2011 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC 2011)

Vietnam Spectrum Occupancy Measurements and Analysis for Cognitive Radio Applications
Vo Nguyen Quoc Bao , Le Quoc Cuong , Le Quang Phu , Tran Dinh Thuan , Nguyen Thien Quy , Lam Minh Trung
of Telecommunications Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology Email: {baovnq, lequoccuong, phulq, tdthuan}@ptithcm.edu.vn Radio Frequency Directorate Vietnam Ministry of Information and Communications Email: {thienquy, trunglm}@rfd.gov.vn
AbstractThe rapid growth of demand for wireless transmission has placed great pressure on the scarce radio spectrum due to the xed spectrum allocation policy and cognitive radio (CR) is considered as a promising solution to such the problem. The main idea behind a cognitive radio network is for the unlicensed users (also called secondary users) to exploit opportunistically the underutilized spectrum licensed to a licensed network (referred to as a primary network). Before investigating the technical and political implications of CR, it is important to know to what extent the licensed bands are temporally unoccupied. In this paper, for the rst time, we investigate the spectrum usage pattern in Vietnam in the frequency bands ranging from 20 MHz to 3000 MHz in Ho Chi Minh City and Long An province. The purpose of the measurement is to nd how the scarce radio spectrum allocated to different services is utilized in Vietnam and identify the bands that could be accessed for future opportunistic use due to their low or no active utilization. These analyses indicate that, on average, the actual spectral usage in all bands is 13.74% and 11.19% for Ho Chi Minh City and Long An province, respectively. The experiment results also show that the spectrum band assigned for analog television (470-806) is the highest occupancy band with 58%.
School

I. I NTRODUCTION Radio frequency spectrum is a resource of fundamental importance in wireless communication systems. During recent years, a multitude of wireless applications and services has been developed resulting in a collision with the comprehensive, well-established, but increasingly obsolescent policy for the allocation and utilization of the radio spectrum [1]. In principle, international regulatory bodies like the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) coordinate and properly regulate the usage of radio spectrum resources and the regulation of radio emissions [2][4]. In Vietnam, based on the recommendations of the FCC, the radio frequency directorate (RFD) assigns spectrum to licensed holders, also known as primary users, on a long-term basis [5]1 2 3 . Such the policy partitions the overall radio spectrum into non-overlapping frequency bands corresponding to different purposes, i.e. government, public safety, national defense,
1 http://rfd.gov.vn/Danh

television radio, cellular, and unlicensed consumers. Although the xed allocation approach ensures that competing wireless applications do not interfere with each others, it seems to be inappropriate since the current spectrum use is inefcient with some bands heavily subscribed and others rarely used. One of the most promising solutions for such the problem is cognitive radio, invented by Mitola [6], being able to detect an unoccupied frequency band to use temporarily, and then vacate when necessary [7]. To realize CR networks as well as to quantify their potential benets accurately, the current spectrum usage should be known. Therefore, the crucial step is the study of the availability of temporarily unoccupied spectrum not only in terms of frequency but also in terms time and space. Till now, several measurement campaigns were conducted in USA [8], New Zealand [9], Germany [10], Singapore [11], China [12], Spain [13], and Qatar [14]. A shared nding among these studies is that a large portion of the assigned spectrum remains underutilized. In this paper, for the rst time, we report the detail results of a spectrum survey conducted in Vietnam with an aim not only to ll the gaps today in knowledge about the use of spectrum but also to identify the most suitable and interesting bands for CRNs. The spectrum measurement campaign covers the frequency range from 20 MHz to 3000 MHz in two locations: Ho Chi Minh City and Long An province. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section II, we introduce the measurement setup and procedure. Section III presents the measurement results and provides some observation and discussion. Finally, the paper is closed in section IV. II. M EASUREMENT S ETUP AND P ROCEDURE The equipment used for the measurement consists of a set of antenna, an R&S EM550 VHF / UHF digital wideband receiver4 , and a server installed R&SARGUS monitoring software5 . The set of antennas including HE0166 , HE3097 ,
4 http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/em550.html 5 http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/ARGUS.html 6 http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/HE016.html 7 http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/HE309.html

sach/Quy hoach moi 2 http://rfd.gov.vn/Danh+sach+Quy+hoach+bang+tan/Quy hoach bang tan 3 http://rfd.gov.vn/Danh sach/Quy

978-1-4577-1207-4/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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HE015

HE309

HE314A1

HF214

HF902

Matrix Switch

Fig. 1.

