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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

TEACHING WRITING PROCEDURE PARAGRAPH BY USING
DEMONSTRATION TO THE TENTH GRADE STUDENT OF SMA
NEGERI TUGUMULYO IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013

A. BACKGROUND
Language is a set of rules used by human as tool of their
communication. The use of the language is governed by the conventional rules
shared by the speakers of the language. Each of them must obey the rule.
Otherwise, they cannot use it effectively for the sake of their communication well.
Even worst, they cannot understand each other. Therefore, in order to be
successful to join a communicative interaction, the members of a speech
community must use their language according to the conventional rules they share
among themselves. (Siahaan Sanggam : 2008)
One of the international languages is English beside Arabic, Chinese,
France, Russian, and Spains(http://lliant.blogspot.com/2012/04/tahukah-anda-1-
bahasa-resmi-pbb.html). Because that fact, many people around the word learn
English. The advantages of mastering English are, (1) we can understand many
english text books mostly used in education; (2) it is the medium we use to share
our thoughts with the world; (3) it implies education, good taste, and refinement,
and it will certainly make you standout against the competition; and (4) this will
set you apart and gain you immediate respect and credibility in business. etc.
The English distinguish to oral achievement and written achievement.
The oral achievements consist of speaking and listening, written achievements
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

consist of reading and writing. The learners have to study all of the forth skills
(speaking, listening, reading, and writing) to master in English. However, many
students are difficult in writing skill. Mastering another skill is necessary in
writing. For example, to start writing a writer must master in grammar and the
concept of writing itself.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher will take the writing
skill in this study. Because, writing is very important skill in English especially
and there are so many student / learner difficult to master in English. Beside that,
writing is useful when we want to applied a job.
This study counts heavily on senior high school student because the
student in this stage had studied the basic of writing such as grammar. Writing is a
productive language skill (Siahaan Sangham : 2008 ) that is important to the
senior high school student to master in writing.
Teaching writing skills in the classroom gives the learners / students
new experience. The experience means that the student can count / realize how far
their ability in writing. The researcher also can guide them to reach the higher
level of writing interest to the student. Beside that, the researcher can help how to
make a good writing work and make an efficient writing work.
The one of writings work component is paragraph. Paragraph is a
piece of written text. It contains several sentences. It can be classified into three
parts; they are the beginning, body and ending. As a text, a paragraph contains
several sentences which can be classified into three parts. The first part of a
paragraph is called beginning. Commonly it only has one sentence. It is the most
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

important sentence in the paragraph. It functions as an introduction or topic
sentence. The second part is called the body. It contains several supporting
sentence. Each of these sentences elaborates the topic sentence. The third part is
called the ending. It is a complete sentence. It concludes the development of the
paragraph. It closes the paragraph. As the ending, it is always at the end of the
paragraph. Technically, it is also called the concluding sentence. It can be defined
then that a paragraph is the piece of writing which contains topic sentence, some
supporting sentence and concluding sentence.
This study discuss about paragraph, especially procedure paragraph.
Procedure paragraph is studied by the tenth grade of senior high school. The
researcher will release what is the result of the study in this thesis.

B. THE PROBLEM
In this part, the writer will describe the limitation of the problem and
the formulation of the problem. They are as the illustration follow:
a. The Limitation of the Problem.
1. Writing paragraph will be limited on the procedure paragraph
2. The teaching method will be used is demonstration method
3. The students that will be subject the study is the tenth grade
students of SMA Negeri Tugumulyo in the academic year of
2012/2013.


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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

b. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the limitation problem above the formulation of the
problem of this study as follow: is it significantly effective teaching
procedure paragraph by using demonstration method to the tenth
grade students of SMA Negeri Tugumulyo in academic year
2012/2013.

C. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to know whether or not it is significantly
effective teaching procedure paragraph by using demonstration method to the
tenth grade students of SMA Negeri Tugumulyo in academic year 2012/2013.

D. THE SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The result of this study is useful not only to the researcher, but also to
the English teacher and the student. From this study, the researcher expects that
the agility of the student in writing paragraph will increase. The significant of the
study illustrated below:
a. The students
This researcher will bring the students a new experience of
learning English. A new experience will increase the students
interest of learning English, especially learn writing skill.


