mmD

MILITARY
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
THE ENGLISH
CIVIL WAR
~ T E R YOL:'\G ,nuL\EL ROFFE
14
t:mm
MILITARY
EDITOR, MARTIN WINDROW
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
THE ENGLISH
CIVIL WAR
14
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Osprr)' Miliu.ry Mrliungrr,
PO Bo" 5) R"shden,
Northants NNIO 6YX
1Jlfrotlt/rfio/1
TIl<" p<'riod conred in this book begins with til('
outhreak of Iht' First Civil War ill .G.p and ends
with the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
.\!though Scots ,Inuit's illl(n'C'ut,d in tl1l'
IWlwecli Kin!!: and !ladiamcnt. it is Iht" English
armies of ,he dOl) which an' discussed in ,lies..:
pag('s. E\C'1l though, as time \\l"nl by, th(" Cavali('f
and l'arliamClltarian armies devdoJX'd their OWI1
diSlint:tin- charaCIl"1', ill mailers of organization
alld ulliform Iht'y dillcrl'<! bUI lillie, and for this
rcason it is 1I0t inappl'Oprialc to deal with tht'lli
both in a singk ,'olume.
Thl' gnlcral history of the war has been dealt
Willi by slIclt modern aUlllorilics as S. R. Gardiner,
Sir Charks Firth and C. V. Wcdg\\'ood, and its
A ...... ..... or 16401, from the th.I"-pal" or a pampbl"l
in Ih" Brhiih M..... u.m. _arins a plum..d al ..,,1 ...orion
and ridinll:-boola. H" la, p"rhaps, a &""I1"....n or Ih"
t1onou.rabl" ArliU....')' Cotnpan),. Musk"lrtI wo.. ld
norn,.Uy w"ar .hoes
military hislol")' by lilt' l.tlt Lil'lllcn:lllt-Colund
:\. H. Burne, D,S,O, FOf Ihis reason Ihcr(' is no
attempl heft' 10 gin' :I det:likd rhronic\C' of Illt'
cvcnts of Ihl" war, llowcvcr, a brid' chrollology
ma), scn"c to remind rC;ldcrs of the main CHillS.
GIl/mloloK)'
1638 & 1640
The First anti Second Scots \\'aI'S,
1642
The first carnpaigl1. Till: King ddi.:als the Earl of
ESSt'X at hallie of Edgdlill (23 October), and,
after Ill:lking Oxlul'd his capital, :\Ch":lIICeS 011
Loudon. HI' is check(xl at Tlltrlkun Gn:cn and
goes into willlt'f quartct's,
1643
Essex tak('s Reading: ('J:7 April), Me:lllwhilc, IIl1"
Nortlwrn ana Western Royalists, ul1der lhe E:\rl
of Newcastlt' and Sir Ralph 1-101'1011 I'rsP('cli\'c1y,
gain the IIpper hand, though Hull and Glou-
ceSler still huld QLl!. Pri;lct, Ruperl storms Hristol
(26.J lily) a lid King: eha siege to Gloucester
(10 August), ",hiell Essl'x I'dit,\,cS (8 Septf'll1!){'r).
The King: illtl'I'ccpls Essn: at Ncwbur)', hut, :Irtcr
;t SCH'n' action (20 Sq>lcmhef), draws OO'II,:!\,ing
the road 10 Reading and Londun open.
J
1644
The Scots Arm)' under Lord LC\'C'1l crosses tlie
hOI"{II'1" II!) January), lipping Ih(' halance ill
fal'our of lilt, P;lrliall1('l1tari.ll1s. Sir William
W.dln (h:fcals the Royalists uncll'" I.ord Forth at
Clu:riwll l\.l!) i\larch', Inll is liy til(' King
at Croprcdy Bridg(' 29 .JUlIl). Rupert and
:\\'w('.15t1(' an- dcfl':tt ...d hy LCH'Il, III(' Earl of
and Lord Fairfax .11 i\hrston l\'loor
('2 J. and, in conSC{IUCIICC, the Cavaliers lose
control or the King Charles surrounds
Essex's ,\"111)' in Cornwall and compels all bm the
(';nalry 10 surn.:m!t-.. ncar Fowcy (2 September).
At Second ('27 October) the Ilarlia-
IIl1'lHarians COllet'tllrall.' double the King's
in llumber, hut fail 10 crush him. Recriminations
among- the Roundhead kadel'S brings about the
fonnatiun of the New Model Army under Sir'
'I'llomas Fair-Hlx,
1645
Tlte New 1\lodcl Army the main Royalist
Army :\t ;\lasehy (I+June) and captures most of
its loot and gUllS, It thl'lI worsts the \\'estern
C:n"aliers lInclC'r Lord (;orillg :l.l Langport
llo July), who los(' heart and n'!il'c gradually
into 01'\'011 and Cornwall.
From Ihis lime onwards the slUry of thl' war IS
largdr une of siegcs.
1646
'I'll(' New l\lodd storms Hopton's 1>oslliOll :11
Torrington (16 Fehruary), I.ord ,\.!Hlcy is com-
pelled to liurn:ndcr at Stu"-oll-tht,\Vuld (21
March), Till.' King: givcs hirns{,lf up to till' Scots
Iwfor(" Nf"wark C') 1\!arch), Oxfiwd
(24 Junel.
1647
Harlcch Castle holds OLiI ulltil 1:
1
March, and
thcrcafta the Royalists !La\(' no strongholds
except in the Isle of 1\tan, the Channel Islands
and the Isles of Scilly.
1648
The Second Ci\ il \Var was in parl:lll illsurreClion
by discontented Roundhead soldins, and in part
a rising of Royalists with thc suppOrt of a SCOIS
army under the Duke of Hamihon.
4
Oli\'cr Cromwell besieges Pembroke and
then defeats Hamilton and tilt NOl'thern Royalists
al Preston (17 Fail'fax ddi..:lts the
Royalisn of KCIll at I June} and thell
lx:siegt.-s Colchester (1'2 JUlll' to '.!R ,\UHllSI1. In
l'Olllcfracl Casll(' a Ca\alier !{arrisoll IJIllds 0111
until 1649,
1649
Cromwt'll and Henry IrelOll contri\( t!le trial
of King Charles, who is beheaded on January,
1649-50
Cromwell's Irish Campaign.
1650
Cromwell defeats David Leslie :It tlte hank of
Dunbar (3 September).
1651
Cromwell defcan King Charles II at lire hall It' or
Worcesler (3 September),
1655
A small Royalist rising by C'.ololl('1 John 1'('11-
I'udclock in Wiltshire is quickly crushed.
1658
De.:uh of lhe Proleclor, Olivcr Cromwell, who is
succeeded by his incffccti\"l' !IOn, Richard
September).
1659
Sir George Booth's rising in Cheshirt.' is crushed al
the battle of Winningtoll Bridge,
1660
The RestOl'alion of King Ch:u'lcs I I is managed
[argd)' by George Monck and a strong detach-
mem from the English garrison of Scotland
(29 May),
The li\'es of lhe chief prOlagolListli 1ll:IY be found
in the Dictiona1)' of J\alio1/oi Biogroph)' alld for lhis
reason I have not de\Otcd a chapler to ,he leaders
on eilher side in Ihe Ci\'il Wars, Sufhct il to say
Ihat there was a great deal of militat: l.dent and
originality 011 either side, and that buth meant
,

. .

