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Outline
1. Introduction. 1.1. Theory? 1.2. Translation typology 2. Linguistic relations 2.1. Equivalence 2.2. Naturalness, fluency 3. Translation strategies 3.1. A conceptual toolbox 3.2. Algorithms? 4. Communication factors 4.1. Functional theories 4.2. Sociology of translation 5. Cultural factors 5.1. The shaping power of language 5.2. Systems, norms and ideologies 6. Cognitive factors 6.1. Universals? 6.2. Getting inside the translators head 7. Is it any good? 7.1. Quality assessment 7.2. Ethics 7.3. Final comments
Riitta Oittinen ja Pirjo Mkinen (2001) Alussa oli knns. Tampereen yliopistopaino. Inkeri Vehmas-Lehto (1999) Kopiointia vai kommuniointia? Helsinki: Finnlectura.
Addition Omission Explicitation Implicitation Domestication Foreignization Formality change Speech act change Transediting muokkaaminen
lisminen poistaminen eksplisiittistminen implisitointi kotouttaminen vieraannuttaminen muodollisuusasteen muutos puheaktin muutos toimittaminen, uudelleen
Motivations for strategies; including ideological reasons? Strategies are also useful research tools. What are the typical strategies for translating allusions / names / dialects / etc?
3.2. Algorithms?
Can machines translate? The neopositive belief in laws / rules: language as a well-defined system Algorithms; explicit instructions, translation rules > under conditions ABC..., item X can be translated as item Y Initial optimism of the machine translation project Problem of the semantic barrier: in order to interpret sentences correctly, we often need to look at the context and appeal to our knowledge of the world. The present situation. Examples: SYSTRAN, METEO, Kielikone See my Psst! Theory can be useful at http://ec.europa.eu/translation/reading/articles/theory_and_practice_en.htm Note the many by-products of this research, such as translation memory systems and Computer-Aided Translation in general. And more realistic ideas about quality.
The theory argues against the possibility of achieving the same effect.
Nida, Eugene A. 1964. Towards a Science of Translating. Leiden: Brill. Nord, Christiane 1997. Translation as a purposeful activity. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing Reiss, Katharina 1976. Texttyp und bersetzungsmethode. Der operative Text. Kronberg: Scriptor. Strmnes, Frode J. 2006. The Fall of the Word and the Rise of the Mental Model A Reinterpretation of the Recent Research on Spatial Cognition and Language. Frankfurt am Main, etc.: Peter Lang. Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins. Tytler, Alexander F. [1790] 1978. Essay on the Principles of Translation. (Amsterdam Classics in Linguistics 13.) Amsterdam: Benjamins Vehmas-Lehto, Inkeri. 1989. Quasi-correctness. A critical study of Finnish translations of Russian journalistic texts. Helsinki: Neuvostoliittoinstituutti. Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translators Invisibility: A history of translation. London: Routledge. Vermeer, Hans J. 1996. A skopos theory of translation (Some arguments for and against). Heidelberg: TextConText. Vinay, Jean-Paul and Darbelnet, Jean. [1958] 1969. Stylistique Compare du franais et de langlais. Paris: Didier. Wagner: in A. Chesterman and E. Wagner (2002): Can theory help translators? Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.