CONVEYORS

Guideline no.
Conveyors
with focus on hygiene
Authors: Jensen, Erik-Ole; Arla Foods amba gaard, Erik; Arla Foods amba Brygmann, Lars; Danish Crown AmbA Pedersen, Steen; Gram Equipment A/S Hansen, Anders Staf; Interroll A/S Lassen, Anders; Jens S. Transmissioner A/S Melbye, Hans-Henrik; Jorgensen Engineering A/S Krger, Peter; KJ Industries A/S Winther, Klaus Kjrgaard; KJ Industries A/S Cortzen Jan; Niels Burcharth A/S Broe, Peter; uni-chains A/S Boye-Mller, Anne R.; Danish Technological Institute
Prepared by the conveyor task group under the auspices of the competence centre of the Danish stainless steel industry.
2006-06-27
Version 1.0 In replacement of version New
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Guideline no. 3
Den Rustfri Stlindustris Kompetencecenter c/o Teknologisk Institut Holbergsvej 10 DK-6000 Kolding Tel.: +45 72 20 19 00 Fax: +45 72 20 19 19 info@staalcentrum.dk www.staalcentrum.dk
This guideline is developed with the support of the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Published for the Centre by:
Holbergsvej 10 DK-6000 Kolding www.teknologisk.dk
Danish Technological Institute ISBN: 87-7756-752-8
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Summary
This guideline offers general advice with regard to the hygienic design of conveyors for the food industry. Special attention points will be illustrated by drawings/photographs. The guideline will be divided into parts as illustrated in the photograph below.
Idler end
Lateral guide for product
Belt
Drive stations
Conveyor frame Fastening
Sub-frame Nozzle beam
Belt support
Figure 1. Overview of conveyor parts.
Key words
Conveyor belt, hygienic design, construction, foods, cleaning, nozzles, material, motor, guard, food approved, service, joints.
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Definition and use of guidelines
A good hygienic design reduces cleaning time. Therefore, this guideline will be relevant in all production environments that require minimal cleaning time. High hygiene requirements lead to high cleaning requirements, which makes the design even more crucial. The guideline can be used by construction engineers in connection with the design of conveyors. It can also be used by purchasing officers when deciding on the specification of parts for a conveyor. Finally, the guideline can be used as a communication tool between conveyor purchasing officers and suppliers. It is not the purpose of the guideline to recommend certain types of solutions or suppliers. This guideline is prepared by a task group under the competence centre of the Danish stainless steel industry and is one in a collection of guidelines. The others are: Guideline no. 1: Cabling and electrical cabinets with focus on hygiene Guideline no. 2: Check list for the purchase/sale of production equipment with focus on hygiene Guideline no. 3: Conveyors with focus on hygiene Guideline no. 4: Stainless steel in the food industry an introduction Guideline no. 5: Design of piping systems for the food processing industry with focus on hygiene Guideline no. 6: Installation of components in closed processing plants for the food processing industry with focus on hygiene
Enjoy!
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Contents
1. Domain ........................................................................................................................ 6 2. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 6 3. Important design rules for the construction engineer ............................................ 6
3.1. General design .................................................................................................................... 6 3.2. Particularly hygienic design .............................................................................................. 7
4. Belt types .................................................................................................................. 11

4.1. Modular belts..................................................................................................................... 11 4.2. Synthetic belts (PVC, PU, PE, silicone, rubber) ............................................................. 15 4.3. Toothed synthetic belt (thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU) .......................................... 18 4.4. Apron belt (= apron chain) ............................................................................................... 19 4.5. Roller conveyor................................................................................................................. 21 4.6. Wire belts........................................................................................................................... 24
5. Lateral guides for belts ............................................................................................ 27 6. Nozzle beams............................................................................................................ 30 7. Lateral guides for product ....................................................................................... 31 8. Support of belts ........................................................................................................ 35
8.1. Slide guides....................................................................................................................... 35 8.2. Half-moons ........................................................................................................................ 36 8.3. Support rollers and return rollers ................................................................................... 37 8.4. Plates as support .............................................................................................................. 38
9. Drive stations............................................................................................................ 40
9.1. Drum motor for synthetic belt ......................................................................................... 40 9.2. Drum motor for modular belt and toothed synthetic belt ............................................. 42 9.3. Gear motor for synthetic and modular belts .................................................................. 44
10. Idler end................................................................................................................... 46 11. Conveyor frame ...................................................................................................... 48 12. Sub-frame................................................................................................................ 51 13. Fastening................................................................................................................. 54
13.1. Fastened .......................................................................................................................... 54 13.2. Mobile............................................................................................................................... 56
14. Applied methods .................................................................................................... 57 15. Safety and environmental precautions................................................................. 57 16. Further information ................................................................................................ 57
16.1. Related guidelines .......................................................................................................... 57 16.2. Links................................................................................................................................. 58
17. Literature ................................................................................................................. 59 18. Concepts/terminology............................................................................................ 59 19. Appendices ............................................................................................................. 59

19.1. Protection grades IP nomenclature (according to IEC 529/DIN 40 050) ................. 59
20. Change protocol ..................................................................................................... 60