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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

b. The English teacher
The result of this study is useful to the English teacher. The
teacher can use the result of study as the benchmarks of
effectiveness from the previous method. The English teacher also
can develop the method or technique that suitable to their students.
c. The Researcher
The researcher will acquire much experiences and knowledge by
do the study. It is expected to be able to help the researcher as the
prospective English teacher in the future time.

E. OPERATION DEFINITION
a. Teaching Writing Paragraph
This study focused in the writing skill of student. The writing skill
is very necessary for students, and there are some parts of writing
component such as text, paragraph and essay. This study is
limited by paragraph. Paragraph is a distinct section of a piece of
writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a
new line, indentation, or numbering.
b. Procedure Paragraph
Paragraph has some kinds. This study only focuses on one kind of
paragraph. The paragraph that means is procedure paragraph. This
material is studied by the tenth grade of senior high schools
students.
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

c. Demonstration Method
These studies present the demonstration method to reach the
purpose. Demonstration method means learning by doing. The
students also practice what they have learned by act directly.

F. THEORITICAL DESRIPTION
a. The Concept of Teaching
Teaching; activities that impart knowledge or skill; "he receivedno f
ormal education"; "our instruction was carefully programmed"; "goo
d teaching is seldom rewarded.
http://ardictionary.com/Teaching/1174
Teaching is a contract between a student and a teacher. This implies
that teachers and students have an agreement and some distinct
obligations to each other. There is also an agreement to give the
teaching obligation your best shot, and to expect the same from all
the learners. Good teaching is hard work and every class meeting is a
performance. The good teacher truly likes what he or she does and
takes up the task at hand with vigor. If this contract meets your
career goals, you may be on the way to becoming an outstanding
teacher! In the typical setting, the student gathers information from
the teacher; in a broader context, the wise teacher is also a student.
The teacher-student relationship is dynamic. Teaching is
bidirectional and challenging. This is the case with a highly
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

enthusiastic teacher - student relationship. The common goal of
teaching is always the same
.http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/34658/Lott_What_is
_Teaching_2008.pdf?sequence=1
b. The Concept of Writing
Writing is a process of expressing ideas or thoughts in words should
be done at our leisure. There are three basic principles of writing
namely, content, register and topic, which need to be consider in a
piece of academic writing. Referring to content, it should be made
clear, specific and relevant. However, register should be formal, to
the point and concise. Topic on the other hand, should be from
offences and should avoid sensitive issues in most cases.

c. The Concept of Procedure Paragraph
Procedure is the set of steps which should be completed in the right
sequence to get the goal. In our daily life, we often have to perform
some steps to make or get something done. For example, early in the
morning, you help your mother prepare cups of tea for all members
of your family. In making cups of tea, you have to follow certain
procedure in order to get a nice drink. Most of our daily activities are
related with procedures. That is why, you should understand what a
procedure text is, how to make and use it. The generic structure
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

of procedure has three principal components namely (1) the goal, (2)
materials and (3) steps.
(a). Generic Structure of procedure :
1. Goal : Title of the text (especially for a recipe)
2. Materials : Optional, not for all procedural texts
3. Steps : a series steps oriented to achieving the Goal
(b). Generic Features
(1). The use of Simple Present Tense, often in an imperative form
e.g. Add some sugar, prepare it,.
(2). The use mainly of temporal conjunction (or numbering to
indicate sequence especially in written text)
As the sentence introducers (sequencers) especially in spoken text:
First Firstly
Second Secondly
Then Thirdly
After that Afterwards
Finally Lastly
e.g. Firstly, prepare some water!
b. As time introducers, especially in written text
before
After
When
While
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

until
During
e.g. While you are boiling the water, grind the chilies, onions and salt

d. The Concept of Demonstration Method
A teaching method comprises the principles and methods used
for instruction. Commonly used teaching methods may include class
participation, demonstration, recitation, memorization, or
combinations of these. The choice of teaching method or methods to
be used depends largely on the information or skill that is being
taught, and it may also be influenced by the aptitude and enthusiasm
of the students.(Wikipedia.org)
Demonstration Method Use the demonstration or doing method to
teach skills. Demonstrate, step-by-step, the procedures in a job task,
using the exact physical procedures if possible. While demonstrating,
explain the reason for and the significance of each step. To be
effective, plan the demonstration in advance so that you will be sure to
show the steps in the proper sequence and to include all steps. If you
must give the demonstration before a large group or if the trainees
might have trouble seeing because of the size of the equipment
involved, use enlarged devices or training aids. When practical, allow
trainees to repeat the procedure in a hands on practice session to
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