The measuarement system.

Fig. 2.

The measurement system.

HE314A18 , HF2149 and HF90210 is connected to the EM550 receiver via a switch matrix as shown in Fig. 1. Via the R&SARGUS monitoring software, we can congure the system to measure the received signal power in all range of frequency (of interest) from 20 MHz to 3000 MHz as well as stored all the measurement results in the server in real time for further processing. The detail characteristics of each antenna are provided in Table I. Depending on the measured spectrum band, the appropriate antenna is manually chosen, i.e. it is directly connected to the receiver. For example, we use an active vertical dipole (HE309) for the frequency range between 20MHz to 1300 MHz while HF902 should be used if the frequency range from 1 to 3 GHz is considered. The measurements were conducted over a 4-month time span from Oct. 2010 to Feb. 2011 at two different locations. The rst location as shown in Figs. 2 is the roof top (the 6th oor) of the RFD ofce building in An Phu, District 2, Ho Chi Minh City with coordinate 10 47 42.3 and 106 44 25.9 . As a reference, the second location (Long An province with coordinate 10 38 12.50 and 106 29 36.00 ) is chosen roughly 50km far away the rst location considered as a rural area. Both the chosen measurement sites almost have almost no high buildings surrounding enabling us to accurately measure the spectral activity of all possible transmitters. The utilization of spectrum is usually quantitatively examined by the most used metric - spectrum occupancy. In a particular location, it is dened as the probability that a measured signal of a certain bandwidth is unused by primary users. To determine whether a given frequency is occupied or not, spectrum sensing is usually used. There are three common methods proposed in the literature so far including matched lter detection, cyclostationary feature detection and energy detection [15], [16]. Among them, energy detection is the most popular method measuring only the received signal
8 http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/HE314A1.html 9 http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/products/antennas/HF214.html 10 http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/products/antennas/HF902.html

Fig. 3.

The antenna system.

power [17]. In this paper, we use the energy detection for all measurements. In energy detection approach, a frequency band is considered unused if the power of measured signals is above a predened power threshold, i.e. the noise level at the receiver. Otherwise, it is reported as an available band for cognitive applications. Therefore, determining the level of background noise is a critical step towards spectrum occupancy measurement. According to [2], [10], [14], a margin of 3dB is considered for determining the nal threshold value in order to account any unforeseen effects and variations. III. M EASUREMENT R ESULTS AND A NALYSIS In this section, we present some selective spectral measurement results. We start with the Fig. 5 and 6 where the average PSD over the whole frequency range of measurement study are plotted. Due to the characteristics of the antennae used, the measured frequency is divided into two non-overlapping

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Fig. 4. The aerial map showing Ho Chi Minh City measurement site (Courtesy of Google Inc.). Type of antenna HE016 Antenna characteristics Active antenna system, omnidirectional reception of vertically and horizontally polarized signals with bandwidth 10 kHz to 80 MHz (vertical) and 600 kHz to 40 MHz (horizontal). Active vertical dipole, high sensitivity, large bandwidth and wide dynamic range from 20MHz to 1300 MHz. Active omnidirectional antenna, reception of horizontally polarized waves from 20 MHz to 500 MHz. Omnidirectional antenna, designed for the reception of horizontally polarized waves 500 MHz to 1300 MHz. Omnidirectional antenna designed for the reception of vertically and horizontally polarized waves from 1-3 GHz. TABLE I A NTENNA CHARACTERISTICS .