The Earl of Lev...", Colon",I-G",neral Syd.. nham Poynlz and
Colon.,1 Edward Rosaitotr at the IIlege of Newark In 1646:
a de,all from Richard Clarnpe'5 conteD\porary plan.
Alexander L.. sli". first Earl of Lev"n (IS8o?-I66I),
though praclically Illiterate, learned his Irad.. in d."
Dutch and Swedish armies. He captured Edinburgh
Casd.., for the Covenanters and won the b:utle of Newburn
(:li8 August 1640) b..ing "r"ated Earl oCLeven In ,641. Hf: I..d
the SCOIIl Army that lnvarlw England in January 1644 and
wall in ovenll com.mand of the Parlia.nenlarian and
Scouillh arn>.les Ihllt fought a' Marston Moor. He did not
distinguish hI...",,,lf on thai Dcca"ion. When Goring put
p"rl of hi... arm.y 10 flight he galloped (rom. the field and
did nOI draw rrin uRdl he reach..d Leeds. He aillo com
nlanded al Ihe siegell of York, Newcallde, Hereford and
Newark,
Colonel.General Sydenham Poynl'ir. (born 1607) was
made eolond.General of Ihe Norlhern As,wdalion
business. ,\s a Royalist, Captain Richard
Atkyns, wrotc:
'I was admitted into Prine!.' Mauricc's regl-
1l1('1lI, whil:h was accounted the mOSI active ill
the artny, and most cOllllllonly placed ill Ihe
Ollt quarters; which gave me more proficicncy
as a soldier, in haifa ycar's timc, thall gcnerally
in tile Lo\\' COLlntries ill 4 or :) years; for there
did hardly one \wek pass in Ihe summcr half
yeaI' r16431, in which there was nut .\ batllc OJ'
skirmish foug-hl, or beating up of '1U'IIII.:I'S; . , .'
(27 May 1645) and Governor of York (19 Augu"I). He
defealed Ihe remnantll of King Charlell'" hor"e al Rowton
Healh (24 Seplemb.,r 1645), but fell Out whh Ihe Pari;'.
mentarlan" in 1647 and f1.,d 10 Holland.
Colond Edward R"Sl!iitrr (c. 1617-69) was Major of Ih..
Lincoln"hire lior"" 101 I.he "ielle of Ne_ark in March .644,
and I>uer Colon..l. H .. contm.. nd.. d a regimen' 600 "Irong
in Ih.. Ne_ Model and _a" .. Iso n,ad.. Commanderin
Chie( of Ihe PariiaRlentarian (orce" In Lincolnshire. He
fought .. t Nall..by. He becll,ne M.P. for Grlmsby In about
1646. On 5 July t648 he de(eal ..d 800 Royalislll at Willoughby
Fi..Jd although somewhal outnumb.. rrd, In the fiut
cbarge h.. 10"1 his hdn,et and _all shot through th.. right
thigb, alii _ell "Ii receiving 1I0me Olh.. r l.a1n(ul wounds
_hh a muskct.ball. BUI he conce.. led his lnjuriell and
continued in con, Aland till th.. figbt ...... s _on. ROllsiter
s .. rv.. d in Ih.. Parlia.m..nt of 1656. lie was a Presbyterian,
and had 1I0me IIhare In bringing .. boul the ReSlor-,&l.ion
Though ill t!leol')' tile :ll'rlli";i \W'nt into willter
quarters t!lel'( \ras s<:arn'ly a 11111 ill Iht'
Wilmot lOok i\larllJnt"Ough nil :J Dl'ct'rni)t"I" t642
ilnd Rupl'J'1 SIOJ'ml'd Cin'Il(;('SH.r on 2 Fdlfuary
Hopton and \Valln clmpaigncd ;lgainst
t'aell 011lt'I' in SUSStx alld Ilalll[>sllirc throughoul
lilt' winllT Qr t6.1:\-44, :111d ull.'usin' uf tht'
N(w Modl'l WCIII 011 tlll"Ollg"htllll Ihe last willter
of till' war.
T1Iis 'war wil1wut :Ill as \Vallel' (:llkd
ii, W:IS wagnl with rdCllllt'SS zeal, and if till' wurst
5
\'XCt'''St'S III' llit' Thirt)' Yc'ars 'VOIr wnc ollly
imiwtt'd ill In'laud and SCOllaml, England sa\\!
hloodslwd CoulIli,'s wne di\'ided, f:tllli-
lies wen' split, ((Ir tlloS(' who fought on eltllt'r side
fullu\\td tht'if "unsc:ienct's, j"or :Ire till' caust's for
which tll('y fought meaningless at the prc:scnt day:
Wt' still 1{ollndhc;l{ls and Ca\alicrs ill our
mids!.
IIt)w did tlu'y in thoS{' days? Wltat was a
hatlk lik('? As always, w\lic... W('I'(' gO\'l'rllcd by
Wt';IIXIlIS alld ground,
Tht, English in til(' mid-S('\cnteenth
eentur)' rather f,n"tlurt'd du' action of ca\"alry,
Not cIIlly. OreOl/rM', waS thlTc no harbed wire, but
tllt'n: W,'rt' t'umparatin'ly few enclosures of any
(It-scription, ami sitl('t' tilt' forests which dOllied
lhc country ill the Dark aud f\liddlt' were
already hc'gillllillg tu dis:tpl'ar, Ihe coulltry was,
broadly speaking, Suil:lhle fur movcm('nt and
esp('cially lor that of large hod iI's or cavidry,
MO\t'Il\I'Il( is (111)' onl' dt'lllelll of tal' lies: anot ht'r
is fir\', 'I'hl' importanl c'!tar:H:lcriSlics of firearms
:1I'C lheil' r:lllg<" lllt'if ralc' (,t'fin' :llId Ihl' nalure of
till' missiltll the)' throw,
The rail' of t':lIlIiOIl-firt was very slow, The
proel"ss of spulIglng-otll amI reloading was
ddilwrah' and complex, I'uwdrl' was kept in slllall
IlUdJ.:l' I"'flt'ls lIear Ihe gUliS, whit'll werc fired by
tilt, ;lpplit ,Ititlf) of lillstocl.. to the tOllch-hole, The
risk tlf prematllrt' explosions was \('ry grcat, and
it douhlful wh("th('r it was possible 10 firc morc
than aboui OIiC round t'\-ery thrc(' millull's. By
the tilll\, of \\';t1t'1'loo il was possihlt', using grape-
shot, to g(t "ll" as mall)' as thrc(' rOlillds a minule
6
for IWl'iods, Witb grape-shot tht' recoil
rnluel'd ami it was 110t necessary to rllll the gUlls
lip hetWt'Cl1 rounds, But hy IBI;) all sorts or im-
pl'Un'llH'llts hild heen mack, with guns lightened
and IlU';ITlS or tr.lellOn improved, A table or
rangNi will hI' fOund In the scctiull dtallng with
tht, train,
The musktt in common usc was :I heil\'Y
m;l!chlock, whil:h e,"en a Irained soldil.'r could 1101
hope to firt mon' than once a minute, Though it
might kill or maim at 200 yards it was lIot likely
10 hit the target :II a range of mort than .)0 y:lrds,
Tht, rt;lson for this inaccuracy was that the hlillet
did not fil the smooth-bon' barrel ilt all tightl)',
ami therefore, whcn propelled lowards the target,
it ltended to wander. The disath'anlages of match
wen' all too ob,";otls: by night it I:ollid betray the
positiolL or the musketeers, and in 10111 wcather it
simply wcnt out.
Onc cOllies acroSS another form of' muskel
during this pcriod: all eill'1y llilltlOlk known as
the 'sllaph:lnec' or 'IIn'lock', It was comparall\"c1y
rare, and soldit'rs so armed wc.:re usually employed
to guard tilt.' lrain of artillery, Therc was less
chance of unrOrtull:ltt.' .tccidents if its escort
consisted of men armed with flintlocks ratlwr thall
with matchlocks,
The c.walry of the period normally carried a
brace of piSlOls and sometimes a carbinc as well.
These weapons were frequently used ill melct,
and pursuit, but the great ca\'nlry commanders
of the Ci\ il War soon came 10 rdy chien} 011 the
sword, This is true hOlh of Cromwell and of
Rupert.
How('vcr, ir lhe e:l\'alry, Cavalier and Round-
head alike, came to rely upon shock ;I('tion liLey
could l'CSOrt to firearms if they chosc, Similal'ly,
lhough thc' bayuncl had nOI yet bel'll illlroduced,
the could join ill it melce with their
swords or, better still, the sharp-pointed bUllS of
theil'!l<'av)' llluskets, But the pikcmell, who
up at least one-third of the infantry wt.'rt' COIl-
demned 10 shock aClion and nOlhinlo; mon, They
were far from mobile, ha\'illg to movc in dose
formation in order to form thtir hcdl-;"ehog, and
being weighed down with helmet anrl cONcll't,
II is nOI \'cr)' safe to gencralizJ' ahOllt tile hat ties
of the Ci\'il Wars, for Ihe l:Letics \\,('rt' f:tr from
st('f('otypt.'d, Uul usually, ami at I\, .. in thl' bigger
I
,I
Si .. Thoma", Fai.. fa",. h.' thIrd Ba ..on .. ; .. f."
of Can.....on (16n-71)" f'd at th" 1i1f'8" of
80ili-I.. -D"e (1629) and ;n th" First SCOl!o W.r.
F..om .6.." to .646 h" W"1i I"f' lif" and Iioul of hh.
f,...h.... ",1011 f o r ~ whkh k"pl up 'h" un..qual
Sl"u8CI" wllh N.. wc'I.. NO..lh n A..n,y unlH ;t
was d"'>Iroy"d ., Ma"'''on Moo Hi. tacdc:al .kHl
and pilanl I".d...... hip ali ......11 hi.. V;CIO..; .....1
Wak..6 ..ld (21 M.y 1643)nd Nanlwkh (25 J.nuary
16;14) I..d '0 hi. HIf'cllon ali ..omma.nd.... of Ih..
N..w Modd A.. n.y, who,... "ielorl..",.1 Na"..by,
Lanfl;porl, Torr;..~ ' o n and "Isf'wh.. r .. l,ul lin f'nd
10 Ih.. Fi ..sl Cidl \\'.r. FaIrfax,. ladlurn ",an,
waf; no poliddan, and pow.. r lIlr.ildlO.. Jly pa5st:d
10 hI" .... .,ond_in..:o"'"'and, Oll"f'r Crornwf'lI.
Hi. _If.. '. ayn'palhl... w.. r" Royall.1 .nd h..
pla)'t:d no p.rt in 'he Irl.1 of Chari... I
7
Prinet R " ~ " I (1610r32). The porl ..... ;1 Mlow is from
an orillinal by Sir Anchon)' van Dyck. and ,halon
I.he I.,ft by Ge.... rd von Honchonl. With the polislblr
"""..pdanli of Ih.. M"'rquis of I\fon10'05" and Lord
Hopton, Prince Rupert wa.. d... oUlsCandins
Royalilll leade.. of hhl day. Un(orulnalely hi..
vidori... a. Powlck Bridle, Cl ..enceliter. Uc:hfield
Clo",.., Chalsro.... Field, B"hilal and Newark "'ere
canetlll OU' by the di,ur.. at !'<ta .....lon Moor
which 10111 Ih,.. Norch (or the Kin!!_ II.. was bootie..
... Ihe commande.. of .. "Rlall mobile a .. ft')',
.. 'brisade ,roup', th... of. blS ...my. This may
boo au.rib"cw 10 his yauch. He waa .. Ihoro"shly
"leReifie soldier, much.1 hom.. in a " i ~ .. a ...
ca",lI.1ry ch" ", and ;nl"""I',rd in the developm",",
of "'''.pon In Ialcr life he pro....d .. bold and
dfidcnl .dmi.....1
8
battles, it was customary to draw up an army
with thc foot and gUllS in the centre, and the
cavalry on the wings. Dragoons, if preS('I1I, were
mostly placed Oil Ill(' ollter wings of Ihl' caYillry.
The smaller gUlls - oftcn c:llled 'drakes' - \\"("n'
placed in pairs wilh the hrig:ldcs of foot
l
\\'hile II\(
bigger pi('Ccs \\l're planted further hack.
There W.L!i usually a reseryc, ofttn consisting of
IX)lh horse and fool. The commander, 011 hOI"$('
b:lck, \vas oneil to bc found al the head of the
rcscrn', btlt il was not thc fashioll to Sl:t lip a
command post at some building or upon somc
cmincnc(. It cannot havc been easy for gallopers
to deliver their mcssages. Princc Rupert's great
standard, taken at Marslon 1\Iour, may hayc !.Jcen
inlcnded lu mark his headqtlartlrs. In Ihc I"('ar
of Ihe army, occasionally formed into a wagoll-
laager, was the baggagl-lraill.
sOlllctimes lx-gan witll tile commander
par:\ding duwII his linc exhorting his men, ur
giving Ihem tactical instructiuns, as King Charks
and Prince Rupert did al Edgehill. Somctimes,
as at Braddock I)own, the Royalists had prayers,
or the ROllndhcads, ;IS befon' Powick Hridge,
s:lng a psalm. Then canH' the preliminary bom-
bardrncllI which was 1101 gencrall)' \'er)" c!Tcelin:.
Excrpliolls arc Braddock IJown where a surprise
hurst of fire from the IWO small Royalist gUllS
struck terror into Ihe Roundheads; Hopton Hc..... th
\\'here 'Roaring l\Jcg' c.used heavy casuahi('S
among Sir John Cell's Roundhead sland of pikes;
and Langpon where the artillery of thl' New
l\lodl'l quickly silenced Goring's big gUlls.
The ncxt phase was usually :t genNal advancc,
sollietimes Ill'ralded by some preliminary skirmish-
ing h)' the dragoons. Usually it was the. cavalry
that came to grips, before the foot calllc to push
of pike. The victor was usu:llly tltc one who cOltld
dispose of his 0PPOllCIH'S borse, ami having dOlle
so could tul'll upon Ihe as yel unbroken foot of his
cllemy's arm)'. This was Iltt casl' hoth at Marstoll
:\Ioor ami at Naseb),.
TII(,last phai>l' was the pursuil, 01' '('XCCllliull' <IS
it Will> c.. lIed. Oftell more fell ill flight than ill the
aClual bailIe, and Ihe victor made a good haul
of prisoners, especially from among the fool.
Some of Ihe so-called battles were \'cl)' small,
im'olving 1I0t more than a few thousand on each
side. In the biggcsl, Marston Moor, therc may
havc heen 50,000 men l'ngaged but lhey wcrc
from live dilICt'(:nt armies, thosc of Rupcrt and
Newcastle (Royalist), of Levcll, .\Janehester and
Fairfax (SCOIS and Parliamentarian).
The control ofa battlc was simple. Cenn.d
officers very often led charges and fought hand-to-
hand. Men like Sir Thomas Fairfax and Prince
Rupert \\'crc ne\'er contenl to sit on their horses
upon some loft), cminence, whilst their men
fought il out, and Rupert, indeed, h:l(.1 his own
tcchnique of running a cavalry fighl which called
for his personal leadership. Sir Edward SoutheOle,
when describing the Prince's way of fighting,
says, 'he had a select body of horse who always
attClIded him, ;md in every allack Ihey receivcd
Ihe CllCllI)"S shot withoul rellll'ning it; !.Jut one
and all borc with all their force upOn the adver-
saries till they broke lbeir ranks, and charged
quite through tltem: thell they rallied, and when
they [the RoulldheadsJ were in disorder, fell
upon their rear, and slaughtel'cd Ihcm with
scal't:e any opposition'. Thc select body lIO dOllut
was the Lifeguard under Sir Richard Crane, and
Prince Rupert's Rcgimellt of Horse, which e\tn
as latt as Naseby could muster 400 men.
A mi'lcc could uc a difficult and dangerous
affair if the enemy stood 10 their work. At Round-
way 00\\'11 Colonel Sir John Byron describcs how,
cchoillS Rupert'S orders at Edgchill, he com-
manded Ihal:
Inot a man should discharge his pistol lill Ihe
enemy had spent all his shot, which was pUtlClU-
ally observed, so that first they gavc us a volley
The D"nba.. Medalls tho..Jthl 10 ....ve "-n Ihe linl Sh'en
10 .11 no..... ol ....il:lorio... Enlli"h ...my. The obverse
show po"no;1 ol Olive" C..om.. ...d the wo.......
TIlE LORD OF HOSTS, which waS ,he 'field wo..d' 0 ..
p...._n:1 .1 Ihe ban..le. The .-e..erse _how. lhe Ho"se ol
Commo... I" .a.loll
9
raUl o(
K.G. (1608-70), a
n,an, wall mOIU

of hili day, was In Cadi,.
of 16::t5 and
famous lIiege of Breda
in 1637, in which 110 many of lhe
leaderli of Our Civil Warli look parI.
al Nanlwich in .64.. wali
to the Tower, he w .... le
his ObsulXJlions upon Miliforytmd
Puliticol Affairs, whleh are full of
good sense, Afler Ihe beheading of
Charles I he joined. Cromwell, and a
reg;menl waS formed for him which
ill now the ColdSlream Guardll, He
fought at Dunbarand waS
aflerwards Comm.ander.ln.Chlef In
Scotland. He wall chieRy responsible
for Ihe re.,lOrallon of King Charleli II
or their earhilil's, tlll'll or their pistols, and then
we 1'\,11 in with them, and gave them ours in their
tecth, )'et the)' would 1I0t quit their ground, bllt
sl00d pllshing lur it a pn:tly space, till it pleased
God {I thinke) to Pllt new spirit into our tired
horse as well as into Otlr men, so that though it
wefe lip the hill, and that a stecp onc, we over-
bore tlH'm, and with thai violence, that we forced
tllem to Elil foul upon otllt'!' resen'csofborsc that
stood behind to second them, & so swept their
whole body ofhonw out urthe (jeld, and kft their
,
10
foot naked, and pursllcd thcm twar 3 miles, over
the downs ill Bristol way till till')' carlle to a
precipice, where their fear made them so \'aliant
that they galloped as ifit had been plain ground,
and many of them brake both their own and
their horSt'S' necks.'
This is a spirited account by olle whose regi-
Illellt was till' oldest ill the King's Army, Olle like
those dcsnil}('d by a Roundhead eycwitlU':SS of
j\larstoll 1\1001' wlto wrote: 'The enemy's horsc ...
stood \'cry firm a long while, corning to a close
it secms, was nOt
Atkyns of Prince
follow and charged the eru.'ll1y, wlto ellllTtaillt'd
us with a great sal,'o 01" muskct shot, and dis
charged their two draktS upun us laden with
case SIlOI, which killed sOlne and hlll'l many of
my men, so thai wc Wl'l'C Iilrced to \\'heel ofr
;\nd (ould nOt meet thl"m at Ihat charge."
The dogged l3yron was nOt lhe mall to he pm oll".
He rallied his mell, and while he did so the
Roundhends pulled back tllt:ir drakes. Another
charge beat them back to till" cml of thl" close,
'wherc they [;lecd liS again, having tbe advantage
01" a hedge ;It th(it' hacks and pOlll'cd ill allother
"olley of shot lIpon m, when IColonel I Sir
Aston's horse was killed under him, ami witll:!1
kept liS orr with tlHir pikes. The hattldidd 01"
Newbury was full uf ellclosures ill thos(' days: no
placc for horse.
Little Dean (Il April 1643),
much btttt'l". Captain Richard