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1. Domain This guideline offers general advice with regard to the hygienic design of conveyors for the food industry. The guideline offers comments on various types of solutions with regard to function, design, cleanability and service.
2. Limitations The guideline is limited to conveyors used in high risk areas, i.e. the manufacture/processing of non-packaged foods in a humid environment. The same guidelines for the equipment apply to direct food contact and transport of the product in open boxes alike. A humid environment is particularly conducive to the spread of bacteria and thus to the transference of disease-producing bacteria to the foods.
3. Important design rules for the construction engineer The construction engineer must ensure that the delivered equipment meets the requirements and is of a quality that is consistent with the intended use.
3.1. General design
The equipment must be designed to allow easy cleaning. If dismounting/opening of doors etc. is required, the design should be such as to facilitate this, and in no way should doors obstruct cleaning. The design must be free of cracks, ends, holes, unevennesses, rough surfaces etc. in areas where cleaning is difficult or impossible. Such areas may harbour bacteria which can continuously contaminate the production. Surfaces must be such as to prevent the development of zoogloeal film on the machines. The equipment must be designed without sharp corners and edges. The design of the equipment should be such as not to hold back product particles. All horizontal surfaces should be reduced to an absolute minimum. All horizontal surfaces should be designed with a 5 inclination to allow water to run off. Constructions/brackets should also be inclined to allow water to run off, which will facilitate drying of the room after cleaning. The equipment should be designed to prevent the collection and accumulation of water and detergents. The construction should be designed without hidden areas or positions where water, detergents or dirt may accumulate. The design should enable the setting of the equipment to several washing positions to allow proper cleaning of all parts. The equipment should be as open as possible. The number of guards should be minimised to what is necessary for reasons of safety and should not prevent efficient cleaning. Guards should be removable during cleaning/disinfection, either through opening or by unhinging.
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Should it be necessary to disassemble machinery, this should be described in detail in the cleaning manual. The design should include a system for the storage/placement of loose parts. The equipment must comply with the guidelines of the Machine Directive. Prior to commissioning of new equipment, or after repair, the equipment must be thoroughly cleaned as any dust will cause abrasion and reduce the lifetime of the equipment.
3.2. Particularly hygienic design
All tops of boxes, cabinets and control panels etc. should have an inclination of 5 to 30 to allow water to run off. (The box may be inclined) All electric cable supports should be designed to prevent the accumulation of product particles and parts between the cables. The quick setting to cleaning position of any equipment that is cleaned during production should be facilitated. All materials and media (seals, oil...) with direct product contact or risk of product contact must be food approved for the market in question (documentation required). Use the links at the end of this guideline or learn more in EHEDG guideline no. 23: Safe production and use of food-grade lubricants (www.ehedg.org).
For further reference, see the European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG) guideline no. 8 on Hygienic equipment design criteria (see www.ehedg.org). This document includes a number of general directions for the design and manufacture of equipment to ensure microbial safety and product quality. They deal with, among other things, cleaning, validation of hygienic quality, surfaces, geometry, design and materials.
Machines and conveyors For cleaning reasons, it is recommended to use batch start-stop of machinery or belts. This will reduce the energy consumption/wear and the noise in the room during cleaning. For components and electrical boxes mounted directly on the equipment, there should be a minimum distance of 25 mm between the backside of the component and the surface/component on which it is fixed. The top of the box should have an inclination of 5 to 30. All legs should be adjustable by +/- 75 mm to allow for uneven floors. It would be an advantage if the conveyor belt can be loosened without any significant use of tools.
Fastening to floor or ceiling Equipment that is fastened to the floor should be sealed to keep the floor completely tight and prevent the accumulation of dirt. Equipment that is fastened to supporting ceiling structures should be lead through a false ceiling. The lead-throughs should be as few as possible.
Guideline no. 3
Placement and mounting of components For wall-mounted components and electrical boxes there should be a minimum distance of 50 mm between the backside of the component and the surface on which it is mounted. The distance from fixtures and fittings to wall and between machines/equipment: 60 cm is recommended, a minimum of 30 cm is required. However, it should be possible to open doors up to 90. A minimum clearance from the floor to machinery of 30 cm is recommended.
Cabling Main supply lines for electricity, water and air in the ceiling should be led down through vertical piping. Vertical piping should be included in the offer. Horizontal cable routing where cables lie openly should be designed with stainless steel wire mesh cable trays that are covered with stainless steel plates. See how in the example below. The cross section of the cable tray should be adapted to the number of cables.
Openly placed cables
Figure 2. Cables are mounted openly in wire mesh trays covered with drainable stainless steel plates. Figure 1 on the left shows a cross section of a horizontal cable routing, whereas figure 2 to the right shows a cable tray from the side. Cables to photo sensors, motors etc. can be routed openly over distances of less than 500 mm as shown in the bottom figure.
Cables to photo sensors, motors etc. can be routed openly over distances of less than 500 mm as shown in the bottom figure. The cable inlet on equipment in production rooms should be placed at the bottom of cabinets and boxes. For further reference, see Guideline no. 1 in this series: Cabling and electrical cabinets with focus on hygiene.
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Pneumatic components Pneumatic valve blocks should be assembled in, as a minimum, AISI 304 stainless steel boxes. The top of the box should have an inclination of 5 to 30 to allow water to run off. The hose inlet should be placed at the bottom. The ventilation air of the box should be connected to the central ventilation system. Additional ventilation air from pneumatic components should be connected to the central ventilation system.
