Flying-Capacitor Boost Converter

Hamidreza Keyhani Hamid A. Toliyat

Student Member, IEEE Fellow, IEEE

Advanced Electrical Machines & Power Electronics Lab.
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3128
keyhani@tamu.edu, toliyat@tamu.edu


AbstractThis paper introduces the flying-capacitor dc-dc boost
converter. In the proposed topology, a high voltage gain ratio
and improved conversion efficiency are achieved with low
inductor core and copper losses. The input current ripple of the
new converter is low while its ripple frequency is high, yielding a
low-sized input filter. Furthermore, the voltage stresses on the
power switches and diodes of the proposed converter are
considerably low. It is shown that the proposed converter can be
extended to higher stages to achieve a higher voltage gain ratio
at enhanced efficiency. The principle of operation of the new
converter is proposed, and the comparison with the conventional
boost topology is presented. A complete analysis of this
converter in the steady state and small signal operation is
performed as well. Simulation results and a design example are
also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
power converter.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the development of battery-powered
applications and low-voltage storage elements has increased
the demand of high efficiency dcdc converters with a steep
voltage gain ratio. Typical applications are battery-powered
portable devices, electric vehicles, uninterrupted power
supplies and renewable energy applications, such as
photovoltaic and fuel cell systems. These applications demand
a high step-up voltage gain ratio, high conversion efficiency
and reduced weight, volume and cost.
In practice, the conventional boost converters cannot
provide a dc voltage gain ratio greater than six due to the
losses associated with the inductor, power switch and output
diode. Moreover, operating the conventional boost converter
with the extreme duty ratio causes serious reverse-recovery
problems and increases the rating of the output diode. As a
result, the conversion efficiency is degraded, and the
electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem is severe under
this circumstance [1]. Transformer-based converters, such as
flyback or push-pull converters, can achieve a high voltage
conversion ratio. However, the power transformer is too
bulky, and its leakage inductance produces a high voltage
stress on the switch. There are also EMI problems and energy
dissipation in snubbers, which reduces the conversion
efficiency [2].
To increase the voltage gain ratio along with the
conversion efficiency, several circuit topologies have been
offered [3]-[15]. The voltage gain ratio can be improved by
cascading two boost converters at the expense of increasing
the cost and complex control circuitry; the topology also
suffers from the synchronizing of the two power switches [3].
The quadratic boost converter can provide a high voltage
conversion ratio without the drawback of extreme duty ratio;
nonetheless, the voltage stress of its switch is equal to the
output voltage [4]-[5]. In addition, the two stages of energy
processing degrade the conversion efficiency of the quadratic
converters. Converters with coupled inductors are capable of
achieving a high step-up voltage conversion ratio, but they
induce a high voltage stress owing to the leakage inductance
of the coupled inductor [6].
The aim of this paper is to present the flying-capacitor
dc-dc boost converter. In comparison with the conventional
boost converter, the proposed two-stage flying capacitor boost
converter has one extra storage element, a flying capacitor.
This middle capacitor charges through the input, and then it
discharges to the output along with the convertors inductor.
So, with the contribution of this middle capacitor, the inductor
is not needed to fully charge and discharge during its
operation cycle, and consequently its current ripple and core
and copper losses decrease significantly. As a result, the
proposed converter has a higher voltage conversion ratio than
the conventional boost converter and a reduced power loss.
Moreover, the proposed converter topology can be extended to
higher stages to acquire a higher voltage gain ratio at