Colon..1 John RUllUIl, M.I'. (.620-87) w:u. G.. n.. ral of Ihe
Hors.. in Eu..x',. Army. All Li"'ul .. nanl.Colon..1 of Lord
W.. nlworlh's R..gim..nl of O.... g{){)nll h .. foughl al Ih..
Ho..ming of Ci .... nc.... I.... (2 Feb..ua..y 1643) and ac Ch:tl_
g ..ov.. Fi.. ld (18)une 164]). H.. WlUl wound..d al Ih.. storm_
ing of Bohon on 28 May .6-44, W"II at th.. slorming of
Leic.... ler (Jo May .645), .. nd wa" wor,>nd..d al Nas.. by.
He was in ,h.. defence of in 1645
fight with the sword, and standing like an iron-
wall, so that they werc not easily broken... ."
The heavy cavalry of those days, unless skilfully
handled, could easily rOLlt those of their OW1l side.
I-Iopton givcs a marvellously vi,id account of the
'rune medly' at Babylon 1-1 ill at the vcry beginning
oftbe war (7 Septcmber 1642). The Roundheads
nearly lOok him by surprise by marching out of
Ycovil 'by a secret way they had made over thr
fields'. I-Ic bad four troops of horsc; and he scnt
two into thc attack, supportcd by a third, keeping
the: fourth in reservc. Captain Edward Stowell:
'charg'd n:ric gallantly and routed Ihe enemy,
hut withal I (bis troops consisting of ncw horse,
and the Enemy bcing more in number) was
rowted himsclfe; and Capt. IHenry1 Moreton,1
being a little tOO necrc him, was likewise hroaken
with the same shocke, and Ihe truelh is in verie ?
shon tyme, all the horse on both sides wcre in a
confusion: At the sallle trllle a troope of the
Enemyes horse charg'd lip in the hollow-way on
tlte right band, where ([ Colonel] Sir Tho:
Lllnsford having forgotten 10 put a party of
musket tiers as before) they found noe opposicion
till they came among the voluntirrs ["Stowell's
troop] upon the 10PP of the Hill, where br a vcry
extraordinary accident, Sir James Colbornc
Wilb alowling gunnc sholt at lhe Captain',!. in the
head of tht' troope, and at the same instant Mr.
John Stowell charg'd him single (by which of
their hands it was, it is not cenainc) but the
Captain was slarne, and the troope (being rawc
fel1owes) immedyatcly rowtcd. 111 this cxtrcame
confllsion Sir Ralph Hopton was enforecd to
make good lco\"crl the rttreatc with a f('w
officers and Gentlemen that rallycd to him.
Sending 00' his foot lie withdrew to Sherborne
Caslle with lillie loss.
Nalllrally not all charges were candry against
cavalry: somelimcs it was a question of horsl
against foot, alld this had pcclliiar hazards sinc(
the latter would take cuver bdlind hedges and
walls.
Byron wltose hors( had been shot in the tllroat
with a Illllsket-hall describes the fighting ill whieh
Lord Falkt:llld fell at First Newbury:
'The p:lssage heing then made som('what
wide, and I not ha\'illg anotlh:r borse, drc\\' III
my OWl) troup first, giving orc\rl's 101' til(' rest til
II
Cromwdl. Both
port ....,;' .. are by
Samuel C&oper. lhlll
One on the I"ft
from an
nllnlature. Th.,
signature iH I...
Protector In 1657,
and the second
Great Seal of Ihe
Protector is of 1655
12
rice's Regi ment had Olll: of his se"er:\l narrow
escapes that day:
'The charge was seemingly desperate as any
I was e"cl' in; it being to I)('at the enemy rrom a
wall which was a Strong breastwork, with a gate
in the middle; possessed by above 200 muskeleers,
besides horse: we wefe to charge dO\\'11 a steep
plain hill, ofabovc t2 score yards:
l
ill length; as
good a m:lrk as they could wish: 0111' party
cOlISisting of between twO and three hundred
horse, nOt a Ill:ln of thelll would follow LIS, so the
officers, about 10 or t2
4
of us, agrccd to gallop
dowl1 in as good order :IS wc could, and m:lke a
desperate charge upon thelll; the enemy seeing
our resolutions, ne"cr fircd at us at all, but flm
away; and \ve (like young soldiers) arter them,
doing execution upon tht'm; bllt one Captain
Hanmer being Uell('l" horsed than in
pursuit, rell upon their ambuscade and was
killed horse and man: I had only time enough 10
ttlrn my horse and run 1'01' my life, This party
of Ollrs, that would not be drawn all at first,
by this time, our success; came illlo the
town after us, and stopped our retreat; and
finding tltat we wcrc purslled by the tltcmy, tltt
horse in the fronl, fell back upon the rl'ar, and
they were so wedged together, that they l"Out(..d
themselves, so as there. no for a long
time: all this while the enemy were upon mc,
Cutting my lbulf] coat uijOIl my armour in
several places, and discharging pistols as thl:Y gal
up to me, bcing the outermost llIan; whit:h
Major lThomasJ Sheldon declared tu my wry
great adv:ltl1age: ... Leighton,r' came up
and] made good a stonc house, and so prepared
for thcm with musketecrs; that one volley ofshnt
made lhem rctreat: they werc so ncar me, that a
lllusket bullet Ii'om 0111' or our mtu tOOk 011' one
or the hal'S or my I.stcelJ cap I charged with, and
went through my hair and did me 110 burt.'
Many and varied wcre the ad\'elllllreS that
might befall a ca\'alryman as he tried to get the
hetH'r or SOllle opponent in the 'Balacla\'a
melee' nf tbose days. Likl' Sir Richard Bulstrock,
he cuuld be wounded while pursuing an el\ellly at
Edgehill, and, obviollsly striving like any sensible
horse-soldier to all,u:k all the left or bridle-haud
side, be wounded by a vicious swing or the pole-
axe! Blllstrode was savcd by his colonel, Sir
Thomas Byron, who pistol led the Roundhead.
The episode at Newark (21 March (644), when
a Parliamentarian trooper laid his hand 011
Prince Rupert's collar only to have it sliced on'
by Sir William NC'alc, serves tu show that the
cavalry fights of those days were no! a u:\ttlc of
flowers.
As for the foot, it was their business to ach-ance
steadily ill rank and file until they camc to push
of pike. Sometimes, as at Braddock Down, olle
sidc would 1101 await the shock; or, as at Stratton,
they counter-attacked; or sometimes, as in the
case of EdgehilJ, finding they could make no
impression, 'each as if by mUlual! consent retired
some fe\v paccs, and they stuck down their colours,
continuing to fire at one another even till nighl;
a thillg so very extraordinary, tbat nothing less
than so mall)' witnesscs as were there present
could make it credible' - Killg ]amts II. These
young soldiers, Roundhead and Cavalier alike,
who lough! it OUl at Edgehill, were not unwonhy
ancestors or the 'Thin Red Linc' or the superb
inf."111try of 1914, for the one. virtLie thal the rOOl-
soldier nccds above all, then and now, is tenacity.
CJlie :HOrse
As a general rule regiments or horse were ,jOO
strong and were organized ill six troops, each
some 70 strong. In practice, however,
varied considerably, especially in the Royalist
armies, and this was the case from the very outset.
The raising or horse presented peculiar difficult ks.
1t was not easy to find olTicers who had both
tactical skill and a knowledge or animal
men!. In some pans of the country it was not
possible to obtain large numbers 01" horses. The
13
Ch,.rl.... G..... rd, 6r"l Baron Gerard of Brandon and Earl
of MlIIccle"r. .. ld (d, 169-f), Gerard wa" a caplain in Ihe D.. tch
..er..lce and th.. n in Ih.. Seol" War, He commanded a
I .. rda of foOl. In which hi,. r"Jl:lm.,nl of bluecoatlj .... rved.
.. I Ihe b,ud.. 01 EdJl:.. hill, Ii., wa" 1IIlall"nt ",Didier ..nd was
wounded H ..eral Ume.., ""'.id.... dlnlnJl:ulshing him...,lf al
fint Newbury, Newark and elsewber." Ue wa5 a firm
friend of Prince R.. pert who Jl:01 him the conun.and in
So.. lh Wal.,... whr.rc h., pro..ed very unpopular _lIb tbe
local lentry, Gerard wa.. _lib Turenne al the .,iese of
Arra.!i in 1654. and COlJltnanded Chari.... U Urer;U>lrd
of HOnle in t66o. In lal.,r years h...... pporled MonmO"lh,
Iho.. he did not lake parI in bU rebe.lIion. He li..ed
10 conun.. nd William III'. bodYluard in 1688. Hi.
porl ... il by DoblOOn ili;n Ihe Dunedin P .. blic Art GaU.,...,.;n
New Zealand
Thomas !'Iowan!. At the othcr end ur the scale
therc wel't' Colonels Sir Allcll Apsley and George
GUllter, who had only onc troop apiece; and Sir
Gcorge Vaughan who had ('ighty IllCli organized
in two tl'OOps.
At a muster of the Parliamcntarian Army at
Tin'rtoll in thc summer of 1644, under thl' Earl
of l:.ssex, ,hcl'c wcrc SC\'cn rcgimelllS prcsclll,
They, too, varied vcry much in sizl' and com
position.
COLONEL MEN
Sir Philip Staplelon 8 86
639
Sir William BalfOll1' 6
6,
43'
Hans Bchrc
5
5'
:$7
1
John Dalbicr
.,
43
.67
James Shcnlcld 6
6,
'P4
Sir Robert P)'c
"
3'
'08
Edmond Hal'\'c)' 6
7' 3
8
9
3
8 _11 0 2.7
20
I n addition there was Captain Abcl'cromby's
company of dragoons. consisting of nine officers
and sixtyfivc dragoons. At first sight the large
llumber of officcrs may s{'CIll surprising, but ill
those days non.commissiollCcI ofliccrs and C\'cn
trumpeters werc included undcr that head,
The composition of the normal troop was:
In the Royalist armies regimt'lits usually had
tltree field oflicers: colonel, lil'Ult'nantcolond and
major. In the Parliamentarian armies only
exceptionally strong regiments, such as Crom-
well's famous unit, which was twice thc usual size,
had licuten'lIltcoloncls, The qu.lrterma<;tel'S w('re
commissioned o(lkers. I ha\'C nc\t'r comc across
any individual Royalist soldier with the appoint
ment of fan-ier or saddkr, but Ihey t'annot very
Cornish Army, which HuplUn led at Slr:tttOIi ;:tnd
Lansdown, was sniously short of caxalry until it
joined hands Wilh the l\lal'quis of Hertford and
Princ(' MaUl'ic(' al Chard 011" .Julle
1'11::LD-
IlON,Sl( 1>N,i\UOOSS 1:00'1'
l'lECES
Ii0PIOil SOl!
:I()() :$,000