HE309 HE314A1 HF214 HF902

0 20 40 60 80 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 Frequency [MHz] 700 800 900 1000

Fig. 5. Average power spectral density vs. frequency at Ho Chi Minh City 20-1000 MHz.
0

20

PSD [dBm]

40

60

80

100 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Frequency [MHz] 2400 2600 2800 3000

Fig. 6. Average power spectral density vs. frequency at Ho Chi Minh City 1000-3000 MHz.

frequency ranges, i.e. from 20 to 1000 Mhz and from 1001 MHz to 3000 MHz. From the gures, there are some important points that is worth noting as follows. The level of background noise is a little higher than the theoretical ambient noise. Importantly, it is not constant and slightly increases with frequency resulting in an increase on the decision threshold. It is due to the fact that the decision threshold is chosen 3-dB above the system noise oor as mentioned previously. Besides, we can also observe that the actual spectrum usage pattern is not uniform, i.e, the spectrum below 1 GHz seems to be heavily utilized while the spectrum from 2 to 3 GHz is found to be lightly used. Although Fig. 5 and 6 provide us some overview about spectrum utilization, they is insufcient to provide a detail description on how spectrum is used in different bands. Therefore, for a better view, we participate the overall spectrum under consideration into 15 sub-bands and study its associated spectrum activity in Figs. 7-22. In particular, Fig. 7, 8 and 9 show the received power versus frequency plot for 30-54 MHz, 54-68 MHz and 68-87 MHz, respectively. Clearly observed from the gures, the band allocated to FM radio is found to be most quiet as compared to the other bands. In Fig. 10, 12 and 15, we show the PSD in the broadcasting (FM, TV) bands: 87-108 MHz, 174-230 MHz and 490-806 MHz. As can be seen, they are the most heavily utilized bands observed in this study. The typical maximum signal power of FM bands is from 0 dBM to -20 dBm. With TV channels, the maximum power is around -60dBm to -40 dBm. From the gures, we can also identify some spectrum of signals coming from some popular FM and TV channels, e.g. VOV1, VOV2, VOV3, VOV5, FM99.9 , HTV7, HTV9, TayNinh, DongNai, etc. Along with the broadcasting bands, cellular mobile service bands (Fig. 14, 16 and 21) are the other ones having a considerably higher occupancy rate compared with other type of frequency allocations. If we consider land mobile bands 824-960 MHz and 1710-2300 MHz, it is easy to identify the spectrum of downlink GSM/E-GSM signals that are located in 950MHz and 1800MHz bands. Furthermore, the spectrum of downlink 3G/IMT2000 signals of four 3G service providers, i.e. Mobile, Viettel, EVN&HT, and Vinaphone, are observed ranging from 2110Mhz to 2200 MHz. It appears that the downlink channels in point-to-multipoint mobile applications are identied as mostly occupied. This is due to the active control channels constantly broadcasted by base stations to maintain cellular service coverage of GSM900, GSM1800 and WCDMA networks. Unlike downlink channels always transmitting with relatively high power, the usages in the uplink channels depend on the actual number of active mobile users in the measurement area and more intermittent according to their behaviors. From the gure, we can see that as expected transmit power of GSM900 mobile stations is higher than that of GSM1800 mobile stations. Besides, from Fig. 21, we also observe that 3G uplink channels seem to be completely unused. Here, it should be noted that due to the nature of WCDMA technology the transmit power of uplink channels

PSD [dBm]