Materials All materials used must be approved for use in the food industry. Be aware that steel and plastic have different coefficients of expansion when heated. Therefore, joints of plastic and steel should only be tightened/fastened in one place. The coefficient of expansion for most plastic materials is approx. 10 times that of steel (plastic expands by approx. 1.8 mm per 10C temperature range, whereas steel expands by approx. 0.2 mm per 10C temperature range). Metal constructions: For further reference, see Guideline no. 4 in this series: Stainless steel in the food industry an introduction. Ground and glass-blown surfaces should not be used in places with direct food contact. All allwelds should be smooth. Plastic: Plastic material should have a high maintenance and hygiene standard. The plastic materials should be resistant to products and detergents. Belt: Belt types should be approved for the food industry. Synthetic conveyor belts should have sealed edges to prevent damage to the edges and subsequent disintegration. Aluminium: Should generally not be used. Aluminium cannot withstand the detergents used in the food industry and will corrode. Brass: Should generally not be used. Brass will corrode (becomes green from verdigris).
Design The supplier should make sure that the design of the equipment is according to the set design requirements and that approved materials are used. It is the supplier's responsibility that all work is carried out by skilled personnel that are specially trained to do the job. On request, the supplier should be able to produce evidence that each employee is skilled for the job.
Welding of stainless steel The welded seams on machines, pipes and equipment should be all-welded, pickled, cleaned and ground. Point welding should be avoided. As a minimum, all welds should comply with quality level B according to DS/EN 26817.
Guideline no. 3
Welding of stainless steel should be carried out by welders at a level corresponding to DS/EN 287-1. All welds should undergo a complete visual inspection according to DS/EN 970.
Joints Use a minimum of joints and move them as far away from the production side as possible. Use welds instead of bolt joints wherever possible. The thread should point away from the production side. Inner hexagon bolts (and similar) should be avoided.
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4. Belt types The following sections describe six different types of belts. Modular belts, synthetic belts and synthetic toothed belts are all recommended when direct food contact is involved. Apron belts should not be used for direct food contact. Roller conveyors and wire belts can be used for direct food contact.
4.1. Modular belts Modular belts consist of modules that are assembled by means of cross pins. The modular belt is driven by a chain sprocket or a toothed, vulcanized rubber coating. The modules can be assembled into different lengths and widths.
Figure 3 and figure 4. Examples of modular belts.
Function
Modular belts can run in straight lines or in curves. By using curve running belts, it is possible to combine straight and curved sections in one belt and thus reduce the number of drive stations, which is an advantage in terms of hygiene. There should be as few joints/modules across the belt as possible. Antimicrobial substances may be cast into the material, but please note that these must be food approved for product contact.
Construction
Modular belts are based on a traditional load-carrying structure that is adapted to design requirements for the modular belt. The modular belt consists of plastic modules that can be put together using different types of joints, designed for specific purposes. The choice should depend on the task, products and environment (chemistry, temperature, pH, time, concentration of detergents). Belt lift can be used if the construction cannot be made sufficiently open. The modular belt will have a droop immediately after the drive sprockets (the same applies to apron belt conveyors). This is to ensure that the chain/belt is drawn tight towards the sprocket. At the same time, the droop will compensate for varying chain or belt length as a result of the load, temperature, wear, etc.
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Cleanability The belt may prove difficult to clean. Cleaning can be carried out manually or automatically through CIP (Cleaning In Place), i.e. nozzle cleaning with screening of the area to prevent the spread of dirt. Make sure that the proper types of nozzles are used. The nozzles can be mounted both outside and in between the chains dependent on belt type. Make sure to select the proper nozzles, correct pressure, number and location of nozzles. A nozzle beam must be placed so that impurities are washed out of the belt when it opens on the return roller. Also make sure that product residue is washed off the inside, underside and screens so that any product residue is removed after cleaning. If rotating brushes are used for cleaning, they should be in a colour different from both the product and the belt. The brushes must be cleaned and heat-treated, or placed in a vat with a suitable disinfectant, after use.
Service/maintenance
Be aware of wear and damage and increased belt width (adjustments are particularly important early in the belt lifetime and on temperature changes). Nozzles must be dismounted and cleaned regularly. The washwater particle filter must be cleaned regularly.
The following pages show examples of modular belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 2. Example of a modular belt with a drum motor drive with sprockets. This is a excellent solution as long as the belt can be lifted for cleaning.
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Figure 3. Underside of a modular belt (on the return side) with product residue before cleaning. The belt can be difficult to clean.
Figure 7 and figure 8. Modular belts where the individual joints are shorter than the belt width. The belt is more difficult to clean than belts where the width of the joints is identical to the belt width. The small picture shows how dirt settles between the short joints.
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Figure 4. Modular belt where the length of the modules is identical to the belt width. This is an advantage in terms of hygiene as the number of joints is reduced.
Plastic module in full width
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4.2. Synthetic belts (PVC, PU, PE, silicone, rubber) Synthetic belts are designed as endless belts. Carriers, guide profiles, wavy edges and trimmings can all be welded onto the belt. Synthetic belts are driven by a friction roller/drum motor which is often higher in the middle (camber/crowning).
Figure 5. Example of synthetic belt.
Function
Synthetic belts mostly run straight, down or up. Must be food approved. Synthetic belts have a homogenous surface, which is easy to clean. Damaged belts lead to poor hygiene.
Construction
The belt needs guidance to stay in place (see chapter 5, Lateral guides for belts). The belts are made from synthetic material and are often reinforced with textile fibres encapsulated in the belts. It is important that the encapsulated textiles are kept dry as they may otherwise be conducive to the spread of bacteria. Damaged belts lead to poor hygiene (frayed edges). To avoid frayed edges, trimmings can be welded onto the belt. Carriers can be extruded from pure synthetic material or textile reinforced. The latter should always be provided with trimmings. Cut textile reinforced belts should always be sealed. In connection with curve conveyors, special attention must be paid to the machine design. An extruded, purely synthetic guide profile can be welded to the backside of the belt for guidance.
Cleanability
The belts are easy to clean as long as they are not damaged. Cleaning can be carried out manually or automatically through CIP (Cleaning In Place). The design must allow the release of the initial tension so that the belt can be removed or lifted and cleaned on the underside. It must be possible to dismount the belt for cleaning, when it is supported by a plate. It cannot be cleaned from below and from both sides unless it is dismounted.