improved efficiency.
The principle of operation of the proposed flying-capacitor
converter and the comparison with the conventional boost
topology is presented. The voltage conversion ratio and
efficiency of this circuit are determined by considering the
effect of the inductor and semiconductor power losses. The
small signal analysis of the converter is performed as well. A
design example and simulation results are also presented in
order to reveal the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. As it
will be shown, the proposed flying-capacitor boost converter
has the following advantages:
1) High voltage conversion ratio at an improved efficiency,
2) Low inductor core and copper losses,
3) Low input current ripple at a high ripple frequency, which
reduces the size of the required input filter,
978-1-4577-1216-6/12/$26.00 2012 IEEE 2311
4) Low voltage stresses on the power switches, which enable
the use of a low voltage and low R
DS-ON
MOSFET switch
so as to reduce the cost, switch conduction and turn-on
losses,
5) Low voltage stresses on the diodes, which may allow the
use of the Schottky rectifiers for alleviating the reverse-
recovery current problem, leading to a further reduction in
the switching and conduction losses.
II. THE PROPOSED DC-DC CONVERTER
Fig. 1 shows the two-stage flying-capacitor boost
converter. The converter has two power switches and two
diodes, but their voltage ratings are half of the output voltage.
The new introduced element, the middle capacitor C
1
acts as a
medium element by charging through the input and then
discharging to the output. The proposed operation of the two-
stage flying-capacitor boost converter consists of four distinct
states. These states are distributed along the switching period,
and the duration of each state is determined by the duty ratio
D. During one switching period, T
s
, the following switching
state sequence is applied.
A. Inductor Charging (0 < t < DT
S
/2)
The switches S
1
and S
2
are closed to charge inductor L.
During this switching state, the diodes D
1
and D
2
are both
reverse biased. The inductor voltage V
L
in this interval is:
V
L
= V
S
r
ds1
I
L
r
ds2
I
L
r
L
I
L
(1)
where r
ds1
and r
ds2
are the on-resistance of S
1
and S
2
,
respectively, and r
L
represents the total power loss of the
inductor. V
S
and I
L
denote the input dc voltage and inductor dc
current, respectively. The capacitors C
1
and C
2
currents, I
C1
and I
C2
for this state of converter are:
I
C1
= 0 (2)
I
C2
= V
O
/ R (3)
where R is the output load resistance value, and V
O
represents
the output dc voltage.
B. Energy Transfer to Capacitor C
1
(DT
S
/2 < t < T
S
/2)
The switch S
1
is opened, and the switch S
2
remains closed.
The diode D
1
conducts, and the diode D
2
remains reverse
biased. During this state, the energy stored in the inductor is
delivered to the capacitor C
1
, charging it. Therefore,
V
L
=V
S
V
C1
r
L
I
L
r
dd1
I
L
r
ds2
I
L
(4)
where r
dd1
is the on-resistance of D
1
. For this converter state,
the capacitor currents are given by:
I
C1
= I
L
(5)
I
C2
= V
O
/ R (6)
C. Inductor Charging Again (T
S
/2 < t < T
S
/2 + DT
S
/2)
Again the switches S
1
and S
2
are closed to charge the
inductor L, and the diodes D
1
and D
2
are reverse biased. So,
the inductor voltage and the capacitor currents during this state
are the same as the switching state A, i.e. (1)-(3).
D. Energy Transfer to Capacitor C
2
(T
S
/2 + DT
S
/2 < t < T
S
)
During this switching state, the switch S
2
is opened, and
the switch S
1
remains closed. The diode D
2
conducts, and the
diode D
1
remains reversed biased. Therefore, the energy
stored in the inductor L and capacitor C
1
is delivered to the
capacitor C
2
. The voltage across the inductor is:
V
L
=V
S
+ V
C1
V
O
r
L
I
L
r
ds1
I
L
r
dd2
I
L
(7)
where r
dd2
is the on-resistance of D
2
. The capacitor currents in
this state are given by:
I
C1
= I
L
(8)
I
C2
= I
L
V
O
/ R (9)
III. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
To obtain the voltage gain ratio of the two-stage flying-
capacitor converter, the small-ripple approximation and the
principles of inductor volt-second balance and capacitor
charge-balance are applied [16],[17]. The volt-second balance
of inductor L yields:
v
S
-
1-
2
I
0
-
1+
2
i
ds1
I
L
-
1+
2
i
ds2
I
L
-
1-
2
r
dd1
I
L
-