137

in 3G system is very low, and might not be detectable by the measurement system. Next, we focus on Fig. 11 and 13 where the spectrum activity of the frequency bands 108-174 and 230-406 is shows. As can be seen, most part of these bands band is unoccupied suggesting some opportunities for cognitive radio accesses. However, recalling that the whole band from 230 to 406 MHz is exclusively reserved for security services and systems of the Vietnam ministry of public security (MPS). Therefore, in principle, such spectrum bands should be precluded by secondary access. The average PSD of the well-known unlicensed Industrial, Scientic and Medical (ISM) band (2400 to 2500 MHz) is illustrated in Fig. 22. Allocated for unlicensed spectrum use, the ISM band is considered as the most open band. Within this band, many wireless applications are operated including WiFi transmitters, cordless telephones, microwave ovens, and various consumer products. Therefore, it is believed to be the most heavily used frequency band. However, from Fig. 22, it is observed that this band appears to be unoccupied. It can be explained by the fact that this frequency band is usually occupied in indoor environments and signals at such frequencies are severely attenuated by walls. The rest of spectrum between and 3 GHz remains mostly unused, with the exception of some signals with very low duty cycle in bands allocated to aeronautical and satellite radiolocation and radionavigation, (960-1350 and 1610-1710 MHz), DECT cordless phones (1880-1900 MHz) and military radars (27002900 MHz). To this end, we show the band-by-band average spectrum occupancy in Ho Chi Minh City in Fig. 23. The results of these measurements indicate that some spectrum bands are subjected to exhaustive usage while some others are sparsely used or show temperate utilization, and, in some cases, are not used at all. In general, the average spectrum occupancy observed in Ho Chi Minh City is 13.74% for the whole frequency range between 20MHz and 3000 MHz and the band assigned for television broadcasting is the highest occupancy band with 58%. Stated another way, 86.25% of this spectrum is unused. As a baseline for comparison, we also show the average spectrum occupancy of New York and Long An in Fig. 24. The obtained results demonstrate that Ho Chi Minh City spectrum utilization exceeds Long An by roughly 1.46%, which, in turns, exceeds New Yorks by 1.15%. IV. C ONCLUSION The spectrum measurements presented here are part of a larger on-going measurement campaign conducted by PTIT in several cities in the south of Vietnam. The purpose of this project is to create a usage map for cognitive applications in Vietnam. The challenge of this campaign is not only cost (equipment) but also time (deployment) where multiple locations are to be measured to obtain local spectral pattern usage. Our measurement results suggest that in Vietnam most of allocated frequencies are underutilized except for mobile and

broadcasting bands and CR applications can be realized by exploiting bands with low measured occupancy rates. However, care must be taken to account for possible wireless channel effects such as multi-path and hidden terminal problems. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported in part by the Science and Technology Foundation of Ho Chi Minh City and by the Vietnams National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) (No. 102.99-2010.10). R EFERENCES
[1] Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Wireless Technology Prospects and Policy Options. National Academy of Sciences, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record id=13051# toc [2] R. Bureau, Handbook on spectrum monitoring, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), p. 168, 2002. [3] OFCOM, United kingdom frequency allocation table, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://tinyurl.com/44j8vpf [4] NTIA, United states frequency allocations: The radio spectrum, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf [5] L. V. Tuan, Radio frequency management in vietnam, Journal on Information & Communications Technologies, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn/vi-vn/sanphamdichvu/2007/8/18328.bcvt [6] I. Mitola, J. and J. Maguire, G. Q., Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal, IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1318, 1999. [7] J. Wang, M. Ghosh, and K. Challapali, Emerging cognitive radio applications: A survey, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 7481, 2011. [8] M. A. McHenry, Nsf spectrum occupancy measurements project summary, Shared Spectrum Co., Tech. Rep., Aug. 2005. [9] R. I. C. Chiang, G. B. Rowe, and K. W. Sowerby, A quantitative analysis of spectral occupancy measurements for cognitive radio, in Proc. IEEE VTC2007-Spring Vehicular Technology Conf. (IEEE VTC 65th, pp. 30163020. [10] M. Wellens, J. Wu, and P. Mahonen, Evaluation of spectrum occupancy in indoor and outdoor scenario in the context of cognitive radio, in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications CrownCom 2007, pp. 420427. [11] M. H. Islam, C. L. Koh, S. W. Oh, X. Qing, Y. Y. Lai, C. Wang, Y.-C. Liang, B. E. Toh, F. Chin, G. L. Tan, and W. Toh, Spectrum survey in singapore: Occupancy measurements and analyses, May 2008. [12] D. Chen, S. Yin, Q. Zhang, M. Liu, and S. Li, Mining spectrum usage data: a large-scale spectrum measurement study. ACM, pp. 1324. [13] M. Lpez-Bentez, A. Umbert, and F. Casadevall, Evaluation of spectrum occupancy in spain for cognitive radio applications. IEEE, pp. 15. [14] K. A. Qaraqe, H. Celebi, A. Gorcin, A. El-Saigh, H. Arslan, and M.s. Alouini, Empirical results for wideband multidimensional spectrum usage, in Proc. IEEE 20th Int Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Symp., pp. 12621266. [15] A. Goldsmith, S. A. Jafar, I. Maric, and S. Srinivasa, Breaking spectrum gridlock with cognitive radios: An information theoretic perspective, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 894914, 2009. [16] A. Ghasemi and E. S. Sousa, Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: requirements, challenges and design trade-offs [cognitive radio communications], IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 3239, 2008. [17] F. F. Digham, M. S. Alouini, and M. K. Simon, On the energy detection of unknown signals over fading channels, IEEE Journal on Communications, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 2124, 2007.