Hertford
and
1,500 ',000
10-11
'.000
3
00
1,000 1.1-
16
At tl1l' rendcz\'ous at Aldbourne on 10 April
16+1 four of tht' Royalist regiments were 300
strong ami had each, scven or ciglll troops. These
I>o\\crfui units were thc regimt'lUs of thc Earl of
Forth, Prince l\lauricc, lArd I)crcy and Colonel
14
field ollieer or captain
COlptain-lieutenanl or lieutcnalll
Cornel
Qual'tcnuUslel'
Corp0r:lls
Trlllllpclen.
Saddler
Fanicr
Tl'oopcl's
3
,
7'
'11... Poul..11 Family R..turn frOn>lh.. Wan_' 11.... charm_
inr; if s<>m.. wh,u prin"dv.. plclur.. hi ..specially r .. v..alin&
aboul th.. ho........ The".. h..avy, hand"on... bea"I'; w.. n:
..,.aeily whal Ih.. eavalryn.an of Iho".. daYIi ..... nl ..d for a
eharr; .. r, NOI .. , 100, Ih.. r1aboral .. ly buill.up "addl....
well have done without ,hem, In the organization
of Essex's Arm}' tlu:y arc specifically mell-
tioned,
FOR r.,'IATIONS
The ea,'alry of tll(' Civil Wars seem 10 haw used
rather del'pl'r Or Ju'avicr formatiOlls thall those of
more mo{krll tinu's, Bulsll'mk lells. us that ;Il
Edgdlill tht' Ro}'alist horsc wen' thrl'l' dCl'p,
while th(' P,.rliarucntarians occasionally, as at
Xewark (:.!t 1601,,1). douhled tlldr files :lttd
charged six {!t'ep, Tlw picilln: thai Cruw
(Plate G) canllOI, IIll'refon', ha\(' been vny f;lr
from till.' though Rupert and Croml,'ell
relied all l!ll' sword r.l\lwr than the pistol. The
lauer, describing the action at Gralllham, speaks
ofad,'ancing at 'a !ll'l'tly rOllnd trOt',
11... oldrr C._lirr in IlU. Aroup it" John, fI Ba.ron
Poul .. 11 (1586-1649) of HlnlOn S. Ceurr;", So", e', who
was railird 10 Ih.. pt'eraS" in 16:l7' II.. Hrvrd in Ih.. W.."I
Counlry, as did hion. Sir John (.615-65)h......cond
ba.ron, and Ami,""
Rupert Oll(' imagincs f;1\'O\lrcd a faster pace,
and lhe Earl of Northatll]JLOtI'S first allack at
Hopton He;\th (19 March was {kscribed
by a Roundhead cyt'witlll'sS as 'a vcry fierce
charg<:, French-like', an C01ll11l1'111, lor
Condl''s great \'ictul'y at Rllcroi was IOllght thai
vcry p'ar alld tht' Fn'llcil OWt'd ;t g-I"t';\( deal of
their succcss to the daslt of their ca"alry, AI
Powid Bridge (23 Se]Jlt'mbcr t6,12) Sir
Dy,'c's troop, which was in Ruperl's Rrgillll'lll,
received tIl(' ROllndll{';ld eharg:t' ,II lhl' lIalt,
firing a volley of carbine alld pis.tol shot. They
were roughly handled ami wl1('n, a mOllth laler,
they fOllght at Edgehill they recei,'cd slwcific
orders 10 'march as close ;IS was possible, kecping
their Ranks with Swol'd ill I land, to rcceiw lhe
Enemy's shot, without firillg either Carbin or
Pistol, till we hrokl' in amongst the Enemy, and
15
then to make use of our FircArms as need should
require; which Ordel' ,,'as punctually
Sir Rid/Qrd
'Disciplille
The Cavalier, Sir Philip Warwick, records the
cOlH'ersaliOIl of a sober friend of his with an
acquaintance scrving under Sir Thomas Fairfax.
The Roundhead bO;lSIcd of the sanctity of their
army and the negligence of the Cavaliers. 'Faith,'
retorled the Royalist, '1I101I sayest true; for in our
army we have the Sins of mcn (drinking and
wl'nching) Inll in yours YOll have those of devils,
spirilual pride and rebellion'.
At the beginning of the war they had a good
many other sins as well. In 1642 Essex and his
senior officers were hampered in their attempts to
impose discipline. For one thing man)' of thcm
were 'pluralists' and could not be in IwO placl:s al
once. of the colonels of foot were members
of one of the Houses of Pnrlialnl:nt and also
commanders oftl"Oops of horse. But a more serious
factor working against good order was the feeling
per\'ading' the Roundlwad Army that, high or low,
tliey WtTe all rebels togcthel'.
An intelligellt Londoner, a sergetlnt in Denzil
Holles's Rt'/{illlellt, wrote ll'lters to his master,
which paillt a lurid pictllre of the anny's discip.
lim:, \\ hilt: Brian Twyne has recordeo some of their
clisonkrs at O"ford. We lind instances of kirk
rapine, poaching deer, Illurderous ;lIld drunken
brawling on a large sc:th', Illutiny; plundering of
fellow soldiers as well as papists and malignallts.
It was recorded lhat man)' soldiers flung away
Iheir arms and descrtt'd.
In Sept!"mlJcr Hampden and five Othl'r colonds
16
complained that their soldiers plundered every-
where, 'The trllth is unless we were able to execute
some exemplary punishmelll upon the principle
malefactors, we have no hope to redress this horrid
enormity.' They were rightly afraid that, 'if this
go on awhile, the army will grow as odious to Ihe
coumr)' as the Cavaliers', Lord Brooke and Lord
Saye and Sele both made some attempl to asscrt
discipline, the latter C\'en scnding some mutineers
to prison. But il was not until 9 Now'mber that
Parliament eventually laid down The Laws and
Ordinanus of I VaT established for the hellif COT/dud of
the Arm).
II is an odd fact that, e"cept for the mutineers
imprisoned by Lord Saye and Selc at Oxford, the
only inSlanec of punishmcllI in Essex's Army that
Sergeant Wharton records was when, 011 27
August, some soldiers at Coventry took the law
into their own hands and ill-treated a whore, who
had followed them from London. She 'was taken
by the soldiers, and first led about the city, then
set in the pillory, "flcr in the cage, then duckl in a
river, and at the last banisht the City'.
Pillaging and desertion were not readily
checked by The Laws and Ordinanus, panly
because lhe soldiers had too long been allowed
to do as they pleased, Cromwell, Ihough he had
a taSle for iconoclasm as he showed at Peler
borough Cathedral (22 April 1643), drew the
line at pillage and marauding. As early as May
1643 S/JtLinll Passages records thaI,
'no man swears but he pays his twelve pence; if
he be drunk he is set in the slOcks, or worse, if
one calls the other ,. RouJldhead" llc is cashiered;
insomuch that lhe countries where thcy come
leap for jo)' of thelll, and come in and join with
lhem. I-Iow happy were it ir all the forces were
lhus disciplined.'
But, of cOurse, they were nol. As late as Adwa.hon
Moor (29June 1643) Sir Thomas Fairfhx tells us
that Ihe Northern Forces did not yel have manial
la\\' among them, and it was left to Almight)'
Providence to punish four malefactors who
plundering the corpse of the Ro)'alist Colonel
George Heron. Fairfa.'\: records with salisfaClion
their death from a cannonshol. As early as APi'il
1643 Cromwell had twO descrlen whipped in
Ihe markel-place at Humingdon and 11I fled off
as renegadocs'.
A standard of Ihe Civil Wars, from
a "kelch by W. Y. Carman, said 10
ha"" belong"d lOa Royaiisl called
Colon.,1 Rice Yale. There doe!l nol
appear 10 have been a colon.,1 Oflh"l
narne _ perhaps his d.,lIcendanCt.
promoted him. Nor does the mouo
look like a Royalist on.,. Perhaps,
indeed, the slandard wa!l a lrophy
.... ther lh.... lhal belonging 10 .. trool'
of Ca"aliers
Two ParUamentarlan ca"alry
litandards. These are taken f r o n ~ a
book of colours preser"ed in Ihe
Nalionlll Ar",y Museum, Captain
Roberl Manwaring e"ldenlly lou his
cornet in the charge.. by whiCh
Charles Cenrd'lI bngtode of horse
swept the Roundhead right from Ihe
field al the first baule of Newbury,
and had anolher cornet ",ade.
According 10 I.he law ofarn.. he
..hould have donello only if One of hill
troop had laken .. lltandar<! fron. Ihe
e n e n ~ y In the ",_nwhile
"ry .... '.. r._ .
SilO \Villiam \Valler was another Parliamentarian
who strove to enforce discipline. Some court-
martial papers have survived which date baek to
16'H. rvlutiny and mass desertion serioLisly reduced
his army alier his defeat at Cropredy Bridge
(29JllIlC), and it is of great interesllOsce what his
disciplinary troubles were, and what was done
abOlit them. A 'Counc(ll of \,VaIT' at Phemham
(Farnham ?) on 22 April ordercd Ihat 'the
(PrO\'05t) i\lal'shall Genera]l", whcnever he fOlind
:t private soldier drunk, 'shall have powcr to
infliCI the punishment of puuillgc 011 a pairc of
handcuffs, and with a chaine to dr:lwe the party
up untill hee stand on lipptoe with a bn or jtlgg
rLbout his l1ccke ncere lhe maine Guard, and there
to stand according to discrecon'. As a punishmenl
iL sounds rather more scvere than lhaL of the
slocks, which Cromwell had employed for the
same ofl'encc the previous year. This punishmelH
was also gi\'cn to Phillip Warningwn who had
abused and Cllt a fellow soldier (17 July); in
addition he was cashiered.
17
Robert ..., third Eart or Ene. com
n.anded the main Parliamentarian Army rrom 10;>
16.. He bad ft'rved as a colonel in the Dutcb Army aftd
bad bftn ift tbe Cadiz e.pediuon or 1625.
He wa. no stntle'llilil or dlsclpU-riatl. nOr was he
psrticuJarly ene..etic. Bou be wss rna.a or couralle. Hi.
cl>ld _. hi. relier or in $epte-Rlbe.r
...,
The same coun ordered that oneJohn Boreman
for 'Running away from his Cullors severall
tymes', was 'to be hang'd by the neck untill hee
be dead'. This secms to have heen the ordinary
punishment for deserlion, Ihough the coun was
somctimes Illore merciful; as in the case of two
men who confessed to robbing a tailor at Wood-
stock of a doublet and a pattern for a pair of
breeches who were ordered to 'lye neck and Heels
together one whole day and be fead with no other
food then bread and water, and then set at
Libeny'. The same court ordered that Henry
Stone who had confessed to 'plundering a shin, an
apron and some other triviall things, shall have
the Cat lapp once through the whole Regiment
and be ignominiollsly discharged the Army'. The
Ganttlope or 'running the gauntlet' was commall in
the Swedish and German armies. The men formed
a lane facing inwards and the prisoner passed
18
down it, his speed checked by a sergeant with his
halbert. Each man was allowed onc blow at the
criminal with a switch or with his ramrod.
A l\'lajor Willelt was cashiered (II OClOber
1644-) for presenting a false muster, that is,
attempting to draw pay for men who did not
exist. On 17 October Corporal Rc.'ld was cashiered
for robbery, with the added indignity that his
sword was to be broken over his head.
The Roundhead commil1ee which ran Ihe
garrison of Stafford (16.1-3-+5) look it upon itself
to impose i1 high standard of discipline. On
II December 1643 it was ordered that Lieutenant
Yang should 'forthwith be casheercd out of the
Towne' for bcing drunk, neglecting his guard,
lelling down Ihe drawbridge at the 'Geolegatc'
at 10 o'clock at nighl and going to Ihe further end
of the fOfegate. He was to in the market
place 'wilh a papet in his h;\lupon Ihe
whc"cin shall be wrolc his onence'.
;18 M:u'ch, 1644
'Ordered that the Gunner which did commill
fornication shall bee SCt uppon the grealc gun
with a marke uppon his bade through Ihe
Garrison and then disgracefully expulsed.
'27 :\Iarch 1644
'Lieutenant Dutton for plundering and for
terrorizing the inhabitana of the county was
to "be committed to prison and by Ihe next
cOlwcniency scnt to Ihe Parliament to receive
punishment according to Iheyr ordinance in
the case".'
It would be idle to pretend that the Royalist
armies did not suffer in like manner from dis
ciplinary troubles, Plundering and desertion seem
to have been the crimes most prevalent, and,
since the King was unable to keep his men
constantly paid, it is not surprising thaI they either
tried to subsist by marauding, or jusl wenI home.
It would be unwise indeed to assert thaI the
Cavaliers were beller disciplined than the Round
heads, Ihough in 1642 - while the pay lasted - it
may be true, at least of the infantry. The trulh,
is that both sides had such severe administrative
difficulties that neither army was blameless, and
so the unfortunate country people who had to find
them quarters suRered the consequenccs.
In lhe autumn of 1642, at the outset of the war,
according to Clarendon who wa.'io not one to praise
The Q..een's Sconee aI Newa..k. This wo..k was b .. ilt to
<:0"..... the bridse whe..e th.. Fosse Way cro"_,, the Ri".....
Devon. It tlland" On " IiLiSht.ly .. le""'l ..d "pu.. of srav... 1 and
hali a SODd vi .. w of the Oal meadow" no..th and weSt of tbe
lown. II C:O".....1iI a Iilll.....0 .... than th..e.. :U; ....IiI, and ill
1iI ......o..nded by a dilch "p to 70 f ....' wide, and 12 to 15 feet
de..p, Tb.. fo..1 Wall almose ee..eainly lI ....ro..nded by a
military men, the Royalist army 'either hy lhe
care and diligence or the officers, or by 'he good
inclillalions and temper or the soldicrs thcmsclVl'S'
was 'in so good order and discipline, thai, during
the King's stay at Shrewsbury, there was not a
disorder of name, lhe country being kind to Ihe
soldiers, and Ihe soldiers JUSt and regardrul 10
thc COUlllr)", Frec loans and cOlllribulions rrom
Ihe gentry and subSlaiHial inhabilants, and the
noblemen with the ,lrmy, guaranteed the payor
Ihe men so that Ihey had no calise for discontent.
Mrs HUlchinson speaks of Sir Lewis Dy"c's
troop at as 'plundering all the honest
pali..ade. Thi.. may hav" been in Ih.. houonl of th" dild,
wh...... i' c:outd nOI be IU' by cannon.balls. In 1957
N.. wa..k Co..por.. ,ion d"lI .."d eh" fo.. e of a d...nli" ... of
b .. "h..!> and h .... mhl.,,,. so Lh,,' iL ill now po,."ibl., fo ...." if"
o ..i!:in,,1 o .. LBn." (CO....t .."y of f.h .. Iloyal Co... n.i""ion on
Uislori.1 Monum.,nts (Ensl:tnd), C..own Copy..ih.)
mcn Or t1lcir hUI \l) disal'm rehds call
scarcely be so stigmatized, At Binning-ham, a
very hostile pJacL', lht, aClUally had two mCl!
exccuted lor slealing !i'om tile house uf a Round
head soldier.
Ccrtainly, without question, Ro)'ali.'H troopers
occupied Ihelllsclws wilh plllndering Essex's
baggagetrain in KinC!OIl durillf{ the b'lllle of
Edgehill though OIU' Roundhead ct]>tain
aCCU5("S drag-oons of his own side or this! As early
as :"1o\'cmber 16-1-2 Sir John Uyroll's men did a
great deal of malicious damage al the house of llw
Roundhead, Bulslrodc Whilclockc.
19
20
...
_,," .f frlttflitt.( 4
D
1is Fourc.fqtt1r(' Skon{C. is of greater llrenth than }'out Triangle, and
if it be WCUN with a Ctrong !>cituatiOll, ;IS grnt Rh'crs. or upon'a
Rocke, Of whac it rmy be: lbnkcrcJ from the Bu!work, of. Fort, it
will lUnd III gtClt nod; orhcrwifc it is not to be eaken fOr aOrcngth
ofany moll'lCm. 1"hC' Eulworkcs :md Corrina 3ft to be nude '"Of high. thickcJand
(\rollg. that it may endure th: b3ttering of d)C EI)C11'1ia Ordnance
A plan of .. (rom an i1lu!I(rauOD in Robert Ward'.
A"imut/"f!rsirms oj IV"""l!, 1639; a Konce -alil. detached
fori wilh balition... (Co"r...)' of the Royal Con'mission on
Historical Monumcol" (Enslandl. Crown Copyri!hl)
A Royaiisl Iroop on Ibe ma.rcb, from Ihe monunuml of of Plate Co which III In pa.r1 fro... I.h..
Sir Richard Aluley, Bart." al Pal"h"II, particulars t ....mpeten llbown here
of A!Otley and hi. lroop wiU be fo"nd In l.he de"",ription
As the war went 011 the Royalists strove to
uphold disciplim: with the gallows and the
wooden horSC,', The lash was not vay much used
though :t soldiCl" who had r:I\,ished two women
was tied to a Iree, wit II his shoulders and chest
naked, so Richard Symonds of the Lifeguard of
Hurse tells us, ';Ilid c\'cry carter of the trayne and
carriages was to have a lasll', I-Ie tells us that
was a Spanish pUllisbtllt'nl.
II may be 11\;11 tht" King was not sufficielltly
Sl'\"Ct"e ill Ilis disciplilll', But al Wing 011 28 August
1645 he did ha\'l':1 soldier hanged for stealing tll('
communion plait', Nichola$ writcs to Rupert from
Oxford (II lG.j.J) 'Sir James i\lills was
latdy shot hy an ofllccr upon a private quarrd;
and tilt' lasl night Lielltl'llalll Crancleild was
wuullded by Ont' Captain Hastings upon the like
occasion, TI1I'r(' is here no punishmcnt, and
thcrt'fOl'c llutllillJ..: hIll disorder can be cxpected:
Perhaps this wry complaint led to a liglHclling
of discipline. <..:enainly Colonel Sir
Crispe, who killed Sir James Enyall in a duel
which he had llOt pro\oked, had to answer for it
10 a COLIfl martial. Colonel Richard Feilding lost
his rcgillll'nt - and very ncarly his life - for sur-
rendering Rcadinf.:' Sir Richard Ca\'c was
courtmartiallcd lor sUl'fclldcl'ing HercfOld, but
was aequillcd.
Calollel IlclIl'y Windcb:lllk was shot (3 May
fol' surrcndering Uletchingdon I-louse to
Cromwell, and Rupert himself was dismisscd for
the sllfrende!' of Bristol (10 Slptcmbcl' 1645);
and, al,hough he was cventually acquitted, he
lleVCI' fully r('co\'cr(,d his l>Qsitioll in his uncle's
fa\'Ollr.
Tile Rupert COITt'spondcncc conlains lll:ltly
IelltTS in which Royalist complain
about plun<h-ring. This shows at least that Ihe
senior officers, with :t few notable excclHions,
intended to kel'J} their men in order. In this some
were mol'c than others, and Ihis may,
of course, be said of both sicks, If pay, or at Icast
21
:ond H:orqucbuliicrli, (rom john Crulio'" Militari.. bl$tructiu", fur 01" CafKIll'ri.. (16J"1).
Sir Arlhur Hc"Hris;e'lI 'Lobslcra' wcrc probably armcd vcry n,ueh Ukc the Irooper wllh Ihc pllitol,
Ihough il ill probahlc I.hal <luring Ihe Civil Wars c ..lralillicrs worc Ihc lrlplc-barrcd 10hSlcr_lailcd
h"lmrl ralher Ihan dOllc h"'mct.
Thc common Iype of cltvltlryn""n of 164:1 wall cltllcd It 'harqucb"lIier', bUl hy that lime I.hc h:or_
qucbull lIc"mll to h......" dillapp_r"d. B"ck and br"astplale, pol heln.et .nd perh"pll It lerl arm Iluard
....ern 10 ha e en Ihe .. rn.our Ilenerally in ,oguc; wlch a "word and a p:olr of plSIOl1I for armamenl.
Th.. 1 1I0n'e c lryn'en had (owling_piecell or carbin_ ill c.. rtain, but Ihey 1I.... m to ha..." m:..n Ih...... _
c .. plion ,",uhcr Ihan th.. rul... CrU80'1i harquebusler 1I.... ms to bc w.... rl ..g .. kind of burgonet. Ie mUSI
be r embcr...d Ihal hill book "lOW Ih.. lighl lenyearli befor.. Edgehlll, but Ih.. Irlpl.. _barrcd h.. ln...1 n'UlU
ha bcen Ih" mOlit COmmo.. 'pol' among bolh Cavalier and Ro.. ndh..ad IrooperN,and th.. r .. III .. vid.. nc..
Ihal ,,"orion,; 1'( Ihc !oort worn in Is88 w ... re 10 he n In the Ci i1 Wanil. Th.. ...., Ilil nO rcalion why a
hel",cl 6fly_four )-CarS old not bc Ii.. r ...lceabl NOI .. Ih.. cr 1 bil.. and "purl' ,hal Ih..ltIfl Irooperlil
Uli.. : Ih.. y rod.. wllh th.. brake" on and Ih.. chole" OUI!
22
COLO:'<LL Nov. 16+2
John Bclasysc 505
Sir William PcnllYl11an 68S
Richal'd
Richard Bolle 560
Sir Edward Fitton 460
Sir Edward Stradling 715
Sit, Thomas Salusbul'Y 9tO
The colonel had a captain-lieutcnant instead of
a licutenant. This officer docs nOI to ha\'e
been paid cxtra for comm:1I1ding Ihe eolond's
company, bUI at least he ranked above the otllel"
lieutenants and was ncxt in line for a company,
should there be a casualty. Each company had a
colour which was carried by the ensign.
The gentlemanofthearms scems to h;l\'c been
a Royalist innovation, It was much more difficult
for them to obtain arms than it was for the
Parliamentarians, and there/ore it beho\'ed them
to take good care of those they had, especially
the firearms. This officer seems to have been a
kind of company armourer sergeant.
Both pikemen and musketeers were to be found
in each company. the theoretical propol'lion
being one pikeman La cvery two muskc\(l:rs.
Therc is some evidcnce: howc\'er, that the
Royalists at Edgehill had as many pikclllen as
musketeers, and from a tactical point of view that
may ha\'e been an advantage.
Tbroughout tbew::tr regiments varied very milch
in numbers. In 1642 many were up LO strength,
but battle casu:dties, sickness and dcsenion soon
took their LOll. Neither did every regiment have
its ten companies: on the Royalist side eight secms
to have been a more usual number.
This table illuSll"ates the wastage in the Royalist
infantry. The figure'S for Novemher t642 al"e
calculated from a pay warrant; those for April
1644 were taken from a muster of tl1(' garrison of
Reading.
rations, cannoL be assured, marauding is bound LO
lollow and discipline can no longer be maintained.
This is a truth as old as war itselr.
C]/feYOOf
In theory a regimcnt was 1,300 strong and was
ol"ganized in ten companies. The field officers,
colonel, and major had com
panics, which 200, 160 and 140
tively. Each of the seven captains had 11 company
of lOa men. Very often the colonel was also a
general ofriccr or the governor of some fortress;
frequently the lieutenant-colonel or even the
was the real commanding officer. III
addition, one of the field officers was sometimes
taken away to act as brigade major of the forma
tion in which the I"egiment was serving. The duties
which in modern times al"e carried out by thc
adjutant and the R.S.M. were then performed by
the major. I have fount! 110 adjutant in an
English ;lfIny before 1665, and no 'sergeant-
major' in the modern sense of R.S.M., before
about 1720. In 1642 the term 'sergeant-major'
was still frequently used for the major, that is, the
third senior officer of a regiment.
The staff of a regiment usually included a
quartermaster, a chaplain, a provost-mal"shal (in
the Parliamentarian Army), a sllrgeon and his
m:ue, a carriage-master and a drum major. In
Royalist regiments one occasionally finds the
wagoner or wagonmaster signing for stores,
instead of the quartermaster.
The organization ofa normal company was:
Captain
Licutellant
Ensij.;11
Gent[elllanol'.tllcarills
Sergeants
Coq>ora[s
Drummers
Soldiers
COLONEL
Sir Theophillls Gilby
,
3
,
'00
April 16+-\
355
23
Sir Dy\'(' ;\1](1 Thomas Blagge, who carne
from the Roundhead coulltles of Bedrordshirc and
Slllrolk, werc probably nOL able to raise many
mell ill those pans. Dyvc seems to ha\"c got al
least twO companies from Lincolnshire.
As lime went by tlte King's main army drew
many of ilS rCl,;I'\liIS 1'1'0111 'Vales, though it was
It will be noticed that nOl one of these sevcn
regimcnlS still had its original colonel.
At Edgehill the Royalist fOOl, somc 10,000
sirong, was organized in five tertias or brigades.
At Naseby, where Ihe 1001 were certainly nOt
marc than 4,000 strong, there were only three
hrigades. Al Edgehill four of the brigades each
had thrcc rcgimcnts, while onc had lI\'e. By 1644
teni.:Is had as many .:IS nine weak regiments
in thcm.
In 1642 the regimellts of tile King's main army
came from many t1illcrelll parts of lhe kingdom.
They included:
Sir James Pennymall
Sir Jacob Astley
George Lisle
Anthony Thc1wall
John Stradling:
Sir Charles Lloyd
In the matter of wastage, Parliamclltarian
rcgiments fared \\'orse than tbose orlhe King, and
some did not survi\"c evcn the first campaign.
Lord WIl;u"!On's and Lord rvIandcville's, which,
among others, fled al E.dgellil!, werc disbandcd in
the following month. Dellzil Holles's Rcgimetll
fought bravely at Edgehill, bllt was Cllt to pieces
at Brentlord and did nOt survive Ihe disastcr.
On October 16'tz, Sir Henry Cholmlcy's
I.zoo-strong Regiment ned at Edgehill and \\las
cvidclllly punishcd for its pains, since only
men remained on 23 Novcmber. Lord Brooke,
who had about 1,000 men when he entered
Oxford at the end of September, had hut 480 in
midNo\'cmber. Thomas Ballard muslered 808
olficers and mcn on 17 October 1642 but only
had .J.39, not counting officers, on I I November.
Some orhis companies were \'Cry thin hy that time.
\Varwickshirc
London
Buckinghamshirc
Hncki IIglJa mshiI"C
COUNTY
Essex
London
;.zorth O:dol'dshirc
reinforced by several Northerll rcginwnts ill 164-3-
Two lJf IIlese arrived in [\Iay with a COJl\'oy or
ammunition, while s{"veral Others reac!l\d Oxlilf{1
with the Queen in .July. On tlte whole, Ihl"
Nortlll'rn Royalists wellt inlO Ihe army raised by
the nf Newcastle - the army whid. was
\'irtually destroyed at Marslon [\1001". The CU1"I1-
Ish, who W('I"e as \varlike as they were loyal,
defended their territory With their trained bands,
but as these would 1101 go 'abroad', five 'voluntary'
regiments were raised. These \'OlllIllCCI'S made Ihe
Ilucleus of Hopton's '""estern AI-my which, after
llis victory at Stratton, joined Prince Maurice
in Ihe Lansdown-Rollndway Down campaign
and pa\"ed the way for Prince Rllpen's caplure of
Bristol; like Newcastle's Wbitecoals, tltey were
very good foot.
So far as one can lell Ihe Earl of Essex's Army,
which was the main Roundhead army, was
recruited in London, the south Midlands and lire
Home Counties.
COLONI!.L
Earl of Essex
Sir John Merrick
(I) Lord Saye and Scle
(2) Sir John Meldrum
Lord Brooke
Denzil Hollcs,
Thomas Ballard
John Hampdcn,
479
"7
'70
'9
6
35'
-t09
Lancashire
Cheshire
North Wales
Glouccstershirc
Yorkshire
NOllinglJamshirc
Partly from Herc10rdshire
Somerset
SUlflordsllire
Cheshire
Soulh Wales,
Glamorgan
Lincolnshire
DerLyshirc
Cheshire
l.incolnshil'e
Sla(lordshirc
Lancashire
North Wales, especially
Denbiy;hshire and Flint
l.al1cashirc
North Oxfonbhirc
\Val'wickshil'e
Lord 1\lolynellx
Earl orNonhamptoll
The King's Lileguard
COLONEL/REGtMENT
Charles Gerard
Lord General
Sir John Beaumont
Sir (;ilbcl't (;(;I",U"((
Sil' Thomas Salusbury
Riclwrd Fcilding
Sir Thomas Lunsford
Richal'd Bolle
Sir Edward Filion
Sir Edward Stradling
Sil' Ralph UuLtOll
John l3c1asyse
24
-.,.,........
I Kinll: I (1600-49) in .644
2 Sir Edward (.6u-,,)
3 I.,u KinS II
(163-SS) in 1642
A
B
Lucall (Ie. 16.8) Sir Charl..-
Trump""",.. ,
Capfain Si .. Richard Ascl",y's
Troop of Hors",
"CHAH ~ o , . . C
D
Lord Brooke'. ..,nt
:t Commander
3
E
F
Lieutenant or a bluecoat regil"enf
2 Colonel Nathaniel Fienne. ( 1 6 0 8 ? ~ )
3 Colonel Sir Richard WlII)'liO (1614""90)
t En.lln, Lan.plulh'. Rell.
n.ent or Fool
~ Drumn.er or a redcoal rell.
menl
J Royali.1 St:rlunl or. areo-n.
coal rellmenl
G
\
~ c o n d captain
(Sir L",wi,. Dyv.. '11 Roeglrn""I)
Fourth caplllin
(51.. Edward Slradling's
Reg;rn",nl)
Li.,uu,nanl-Colonel
(RIch........ D"II",'" R"",lm.. nt)
c..ptaln
(King's Uf"'luard)
H
Major
(p.,nnyman's R"gin'''n1)
Caprain
(KlnJ'5 Lifeguard)
Major'. Juidon
(Dragoon Regin...,nt)
Fiut captain
(Charh'li Grra..d'lI Regime'u)
Fint caplllln
(Lamplugh's R"gln,rnl)
Eq.. ip... o( a Ibavy Cavalry",an, (ron. Jo..... Cruso'.
Ind1'uniol'lS!01' (163:&). II i.
how .. i. fro", the ""Hilary 'addle of modern linus
25
... fA R T
. -
.....
.
SCOTLAND
"
r..."O