reinforce the learning process. By immediately correcting the trainees'
mistakes and reinforcing proper procedures, you can help them learn
the task more quickly. The direct demonstration approach is a very
effective method of instruction, especially when trainees have the
opportunity to repeat the procedures. The basic method of instruction
for teaching skill-type subject matter is the demonstration-
performance method of instruction. This method is recommended for
teaching a skill because it covers all the necessary steps in an effective
learning order. The demonstration step gives trainees the
opportunity to see and hear the details related to the skill being
taught. Those details include the necessary background
knowledge, the steps or procedure, then nomenclatures, and the safety
precautions. The repetition step helps the average and slow learners
and gives the trainees an additional opportunity to see and hear the
skill being taught. The performance step gives all trainees the
opportunity to become proficient. In short, this method is
recommended because it leaves nothing to chance .For convenience,
the techniques for imparting skill sire presented in steps, rather than
activities. When setting up an instructional plan, understand that you
don't have to follow these steps in the sequence presented; instead
choose the steps in the sequence best suited to the needs of the
trainees. Although you will always include a demonstration step and a
performance step, you must use judgment in selecting techniques to
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

make the various steps effective. General Hints.Make every effort
to get trainees to observe correct procedures the first time they try a
new task. The most effective learning results when trainees use a skill
immediately after you have taught it. So as soon as you teach trainees
to do a job, have them practice the skill .
http://navyadvancement.tpub.com/12024/css/12024_24.htm

G. HYPOTESIS
According to Hornby (1985:419), the hypotheses are an idea that is
suggested as a possible explanation of facts. In relation to the objective of the
research above, the researcher formulates the following hypotheses named
null hypotheses (Ho) and alternative hypotheses (Ha). The hypotheses are as
follows:
1. The null hypotheses (Ho) is stated that is not effective teaching writing
procedure paragraph by using demonstration to the tenth grade
students of SMA Negeri Tugumulyo in academic year 2012/2013
2. The alternative hypotheses (Ha) is stated it is effective teaching writing
procedure paragraph by using demonstration to the tenth grade
students of SMA Negeri Tugumulyo in academic year 2012/2013



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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

H. METHOD OF RESEARCH
a. Research Design
In the study, the researcher will apply a quasi-experimental method.
Isaac and Michael (1980:14) describe this method as follows: A
quasi-experimental method is approximate the condition of true-
experiment in a setting which does not allow the control, and or
manipulation of all relevant variables. It is because in this study, the
researcher gave special treatment to the group of the students; that is
why would be spontaneity speaking skill in conversation, the sample
will be given a pre-test before being taught and in the end of the
lesson, the researcher will give them post-test with exactly the same
material as the pre-test.
According to Hatch and Farhady (1982:24), by using the quasi-
experimental design, we control as many variables as we can and also
limit the kinds of interpretations we make about cause-effect
relationship and hedge the power of our generalization statements. In
this design, a pre-test will be given before instruction (or treatment)
begins and posttest will be given treatment begins.

Quasi-Experimental Design




T1 X T2
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

In which:
T1 : Pre-test
X : Treatment
T2 : Post-test
Based on this method, the study is conducted through three
stages, namely: (1) pre-test, (2) treatment, (3) post-test. This method
used one group of the students.
b. Research Variable
Variable defined as characteristic that tend to differ from individual to
individual, thought any two or more individuals may have the same
variable trait or measure. (Charles, C.M. 1995:29 )
There are two variable in this research; they are independent variable
and dependent variable. According to Hatach and Farhady (1985:15),
independent variable is the major one to investigate.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable





DEMOSTRATION
METHOD
STUDENTS MASTERING
IN WRITING PROCEDURE
PARAGRAPH
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

c. Population and Sample
1. Population
Population is the entire members of a real or hypothetical set of
people, events, or subject to which educational researches whish to
generalize the result of the research.(Latif Muhammad
Adnan,2012:146). Related to this, Arikunto (1998:156) states that a
population is as set of element possessing one or more attributes of
interesting.
The populations in this study are seven classes of tenth grade
student of SMA Negeri Tugumulyo in academic year 2012/2013.
The amount of all populations is 230 students. The description of
populations in following table.
THE POPULATION OF STUDY
No Classes Number of students
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
X.1
X.2
X.3
X.4
X.5
X.6
X.7
30
32
33
33
34
35
33
Total 230
( Source :SMA Negeri Tugumulyo 2012)
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

2. Sample
The writer will use cluster random sampling. The utility of this technique
is done by taking samples from the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri
Tugumulyo. According to Frankel and Wallen (1993:548), dealing with
the cluster random sampling used in this study, it is done by selecting
group of individuals rather than single individual.
The cluster will be properly selected randomly from the large population
cluster. It is done by writing the name of seven classes on seven paper
and then put them in a glass and after that took one of them randomly.
The result was classX.4 to be treated as the sample of this study which
consists 33 students.

d. Technique for Collecting Data
In this study the collecting data will use written test. The test consists
of 20 items of multiple choices. The students will be given 45 minutes
to do the test / examination. To get the best data, the test has to be
evaluated by validity and reliability.

1. Validity
Validity traditionally has been regarded as the test characteristic,
generally the most important quality of a test. But the current
thinking of measurement experts is that validity should be
associated with the use to be made of the scores from a test. In
particular, validity refers to the appropriateness of making specific
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

inferences or of making certain decision on the basis of scores from
a test. (Latief Mohammad Adnan,2012 :140)
Arikunto states that validity is a measure that showing the levels of
particularly instrument (Arikunto, 1999:160) bases on the states; the
researcher will divides the test in accordance with the target of the test
that is used to know the measurement of the tenth grade year students
improving writting skill at SMA Negeri Tugumulyo in academic Year
2012/2013.

2. Reliability
Arikunto states that reliable is trustable (2010: 221) reliability is
extent to which a test produces consistent result when under similar
condition reliability meanest the stability of the test score, a test
cannot measure anything well unless in measuring consistently.
The reliability of the test materials would be evaluated through the
internal consistency of reliability. It is measure of degree to the
items on a test are homogenous or consistent with each other
(Richards,et.al, 1985:146).
In this study, the researcher will do the test to the tenth grade
student of SMA Negeri 1 Tugumulyo. In this research, to find out
the reliability of the test, the researcher will use Split Half
Technique formula. This is done by asking the English teacher here
to give the score beside the researcher herself. The result will be
calculated formula below:
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching


KR -21

=
( )
( )
(

2
1
1
SD K
M K M
K
K


In which:
R = Reliability Coefficient
K = Number of Item in the Test
M = Mean Score on the Test
SD = Standard deviation
To know the SD the writer uses the formula as follows :
SD =
1
) (
2

N
x x r i

In which :
SD = The standard deviation of all the testers score
squared
x
i
= Students Total Score
x
r
= Mean Score
N = Number of the students


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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

e. Technique for Analyzing data

1. Individual Score
The formula to find out individual students score:

IS =
N
R
x 100
In which:
Is : Students Individual Score
R : The Students Score Obtained
N : Total Score

2. Conversion of Score Range
The researcher applies the conversion of score range,
they are as follows:

Score Ranges Qualification
91 100
81 90
71 80
61 70
51 60
41 50
31 40
30 =
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Moderate
Enough
Low
Poor
Very Poor
(Source: Students Report Book of SMA Negeri Tugumulyo)
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching


3. Matched T-test

The formula is presented below:
SD
X X
t
obt
1 2
=

Where:
t
obt
= t obtained
__
X
1
= the Students Mean Score in the Pre-test
__
X
2
= the Students Mean Score in the Post-test
__
S
D
= the Standard Error of Differences between two Means








Where the formula of SD is:

D
S =
n
SD

In which:
SD = Standard Errors of the Difference
n = Number of Pair Students
To find the calculation of standard deviation ( ) SD , the
writer will calculate SD before. The formula is presented below:
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The Final Assignment of Research in Language teaching

( )
1
1 2
2

|
.
|

\
|

=

n
D
n
D
SD
SD = Standard Deviation
N = Number of Students
D = Differences of Students Score