonial masters, they will not be able to recover themselves from moral and spiritual decadence.

An overview on the Education system:

The education is becoming one of the defining enterprises of the 21st century with the emergence of globalization and increasing global competition. In the fast changing and competitive world, education and technology are the master keys for respectable survival and progress of Pakistan. Pakistan is determined to respond positively to emerging needs, opportunities and challenges of globalization. Education is being considered a key to change and progress. Progress and prosperity of the country depends on the kind of education that is provided to the people. Education assists harmonious development of the individual. It increases the economic, social and political adjustment of the individual in the society. Education is an essential prerequisite for an efficient and equitable development process. It is a recognized fact that without a minimum education level for the entire population, a human centered development process cannot be sustained. Human aspect of development has not been given due consideration in the past and now it demands special attention in order to facilitate all segments of the society. It provides people greater opportunities and choices to improve their lives. In other words through the process of education, human beings develop such abilities, skills and attitudes that help them to modify their behavior according to social, economic and political demands. Education is considered the most important way of human capital formation, which is prerequisite for sustaining the development of nations. Pakistan has placed human development at the center of the economic planning. Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

People of Pakistan are precious resource who is as hardworking as one can find anywhere in the world. Yet, the country have not nurtured their talent nor taken full advantage of their hard labor. Now country has begun to experience key shortages in skills that are needed to support an expanding economy. The three key areas of human development namely education, health and population welfare are attracting significant attention of the government. In the education sector an allocation of about Rs.5140.9 million for Education Division has been made for the year 2010-11.This represents an increase of 134%, which is unprecedented in countrys history. It is pointed out that the primary responsibility for human development including education lies with the provinces. The federal expenditures are in addition to much larger expenditure being expended by the provinces. Pakistan being alive to the need of decentralization has initiated political and administrative devolution under its reforms agenda. The Local Government Ordinance has been promulgated to pave way for devolution plan in the country. The reform addresses shift to decentralization of political power, decision-making authority, and administrative responsibilities to the grass root levels - village, union council, tehsil and district. The main aim of devolution is to maximize the local participation in the decision making process to improve the services delivery to all segments of the society.

Literacy
According to the latest Pakistan Labour ForceSurvey 2010-11, the overall literacy rate (age 10 years and above) is 57.7 percent (69.5 percent for male and 45.2 percent for female) compared to 57.4 percent (69.3 percent for male and 44.7 percent for female) for 2008-09. The data shows that literacy remains higher in urban areas (73.2 percent) than in rural areas (49.2 percent), and is more prevalent for men (80.2 percent) compared to women (65.5 percent) in rural areas. However, it is evident from the data that rural-urban and male-female disparity seems to be closing a bit. When analysed provincially, literacy rate in Punjab stood at (59.6 %), Sindh (58.2%), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (50.9%) and Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

Balochistan at (51.5%). The literacy rate of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has improved considerably during 2009-10 and 2010-11.

Educational Institutions and Enrolment

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)

Policies and Goals of Education System in Pakistan:

Since independence, attempts have been made to relate the education system to the needs and inspirations of the country. All Education Conference was held in 1947 as per directives of the founder of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He provided the basic guidelines for the future development of education by emphasizing interlaid, that the education system should suit the genius of our people, consonant with our history, culture and instill the highest sense of honor, integrity, responsibility, and selfless service to the nation. It should also provide scientific and technical knowledge to build up our economic life. This was followed by the appointment of various commissions, which submitted their reports periodically. The 1959 Report of the Commission on National Education enjoys a peculiar position in the history of educational reforms. There were several other commissions and policy statements up to 1973. In 1973 the civilian democratic government came up with a 1973 constitution which Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

provided that the state shall: (a) promote unity and observance of the Islamic moral standards; (b) Promote with special care the educational and economic interests of backward areas; (c) Remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period; (d) Make technical and professional education generally available and higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of merit; (e) Enable the people of different areas, through education , training, agriculture and industrial development , and other methods to participate fully in all form of national activities including employment in the services of Pakistan; (f) Ensure full participation of women in all the spheres of national life. The above-mentioned goals were pursued by various policy documents announced by subsequent governments who came into power from time to time.

Formal System of Education in Pakistan.

. Primary Schooling: This stage consists of five classes I-V and enrolls children of age 5-9 years. Since independence, the policy makers pronounced to make primary education free and compulsory. According to Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 1998-99, the gross participation rate was 71 percent in 1999, for male it was 80 percent and for female it was 61 percent. For urban female it was 92 and for rural it was 50 percent. The lowest participation rate observed for rural female in Sindh Province that was 33 percent. The net enrolment rate was 42 percent, for urban male it was 47 percent and 37 percent for rural female.

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)

Middle Schooling:
The middle schooling is of three years duration and comprised of class VI, VII and VIII. The age group is 10-12 years. The participation rate at middle school was about 34 percent during 2000-2001. Males were 36 percent and females were 33 percent.