,
PAJ\T
..sCOTLAND

,.,. l ..... "'r'''''''''''-

.,01 .....
:i; t:::t
"oor l> ...
P_ ...._ , ,_.h
l n",t."",,, ........u.T.
, ,-, ''l'''''''''
<I ' L..,.'.., .."
" ,. '".l""'" ...
, .<0,,, ..., II " " ......
'.r.... ''11'''''''
, .",n.... ,,,,.'1l, .......
" '1"_ """"......... ..\
"8 ........ ".,,"",,'11,...
I' '.A!o".u ., ......,,,....,,
, .; "".,., ""'"''''''1I'''f
q Po"'I' 0(,.", ...,.,
hbom " '"'1,....
,n ,..", .>l .
I lHl,I, " ...
1" _

KIng Charlell'l' near B"rwi"k during the First Scots

War, 1639. Th.. Glorioul/; Standard is no doubt the lIaane
one rallied at Nouingb.aan wh..n, in August r6,.,. the Kin!
d ..c1ared war. Some of ch" colonels listed took pare in th"
Civil Wan. The E:...1 of Newport wall for a short time
Lieutenanl_G"n"ral Co th., Earl of Newcastle, bUI
quarrdled with him and wa" ianprison"d in Pontefraci
Calitle. Van.. :and HOlh:an) w""re Roundhe:ad... Savile had a
r""l'hn..nc or redcoatli in 1639. and il il/; likely that hi..
regianent wall r.,.railied for th.. King in 16,.,. Harcourt
look his regimenl to Irel:and and was killed there. Jeroane
8reu becan'" a .."rg"anl.n,ajorllen.,ral. Sir Willian,
P.,nny....an's Yorkshire regiment was the 6rst railled in
1642; be WIll< Governor of Oxford and died Iher.. in 160,
and his r""gim""nl w:all e"enlnally delltroyed 101 Nalleby.
Old Sir Thoma.. Metham of Mechan), Yorkllhir., (c.
1575-1644). con.manded ... troop of g.. nd"men "OIUnl.,ers,
of which N.. wc..... II"" hhnself wa.. noaninally Ih.. caplain,
and WI''' killed al il .. h..ad at Mar.. lon Moor
Captain Primrose had only 19 men and Captain
Ma,-rord lmt 15.Jolln I-Iampden, whose regiment
did not arrive at Edgehill until the battle was
over, still had 893 men on 21 January 1643. His
numbers dwindled more gradually and bY2 I June,
when hc was lying on his death-bed at Thamc. he
still had 849 men. Some may have been lost at the
siege of Rcading and elscwhere, but most had
probably succumbed 10 the fevers so prevalent III
the Thames Valley in the Sllmmcr of 1643.
fORMATIONS
A body of foot normally mllrched in column of
fours, but when it eamc to light il was drawn lip
in a deeper fOl'm:uion. At Edgchill Essex had his
men cight decp, which was the formation in the
Dutch Army when he was a colonel lhere. The
Royalisls on tbat occasion were six deep, with
their tcrtias arraycd in what was known as the
'Swedish brigadc', A regiment or body of loot
26
lIol'mally fought Wilh a solid hedgehog of pikes
in the celltre :md with muskeleers on lhe flanks.
If ca\'all'Y threalened, the musketeers would take
CO\'cr among the pikemell.
ARMS, DR [55 AND EQU I PM ENT
The "ppcarance of the armies of would have
pained the Duke of Cumberland, King Gcorge 1\'
and j\larshal Bcrnadotte: lIUI, all lhe same, the)'
did present some show of uniformity, as any unit
will if they receive general issues of clothing,
anns and equipment. At the time orthe Civil 'Vars
commissioned onicc'rs and ('\-ell sel'gcants seem to
have WOnl pretty much what they pleased, butlhc
soldiers, parlicularly in lhe fOOL, Wt'rr gi\'Cll such
ilems as C:lpS, coats. hr('cches, stockings and
'snapsacks', as well as their arms and armour.
UnlOrlllll<Lldy, we ha\'e 110 record of thc coal
colours or till' m:uority of rCl:{irncnls engaged, UUl
sOllie arc known.
PAR LI A1\IEKTAR I A:'\J
Green (?)
Green
Red
Red lined white
Red
mile
mue
} utue (?)
utuc
Grey
Grey
Gl'cell
Grcell Ii ned red
Orant;:e
Purple
RUSsel (?)
(;rt') I?}
EMI of :"lonhampton
Henry TillieI'
Denzil l'lolles
Edward I\lonta!{u
Lord Robal'\C5
Sir Ilcnry Cholmle)'
Sir William Constable
(I) l.ord Sayc and Scle
(2) Sir .John I\lcldl'tllll
(3) Edward Aldl'ich
Earl or Stamford
Thomas R:tllard
Sir John \lerriek
John Hampden
E..1.r1 or
E.:trl of
l.ord Brooke
Thomas Grantham
EMI fir HlJrscl
Prince Maurice (16:zo-S:Z). The favourite brOlher or Prince
Ruperl wa. a .Iour_hearled fillhter. Be wa. wilh hill
brother in .everal or hill u:ploltll - III Powlck Bridll:e,
Edsehlll and Cirencester _ MrOre heln! s"ven an inde_
pendenl command, He deealed Sir William Waller at
Rippte (IJ April 164]) and played a sr.... 1 parr in Ihe
vidorlell or the Welilern Army .. I L.ntKIown and Round_
way Down. He took Exeter and Dartmoulh, but ralled 10
capture Plymouth and Lyme. He commanded the Wutern
Army in Ihe vietorie. al 1.olltwlthlel and al Mcond
Newbury, where they were driven rron, Speen vlllallt!<" He
wall under Rupert at N:l5eby. When parr or I.he Reel eIln'e
over 10 Ihe RoyalilOr .. in 16..8 Maurice ... rved in il under
hi .. brotber. He _10 10101 al Ha. HI.. port rail by Dobson
bf:lonllll to rbe Earl or Dartmoulh
R'd
Rod
Rod
(jllic
HIlle
HIlle
BIlle (?)
White
R'd
R,d
Red (?)
Rod (?)
Yellow
Yellow
mack (?)
Grcrn
White
WhilC
Crey
Vellow (?)
Yellow
ROYALIST
The Kill!-:'s Lifeguard
The Queen's Life!-:uard
Prince Charles
C.O.: Sir \Iichael Woodhouse
'Ille Duke or York
C.O.: Sir William 5t Lcg-er
(I) Sir Allen Apsley
(2) Edward Hoplon
I..ord Inchquill
Sir William Savile
Lord Hopton
(I) Sir Lunsford
(2) Prince Rupert
Ch;lI'!cs Gerard
Sir William Pel\llymall
(I) Sir' Ralph Dutton
(2) (Sil') Slcphcn Hawkins
1'Ilarquis of Newcastle's
Regimcnt
LOI'd Percy
(I) Thomas Pinchbeck
(If) Sir !Icnry Bard
Sir Francis Gamul
(1) Sir Charles \";}Vasolil'
('2) (Sir) '\Iallhew Applcyal'd
Sir John P.lulet
(?] Taloot
Sil' Thomas B1ackw;llI
RobeI'I UroughlOll
27
A lell"r fro.... Charles II when Prince of Wale: .. c:o....... ill-
sionlng Sir Edward Hopton of Canon FrOR1e, Hereford-
shire, 10 be in command of a reg;"'''nl of fool.
The ,\larquis of Nt'WC;ISl!e'S men are gellerally
describ<:d as '\\'hilccoals'. It seems tbat his army-
not ollly his OWl! J'I'g:illll'lIt - worl' coalS of undyed
\\'0011('11 dOlh. PC'I'cy's Whilecoats alld Pitlehbcek's
Grcyeoats bOlh CUll\' to Oxford from Newcastle's
Army;H the same time, II would se('lll lhal the
dr('ss of Nnvl';lstlc's 'Lambs' \\';\S nOt cxaetly as
white as SIlOW,
Rf'd was a f<lirly popular cololll' ill the C:I\'alier
Army, I'spcri;t11y, il secms, ill the Royal regi-
Illellts. From lllt,time oflhe formatioll of the New
Modd Army it was adoptnl by the Parli;l1llCllt
arialls, from whom thl' Slanding Army of King
Clw.rh-s II alld his inltnitcd it.
ARI'vl S
\Vllellille war begall Illere weI'(' not nearlyenouglt
arm<; to equip all th.. I1l1'll who enlisted for the
28
King. The :lrtllouries of the trained bands, as well
as those of private indi\'iduals, were insuOiciellt
III pro\'ide weapOllS lor all the \'olunlC'ers. A
number of those who foughl at Edgehill had
nothing betlcr than some con\'erted f:trm imple-
ment 01' a SIOtll sta\,C'. MallY of the weapons atICl
pieces of armoul' had already seen service at lhe
lime of til(' Annada, or C\'Cll maybc of Floddcl1
alld (joswol'tll, 011 the other hand, thuse wcrc
days when nublemen and gellilemen commoilly
had sllbstanlial :lI'ITlOllries of lheir OWI1, If lhe
Royalist pikemell were shari of corS(,klS it \yas
not really such <l hardship: a steel helmet and a
good bllll' coat wOlild keep QUI many a savage
blow, and, marching in body armour call havc
been no joke.
As for the Roundheads, they had at their
command the great armouril'S uf thc Towcl' uf
London and of Hull. Their troops mUSI haw
~

-
.
.