1-
2
r
dd2
I
L
-i
L
I
L
= u (10)
Figure 1. Two-stage flying-capacitor boost converter
+
I
0

-
2312
The charge-balance of capacitor C
1
does not derive a
unique equation. Finally, charge-balance of capacitor C
2
ends
with the following equation.
-
V
O
R
+
1-
2
I
L
= u (11)
The equivalent steady-state circuit model of the converter
can now be constructed using (10) and (11). The equivalent
circuit model is shown in Fig. 2. The solution for the
equilibrium voltage conversion ratio of the converter from
(10) and (11) or Fig. 2 yields:
v
O
v
S
=
2
1-
`

1
1+
(
ds1
+
ds2
)[
1+D
2
+(
dd1
+
dd2
)[
1-D
2
+
L
[
1-D
2

2
R
/

(12)
It can be seen that (12) contains two terms. The first term,
2/(1-D), is the ideal voltage conversion ratio, with all the
semiconductor and inductor resistances equal to zero. The
second term describes the effects of the inductor and
semiconductor resistances. The graphic view of voltage
conversion ratio of the proposed converter versus duty ratio
for different values of r
L
/R is shown in Fig. 3, ignoring the
semiconductor on-resistances. According to the figure, as the
r
L
/R ratio decreases, the voltage gain ratio of the converter can
become greater. From this analysis, the input dc current is
given by:
I
S
= I
0
2
1-
(13)
Finally, from (12) and (13) the conversion efficiency of the
proposed converter can be found as:
p =
v
O
I
O
v
S
I
S
=
1
1+
(
ds1
+
ds2
)[
1+D
2
+(
dd1
+
dd2
)[
1-D
2
+
L
[
1-D
2

2
R
(14)
As it can be seen from (10) and (11), there is no
determined voltage for the capacitor C
1
, and (12)-(14) are
valid for any voltage value of the capacitor C
1
. For the best
performance of the converter, the voltage of the capacitor C
1

should be controlled to be half of the output voltage. As a
result, the inductor voltages in the switching states B and D
become almost equal, and accordingly, the inductor current
ripple and its core and copper losses reach their least possible
values, as will be shown later. Moreover, the voltage rating of
the power switches and diodes become half of the output
voltage.
It is interesting to note that the two-stage flying-capacitor
boost converter can be extended to higher stages. Fig. 4
depicts the three-stage flying-capacitor boost converter. The
voltage of the capacitor C
1
and C
2
should be 1/3 and 2/3 of the
output voltage. It can be shown that the ideal voltage
conversion ratio of this converter is 3/(1-D); also, the voltage
rating of the power switches and diodes are 1/3 of the output
voltage. Additionally, a higher voltage conversion ratio, a
lower input current ripple and reduced inductor core and
copper losses can be attained using the proposed converter of
Fig. 4.
IV. THE PROPOSED CONVERTER AND BOOST CONVERTER
COMPARISON
First, it should be noted that the ideal voltage conversion
ratio of the two-stage flying-capacitor boost converter is not

Figure 2. Equivalent circuit model of the two-stage flying-capacitor boost converter
Figure 3. Voltage conversion ratio vs. duty ratio of the two-stage flying-
capacitor boost converter
(i
dd1
+ i
dd2
) _
1 -
2
]
(i
ds1
+ i
ds2
) _
1 +
2
]
i
L