High Schooling:
The high school children stay for two years in classes IX and X. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education conducts the examination. A certificate of secondary school is awarded to the successful candidates. The participation rate at high school was about 22 percent in 2000-2001 of which, 24 percent were males and 20 percent were females. Vocational Education is normally offered in high schooling. There are varieties of trades offered to the students and after completion of the course they get jobs as carpenters, masons, mechanics, welders, electrician, refrigeration and similar other trades. There are 498 vocational institutions with an enrolment of about 88 thousand in 2001-2002.

Higher Secondary Education:

The higher secondary stage is also called the intermediate stage and is considered a part of college education. Higher Secondary Education consists of classes XI to XII. During two years stay in this cycle of education, a student at the age of 16 years in this stage can opt for general education, professional education or technical education. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) conducts the examination and awards a Certificate of Higher Secondary School Education (HSSC). According to 1979 Education Policy, all schools were to be upgraded to higher Secondary Schools. Middle sections of high schools were to be linked with primary schools (designating elementary education). This system has limited success and some problems were experienced. Keeping in view the problems this system is being introduced gradually.

Higher Education:
Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

To obtain a degree, 4 years of higher education after 10 years of primary and secondary schooling is required. Students who pass their first-degree stage are awarded a Bachelors degree in arts or science, typically at the age of 19 years. In order to complete an honors course at Bachelors degree level an additional one years study is required. Further, a two years course is required for Masters degree who have completed two years Bachelors degree. A doctoral degree requires normally 3 years of study after the completion of a masters degree course.

Professional and Technical Education:

The duration of post secondary education varies in technical and professional fields. The polytechnic diploma is a three-year course. A bachelors degree in medicine (MBBS) requires 5 years of study after intermediate stage (12 years of schooling). Similarly, a bachelors degree course both in engineering and veterinary medicine is of 4 years duration after the intermediate examination.

Madrassah Education:
Side by side with modern education system there is also religious education system, which provides Islamic education. These institutions have their own management system without interference from either the provincial or federal governments. However, grantsin-aid are provided to these institutions by the government. During 2000 there were 6761 religious institutions with an enrollment of 934,000, of which 132,000 were female students in 448 institutions (Khan, 2002). Efforts have been made by the present government to bring the Madrassah in the mainstream under Education Sector Reforms. The main purpose of mainstreaming Madrassah is to enlarge employment opportunities for their graduates. Pakistan Madrassah Education Boards are established to regulate the Madaris activities.

Non-formal Education:
There are millions of people in Pakistan who have no access to formal education system. It is not possible for the formal system to meet educational needs of the rapidly growing Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

population. Non-formal Basic Education School scheme has been introduced for those who have no access to formal education. This scheme is very cost-effective. Under this scheme primary education course is taught in forty months. Non-formal schools are opened in those areas where formal schools are not available. Government provides teachers salary and teaching material whereas community provides school building/room. There are 6371 NFBE schools functioning in the country.

Examinations:
Examinations are usually held annually, which are the main criterion to promote the students to higher classes or to retain them in the same class. However, recently a system of automatic promotion up-to grade-III has been introduced in some schools. In the primary classes, examinations are conducted by the respective schools. However, at the end of the fifth year of the primary stage a public examination is held by the education department for promotion to the next grade. Another examination is held for the outstanding students to compete for the award of merit scholarships. Similarly, the examination in Middle Schools are held by the individual schools but there is a public examination at the end of grade VIII conducted by the Education Department for awarding of scholarships. The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) conducts the examinations of Secondary and Higher Secondary. The degree level examinations are conducted by the respective universities.

Teachers Training:
In Pakistan, there are 90 Colleges of Elementary Education which offer teachers training programs for Primary Teaching Certificate (PTC) and Certificate in Teaching (CT) to primary school teachers. For secondary school teachers, there are 16 Colleges of Education, offering graduate degrees in education and there are departments of education in 9 universities which train teachers at the masters level. There are only 4 institutions which offer in-service teachers training. Besides these, the Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, offers a very comprehensive teachers training program based on distance learning; its total enrolment is about 10,000 per annum of which 7,000 complete Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

various courses every year

Private Education Sector:

Private sector involvement in education is encouraging. The Federal Bureau of Statistics survey (1999-2000) indicates that there are 36,096 private educational institutions in Pakistan. About 61 percent of the institutions are in urban areas and 39 percent in rural areas. The percentage share of private sector in enrollment is 18 percent at primary school level, 16 percent at middle school level and 14 percent at high school level. It has been observed that most of the private schools select their own curricula and textbooks, which are not in conformity with public schools. Majority of the schools are English Medium which attracts the parents for sending their children to these schools. Most of the schools are overcrowded and do not have adequate physical facilities. These schools are usually charging high fees from the students. Most of the schools are unregistered; therefore, in most cases the certificates issued by these institutions are not recognized by public schools. Majority of these institutions are functioning in the rented buildings.