".
"

ft
"

Plan of Ill'" siege of Newark, 1646. The survey by 'Richard

Clan'p.. lngenier' was e n g r a " ~ by Perc:grlne Loydl, and
printed and t10ld by Peler Ste"1 101 I.h....ig" of the Crown
and ("Ier of I.h.. White Horse in Gilupur Slre",c without
NewS"r". This plan was certain:)' on sale before 1650' The
engraving, 20 inches by 17 inches, COverli an area ofaboul
1_0 .niles radius around Newark and shows the works
m"de for the lalil siege, which laSled from November

1645 to 8 M"l' 1646. Clamp,", who had "ervrd under Ih",

Earl of ManehesIII,r, and Sir Thom".. I....irf",._preliun'"bly
in the New Model_ seenU 10 have been the chief engineer
of Ihe Parli,unencarlan Army b.. ror" Newark. He was
rewarded in 1647 will> Ihe " ..areher's po,.. 31 the porI of
King'lI Lynn in Norfolk. (Courle'liy of the Royal Conlmi,,_
ilion on Hi,uor;eal MOnUm.,nls (England). Crown Copy_
right)
29
appe;lred armed \"Cry much to the'
rcgulations of the day,
In theol'}', all mnks carrit.'d swol'ds, those of the
oOicl'rs brillg: no dOli I>! of sup<-rior quality, With
the t'xcc.'ptiOIi of tilt, I'llsign, wilt> carrit.'d the
comp'lIly colour, the compan)' ollict'rs were armed
wilh partisalls, while lhe sergeant's halbert was
at OIlCt.' his wl'apon and his hadg:e of rank, The
pikenwll had a weapon hl,twet.'l1 sixteen and
l'ig:htl'l'll fl'l'l in Icng:th, and wore Ilolck-and-brc.ut
- tlw l'orsdet - alld a helmct. The lllllSkt'Il'('rs had
IIU hudy :lrI110I1r, lIut were gcnl'l"ally l'quipped
with ,I nl.ttchlock Illllskt,t, ,tnd a bandolier, Sonl('
cI'rt:linl)' had ,t n'st, but this SIX'IllS to hale hcen
OIJSOkSCI'Il\ h)' tlic time ol'tht, Civil \\'<'11'5, A few
had tlit, sn:lphatlct" Ill' fin'lud, ,m t'ady Ililltlock
muskt,t; hut Ihis was rare and was lIstlalty gi\'CII
10 thc eseurt ortllt' traill oral'till('I'y, for malchlocks
and PO\\'tlt-r-llarrds Wt'l't' Illlllappy partncrs,
The h:l)'ollct was lltlt yet 10 Ill' St'\'11 lht'
E.nglish illf:mlr)',
peCJ171ill
ifrufJ1i/IeIJ'
Artillery h;ul provcd its wonh in baltit'S as well as
in sieges as I'ady as lhe middle uf the fiftcenth
Ct'ntur)': it was .IS decisiH' .It Castillon as at
COllSlalitillOpk, Hut its prugn'ss had 1)('('11 slow,
,tnd, at thl' lime of the Ci, il "-.Irs, nuny of its
chal'acteriSlics were still vcry ullsatisfaClory,
Ranges \\tTl:' shorl, r:lH'S of /if(' slow, ('quipmcnt
Ilt.'avy and mcans of tractioll Ullt'cOllomical,
hoth round-shot and caSt'-shut Wt-re
30
damaging rnissit('s, which could score ht',lvily 011"
a troop ofhorS(' or a stand ufpikcs, tor siq.{c
work the big gUlls were invaluahle_
Clan:ndon dt'scribcs the train of rtillery as 'a
spunge Ihat can nevCf he filled 01' 5.ltisficd', and
it was only \\ith the grcillcst dinietllly 11t.1I Sir
John I-kydon (d_ 16.')3), ,he Royalist Lil'IHCll:tnt-
General oftht., Ordnance, a noted matl\cmaticiall
and :1 thorough I)' competent .l<lministrator, man-
:lgcd to ptt! tW('llly guns in the fidd, six of them
big Olles, Tlu:sc gUlls were mostly Ill.tdl' of brass,
The trophies of Edge-hill included SC\Cll gUlls and
at First Newbury tht., Royalisls had hl'iwier metal.
Al Nascby thc King had ollly twdw big gUliS,
Among those captured by the New J\lodcl Army
wen; lWO dt.'lllicannolls, probahly thl: san\(' two
lhal had beell at Edgl'hil1, and two morlars, Two
or the great brass gUlls lakt'J1 at Nast.:hy wcre
afterw;lrds used by lhe Parlialllellt,lrians be-sieging
\Vorccster.
The Roundht.:ads, backed by tilt., n'sources of
the Tower of London, whe....: since llledil:v:t1
times the Board of Ordnance had had its head-
quunel's, wen' mud\ bettel' pro\'ielt'd \\itll gtlns
than Wt're their opponents, In the i6+:l camp;lign
Ihey had OHr fony gUllS, Unforttlllatdy lur them
tht.'ir Iil'utenalll-gcllcral, a torcigner n.llnl'c1 I'hili-
bert E.m;lIIUcl du Boys, pra\cd ineapahle of
collecting ;1 sufliciel1l number or draught-horses,
and mall)' or tht' gUlls arrin:d 100 late fur the
hattie ur Edgdlill. TIlt" tr.lin of .lftillery rceluired
a gn:at deal of transport, for its ammunilion and
stun's, " Royalist bye-train (II" fQlIl' hig guns
detailed to ;,\lIack B;tlIbury Castle in OCtoher
j6'12 rC<\llirt'd the support orfift)'-SC\CII wagons,
TILe persollnel - ufliCt'rs and spt'cialists 01
\'ariolls l-:ueguril's - was also \"('1'Y cOlisiderablc,
III Ess('x'S Train had on-r .p) otficers, 6uo
piollt't'rs, ItlU firclucks, IU I-;uard tile train;
engineers, .:umrnissarics, 11ro\05t, gl'lltlclllCI\Ol"-
Illc-ordll;lllt;C, tircworkcrs, :uld
bridge-master were all to be luuml in its mnks,
'('he dress 01" artillel'ymt'!l plol>.!llly l'l'sl'mulcd
that of the loot,
The suppl)' or ammunition was not, it seems,
,ery lil>cral. In Ihe uyc-train already rclcrred to,
the Royalists allowed fifty -roulld ShOH of yran'
per gun, ;tnd, in addition, tWl'nt)'-four 'cases of
t)'1I1I w'" l\llIskclt ShOll, or Cartoucht.'S',
ROYALIST ORDNANCE
TVI' .... Nk:WlllIRY WI'.IGIIT OF
LEN(;TIl Ot' Wt:IGIiT OF
I'II'.CI',. (Ill) I'lt;CE (fl) SHOT (Ib)
I)cllIicanIIOll'"

6,000
,.
.)
Culvcrin"