1:
2
1 -

I
S
R
+
I
0

-


I
L

i
L
R = u
i
L
R = u.uuS
i
L
R = u.u1
i
L
R = u.u2
i
L
R = u.uS
2313
twice that of the conventional boost converter, due to the fact
that the definition of the duty ratio in these converters is not
the same. In essence, (1+D)/2 in the proposed converter is
equal to the duty ratio D of the boost converter, which results
in the same ideal voltage conversion ratio in both converters.
Furthermore, if r
ds1
+r
ds2
and r
dd1
+r
dd2
in the proposed converter
are equal to the on-resistance of the power switch and the
diode of the boost converter, respectively, the total voltage
conversion ratio of both converters becomes exactly the same
[17].
As will be shown later in this section, the major benefit of
the proposed flying-capacitor boost converter is that it reduces
the inductor current ripple and the inductor core and copper
losses, which are represented by resistance r
L
in (12), (14) and
Fig. 3. Therefore, not only does the conversion efficiency
increase, but the practical voltage gain ratio of the proposed
converter can also go higher as shown in Fig. 3. In addition,
the sum of the on-resistances of two switches may be less than
the on-resistance of a switch with twice the voltage rating,
which further increases the efficiency and voltage conversion
ratio of the proposed two-stage converter. The same may be
true for the diode on-resistances. Furthermore, the converter
may allow the use of the Schottky rectifiers, leading to a
further reduction in the switching and conduction losses.
Finally, it should be noted that the efficiency and voltage
conversion ratio can be further improved by increasing the
number of stages of the proposed converter.
For the theoretical comparison of the proposed converter
and the conventional boost converter in terms of the inductor
current ripple, the inductor current ripple in the boost
converter is determined as:
I
L(Boost)
=
v
s
(v
c
-v
s
)
L]
s
v
c
(15)
and for the two-stage flying capacitor boost converter:
I
L(2-]Ing cup.)
=
v
s
(v
c
-2v
s
)
2L]
s
v
c
(16)
Dividing (16) by (15) and assuming that the two
converters have the same inductor value, operating frequency
and input and output voltages gives:

I
L(2-]ljing ccp.)
I
L(Bccst)
=
v
c
v
s
-2
2[
v
c
v
s
-1
(17)
Note that the ripple frequency of the inductor current of
the proposed converter is twice the converter switching
frequency. Generally, it can be shown that the inductor current
of the N-stage flying-capacitor boost converter has the ripple
frequency of N times the switching frequency of the converter,
and its ripple magnitude in comparison to the boost converter
is:

I
L(N-]ljing ccp.)
I
L(Bccst)
=
v
c
v
s
-N
N[
v
c
v
s
-1
(18)
Even though the ripple frequency of the inductor current in
the proposed converter is higher than the boost converter, this
great decline of the inductor current ripple results in a
significant reduction of the inductor core and copper losses
overall. As a result, the conversion efficiency increases while
the inductor size shrinks considerably.
It should be noted that, although the operating frequency
of the inductor in the proposed N-stage converter is N times
the converter switching frequency, the other elements, such as
the power switches, diodes and middle and output capacitors,
work at the basic switching frequency of the converter.
In addition to the reduction of the inductor core and copper
losses in the proposed topology, the decrease of the inductor
current ripple at an increased ripple frequency has another
noteworthy benefit. It allows the input filter size to reduce
substantially. The power loss on the input filter also
diminishes leading to the increase in the overall conversion
efficiency.
V. DESIGN EXAMPLE
A design example of a 25V to 100V, 1kW two-stage
flying-capacitor boost converter is outlined in this section. The
input current ripple and output voltage ripple are selected to be
less than 5% and 0.1%, respectively, and the designated
switching frequency is 50kHz.
Figure 4. Three-stage flying-capacitor boost converter
+
I
0

-
2314
As it was revealed before, the voltage rating of the
switches and diodes are V
O
/2, which is 50V. To generate
100V at the converter output, the total voltage gain required is
4, which gives the rough duty ratio of 0.5. This makes the
average of the input current I
S
to be 40A. The average of the
switch currents is I
S
/((1+D)/2), which is equal to 30A. Also,
the average of the diode currents is I
S
/((1-D)/2), which is equal
to 20A.
IRFP4768 MOSFET is used for the switches with the
voltage and current rating of 250V and 93A. Its maximum r
ds

is 17.5m. MBR40250 Schottky rectifier is selected for the
diodes with the specification of 250V, 40A and T
RR
<35ns.
The r
dd
of this diode at 20A can be considered as 35m.
The inductor value for the two-stage flying-capacitor boost
converter is given by:
I =
v
S