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Amateur 0 PSD [dBm] Mean Min Max

50

100 30 35 40 Frequency [MHz]

Fig. 7. Amateur 30-54 MHz.

45

50

FM radio 0 PSD [dBm] 50 100 54 Mean Max Min

56

58
Fig. 8.

60 F

62 [MH ]

64

66

68

Broadcasting (FM radio) 54-68 MHz.

Aero Nav., Analog TV. 0 PSD [dBm] Mean Max Min

50

100 68

70

72

74

76 78 Frequency [MHz]

80

82

84

86

Fig. 9.

Aeronautical Radionavigation/Analog TV 68-87 MHz.

FM radio 0 PSD [dBm] Mean Max Min

50

100 88 90 92 94 96 98 Frequency [MHz] 100 102 104 106 108

Fig. 10.

Broadcasting (FM radio) 87-108 MHz.

Aero, Mobile, Radio Nav., Maritime, Amateur, PMR 0 PSD [dBm] Mean Max Min

50

100 110 120 130 140 Frequency [MHz] 150 160 170

Fig. 11.

Aeronautical Radionavigation, Aeronautical Mobile (R), Mob. Sat. (S-E)/Fixed/Mobile, Amateur/Amateur Satellite, Fixed/Mobile 108-174 MHz.

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Analog TV 0 CH7:HTV7 PSD [dBm] 50 CH9:HTV9

Mean CH11: TAYNINH

Min

Max

CH12: DONGNAI

100 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 Frequency [MHz] 210 215 220 225 230

Fig. 12.

Broadcasting (TV channels 7 to 13) 174-230 MHz.

Fixed mobile, Aero, Others 0 PSD [dBm]

Data Transmisson of MPS

50

100 240 260 280 300 320 Frequency [MHz] 340 360 380 400

Fig. 13.

Fixed/Radionavigation Sat./Meteorological Aids 230-406 MHz.

0 PSD [dBm]

UPLINK PMR TAXI

DOWNLINK PMR TAXI

Amatuer, fixed, mobile, radiolocation Mean Min Max

CDMA 400/EVN

50

100 410 420 430 440 Frequency [MHz] 450 460 470

Fig. 14.

Fixed/Radiolocation/Land Mobile 406,1-470 MHz.

Broadcasting 0 PSD [dBm] 50 100 480 0 PSD [dBm] 50 100 650

CH44 CH21 CH22 CH23 CH25 CH26 CH28 CH30 CH32 CH34

Mean
CH36

Max

Min

CH39 CH40 CH41 CH42

500

520
CH48

540

560 580 Frequency [MHz]

CH54 CH55 CH56

600

620
CH60

640
CH62

CH50 CH51 CH52

700 Frequency [MHz]

Fig. 15.

750

800

Broadcasting (TV channels 14 to 20)/Fixed 470-806 MHz.

140

Mobile Data, PMR & Trunking 0 PSD [dBm]

UL CDMA CDMA EGSM SPHONE VNPT UL GSM

DL DL DL DL EGSM GSM GSM GSM VNMOB VINA VIETEL MOBI

50

Mean Min Max 820 840 860 880 900 Frequency [MHz]
Fixed/Land mobile 810-960 MHz.

100 920 940 960

Fig. 16.

DME PSD [dBm] 55 DME 1003 60 65 70 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 Frequency [MHz] DME 1024 DME 1201

Mean

Min

Max DME 1340

DME 1260 DME 1280

1250

1300

1350

Fig. 17.