Education For All (EFA):

Education For All refers to the global commitment to ensure that by 2015 all children would complete primary education of good quality (Universal Primary Completion), and that gender disparity would be eliminated in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and no later than 2015. This commitment was made at the World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal in April 2011 and reaffirmed in the Millennium declaration in New York in September 2000. The Government of Pakistan is attaching top priority to EFA. The country has ten year Perspective Development Plan (2001-11) to visualize the long term macro-economic and sectoral growth strategies, Poverty Reduction and Human Development is the priority area of the Plan. Sector-wide development approach covering all the sectors of education has been adopted under the Perspective Plan. In order to address the EFA implications linkage plan focusing on development of other sectors of Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

Education has also been prepared. Nearly 80% of the ESR covers different goals of Education for All by 2015, reducing illiteracy by 50 percent with a focus on reducing the gender gap by 2015, life skills and learning opportunities for youth and adults; and early childhood education. The targeted groups for EFA goals belong to disadvantaged communities with minimal opportunities. These groups are highly vulnerable, without access to learning facilities, or public sector facilities, which are functioning at sub-optimal levels.

Central issues and Problems in Pakistan Education system:

The existing education delivery system is not meeting the needs and aspirations of the society as such particularly, it is a challenge to the provinces and districts for the 21st century. Moreover, prior to devolution, the policy and planning have been undertaken by the central and provincial governments without taking into account the ground realities and without the participation of community. The main objectives of the devolution plan is to empower the community at the grassroots level in planning, management, resource mobilization and utilization, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the education system to improve the service delivery at that level. The main inherent issues of education systems are: teachers absenteeism, high drop out rates particularly at primary level, high repetition rates, low completion rates, inequalities by gender, location and social groups, low literacy rate and unsatisfactory performance of schools, these issues have been addressed under DOP through empowerment of local communities. The present government has initiated political and administrative devolution under its reforms agenda under Local Government Plan 2000. The Local Government Ordinance was promulgated on 14th August 2001. Under devolution, political power, decisionmaking authority, and administrative responsibilities have been moved as closes as possible to the village, union council, tehsil and district levels, with only the major policymaking, coordination, and special service functions being retained with the central and provincial governments. The main purpose of the devolution is to improve the service Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal (University of Balochistan)

delivery at the grass root level in various sectors. It is believed that highly centralized system of education is greatly hampering the efficiency and effectiveness of delivery service at the grass-root level. Successive governments addressed this problem in their policies and plans since 1947.

Suggestion for the improvement of Education system in Pakistan.

The students in the country should be assured the very best education in the country in the basis of merit and irrespective on financial constraints. Universities should be able to meet minimum defined standards of quality, procedural reliability and fiscal solvency. Caters of higher education should be recognized by individuals and institutions for producing students and research of a demonstrably and reliably high quality. It is important to identify and nurture those cohorts within the system that can be agents of positive change i.e. the fact that students who graduate from Pakistan We are mindful of the fact that resources are limited. Therefore, pertains to area where changes can be made within existing resources. This involves improving managerial efficiency and monitoring systems, reorienting energies towards more important areas and establishing proper systems of governance and financial management. Equal attention should be paid to primary and secondary levels. Because concreted reform effort at the level of higher education will create a demand for better quality secondary and elementary education thus provides inventories. There should be continuous and effective arrangements for in services training of teachers and knowledge should be updated according to use of modern instructional technologies.

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)

 There should be more interaction between public and private universities through seminars workshops and lectures. Knowledge based society should be created by increasing the quality of production of knowledge industry including ICT skills and more democratization and administrative autonomy, nobility in the universities should be insured with transparent, simple and clear transaction.

Conclusion:
Higher education has always been an important component of the social agenda, but it has acquired a new importance today. In the emerging knowledge economy, if our nation will fail at creating a decent learning environment will lag behind, and may end up becoming virtual colonies of those that do succeed in this regard. The TFHE (p. 12) report puts it very well: The world economy is changing as knowledge supplants physical capital as the source of present (and future) wealth. As knowledge becomes more important, so does higher education. The quality of knowledge generated within higher education institutions, and its accessibility to the wider economy, is becoming increasingly critical to nation competitiveness. The system needs massive investment and change to increase the number of educational institutions and to train and recruit adequate numbers of educators at all levels unless the deteriorating Pakistani economy improves. There is hope for a significant qualitative and quantitative change in Pakistani Universities only by analyzing and evaluating the problems in higher education and nurturing the best positive solutions in the system.

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)

References

www.cssforum.com www.dept-education.info www.Insaf.pk www.pakistaneducation.info www.arynews.com www.einfopedia.com

Prepared By: Nadeem Iqbal

(University of Balochistan)