4I
S
]
s
= S1.SpE (19)
where f
s
is the switching frequency of the converter. An
inductor value of 30H is selected. The Magnetic Inductor
Design Software from Magnetics

has been used to design the

inductor. MPP core 55436-A2 with 10 turns of two parallel
strands of 12AWG copper wires provides an inductance of
30H at full load and 36H at no load. The core losses were
calculated to be 1.2W, and the copper loss was 5.7W, yielding
a temperature rise of 41.1C. Thus, the total loss can be
considered as a resistance of 4.3m. The design for the
conventional boost converter resulted in a MPP core 55868-
A2 with a total power loss of 22.8W, giving a temperature rise
of 56.1C.
For the design of the capacitance of C
2
, the following
equation can be used.
C
2
=
v
O
(1+)
4Rv
O
]
s
= 7SupF (20)
820F/160V is chosen for C
2
. The voltage ripple of
capacitor C
1
is assumed to be 0.5%. According to the
converters operation principle, the following equation is
derived for the capacitance value of C
1
.
C
1
=
v
O
2Rv
C1
]
s
= 4uupF (21)
470F/80V is selected for C
1
. Using (12) to take into
account the semiconductor and inductor resistances, the exact
duty ratio of the converter is calculated to be 0.54. Finally, the
total conversion efficiency of 92.2% at the full load is
estimated from (14).
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig. 5 shows the simulation results of the two-stage flying-
capacitor boost converter designed in the previous section by
neglecting the power losses of the elements. The results are
achieved by PSIM

Software from Powersim Inc. The

simulation results clearly show the four switching states of the
operation of the converter in each switching period, as
previously discussed.
For comparison, the simulation results of the conventional
boost converter operation are shown in Fig. 6. Its inductor and
output capacitor are selected to be 30H and 820F,
respectively, similar to the values calculated in the previous
section. As the figures show, the inductor current ripple of the
new converter is much lower and has twice the frequency of
the conventional boost converter. The output voltage ripples
of both converters are almost the same. Equation (17) predicts
the inductor current ripple of the proposed converter to be
33% that of the conventional boost converter, which matches
Figure 5. Simulation results of the two-stage flying-capacitor boost converter. (a) inductor current, (b) voltage of capacitor C1, (c) output voltage
2315
the simulation results.
Fig. 7 depicts the simulation results of the three-stage
flying-capacitor boost converter shown in Fig. 4. Its inductor
L, capacitor C
1
, C
2
and C
3
are 30H, 470F, 470F and
820F, respectively, similar to the values calculated in the
previous section. As expected, the inductor current ripple is
considerably lower than the two-stage type.
VII. CONVERTER DYNAMICS
A. Small Signal Modeling
The goal of this section is to find the small signal model of
the two-stage flying-capacitor boost converter using the state-
space averaging method [18]-[19]. Since the converter
operates in four switching states, four distinct sets of state-
space equations are considered.
At first, the state-space descriptions for the four circuit
states are written. Then, the state-space descriptions are
averaged using duty ratio. Subsequently, small ac
perturbations are introduced, and the averaged state-space
description is separated into ac and dc components. The ac
Figure 6. Simulation results of the conventional boost converter. (a) inductor current, (b) output voltage
Figure 7. Simulation results of the three-stage flying-capacitor boost converter. (a) inductor current, (b) voltage of capacitor C1, (c) voltage of capacitor C2, (d)
output voltage
2316
state-space representation becomes:
x
`
= Ax + ][
A
1
2
-
A
2
2
+
A
3
2
-
A
4
2
X +
[
B
1
2
-
B
2
2
+
B
3
2
-
B
4
2
u J
`
(22)
y = Cx + [
C
1
2
-
C
2
2
+
C
3
2
-
C
4
2
XJ
`
(23)
where,
x: state vector, which includes dc portion X and ac portion x
u: input vector, which is assumed to just have dc component U
y: output vector, which includes dc portion Y and ac portion y
d: duty ratio, which includes dc portion D and ac portion J
`