Aeronautical Radionavigation 960-1350 MHz.

Radio Location, Radio Astronomy, Earth Exploration Sat., Space Research 0 PSD [dBm] 20 40 60 1350 Mean Min Max

1360

1370

1380 1390 Frequency [MHz]

1400

1410

1420

Fig. 18.

Radio location/Earth Expl. Sat./Radio Astronomy 1350-1427.

Fixed 50 PSD [dBm] 55 60 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 Frequency [MHz]
Fixed 1427-1525 MHz.

VIBA VNPT 1470.5 MHz

Mean Min Max

1490

1500

1510

1520

Fig. 19.

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Mobile Sat., Radio Astronomy, Meteorological Sat., Space Research, Fixed 40 PSD [dBm] 50 60 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 Frequency [MHz]
Mobile Satellite 1525-1660,5 MHz.

Mobile Satellite Maritime Mobile Satellite (Space to Earth) Maritime Mobile Satellite (Earth to Space)

Mean Min Max

1660

1680

1700

Fig. 20.

0 PSD [dBm] 20 40 60 80 0 PSD [dBm] 20 40

GSM1800 (BR) Vina Mobile Vietel GTel Vina

GSM1800 (BT) Mobile Vietel GTel

Mean

Max

Min

1750

1800

1850 Frequency [MHz] IMT2000

1900

1950

2000

60 2000

2050

2100

2150 Frequency [MHz]

2200

2250

2300

Fig. 21.

Radio Astronomy/Space Research/Meteological Aids/Mobile/Fixed 1710-2300 MHz.

ISM, Radio Location, Maritime Radionavigation, Aeronautical Radionavigation, Meteorological Aids. 0 PSD [dBm] 20 40 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 Frequency [MHz] 2800 2900 3000 Mean Min Max

Fig. 22.

Fixed/Mobile/Aeronatical navigation/Radiolocation 2300-3000 MHz.

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Amateur 3054 MHz Broadcasting (FM radio) 5468 MHz Aeronautical Radionavigation/Analog TV 6887 MHz Broadcasting (FM radio) 87108 MHz Aeronautical Radionavigation 108117,975 MHz Aeronautical Mobile (R) 117,975137 MHz Mob. Sat. (SE)/Fixed/Mobile 137144 MHz Amateur/Amateur Satellite 144146 MHz Fixed/Mobile 146174 MHz Broadcasting (TV channels 7 to 13) 174230 MHz Fixed/Radionavigation Sat./Meteorological Aids 230406,1 MHz Fixed/Radiolocation/Land Mobile 406,1470 MHz Broadcasting (TV channels 14 to 20)/Fixed 470806 MHz Fixed/Land mobile 806824 MHz Land Mobile/Fixed 824960 MHz Aeronautical Radionavigation 9601350 MHz Radio location/Earth Expl. Sat./Radio Astronomy 13501427 MHz Fixed 14271525 MHz Mobile Satellite 15251660,5 MHz Radio Astronomy/Space Research/Meteological Aids/Fixed 1660,51710 MHz GSM/Fixed 17102300MHz Fixed/Mobile/Aeronatical navigation/Radiolocation 23003100 MHz 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Fig. 23.

Average spectrum occupancy by band Ho Chi Minh City.

3054 MHz 5488 MHz 108138 MHz 138174 MHz 174216 MHz 216225 MHz 225406 MHz 406470 MHz 470512 MHz 512608 MHz 608698 MHz 698806 MHz 806902 MHz 902928 MHz 928906 MHz 9601240 MHz 12401300 MHz 13001400 MHz 14001525 MHz 15251710 MHz 1710 1850 MHz 18501990 MHz 19902110 MHz 21102200 MHz 22002300 MHz 23002360 MHz 23602390 MHz 23902500 MHz 25002686 MHz 26862900 MHz 29003000 MHz

Ho Chi Minh City Long An New York 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Fig. 24.

Average spectrum occupancy by band Ho Chi Minh City vs. Long An vs. New York.

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