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Service/maintenance Check the construction for impurities to avoid restricted guidance of the belt. Make sure that the initial tension of the belt is correct to avoid drive drum slippage. Ensure that the tensioning during operation is correct, that the tensioning sections are intact and fully functional, and that all rotating components (drive drum, tail and return roller) are clean and functional. Check the belts for damage.
The following pages show examples of synthetic belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 11 and figure 12. Good edge seals.
Figure 13 and figure 14. Extruded synthetic carriers are an advantage in terms of hygiene. They have no crevices/pockets where impurities may settle, and they are easy to clean.
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Figure 15. Cut textile reinforced carrier. The seal is broken and represents a hygiene risk. Should be resealed.
Figure 16. The edge sealing has been removed, and the belt is fraying, which represents a hygiene risk. Should be resealed.
Figure 6. Damaged belt due to wear. The coating is worn off and there is direct contact with the textile reinforcement, which is a hygiene risk. The belt must be replaced to ensure a sealed/uniform surface that will not be conducive to bacterial growth, and which can be easily cleaned.
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4.3. Toothed synthetic belt (thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU) Extruded thermoplastic polyurethane with toothing on the backside. Driven by chain sprocket or drum motor with toothed vulcanized rubber coating.
Figure 7. Example of toothed synthetic belt.
Function
Uniform extruded polyurethane without textile reinforcement or joints, which is a hygiene advantage. The belt runs straight, up or down. The belt is cut and wear resistant, and anti-microbial substances can be cast into the material. The belt must be food approved.
Construction
The belt is designed to run on the same constructions as jointed modular belts. The belt requires no initial tension or tensioning.
Cleanability
The belt is very easy to clean. Cleaning can be carried out manually or automatically through CIP (Cleaning In Place), i.e. nozzle cleaning with screening of the area to prevent the spread of dirt. Make sure that the proper types of nozzles are used. Belt lift can be used if the construction is not sufficiently open.
Service/maintenance
The belt must engage correctly with the drive drum to avoid slippage.
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4.4. Apron belt (= apron chain) Apron belts consist of apron plates that are hinged to the underside with a single or double hinge. Apron belts are driven by a chain sprocket. Belt width and apron plate width are identical. Note: Apron belts are not recommended for direct food contact.
Figure 8. Example of apron belt.
Function
Apron belts can run in straight lines or in curves. Apron belts cannot be recommended for direct food contact as the fastening of the steel pin makes cleaning around the hinge difficult (see figure 21). The apron belt will have a droop immediately after the drive sprockets (the same applies to modular belt conveyors). This is to ensure that the chain/belt is drawn tight towards the sprocket. At the same time, the droop will compensate for varying chain or belt length as a result of the load, temperature, wear, etc.
Construction
Apron belts are constructed from plastic parts that are joined in endless lines by means of pins. The pins are normally produced in stainless steel. The stainless steel pin is fastened with a press fit or riveting. Using apron belt for curves will lead to relatively large openings which may constitute a safety risk for personnel or cause products to get stuck/damaged. Safety belts with overlapping joints will reduce the above-mentioned hazard (see figure 20). The support below the wings is necessary.
Cleanability
When choosing detergents, it should be taken into account that apron belts are normally made of POM (polyoxymethylene = acetal plastic) which has limited resistance to chlorine-containing detergents. The fastening of the steel pin makes it difficult to clean around and inside the hinge.
Service/maintenance
Generally, apron belts are characterised by requiring little continuous maintenance. The mentioned droop eliminates the need for regular tensioning. In the case of substantial wear, the droop can be reduced by removing one or more joints. Belts are usually replaced due to wear. In this connection, the bendings on the underside can be used to indicate the extent of the wear. Alternatively, reduced engagement with the drive sprocket may indicate wear and subsequent increased
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chain pitch.
Support below the wings is necessary.
Safety apron belt with overlapping joints reducing the risk to personnel and of products getting stuck/damaged.
Figure 20. Normal apron belt (left) and safety apron belt (right).
Figure 21. Apron belts cannot be recommended for direct food contact as the fixation of the steel pin makes cleaning around the hinge difficult.
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4.5. Roller conveyor A roller conveyor consists of several rollers.
Figure 9. Example of a roller conveyor.
Function
Conveying large, solid objects. Often used as transition between lines and in connection with directional changes.
Construction
The rollers themselves must be of one material, e.g. full turned plastic roller or allwelded stainless steel roller. If both plastic and steel are used in the roller, the materials will expand differently. This could lead to cracks which may be a breeding ground for bacteria. Roller bearings in rollers should be avoided. If roller bearings are necessary, they should be IP66 sealed.
Cleanability
In so far as possible, the construction should be open/removable and thus easy to clean. Rollers should be removable. Plastic rollers disintegrate over time due to detergents. Rollers should be cleaned thoroughly before start-up as dust will cause abrasion.
Service/maintenance The following pages show examples of roller conveyors and attention points in terms of hygiene.
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Figure 23. Unhygienic construction. Plenty of dirt can accumulate between the synthetic roller and the metal pin.
Figure 10. The rollers themselves must be of one material, e.g. full turned plastic roller or all-welded stainless steel roller (as shown to the left and right). Roller bearings in rollers (as shown in the middle) should be avoided, if possible. If roller bearings are necessary, they should be IP66 sealed.
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Figure 25. The width of a roller should not be increased by placing more rollers beside each other, as it would be impossible to remove dirt. Must be solid-cast in the full width.
Figure 26. Pop-riveted roller produced in two different materials is unhygienic. Dirt will accumulate inside the roller and in the rivet. The distance between the roller and the frame is too small for cleaning to be sufficient. Alternatively, the roller must be dismounted for cleaning.
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4.6. Wire belts Wire belts consist of metal wires that have been woven into different designs. Driven by either chain sprockets or friction rollers.
Figure 11. Example of wire belt.
Function
Wire belts can run in straight lines or in curves. Wire belts can be woven in different types of material and weave patterns dependent on the task. The belts are wellsuited for extreme temperatures between -200C and +1,200C. Wire belts are cut and wear resistant and are used for conveying solid objects. Suitable for draining (wet or dry) of products or for fast heat release from products.
Construction