01,000
"
'5
T we!Vc-l)()llm!crs

10-11
,.
Dcmi-C'"ul\'crins

3,600
'0 9

5
6

,
2.5
00
91 51
2 (iron)
1,5
00 8
.,
'I'hl CC-lxlllndcrs

3
Fawcons 6 )00 6
1
Fawconetl... 6 2>0

' 1
!tabonells
,
'.0 3
,
H:lscs '2 (iron)
.0 .0
NOTE.S
I. This was I-Ioplon's own troop,
'2, Said 10 have been a son of Sir William Balfour,
l.ieutenant-Genel'al of the Horse in Essex's Army.
3. Cavalry at speed could COVCl' such a distance in
half a minutc. Their 0PI)()ncnlS would hardly havc
lime for morc than onc volley,
4. FOUl' or six troops should have had between
sixteen and Iwel1ly-fow' commissioned otliecl's.
5. Doubtless the major of lhe KinK'S of
FOOl, who became licutcnanl-coloncl and was
knil{hled in 16015: Sir WiIIi:lm l.(;i1.;llIon.
J I
C]/Je Plates
.'If King Clwrles I (1600-49) in 164-1
From n painting by William Dobson (1610-46).
This plate shows lhe King in his normal cam-
paigning dress. or course, he did not always wear
tltis costume. At Edgchill he is described as
wearing: it black velvet coat liued with ermine,
and a steel cap covered wilh vclvet. In a print of
E"al11plea of Newark IIlege money. (Top) the fa""
and obvulle of" .645 gd. pi"",,; (00110111) face
and obvulie of a 1646 IIhllJlng. Theile lo:r.enge
IIIhaped coins w",re an "",ergenc)' iSlIue,
)U'obably aUlhod:r.ed by the King hil11lO.,lr. The
main realilon for their .nay have b""" the
Governor'lI need to pay the tOwnsmen for
billeting l.h.. garrison.
Siege mon,,)' Willi "Iso Issued l\I Carlisle,
Che!i1er and Ponlefracl Callde. The N.,wark
coins of 1645 and 16..6, ranging in value from
6d. 10 :n. 6d., are among lhe be"l, They "eeon 10
have been made by 51leing lhe lo",enge_shaped
blanks from rolled_out plaaell; of "ilver, and
ahen slruck by ..ou'e 601'1 of mechanical
han,,"cr. This waS probably .. hor5e 01' w:o.ter-
operated trip hammer. The word 08S: on lhe
reVel'Se of ahe coins is the Latin ObSetlllm -
be..icged
32
16+1 by Wl'llceslas I-Iollar (16(17-nl he is shuwn
in filII cuirassit'r's armour, (Jf tILt, SOl'! \\'01'11 hy Sit
Richard Willys (F3J. Hullar was a Ruyalisl
soldier and sen'cd in the dclcnC(' of Hasing I-Iollse.
'rhere call he lillk doubt, the!,('f()n:, that h. Ilad
aClually S(TIl the King- lhus armoured.
..12 :;iir JI'(/Ika (di/2-77)
Walker, who hccanw CheSler Herald in 163fl,
was with King Charles continuously from r6'12
to 16"'5. He was at first Secretary al W;lr (J6:12)
and later Secretary of the Pri\'y Council (t6",,).
1-11.' was in r645' A Ilumber ofllis papers,
dealing- with military affairs arc preserved ill tIll'
Ikitisll alld 11is ('xcellent accounts ol',lle
J64-1 and 16+:) camp.tigns arc published in Ilis
lIiJIQri((/! IJ;Jrfllmr.1 (London, t705). Al the
Restoration W;Jlker became Garter Kirlgo-of-
Arms. III this platr, wlriell is t;rkclll'i'oll\ paintillg
by Dobson in the National Portrait (;:dkry,
Walkef wears thl.' ordinary campaigning dn'SS of a
Cantli('r g('ntlem:tll, withunt back- ;l1\d
breastplate.
...13 Prinei' C!ltlrll'S, 11111'1' II'ill.!!. L'/wrlr'J /I (di3f1-H.;)
ill rG.f2
From tire portrait hy William Dohsun ill till'
Scouislr National Portrait Gallery. The armOllr
the Prill!.:e is wearing is still in exiStl'llce in rile
armouril'S at the Tower of London. 111 this
Ilol'tr;lit Prillce Clrnrks is dressed as he was at the
bailie 01" Edgehill, 23 Octohcr' 16'1.3. 011 that
occasion Ire was ill danger ofbeillg captured when
Sir William Balfour's Horse hroke thr0uglr tile
R.oyalisl centre. Indel.'d hl; W:IS SCCll winding up
his wheel-lock pistols and crying out, 'I k;Il' them
not', helare Iris I'scort or Gel1tlemCll PClISiollCTS
hurried him from the fidd,
TILe PrillCC wears the normal eostnlne of a
c\\'alry ollieel' of the day, a sleeveless bull' coat
with back-and-IJrcasl. rn his hand hI' carr;('s a
balun, as a did in those days. In J6'LIj,
wlwl1 III' \\'as fiftt'ell he was l10minally in ('omm:11ld
of the West Country.
n Sir Charier Luw.f (k. /6}8)
Lucas was a professional soldier who had serwd
ill the Dutch Army. At Edgl'hill he was liclltCllant-
Back, b ...,asl and IHH, Tit.,,,., I,i.,c.,,, of .....nou.. I' ...,"., .... "d
at Broughton Car;tl", w",r", doublle"" worn by a soldi"'r
...,rv;ng und.. r Lo..d Sa)'" and Sd", Th., h.,lon.,1 is ralh.,r
cololl('l in till' Earl ofCacrnar\,on's Regimellt. He
greally distinguished himself' by rall)'ing 3uo
horse of tilt" Royalist left wing alltl chargillg: illln
the rcar of tilt" ){vlIlldlwad 1001. He was S001l
made cololwl and (':11'1)' in 1G44. through Rupert's
lllllu(,Ill't', he bccame I.iculenant-General of tht'
Hors(' ill Army. Unl'ortlillalcly, he
was laketl at l\brstull M(lOr, I-k was
CXI"CUIId afler tILl' skgc of Colchester ill
Lueas an ('xpt:rt COllllllallc[(-r of !lorse, alld
wrOtl' a trt'alist, on the art of war. It was in cipher
and so nobody cOlild ull(\crstalld it; its whert:-
abullts, 100, are IInw IIllkllown.
This pl.llt" is a l'l'conS\l'lIctioll based 011 a punrail
by Dobson ill tilt' National Purl fail Galler)" Sir
Ch;ll'lt,S is Willdillg" lip his wht:C'l-lock pis\lli.
(.' '/1"11111/11-"", (;1I/11l//I/ Sir Hid/{/rd 'J /"I/O/I
oj JJOI'JI'
This ligur..: is takt:ll li'om Astley's mOnUlllent in
Patsllllil Church, ill whicll lhe Captain, preccded
hy his lWU trumpeters is sccn riding at the head
curious for it Ii.,.,mll 10 b., SOI1,.,lhing b.,lw.,.,n a burgonel
and a .norion
or his troop. This trumpeler is dressed vcry much
like those one secs Dtirly fn::quemly in Dutch
paintings ur tlte period. His trumpet-hanner, like
lhe standard ur the troop, and the Captain's
holstcr-caps ami saddk-c101h, bears tILe cinqucfoil
of Astley.
Sir Richard Astley, Bart. (1625-88) \Vas lhe
eldest SOil of Walter Astley, a Roman Catholic.
He garrisoncd Pol tshu II 1-1 OUSt:, Ilca r Wol \'er-
hampton, which was capturcd 011 14 February
1645 by a Roundhead force rrom the garrison or
Stallord. Astley \Vas olle or the garrison or Dudley
Cas lie when it surrendered on 14 May 16.1,6, He
belonged to the small arlllY ul\{kr Lord I.ough-
borough, the Royalist Lieulenant-GelLeral ill the
Midlands. There is somc ('\idl'll(:c that be fought
in the lG51 campaign. Astley sUt:t:Cl'dnl to his
father's estales ill and was mack a baronet
in 1662, :\ man 01' t:x<:l1lpbr)" piety, Ilc h:L<! one
uthn claim 10 l;tllle: all lILgTniuus iLl\'('lllioLl,
wI10$(' details al'(: 1101 expl:lllH"d, l'or mau:hirlg"
game-cocks,
33
John. ro.... Baron Byron of K.B. (d. 1652) was
of the To....er from December 16'4' 10 February
164'" When he jolnnS KinC al York his reCime..1 of
hor_ ...... fir" in field. Byro.. wall a.n unlucky
and a poor laClidan. bUI he """s bra"e and
dOCA:w. He playHt a creal pari in Ihe "iclory al
Roundway Do and di.. ll"C"i.hed hi .... sdf al Firsl
Ne_bu'"}" Ii. ho..... d ..f..al", al Nanl _
_ id> .nd Monlcon... '"}' Caslle. I .......slarc.. ly Ihank.IO hill
fa.,hy dilipolih.ionli lhal R"perl's riChl _Inc _all routcd
al Manila" Moor. AI the ..nd of the war By..on, .... ho had
be..n ....ad.. a ba..on in OClober dunC On fi .... , 10
Ch..liler and Ihen 10 Caeman-on with Ihe Ulmnst
..eSolulion,
Thi" port .... il by Willian, Dob_n n.ay _ ..II ha"e been
paintHt al O""ford ;n January 164), for Ihe scar on 8y..ons
counlenanc.. ill probably the halbe.......ound he ..
in a fi,;hl 81 Burford On the niChl of I January. as
RO)""IiSl ....eekly n".... sl... pt' .. Aldinll reC'tJ..ds
D 0f/iul' 4 I/"n,' III' J)mp,flfIIl{
d:lslJil1g' ,'II:U":ll'ler mighl hclurl,L:" III dlher
sidt'o lit, lJasnl Oil a
llgllrt' 011 lht' litll.pags 01" Crllsu's IlIstrl/cfio/ls jor
llir (,'o/'{/lI'ri, and a cUnlCIllJX'rary paillting'
by :l Duu'h anisl. 'I'll(' hdllH'1 or III(" Dutch
or G('rn1;l1l 1)'JlI'" It was pl'()hahl)' Iht' ("sCl'ptioll
r;\lllI'r Iha/l Iht, rule ror :1 dragoon II) \\'C'ar hack-
and-hn'.lsi. li'l" I!le-}" \\('1"1' rrall)' l1l(ltllllnl inralltry.
and usually Ull loo!. It is IrUl" Ihal CoIOlld
Julm Okq's til Ilw IH'W
llMdl,: a mounled illlt) Ihe- Rnyalisl
liXJI .11 lilt 1'lId or tll(' h,tHlt' or :\"asd)y: and 0111'
34
also finds inSlanCt's or m('n firing carbincs 01'
rowling-p;"n's from lilt saddle in a Sir
Jaml's l'xploit OIl B;I1loII lIill is a
case ill point,
It was by no m("ans unknown ror mOllllll"d
troops to lx' armed with a braCt. IIr !lislUls in
addilion 10 a carbinc. Rich,lrd ur the-
King's I.ifeguard rccurds a 1)('lwl'('n
Stilton '\IId lIunlingdon on 24 August 1643" The
Roulldheads. ,100 strong. r'liscd in Sullolk and
EsS('s, wcn' 'under l.ieuICllanlCoIOIl(,1 I.e-Iiullt.
'TIl('Y a lillk displllt:d Huntingdon, hilt WIT
entcred, notwithslandillg a larg\' dildl ("11-
compass("d iI, , , , Thci$C rebclls rail .l\\,ay 10 Cam-
bridge;" all or Iltelll hack alld hl'l':lSt, hcadpdce,
bracl' of pis loll, olli('l'rs mort'. Ewry IfOOPl'
cotlsislrd of' 100.'
While :ldmiuing thill our pl:tl{, is a f'('COllslnw-
11011, il secms l:lir 10 assert that riders so equippcd
were to hl'SI't'lI in many an an'air of' lhe EIIJ.:lish
Civil Wal's,
I:', Patmall, l.ord Ri'g;mt1l/
Robel'! Grc"ille, second Baron Brooke (1608-43)
dOlhed his rcgimellt or foot in purple. III Ihis he
seems 10 ha, c becn unique - jusl as well perhaps_
The regiment was raised in London. II had purple
colours wilh Ihe usual cross or SI GC'orge in all
exccpl Ihc colond's colour, and with the c;lJ}lain's
cnsigns dinercncro by a varyillg numbl'r or Sial'S,
TIle regimcllt. about 1.000 slrollS ill Sept('mber.
losl 1U';l\'il)' at Edgeltill, and \\',tS dO\\!1 In +80 by
mid-Novcmber, It sllllcrcd again ,II Bn:llIrord
(12 :'Jo,"cmbcr) and, it is lhought. did lIot long
tlte dealh of its CtlIOll<:l, sllipccl by 'Dumh'
DYOll a\ 1111' siege of Lichficld Oil'.! Mar"h 164.3.
0)'011 fired from lhe towel' ofSI Chad's Call1l'dral
upon thai sailll's day, Royalists werc not slow
to pOill\ DUIllae miraculous nalurc of this t'VCIlI,
E:J RO/l1ulhtad Command"
This figlll't' is based on a portrait reproduced ill
black and while in R.. Oore's llsdil1 work Tllr
(.';61 II'arJ in ell,sh;,,_ Thc olliccr is thoughl 10 he
Colonel John Boolh. The inSlrumellt slung round
his lleck is a spannCI' such as was ut:d in those
days to wind up wheellock firearms. His beautiful
carbine is probably an expensivc fowling-piece.
It was doubtless with such a wcapon that Sir
James Colborne was armed at Babylon Hill.
Aj Muskrteer
This soldier is armed with a matchlock musket.
He has made-up cartridges, 'The Twelve Apostles',
hanging from his bandolier, a leather bag con-
taining spare bullets, and a powder-flask. In his
right hand he carries a rest to help him aim his
heavy firearm. Rests do not seem 10 be mentioned
ever in the Royalist ordnance papers that sun'ive
John Lambul (1619""83). Lambut took up armS for
Parliament in t64:o1, and by 16.fJ was commanding a
regiment oC horlle In Yorkshire, He Cought at Marston
Moor, and In July 1647 superseded Poyntz in command
oC the Northern Forcell.ln 1648-49 he be&leged Pomdract
Caslle, and in 1650 went to Scotland with Cromwell as
major_general. He wall wounded and captured at MUli&el_
burgh (30 July) bUI Immediately rescued. He Cought al
Dunbar, and routed Sir John Brown at In"'erkelthing,
FiCellhire (:010 July 1651). In Ibe Worcutu campaign he
caplured the imporlant bridge al Uplon-on_Se",ern, and
at Worce..ter had hi" horse .. hot under hi ..... He wa" tbe
leader of the officerll who offered the PO&t oC Protector to
Cromwell, and was one oC hill council of 8lale, but he
broke wilh him o"'er Ihe quenlon oC a royal Iltle. In 1660
h.. rellined Monck in vain and h.. ended hill day" in prillon
In Gu.. rn..ey
Henry Ireton (16n-51). Educated at Trinity Coli....,
Ox-ford, and Ihe M.iddle Ten'ple, Ir..ton look up arn", in
164:01 and foughl at Edgehlll. Allhough h", h",ld high appolnl_
m",nlS he was no great ,"oldier. lie led the cavalry of the
Roundh",ad I",fl al Naseby, but was wounded and captured
In Ihe fighting. Rupert, Ihough outnumbered, drove hill
n'en fro", th.. field. He married Cromwell'lI daughl .. r,
Brldgel, and was hill chief supporter during the t.rlal of
Charles I. He waS on", of the regicides who signed the
dealh_warranl. Iruon wenl 10 Ireland a. Cromwell'.
d .. puty and carried oul hi" bloodlhirlity polley wilh
diligence and honesty. He died of a fever
in the Public Record Ollice. It Illay be that il was
simpl)' assullled Ihal every musket had its rest
just as it had its ramrod. On the olher hand, it
may be thai this was a Irallsition period and that
the rest was g o i n ~ out. Of the foul' muskeleers
depicted in lite FarndOll Church window only
two have rests.
FI Lieu/cl/aul qf a lJIurcoaU rtgill/w/
The Royalist regimcll! ofColonc1 Charles Gerard,
fought al Edgchill and First Newbury beforc
going to Soutll Wales \\'hen Geral'd was Pllt in
command Ihere early in 16'14. There were blue-
coats Oil either side and, exc('pt for the dill'l:rc1Jcc
in the colour of sashes, it would have becn easy to
mistake a Roundhead officer of Ihe Earl of
Stamford's Regimelll for (lIU' ofGcl'al'd's. Colonels
Sir Henry Cholm1t:y and Sir William Constablc
35
also commanded blueco:u regimcnts in the Earl or
Essex's Army during thc Edgehill Campaign or
16
4
2
.
On at least IWO occasions Royalist officers were
captured through mistakillg an enemy regiment ror
one or their own. This happened to Rupert's
rriend, Will Lq;g<', at Southam (August 1642),
whell he mistook Hampden's men ror the Earl or
Northamptoll's, and to Lieutenant-Colonel Frank
Hutler at Nantwich (January 1644).
This onlcer carries a I>artisan, which was Ihe
Colonel Richard G.... .:'" (16::u A Roman Catholic lion
of Robert Grace, Baron of Courlown, he di.ting"ilihed
himlieJf in Ihe Flrsl Civil War in Prince Rupert'. R"'gl_
...",nl of Horti"'_ and foughl at Martlon Moor. All a cplain
he wali taken prh'oner lloon afler al Wdlihpool when Ihe
reelmt'nl wali bealen up in JIll quarlerll at nleht (:r.:r. June
1644). He wali with Ihe (Il:arrlllOn of Oxford In Mar.::h 16.45
and look pari In Colonel Will Leese'. raid On Headinglon
in June. He eommanded Ormonde'll R"'Iln",nt in the
Ro",Ulit Army al the bailie of Duokirk Dunn in 1658,
and n.anaged 10 ret real in Soocl order. In 1691 he _II
Governor of Athlone where he died fiShtinS (or KinS
Jamell II
36
A delaa (ro.... a conlen'porary ensravinS of the battle o(
Ounbar, 3 Sepumber 1650. Thill plan, whlch J. prellerved
in Ihe Bodleian Library, _II made by Payne FI.her, who
.....Ii educaled al Harl Hall, Oxford, and
Con"'Se, Cambrldle. He IIerved In the Netherland.,
asainllt the ScOtli, in Ireland, and (oulhl for Ihe KinS al
Marston J\.100r. He then abandoned the Ro,..Ust eau..e and
in .652 wenl 10 Scotland ali an officla! historian.
Sir Charleli Finh, who discovered lhill plan, Identified
the buJldins lIurrounded by Iren In the ba<,klround as
Meikle Pinkerton farmhoulle. The bodies of fOOl ransed
in front of lion Ihe hllliide, below It Mre 5<:011. A few ScOIS
<'avalryn.en may be lieen breakins Mway and Ileeins up
Doon Hili al Ihe Cromw.,m"n <,ava.lry alla<,k develops in
Ihe lefl for",sround. The SCOIII under David Lelill.. OUI-
numbered Ihe EnSllsh by IWO 10 on." but Ihey nUide a
tacdcal error by leavlnl'; Ihe hilI. Sround, and Cromwell
was able 10 ICOr., On.. of hili mOil brilliant Iiuc<,eliles
\'Icapon, ami indeed the badge, or captains and,
licutenants, though tllc former wcre cntitled to
han: them wilh gilded hcads. In practice, one
imagines, the blades were probably or plain sleel.
/<"2 Cololltl Nal/lQnitl Fitnllts (/608?-6g)
From a painting by Mirevclt belonging to Lord
Saye and Scle at Bl'Oughton Castle, Oxrordshire.
In 1642 Ficnnes, who was M.P. ror Banbury, was
captain or a troop or horse in Essex's Army.
Routed at Powick Bridge (23 September (642), at
Edgehill his men did bettel' ror they were with
Sir \<\Iilliarn Iblrour whose charges broke lhc
brigades or Colonel Richard Feilding and Sir
Nicholas Byron, Promoted colonel be was unjustly
disgraced aner the raIl or Bristol (26 July 1643),
and had it not been for the intervention of ahe
Earl or Essex might have been condemned to
death. Though excluded from the House of
Commons by Pride's Purge (1648), he sat in
Cromwell"s HOllse of Lords (1658)_ Nathaniel
Fienncs was the second son of the first Viscoullt
Saye and Sele.
Points to nOle in this plale arc lhe steel gaunllet
which protects his bridle-arm, and the fact Ihal
his armour has been painted black to prevent rust.
His helmet looks like a continental one, though he
had never served abroad. Although he was a
cavalryman, his breastplate with its short tassels
looks rather like Ihal of an officer of pikemen. His
scnrfis typical ol"those worn by tIle Roundheads;
orange-tawny tlw colours of lhe Earl of
Esscx.
"'3 CO/Ollel Sir Richard lVi/(ys (/6/4--90)
This plalc is taken from a half-length portrail by
Dobsun, which bdongs to Newark Corporation,
aud - as to the kgs - from the mOlHllllenl l(l
Edward SI .10111I, 'The GoldclI Cav<llier', in lhe
church at Lydianl Tregoze, Wiltshire. Willys is
fuJly equipped as a cuirassier. The whole of Sir
Anhur I-Iesilrige's RegimnJl of Horse Otl the
Parliament side W(Tt' armoured ill lhis EISltiOIl,
and so in 1642 were Essex's Lifeguard. On tht'
Royalisl sidc individuals fitled themsel\'cs out in
lhis style, The Earl of Northampton, K.lL
(t601-43) was wearing filII armour whcn he was
killed at Hopton Heath (19 March Sc\'cral
suits belonging 10 the Popham liunily (Parlia-
mentari,lIl) arc still to be scen :It Lill1eeotc Hous('
[lcar Hungerford, a place which is well \,/orth a
visit.
One pities lite horse thaI had to carry men
dressed in this fashion; it was also nOI pal'\icularly
convcnient lor the man himself. Etlrnllnd Ludlow
(Essex's Lifeguard) was dismoul1ted at Edgeltill
and writcs, 'I could not withollt great difficulty
recover all horse-hack again [remountJ, being
loaded with Cttirassier's arms, as the rest of lhe
guard also wert,' During the night after the b;lIde
he was saarving, 'nclther could 1 find my s('r\,ant
who had my cloak, so that having tlothing to keep
me warm but a suite ofil'OtI, I was obliged to walk
about all night, which pl'O\'('d \"Cry cold by reason
ofa sltarp frost'.
Sir Richard Willys of Fen Dillon, C;tmbridge-
shire, distinguished himself as alt cnsign of fOOl
in the Dutch Army OIl the 01" Bn'da (t6:p).
J11 1640 he was major to Goring's Regiment of
Foot in the Scots \Val". During the nexl two years
he served in Killg Charles's gu;trd at Whitehall
and at Hampton Court. Willys was knighled on
Colond Si.. John Gell's bufr coal, r ..om II phologral,h
laken in 1965. The cOal ha" con,e down in the family 10
Colonel Chandoll_Pole, and mUlil be one of very few whose
original owner can be pO!lhlvely ldenlilied. Si .. John GeU,
Ba.. l. (1583-1671), wa5 the Pa..liamenla1"ian I"ade.. in
De.. byshlre. He and hi. men we..e nOlo1"iou,; fo.. l.hel .. love
of plunde... Afle.. Nllseby he WIllj ljuljpecled of conniving
al the ellcape of Royal;'" pr;",onerll, and in 1650 he wa'!
ionprilloned lind lined ro.. ploning asainst the Common-
wealth. He ,"upported the Re.. loration
37
A Royallsc officer fron, the lItained glass window in the
Barnliton Chapel in farndon Church, Cheshire. Thill is
Captain Willillnt BarnliCon of Churton (d. 1664) who
lIUVed in Colonel Sir .'rlmdll Gantul'li Reglntent during
the defence ofChrller. It ntllY have been the City Trained
Band Regintent. The Captain_Lieutenant of the n:-giment
wall Richard Barnllton, po:rhapll a younger brother, of
William; he wall alive at the Relitoration for he ill in
I OClobcr 164:2 and served as mnjor of Lord
Grandison's Regiment of Horse al Edgehill.
Taken prisoner at Winchester in December he
escaped and was commissioned as colonel ofhol'sc
on 8 Fehrual'Y 16'13. In April he was Sergeant-
of Horse in Lord Capel's Army
opel'ating in the Shrewsbury and CheSler area.
He was captured again at Ellesmere, Shropshire,
011 II January 1644, hut was exchanged, and by
II October W;\S back at Oxford. I-Ie was !JtrSOl/(j
gmla with Prince RllPCI'\ and was promoted
Colonel-General of Ih" forces in Nottinghamshirc,
38
A Urn of (Indigent) Officers, 1663.
Captain Barnliton carriell a partisan in hill hand, an
indication of his rank. He also wears a gorget which
..howli that he is on duty. The UMornt of thi .. regintent
seems to have been of a saffron .. hade of yellow, with the
officers wearing buff COatli. Other windows frOIn Farndon
Church are shown above and on the facine page
Lincolnshire and Rutland. He had his head-
quaners at Newark and was Govcrnor there until
replaced by Bclasyse in OClobel' 1645, because he
had supported Prince Rupert in Ihe qual'rels that
followed his surrender of Bristol.
In 1653 Willys became a member of the 'Scaled
Knot', the committce which tl'ied to co-ordinatc
Royalist opposilion to the Commonwealth. It is
Ihought Ihal he kept Cromwell's secretary, John
Thllrloe, informed of its activities. Though llot
employed after Ihe Resloration he docs not
appear to have been punished.
(,', j.:nsigl/, Lamp/llgh's Rtgimtl/( of Foot
Colonel John Lamplugh of Lamplugh was
wounded and captured at Marston Moor. He
comm;lIlcied one of the regiments of the Northcrn
Ro)'alisl Army, which were almost all dressed in
white or grey, and were known as 'Newcastle's
Whitecoats'. This panicular rcgimel1l was raised
in Cumberland and in Yorkshire. The colour
shown, thai of the first captain's company, was
alllong those taken at Marston Moor, and shows a
black cross 1N/IOllU on a yellow ficld, as well as
the cross of St George in the upper canton. The
latter emblem was commonly used in practically
all inr:,ntry colollrs in English armies, bOlh
Roundhead and Royalist, at this period. It is Ihe
single cross Ihal shows that the cololll belonged
10 Iht" firsl captain's company, Yellow (gold)
in a colour, according 10 Gervase i\'1arkham
(TIlt SO/lldirrs !laidl'llcr, 1625), indicated honour,
or height of spirit.
G2 Drulllm., IIf n udcool rtJ!imtfll
At least as t'ady as 1588 we find drummers' coalS
adorned with ;l quantity of gold or silver lace.
Some Norwich accounts of that period describe
them as lX'ing embellished with c!e\Tll yards of
lacC" and six yards of pointing, In the cighteemh
cenlur)' drummers of the Ikitish Army usually
WOrt' coats of the colour of the regimental facings,
Thus tlH" drummers of Ihe 16th I;'oot had yellow
coats and those of the 50th had black. In Ihe Civil
\Vars Wi' sometimes find coats lined with a
dillt'n'nl colour, hilt 'I:tcings' had 1101 yet oeen
inven\l'd. So whcn W(' learn that in October 1643
tilt Earl or i\!allcht"SICI' Ol'del't'd coats of 'green
c101h limd wilh red' (or his regimellt in til('
Eastl'l'tl Association, we lIlust llot assume thaI his
dl'lIInnl('I'S wore red coats, It is much morc likely
thaI they wore gr('('n, t'mbcllished with gold or
silver lan', We haw no reliable contemporary
picture of a dnJOlIllel' of the Civil Wars since the
example in the church window al Farndon,
Clu:shire, copied from a picture belonging to
the Ganks The drum in 0111' plate is
rt--constructed from the one shown serving as ;l
table in Dobson's painting (1644) oCKing Charles
diel;lting to Sir Edwal'd Walker. It may safcly be
assumed that it belonged to the Lifeguard of Foot.
G3 RO)'Qlist Srrgtnllf of0 grrtflCotll
TIl(' Royalist regiments of Colonel Henry TillieI'
and Roben Broughton were raised during the
Second Scots War, probably in 1640, and wert'
sent to Ireland in 1642, III there was a
eessalion of hostilities in Ireland and II\Cse two
regimellts uf gl'eellcoats wert' amollg ahout a
dozen which were sent to Chester or to Bristol
to reiuforce the Royalist armies, Tillicr's and
I3rougluon's landed, 2,000 strollg, ill Cheshire
01' 7 February 16. The)' were well-onicered and
cxpcrienecd units, but there was a good deal of
desertion from among the privalc soldicl"S, These
two units werc the backbone of the inr:"t.lllry of
Prince RUI>crt'S Army at the relief of
(21 l\lareh 1644). They sullcn-d heavily at
Marston Moor, where Majol'Gcllcral Tillier, a
39
Pennyman's Regiment,
The King's Lifeguard,
Charles Gerard's Regiment;
noled by Symonds in April
1644,
Sir Lewis Dyve's Regimenl;
noted by Richard Symonds in
April 1644,
Sir Edward StI'adling's Regi-
ment; taken at Edgehil1.
Richard BoUe's later George
Lisle's Regiment; noted by
Symonds in April 164+
Lieulellani-Colonel
Fourth captain
2nd row
Major
Ca/Jtaill
First captain
N CoLours
All except the trumpet.ballllCI' arc Royalist.
1st row
S,com/ caplain
dressed better than the common soldiers. 111
September 164.2 the Roundhead Nehemiah
Wharton had 'my mistress' searl' and Mr ;vlol
loyne's hatband ... and had this day made me a
soldier's sute for winter, edged \\lith gold and
sil\'cr lace..",
In tbe S<,Otll War Colond Sir Bernard Astley (k. 1645) was
.....jor In hi .. faLber'lI regln.enc of fool, and in 1643 he wa..
Ueulenanl-Colond of the Marqull. of Hertford'lI Regi-
...enl in Ihe Wesi. Hoplon would have ... ade hi ... Serll:eant-
Major-GenerAl kad he nOI fallen ill in che aUIURln of 1643.
tie <,oRlRlanded a brigade in Ihe 16 <,a... paign and wali
killed during the siege of BrllilOI on 4 Seluen,ber t645
vcry stoUI and able soldier, \\las captured, but
survived to fight at !\'lomgomcry Castle, and
Naseby, by which tilll(' only a handful survived.
Th" sergeant's halbcrL is his l>adgc of rank. It \\las
prohably aboUl d,l.\hl reel ill length. Sergeants
3rd row
Ca/Jlain
.\'fajor's guidol/
TTllmpet-hollller
Firsl ca/Jtail/
The King's Lifeguard,
Dragoon Regiment; taken at
Marston Moor.'
Parliamentarian; taken al
Cropl'edy Bridge.
Larnplllgh's Regiment,
40
ftom bock
160
44 Nap'sGermaoAlI1es(l)
4) NapsGermanAilles(2)
90 Naps German NI,es (3)
106 NaPlGermanAII>es(4)
122
199 Nap', Spec""'Sl Troops
211
217 Ndp"sSeaSoldLer,
88 Na,,"ltahan Troops
176 Auw.an ((llnf."lry
18 t AUStr,an Army (2).
123 AuSt/'lOln c;pe.:....,.u TroD!>'
152 P",sl<an l,,,., tnla"try
149 PruSl<a" light InfinIty
192 Pru5$li11l &Irregulars
161 Pn",..
H2 Pru,,,,an Cavalry 1807IS
185 RUlwn Army(1 "'Iantr)'
189 R...,,,,,,, Afmy(2): Ca....lry
84 Wel!'ngtonsGen<e....ls
114 Well,ngto<1slnf.",ry(l)
119 W.-!I,"gt""', Inf;lnlry(2}
IS} Welhngton",
116 Wel',ngton", L'ghtc..""lry
110 Well'ngton', Ho.avyCavairy
204 WelhngtO<l' $pe(o;>i'll T'OOP'
167 BrumwK;k Troops
98 Troops
1G6 HarlOVena" Army 17921816
216 The Amentan W 181214
96 EQU.ptTleflu
17 Flag.of the N.lp Wan (l)
18 Flags 0/ the Nap Waf'! (2)
115 Fl.>gioftheN.Jl)Waf'!(J)
19TH CENTURY
In Bolivar and Soan Marttn
181
In Alamo& Tex.ln War 183S-6
56 Me>:lC.JnAmenao War 18%-8
112 Tl\eMe>:lQnA(lve!ltuOl' 186167
63 Amerou.rt.I<>d;"n 186(}.90
170 AmenCAn C,v.IWar Arm,es.
(I rConfederate
177 (lrUnoon
'" 13) Staff. SpeoaIiSli,
, .. 'I_Stale Troops
107 (S Vojunteer Md'l,a
17 of Northern V''lt",.a
)8 Army olIN: Potomac:
252 F"'gsoft.heAmencanC.volWar
( I); Confederate
258 (l),UnlOfl
265
16) Amencan Pla,ns
rheApaches
usCavalry 18SO-90
r .... Ta,pong RebeIlIOfl I8S 1-66
Rusl.>iln Armyoflhe Cnmeln War
g,-,mh Armyon Co1mp;l,gn
(I): 1816-18S3
(2); TheCnm""
185181
18821902
"'1(I",oa-s Enem'el
(I) SOUt ......nAlnc.I
"I_ Northem Afr""
(3 'India
i4jAw
=art""han 1860-70
The Ind,an Mut'ny
B<1lJsh Troop$ ,n lhe
Inchan Mutmy 18S7S'1
Ber1gal Ca"alry R"lI'mentS
Ind,an Infantry ReR,ments
Frend1Army 1870-71 (I)
FrencllArmy 1870-71 (2)
277 The Ru-.w-Turl<.Yl War 18n
57 The Zulu War
5' Sudane.unl",gn, 1881 98
230 US Army 1890-1 '120
95 TheberRebell,on
THE WORLD WARS
80 The German Army 1914_18
81 The8rnlihAtmy 191418
145 8rot,sIl Ternl""al Un." 1914 18
269
208 uwrence and Ihe Arab
181 Battle In!><gn,i\.
(I) 191418
187 (2)
H TheSpiln'''' C'v,1 War
117 ThePohsh Army
112 ll.anle<lre" 1937-61
110 AlIIe<lCommandersofWW1
125 TIleRoyil Air
70 USArmyl9'lI-45
216 TheRedArmy
146 TheRom.Ifl'anArmy
220 TheSA