A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
: state matrices of the four switching states of
the converter
B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, B
4
: input matrices of the four switching states of
the converter
C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
: output matrices of the four switching states of
the converter
and,
A =

2
A
1
+
1-
2
A
2
+

2
A
3
+
1-
2
A
4
(24)
C =

2
C
1
+
1-
2
C
2
+

2
C
3
+
1-
2
C
4
(25)
Finally, the ac state-space realization is converted into s-
domain to solve for the transfer function of the converter,
which yields:

d
`
= C(sI - A)
-1
][
A
1
2
-
A
2
2
+
A
3
2
-
A
4
2
X +
[
B
1
2
-
B
2
2
+
B
3
2
-
B
4
2
u +[
C
1
2
-
C
2
2
+
C
3
2
-
C
4
2
X (26)
B. Converter Small Signal Analysis
To analyze the two-stage flying-capacitor boost converter
using the state-space averaging method, three state variables
are defined, namely inductor current i
L
, capacitor voltages v
C1

and v
C2
. In addition, the input voltage v
s
and output voltage v
o

of the converter are defined as the input and output of the
state-space model. By finding the state, input and output
matrices of the four switching states of the converter and
replacing them in (24)-(26), the proposed converter small
signal transfer function is derived as:

d
`
=
2v
s
RC
2
(1-D)
2
_
R(1-D)
2
4L
-s]
s
2
+
s
RC
2
+
(1-D)
2
4LC
2
(27)
where :
o
is the ac portion of the converters output voltage v
o
.
The resulted transfer function of the two-stage flying-
capacitor boost converter is very similar to the conventional
boost converter with one right-half-plane zero and two poles
[17]. Consequently, the capacitor C
1
does not contribute in the
transfer function and does not add any additional pole or zero
to the topology. In this discussion, the zeros of the capacitors
ESRs were ignored because they are at much higher
frequencies than the double-pole frequency and the right-half-

Figure 8. Bode diagram of the two-stage flying-capacitor boost converter. (a) gain plot (b) phase plot
2317
plane zero.
Fig. 8 shows the Bode plot for the converter designed in
section 5. The poles of the system are 61 + 1592.8i rad/sec
and 61 1592.8i rad/sec. The zero of the system is 20833
rad/sec.
It is important to note that, similar to the conventional
boost converter, the double-pole frequency and zero frequency
of the proposed converter depend on V
S
, V
O
, R (I
O
), L and C
2
.
A larger load current I
O
(smaller load resistance R) has a
significant impact on the zero frequency, bringing it closer to
the double-pole frequency, which decreases the stability
margin [17].
VIII. CONCLUSION
A new flying-capacitor boost converter was proposed in
this paper. The new topology can achieve a high step-up
conversion ratio with improved efficiency. Characteristics of
the proposed converter and its operation principle have been
discussed in this paper. A complete analysis of this converter
in steady state and small signal operation was presented.
Simulation results were presented to confirm the theoretical
analysis. The comparison was made between the proposed
topology and conventional boost converter. Compared to the
conventional boost topology, the proposed converter has a
higher voltage gain ratio and efficiency, a lower input current
ripple at a higher ripple frequency, a lower inductor core and
copper losses and reduced voltage stresses on the
semiconductor devices. Moreover, the proposed converter
topology can be extended to higher stages to obtain a higher
voltage gain ratio at enhanced efficiency. Therefore, the
proposed converter is a competitive alternative in practical
applications where high step-up voltage gains are desired with
a simple structure and high efficiency, such as renewable
energy systems.
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