Normal support construction adapted to the requirements of the task at hand. Large fluctuations of temperature do not significantly affect the belt.
Cleanability
The small surface and the open construction are an advantage. The metal will retain the heat during cleaning, which is an advantage over plastics. Wire belts are generally easy to clean. It is recommended to braid the belts together to endless lines to avoid joints/bushings (see figure 30).
Service/maintenance
Dependent on the construction, the belts may be difficult to guide. If the belt is not running straight there is a risk that wires burst or catch the construction.
The following pages show examples of wire belt conveyors and attention points in terms of hygiene.
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Figure 28. Wire belts are suitable for the draining of wet products (e.g. chocolate).
Figure 29. Likewise, wire belts are suitable for draining of dry products (e.g. spices). An open belt with a small surface is an advantage in terms of hygiene. Fastening of the roller with split pin is, however, not ideal.
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Figure 12. Unsuitable joining (bushing) of two wires in the wire belt constitutes a hygiene risk.
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5. Lateral guides for belts Lateral guides can be used for toothed synthetic belts and modular belts to ensure straight running. Lateral guides should not be used for smooth synthetic belts as they will wear the belt. Instead, the belt is guided by means of camber/crowning on the drum motor/drive motor where it may be combined with a guide profile on the belt.
Function
Lateral guides are used to keep the belt in place so as to ensure straight running.
Construction
The lateral guide can be designed as part of the support. The material should be more resistant to wear and/or of a harder quality than the belt itself. Boltings of plastics and steel should be avoided as the materials have different expansion properties.
Cleanability
If the construction does not allow belt lift, the belts must be running during cleaning, and inspection/checks must be carried out subsequently.
Service/maintenance
Be aware of wear an and possible material expansion.
The following pages show examples of lateral guides for belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 31 and figure 32. Examples of hygienic L-shaped lateral guides for modular belt (right) and toothed synthetic belt (left). Functions as support (slide guide) and lateral guide. Manufactured in one piece, which means that the number of joints is reduced and cleaning is improved. It should be possible to lift the belt during cleaning. Fastening of the synthetic guide (right) should be designed to allow removal of the guide during cleaning.
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Figure 33. Unsuitable lateral guide for the belt. The belt has cut into the green block and is damaged at the edges. (Likewise, the block is damaged and an area that is difficult to clean and thus will serve as breeding ground for bacteria, has been formed). Lateral guides should not be used for smooth synthetic belts as they will wear the belts. Instead the belt should be guided by a camber/crowning on the drum or drive motor, possibly in combination with a guide profile on the belt.
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Figure 34. Unsuitable lateral guide for the belt. It is not possible to remove of dirt from under the metal brackets (which have even been fastened with Allen screws that are known to cause the accumulation of dirt). Lateral guides should not be used for smooth synthetic belts as they will wear the belt. Instead, the belt should be guided by means of a camber/crowning on the drum motor/drive motor where it may be combined with a guide profile on the belt.
Figure 35 and figure 36. Unsuitable lateral guide for the belt (green edge). For belt guides, bolt joints of both steel and plastic should be avoided as the materials expand differently. Alternatively, plastic items should only be used in one place.
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6. Nozzle beams Nozzle beams are used for automatic CIP cleaning of belts.
Function CIP cleaning of belts.
Construction
The nozzle beam must open at one end to allow the removal of accumulated dirt.
Cleanability
The nozzles can be mounted both outside and between the belts dependent on belt type. Make sure to select the proper nozzles, correct pressure, number and location of nozzles. An inner nozzle beam must be placed so that impurities are washed out of the belt when it opens on the return roller. Also make sure that product residue is washed off the inside, underside and screens so that any product residue is removed after cleaning. To prevent the spread of dirt, ensure sufficient screening of the area where the stationary nozzle cleaning is carried out.
Service/maintenance
Nozzles must be dismounted and cleaned regularly. For the recirculation of washwater, a particle filter must be mounted. The washwater particle filter must be cleaned regularly.
The following pages show examples of nozzle beams and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Nozzles
Figure 37. The nozzles can be mounted both outside and in between the chains dependent on belt type. Make sure to select the proper nozzles, correct pressure, number and location of nozzles. To prevent the spread of dirt, ensure sufficient screening of the area where the stationary nozzle cleaning is carried out. 2006-06-27 Version 1.0 In replacement of version New Page 30 of 60
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7. Lateral guides for product Lateral guides are mounted on the conveyor to keep the product or box in place on the belt.
Function Keeps the product on the belt.
Construction
Lateral guides are mostly mounted on the frame, alternatively on the belt. Boltings of plastics and steel should be avoided as the materials have different expansion properties. For loose products, the belt can be shaped to a u or v-shape profile where products are collected in the middle (see figures 44 and 45). The supporting rollers must have hygienic construction, cf. chapter 8.
Cleanability
In so far as possible, the construction should be open/removable and thus easy to clean.
Service/maintenance
Any lateral guide makes cleaning more difficult. The choice of lateral guide must be adjusted to the construction and the product type.
The following pages show examples of lateral guides for belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 38. Easy-to-clean, self-draining lateral guide.
Figure 39. The same lateral guide as in figure 38, but set to cleaning position.
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Figure 40. Example of lateral guide for product that is incorporated in the belt.
Figure 41. Example of wavy edge belt for conveying small loose products.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 42 and figure 43. Lateral guides in a fine open, easy-to-clean design.
Figure 44 and figure 45. The belt is shaped as a through (U-shape) by means of the support rollers. The belt is shown from below (left) and from above (right). The support rollers must be cleanable, cf. chapter 8.
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Guideline no. 3
C-profile
Figure 46. Very unhygienic lateral guide. It is shaped in a C-profile which is impossible to clean and therefore should not be used.
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Guideline no. 3
8. Support of belts Support of belts is performed by the use of rollers, slide guides or plates. The support carries both belt and product. Return runs of belts are necessary for relatively long belts to prevent sagging and to ensure a proper wrap angle on the drive end.
8.1. Slide guides