266 TIleAllgem",neS5
14 The Waffen SS
119 luftwaffe
124 GermanComm.lnder\ofWW2
21) German MP UnilS
119 German Aut',,..,,,, T.OQPl.
UI Ge'many's E. Fronl A11ft1,
10) Ge,many\ Span,sh
147 Wehrmachl fore'gn
IS4 Well,mil<"hl Au)<"I'ary Forres
H8 AlI.<"<l fore,gn VoIunleoef'l
I'll Part....nWarta'"
169 ReSIstance W......a'e
282 1941
170 of lhe Th"d ReK.II
( I) Weh'ma.:ht
'" 12) W,flen_SS
178 J) Party& PoI"e UMS
MODERN WARFARE
131 Malayanumpa,gn 194860
174 The Korean War 1'50-53
116 The Ait ServICe
156 The Royal Mannes 1956 84
13) Bailie f", lhe Fal1<land5
(I): Land Force'!
I H (2l Naval Forces
115 m,AlrForces
ISO Argenl,ne Forces,n the Falklands
127 Israeh Army 19487)
128 Ar;illArm,es[I):
194 A'3bArm,es(2) 1'173-88
165 Arm.", In Leb.lnoo 1982-8'1
11)'1 Vtetnam War Arm"" 1%2-75
14l V'e1Nm War Armies (2)
109 Wa"nCamtxxh.l1970-7S
117
183 ModemAfncanW.lrs
(l):Rh0de\4a I%S.oo
101 (2); Angola &MozambIQue:
141 (1): SoUtn-We\1 Afnu
159 GJ'l!nadOi. 198J
178 R"ss,"-\ War.n Argllln,\tan
221 Central Amer>Ufl Wm
GENERAL
65 The Royal Na")"
107 B<1t,sh Infantry, EQu,pts (I )
108 BnlJSh Infanlry_ EQUlpts(2)
t J8 8nl'\hC.lv.llry Equ,pl\
71 The Northwest FrOt1I""
214 USlnfanlryEqu'PI\
lOS USArmyComwtEQU'pts
2H Germ.ln Cornb.ll Equ,pts
157
IH AUSlral..mArmy 1899 1975
164 Co1nad,an A,my al War
161 Spiln,mFore<gn leg"",
197 Royal Cal\ild'.ln Moonted PoI"e
t!mlm
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I'leose "'*' ItHtl to< JPOCe
tldfl: '"r- IItlooe; when ll<demr. pIeOl<!
quole /he ride no.wnl>, e.r WJ VikInc HmiIr'. ecc.
.............notatktns.n fnncah our I
planche. ... eouleur.
Mit ...ufuk:tlnunren auf OevtK'" IIber den
...........
279 The BorderReven
11TH CENTURY
261 IBtI1 Com!u')' HllhW1doerl
160 Peter the Great's Army (I): lnb,nny
1604 Peter tl1e Greitl's!vmy (2), CiVil')'
III JKob!te
n6 Freo:lefld<theGrUl
g
!
140 Fredend<lheGre.it 2
148 the GrNt
171 1740-80(1)
116 AunmnArmy 174().8()(21
180 AustNnArmy 1740-80(3
48 Army
128 Woodl.lnd
39 6ntJ1h Army ,n N. Amenu.
144 French ,n Wv Ind.
113 GenenlWalh,nKton'sArmy(ljln5-lne
NAPOLEONIC PERIOD
157
n
87
6<4
SS
68
76 Nap's Hussar!
8J
141 Nap'iU..... lnfarnry
146 Nap'iL'IMlnfan\l')'
153 NalliGuardlnfant')'(I)
nile list cOIllinued on wide bode C_
ISBN
II 111111
9780850451191