Function Can be used for return run and support of belts.
Construction
Offers partial or full support of belt. Must be in another material/of another hardness than the belt itself.
Cleanability
Must allow dismounting. As open a design as possible. Some dust will settle due to friction between the belt and slide guides. Therefore, it will be necessary to wash even belts used for e.g. suspended conveying of trays, at least once a week.
Service/maintenance
Slide guides and transitions between these must be checked for damage and wear.
The following pages show examples of slide guides for belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 47. Slide guide which offers good support with a small contact surface, which is an advantage in terms of hygiene. The synthetic guide can move lengthwise and has a small contact surface, which is a hygiene advantage.
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Guideline no. 3
8.2. Half-moons
Function Can be used for return runs, tensioning and change of direction. Large radius.
Construction
Fixed unit friction with belt. Simple solution. The material should be more resistant to wear and/or of a harder quality than the belt itself.
Cleanability
Open and cleaning-friendly design.
Service/maintenance
Must be checked for wear.
The following pages show examples half-moons for belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Support/slide guide for forward run of the belt. Half-moon for return run of the belt. Figure 48. Half-moon used for both return run and lateral guidance.
Figure 49. Half-moon in solid plastic.
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Guideline no. 3
8.3. Support rollers and return rollers
Function
Improved support for and reduced friction with the belt.
Construction
Available in many forms but should, however, been designed in one material.
Cleanability
Should be easy to dismount/disassemble for cleaning.
Service/maintenance
Rollers, bearings and pin must be checked regularly for damage, which may occur due to wear, load and chemical reactions.
The following pages show examples of support and return rollers and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 50. The belt is supported by rollers. Different materials have been used for the rollers which is unsuitable as they are not impermeable. Dirt may accumulate inside the rollers.
Figure 51. Example of rollers used for return run of belt.
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Guideline no. 3
8.4. Plates as support
Function Used for support of synthetic belts conveying of relatively heavy products.
Construction
The construction must be left very open when the support plates are removed to allow cleaning. Be aware of the guidance of the belt during operation and cleaning.
Cleanability
Plates are removed for cleaning. Rack for cleaning/storage of the plate is necessary.
Service/maintenance
The following pages show examples of support plates and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 52. When using plates for support, there is a risk that the belt sticks to the plate during operation in a wet environment. The example shown is hygienic.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 53. Belts that are supported by a plate. A lift has been mounted to prevent the belt from sticking to the plate. It must be possible to dismount the belt as well as the lift for thorough cleaning.
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Guideline no. 3
9. Drive stations The belt is moved by drive stations/motors. The choice of motor depends on the belt type, load and external requirements such as cleaning. 9.1. Drum motor for synthetic belt
Function Used to move all types of synthetic belts.
Construction
Make sure that the drum engine is constructed exclusively in stainless steel. Also check the cable inlet. Make sure there are no crevices and cracks in the cable inlet for the motor, just as covers and seals in and around the drum motor must be intact. Defects may cause oil to leak from the drum motor or water to leak into the motor. Terminal boxes for the motor must be mounted so as to comply with the hygiene design requirements. They must not cause product residue to accumulate and should preferably be in stainless steel although chemical resistant plastic can be used. The bottom edge of the belt should always be lower than the top of the roller. Guidance of the belt can be ensured by choosing a roller or drum motor with a camber or crowning.
Cleanability
When using drum motors, be aware of the motors protection grade (IPxx) in connection with cleaning. This grade is crucial to the degree of cleaning the motor can withstand. Make sure that the motor has a minimum protection grade of IP66 (see appendix 19.1).
Service/maintenance
Any noise from the drum motor during operation may indicate that it requires service to avoid unintended stoppage. When replenishing grease through lubricating nipples, use forced lubrication until grease exits.
The following pages show examples of drum motors for synthetic belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
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Guideline no. 3
Inner hexagon bolt is an uhygienic type of fastening.
Figure 54. Drum motor for synthetic belt. Generally, this is a good solution as it is a sealed (contained) cleaning-friendly unit.
Stainles piping for cables very hygienic.
Terminal box for the collection of cables.
Figure 55. Terminal box mounted on the outside of the drum motor. Cable routing in stainless pipes, which is good.
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Guideline no. 3
9.2. Drum motor for modular belt and toothed synthetic belt
Function Used to move all types of synthetic modular belts within all fields of application in the food industry.
Construction
The drum motor is mounted either with sprockets used for the individual belt type or equipped with a profiled rubber coating. The rubber coating must be food approved and designed with a stainless steel casing, as corrosion beneath the coating can be conducive to the spread of bacteria, etc. Furthermore, all matters relating to section 9.1 must be observed.
Cleanability
When using drum motors, be aware of the motors protection grade (IPxx) in connection with cleaning. This grade is crucial to the degree of cleaning the motor can withstand. Make sure that the motor has a minimum protection grade of IP66 (see appendix 19.1).
Service/maintenance
The following pages show examples of drum motors for modular and toothed synthetic belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 56. Drum motor with profiled vulcanized rubber coating for modular belts and toothed synthetic belts. Good solution that ensures support in the entire width and is cleaning-friendly as there are no hidden places as is often the case with sprockets.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 57. Drum motor with sprocket for modular belt and toothed synthetic belt. Also an excellent solution provided the belt can be lifted for cleaning.
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Guideline no. 3
9.3. Gear motor for synthetic and modular belts
Function Used for all types of conveying.
Construction
The gear motor is a closed unit with seal rings keeping oil or grease inside the gear. The motor is also closed and available in different protection grades (IPxx) dependent on the environment, see appendix 19.1. The gear motor surface is normally in aluminium or cast iron. The surface should have a finish that is resistant to a number of aggressive detergents. Furthermore, the motor should be guarded or moved away to avoid direct food contact. Be aware of the heat released from the motor. The guard should be such that it can be cleaned on the inside as well. Shafts or hollow shafts in the gear can be made of stainless material. Gears and motors may also be available in a completely stainless design. Standard oils and greases for the gear are normally not food approved, but such lubricants are available and can be supplied on request. The drive drum construction is according to the description in chapter 10, Idler end.
Cleanability
The gear motor is normally mounted on the side of the conveyor, directly on a prolonged axle stub on the drive drum or above or below the conveyor with a belt or chain drive connection to the drive drum. The gear motor will normally not come into direct contact with the material conveyed, and the gear motor (+ belt or chain drive) is guarded dependent on location and risk contact with product or personnel. The guard must be designed to enable necessary cleaning.
Service/maintenance
Gear motors must be checked. The frequency of the checks depends on the operating conditions. Seals must be checked for wear and leaks. Oil change intervals must be observed. Any noise from the gear motor bearing may indicate the need for service.
The following pages show examples of gear motors for synthetic and modular and belts and attention points in terms of hygiene.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 58. Partially guarded motor that is difficult to clean.
Figure 59. Guarded gear motor. The guard must be designed so that it can be tipped up and cleaned manually on the inside. It should not be possible to dismount the guard as it may be damaged during cleaning.
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Guideline no. 3
10. Idler end The idler end is the end opposite to the drive station. The idler end can rotate with the belt or be a knife edge.
Function Rollers are only used for synthetic belts to tension the belt in the end opposite to the drive station, and for adjustment purposes. For modular belts and toothed synthetic belts, rollers are used for adjustment/free running.
Construction
The idler end generally consists of a roller with diameter more or less equal to that of the drive station. The requirements for the construction are the same as for drum motors. See section 8.1. Sealed bearings should be used at the ends of the idler roller, and it should have a protection grade of no less than IP66. For modular belts, shafts with a square cross-section that fit the modular belt sprocket are normally used.
Cleanability
When using drum motors, be aware of the motors protection grade (IPxx) in connection with cleaning. This grade determines the degree of cleaning the motor can withstand. Make sure that the motor has a minimum protection grade of IP66 (see appendix 19.1).
Service/maintenance
The following pages show examples of idler ends and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Figure 60. For modular belts, shafts with a square cross-section that fit the modular belt sprocket are normally used. 2006-06-27 Version 1.0 In replacement of version New Page 46 of 60
Guideline no. 3
Figure 61. Idler end in a half-moon shape.
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Guideline no. 3
11. Conveyor frame
Function
Supporting and, if necessary, guiding the conveyor belt so that the belt can carry the required load. Drive station, tail, and support rollers etc. are mounted on the frame.
Construction
The conveyor frame should be an open construction. However, there should be no crushing hazard in connection with the drive station and tail/support rollers, etc. It may be necessary to mount guards in these areas. It should be easy to dismount any guards to allow complete cleaning. Dependent on the belt type and the load, the construction should be made as a central pipe or profile with welded-on cross members or as a frame construction with square pipes mounted on the edge.
Cleanability
To ensure optimum cleaning, the construction should be all-welded with inclined surfaces and a minimum of hidden areas/surfaces. Bolted joints without distance washers should not be used.
Service/maintenance
Check for wear.
The following pages show examples of conveyor frames and attention points in terms of hygiene.
Bearer
Figure 62. The picture shows how the frame design at the same time serves as guard where the belt runs onto the drive roller sprocket. Notice the few support rails and the open construction which constitute a hygiene advantage. When the belt is heavily loaded, the supports must be adjusted to the load.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 63 and figure 64. Show an all-welded frame design where cross members/belt supports are parts of the design. Notice the open design with inclined surfaces, open profile and distance washer, all of which make it cleaning-friendly. No bolt holes or nuts were used for fastening the support rails. Here there are three belt supports in synthetic material.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 65. Conveyor with central pipe without side member. Do not drill holes in the central pipe.
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Guideline no. 3
12. Sub-frame
Function To support or carry the actual conveyor belt construction.
Construction
Legs and supports should be designed with open profiles where the folding is turned outward for easy cleaning, or alternatively as completely closed pipes. Generally with adjustable feet. For adjustable feet with thread, it is required that the thread is hidden in closed profiles/pipes or enclosed so as not to cause the accumulation of impurities around the thread. See figure 66. All horizontal profiles should be designed with round pipes, pipes mounted on the edge or open, inclined profiles. All mounting brackets for legs/supports should be mounted with distance washers or all-welded on the actual frame structure. Suspension straps should be designed with bars or alternatively completely sealed pipes. They should be height adjustable.
Cleanability
To ensure optimal cleanability, it is crucial that surfaces are inclined, that any bolted joints include distance washers, and that there is only a minimum of hidden areas/surfaces.
Service/maintenance
Generally, the sub-frame requires no maintenance procedure. It is, however, important that defects are repaired to avoid risks to personnel or hygiene. Never drill or cut sealed pipes and profiles.
The following pages show examples of sub-frames/suspensions and attention points in terms of hygiene.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 66. Completely open construction without horizontal surfaces in the actual construction. Thereby, hollows and dirt traps are avoided to the benefit of hygiene. Feet are adjustable, which is necessary to allow for even/or inclining floors. The adjustable feet offer no possibilities of fastening to floor.
Figure 67. Sealed design in sub-frame. The sealed profiles allow easy cleaning from all sides. But if a weld is leaky or holes have been drilled in the profiles, liquid may leak into the profiles and cause bacterial growth, which is as hygiene risk.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 68. Suspended conveyor.
The suspension is height-adjustable.
Figure 69. Height-adjustable suspended conveyor.
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Guideline no. 3
13. Fastening The fastening must be such that the conveyor is properly secured. Supports are important obstacles for cleaning and service personnel. The number of supports should be minimised so that they are all collected in the main frames on which the conveyors are fastened. When the conveyor is fastened to the floor, the type of floor should be taken into consideration. There may be heating and other installations immediately below the surface. When anchor bolts have been drilled into the floor, the holes must be sealed with epoxy or similar materials, dependent on the floor, so that water and dirt are not allowed to leak into the hole.
13.1. Fastened
Function
The fastening must be such that the conveyor is properly secured.
Construction
The conveyor feet must be adjustable by min. +/- 75 mm. The contact face of the foot must be sufficient to absorb the pressure. The contact face should be even so as to ensure complete contact with the floor. The contact face should allow the fastening to be fixed, preferably without the use of extra brackets. Support legs with skidproof feet can be used where bolting of the foot plate to the floor is not allowed. Threads must be enclosed, e.g. in a sealed pipe or similar, as dirt would otherwise settle in the thread, which is unacceptable and constitutes a hygiene risk. See figure 70 for an illustrative example. Acid-resistant AISI 316 steel should be used as material.
Cleanability
Practically, all dirt accumulates at floor level, so particular attention should be paid to the cleaning of joints and brackets.
Service/maintenance
If the legs are secured to the support with Allen screws, be aware that long-term load may cause the conveyor to sink into the support.
The following pages show examples of fixed fastenings and attention points in terms of hygiene.
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 70. Adjustable USDA-approved threaded spindle designed to be placed on a skidproof, rubbercoated stainless steel foot. At the top, the thread is hidden by a sealed stainless steel pipe all-welded on a normal stainless nut a hygienic solution. At the bottom, the thread is covered by a cap nut which also acts as a check nut in connection with height adjustment. Height adjustment is easy and precise. The support leg is a standard item that is available in many variations. The adjustable foot shown in the picture is USDA-approved.
Figure 71 and figure 72. Examples of fixed fastenings. The threads must be enclosed, e.g. in a sealed pipe or similar (as shown in the picture to the right), as dirt would otherwise settle in the thread, which is unacceptable and constitutes a hygiene risk (as shown in the picture to the left).
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Guideline no. 3
Figure 73. Example of chemical anchor. When anchor bolts have been drilled into the floor, the holes must be sealed with epoxy or similar materials, dependent on the floor, so that water and dirt are not allowed to leak into the hole.
13.2. Mobile
Function In places where cleaning requires that the conveyor be moved, it should be equipped with wheels. These should be lockable.
Construction
The conveyor feet must be adjustable by min. +/- 75 mm. The support must be more rigid than normally due to mobility. When choosing wheels and material, be aware of special circumstances related to chemical issues, etc.
Cleanability
Practically, all dirt accumulates at floor level, so particular attention should be paid to the cleaning of joints and brackets.
Service/maintenance
Bearings in wheels must be lubricated and checked. Wheel surfaces must be checked for chemical damage, etc.
The following pages show examples of mobile fastenings and attention points in terms of hygiene.
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Guideline no. 3
14. Applied methods Knowledge is acquired from June 2004 to September 2005 through visits to companies and group meetings held at the companies of the authors.
15. Safety and environmental precautions In connection with hygienic design, it is often necessary to make a balanced choice between open constructions and personnel safety.
16. Further information
16.1. Related guidelines EHEDG Doc. 13, 1996: Hygienic design of equipment for open processing The guideline describes hygienic design and construction of equipment used in open processes for the production of foods. Among other things, it includes a description of materials, joints, placement and construction of movable parts, and hygienic design of the immediate surroundings. The guideline includes several examples and illustrations. The guideline can be bought at EHEDG: http://www.ehedg.org. Campden and Chorleywoods Technical manual no. 7, 1983: Hygienic Design of Food Processing Equipment Contains a series of illustrations with hygiene advice for, in particular, conveyor belts, lift conveyors, inspection belts and chutes. With focus on good transitions from one machine to another. The guideline can be bought from CCFRA (Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association), http://www.ccfra.com EHEDG Doc. 8, 2004: Hygienic equipment design criteria This document describes design criteria that must be met before equipment used for the production of food is regarded hygienic and sterile. A number of general directions for the design and manufacture of equipment have been issued to ensure microbial safety and product quality. They deal with, among other things, cleaning, validation of hygienic quality, surfaces, geometry, design and materials. The guideline can be bought at EHEDG: http://www.ehedg.org. EHEDG Doc. 9, 1993: Welding stainless steel to meet hygienic requirements The guideline describes techniques to ensure hygienic welds. The descriptions are for stainless steel thinner than 3 mm. The guideline mentions both manual and automatic welding techniques. Furthermore, it describes typical errors and methods for quality control. The guideline can be bought at EHEDG: http://www.ehedg.org. EHEDG Doc. 22, 2001: Hygienic design criteria for the safe processing of dry particulate materials The guideline describes criteria for hygienic design of processing equipment for the manufacture of dry matter. The guideline includes cleaning requirements dependent on
Guideline no. 3
product and production type and cleaning method. It furthermore includes descriptions of dry and wet cleaning. The guideline also includes mentioning of suitable design materials and more general design criteria for e.g. welds, seals, joints and insulation. The guideline can be bought at EHEDG: http://www.ehedg.org.
16.2. Links EUR-Lex offers free and direct access to EU legislation. Go to www.europa.EU.int/eurlex (choose language code; DA for Danish, EN for English). The system also makes it possible to consult the Official Journal of the European Communities, which includes treaties, legislation, case-law and draft proposals. The system offers comprehensive searching facilities. Any questions in relation to the status of legislation can be directed at tel. 00 800 6789 10 11. The number is toll-free. The EU has furthermore collected all legal aspects concerning materials relating to materials with food contact. Go to http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/food/chemicalsafety/foodcontact/eu_nat_laws_en.pdf. In the US, NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) has taken over the registration of lubricants, disinfectants, etc. from the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). See the NSF White Book Listing of Non-food Compounds at http://www.nsf.org/business/nonfood_compounds/index.asp?program=NonFoodComReg . Furthermore, the www.staalcentrum.dk knowledge portal contains a wide range of relevant links to authorities and organisations, etc. The portal also provides a clear picture of the guidelines, standards, legislation etc. available for specific fields/types of equipment and locations. It is easy to search the material and read a short description of the actual contents. The relevant links makes it possible to order material from the source.
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Guideline no. 3
17. Literature The photographs were taken at Danish food manufacturers and suppliers of equipment/plants. We have sought to anonymise the photographs by leaving out many pictures containing products.
18. Concepts/terminology EHEDG DS/EN AISI CIP TPU IP USDA NSF European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group Danish Standard/European Norm American Iron and Steel Institute Cleaning In Place Thermoplastic polyurethane Ingress Protection. IP codes are used to indicate the enclosure grade of the material United States Department of Agriculture National Sanitation Foundation
For further information, please see the EHEDG Glossary (http://www.ehedg.org). Go to Guidelines > Library > Glossary.
19. Appendices
19.1. Protection grades IP nomenclature (according to IEC 529/DIN 40 050) IP codes are used to indicated the enclosure grade of the material, i.e. the degree of protection offered by the enclosure e.g. IP66. The first digit always indicate the degree of protection against the ingress of foreign matter into the material, but at the same time it indicates a certain minimum degree of protection of people from contact with dangerous parts The second figure indicates the degree of protection against the ingress of water in the material. Any letter in the third position, indicates the degree of protection of people from contact with dangerous parts, but it is only used in the following two cases: If the degree of contact prevention is higher than indicated by the first digit.
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Guideline no. 3
20. Change protocol This is the first edition. Future changes will be listed here.
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Guideline no.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Holbergsvej 10 DK-6000 Kolding www.teknologisk.dk

Danish Technological Institute ISBN: 87-7756-752-8

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Lateral guide for product

Conveyor frame Fastening

Sub-frame Nozzle beam

Figure 1. Overview of conveyor parts.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

4. Belt types .................................................................................................................. 11

20. Change protocol ..................................................................................................... 60

3.1. General design

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

3.2. Particularly hygienic design

Openly placed cables

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 3 and figure 4. Examples of modular belts.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Plastic module in full width

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 5. Example of synthetic belt.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 11 and figure 12. Good edge seals.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 7. Example of toothed synthetic belt.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 8. Example of apron belt.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Support below the wings is necessary.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 9. Example of a roller conveyor.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 11. Example of wire belt.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Be aware of wear an and possible material expansion.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Figure 38. Easy-to-clean, self-draining lateral guide.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

8.1. Slide guides

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Open and cleaning-friendly design.

Must be checked for wear.

Figure 49. Half-moon in solid plastic.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Improved support for and reduced friction with the belt.

Should be easy to dismount/disassemble for cleaning.

Figure 51. Example of rollers used for return run of belt.

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New

Version 1.0 In replacement of version New