------------------~~--~---~~,- ..

-----

A Geological Excursion across the

Canadian Cordillera near 49° N
(Highways 1 and 3 from Vancouver to
southwestern Alberta and on to Calgary,
Alberta)

(special Paleogene version)

Richard Lee Armstrong
Department of Geological Sciences
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, B. C., V6T 2B4

Randall Richardson Parrish

Geological Survey of Canada
601 Booth Street
Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OE8

CONTENTS:
::
Introduction
Road Log
Diagrams
Figures
Explanation for 1:500,000 Geological Map

l
1------ ~~~~~~~~------~~~~~~~----------------------------~~

Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 1

INTRODUCTION
The Cordilleran orogen in Canada is both paragon and enigma. After a more than a century of work
geologists have discovered many of its secrets, but there are still controversies, paradoxes to resolve, and
new observations to be made. It has provided instructive examples of many orogenic structures and
processes but at the same time our understanding of its details is in a constant state of flux. It has inspired
many classical geological concepts - the structure of miogeoclinal fold and thrust belts, passive margin,
rift, and foredeep basin evolution, eugeosyncline and orthogeosyncline structure and the successor concept
of terranes and terrane accretion, metamorphic core zones, batholiths, great strike-slip faults, and fossil
subduction zones. This excursion will touch on all those topics and provide an opportunity for discussion
of outstanding problems.
In 1913 two Cordilleran transects in Canada were explored by rail as parts of Transcontinental
Excursions Cl and C2 of the International Geological Congress (Geological Survey of Canada, 1913a and
1913b). This came just after publication of Daly's Memoir (1912) describing the geology along the 49th
parallel. At that time no direct highway connection existed across southern British Columbia. Since 1972,
the standard trans-Cordilleran field trip in Canada has been the one following Highway 1 from Calgary to
Vancouver (Wheeler et al., 1972), which has been run many times in recent years (Price et aI., 1981 and
1985). Its emphasis is on fold and thrust belt structure, Mesozoic metamorphic core, and accreted terranes
and their history of amalgamation. The more southerly route across the Cordillera in Canada, following
Highway 3 for the most part, and thus running close to the international boundary between the U. S. and
Canada, has been less often followed, but was also the subject of an excursion for the 1972 International
Geological Congress (Monger and Preto, 1972). Parts have been run on several other field trips (e.g.
Price et al., 1972; McTaggart, 1977; Okulitch et aI., 1977; Brown et aI., 1981; H~y et al., 1981; Church,
1985; Parrish et al., 1985). We are reviving the more southerly route for several reasons. Much has been
learned of its geology in recent years so that many of the questions in 1972 now have answers. The rocks
seen are equally spectacular, both as scenery and geologic example. The themes that can be better
emphasized on the southern route are different - the great tectonic overlap of the accreted terranes onto
North America, the many magmatic episodes that have left their imprint on the Cordilleran region, and the
spectacular effects of Paleogene crustal extension associated with the last major magmatic episode.
The two alternate transects are thus complementary, and can be run together as a grand loop tour of the
Canadian Cordillera.
Much of the information for stops in the accompanying road log has been gleaned from the field guides
cited in the pervious paragraphs.
 -------------------------------
r~

I Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 2

TECTONIC BELTS ENCOUNTERED IN THE TRANSECT

We will cross four of the five Cordilleran tectonic belts (Diagram 1) in going from Vancouver to
Calgary. Only the Insular Belt, which consists of Vancouver Island will not be directly visited, but we
will see it from a distance. The Insular Belt is partly submerged in the Pacific Ocean. It is constructed of
Paleozoic and Mesozoic magmatic arcs and Mesozoic-Cenozoic accretionary belts (Muller, 1977). It is
largely unaffected by Cretaceous and younger magmatism and thus lay in the arc-trench gap from Middle
Jurassic time onwards.
Vancouver sits on the western edge of the Coast - Cascade Belt. The Coast Belt is mountainous
country, underlain largely by granitic rocks - the Coast Plutonic Belt or Coast batholith of Jurassic to
Eocene age. Included in its southeast corner is the Cascade Belt, a separate mountain system that merges
into the Coast Mountains. The two regions share many geologic features. The Cascade crystalline core
being almost exactly a southerly extension of the Coast Plutonic complex. The Northwest Cascades (and
closely related San Juan Islands) are distinct in being a west-vergent tectonic stack of oceanic terranes
(Mish, 1966). Fossil subduction zones are preserved, and the later magmatic arc overprint is lacking.
That tectonic stack appears to be traceable into the Coast Belt between Vancouver and Hope, but there are
many unresolved problems, disputed correlations, and much ongoing debate about the details of that
relationship.
The Intermontane Belt lies at generally lower elevations than the bounding Coast and Ornineca belts. It
is underlain by Paleozoic to Cenozoic rocks of heterogeneous character: accretion complexes, magmatic
arcs, marine and nonmarine basins. The rocks are traditionally classified as eugeosynclinal or
epieugeosynclinal. Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks bury the orogenic structure in many areas.
Lower elevation and relief, and the consequent cover by glacial and alluvial deposits and vegetation retard
geologic exploration here - but fossils are more commonly preserved than in the adjacent better-exposed
thermal culminations.
The Omineca Belt is a region of mountains, separated from the Foreland Belt mountains by a long
linear valley called the Rocky Mountain Trench. The rocks are largely metamorphic or granitic, with
highest-grade exposures in antiformal structural culminations. The term Shuswap Complex is used to
designate the areas of upper amphibolite facies (sillimanite-bearing) rocks. More recently the Shuswap has
been resolved into three components: the Monashee Complex (North American early Proterozoic
crystalline basement exposed in a structural window), the northwestern Shuswap Complex composed of
high-grade peri cratonic Proterozoic to Eocene schists and gneisses, and Okanagan Complex - a region of
batholiths, eugeosynclinal roof pendants, and basement gneisses (Okulitch, 1984). The Purcell Arch or
Geanticline underlies a north tapering wedge-shaped area between the east edge of the Okanagan complex
of the southern Omineca Belt and the Rocky Mountain Trench. It is a structural culmination exposing
Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 3

Proterozoic strata that are only moderately affected by Phaneowic regional metamorphism and
magmatism.
The Foreland Belt is likewise mountainous, and has often been referred to as the Canadian Rockies or
Rocky Mountain Belt. It consists of the mountains between the Rocky Mountain Trench and the low-relief
and low elevation Platform region. Its exposed rocks are sedimentary, their structure imbricate - the well
known fold and thrust belt (Balley et al., 1966; Price, 1981). Their ages are Proterozoic to Mesozoic.
The underlying Precambrian crystalline basement is isostatically depressed but has otherwise remained
undeformed during the Phanerozoic.
East of the mountains lies the Plains. Deformed Paleozoic to Cenozoic rocks overlie depressed
Precambrain crystalline basement adjacent to the Foreland mountains. An abrupt structural front, which
lies just west of Calgary, Alberta, separates the deformed rocks of the Foothills Belt, from the flat-lying
Platform strata unconformably overlying the Precambrain basement of cratonic North America.

TERRANES ENCOUNTERED IN THE TRANSECT

The terrane subdisions of the Cordillera (Diagam 2) partly coincide with tectonic belts, but not exactly.
The two concepts must be kept separate. The tectonic belts are defmed on topography, reflecting rock
types and Neogene crustal movements. The terranes are defined on affinity at the time of deposition of
their framework strata (Monger et al., 1972; Monger 1984). Terrane boundaries are faults, or inferred
faults, that mark abrupt discontiuities in fundamental history of the separated regions.
Vancouver lies close to the boundary between Wrangellia and a collage of terranes that underlie much
of the Coast - Cascade Belt (Diagram 3). The boundary is engulfed in younger Coast batholith and thus
obscure. Wrangellian rocks (Paleozoic and Mezozoic magmatic arcs that form the largest component of
Vancouver Island geology) can be traced into the Coast Belt along its western edge where they are
unquestionably intruded by Late Jurassic and younger rocks of the Coast Belt (Nelson, 1979; Armstrong
et al., ms; van der Heyden, 1989; Friedman and Armstrong, unpublished data).
Within the eastern Coast Belt, and continuing south along the western edge of the Intermontane Belt, is
the Bridge River - Hozameen Terrane. This is a distinct Permian to Middle Jurassic greenstone, chert,
ultramafic rock, and clastic sediment ocean-basin assemblage - an accretion complex, probably formed in
Middle Jurassic time or up to Middle Jurassic time (Potter, 1986; Haugerud, 1985; Rusmore et aI., 1988).
The western boundary is obscured by Coast batholith. The eastern boundary is the Hozameen fault which
places Triassic ophiolitic basement, of the Methow - Tyaughton trough, over Bridge River - Hozameen
rocks.
Caught between Wrangellia and the Bridge River - Hozameen terranes are numerous smaller terranes of
which little can be seen in our transect of the Coast - Cascade Belt. There are Vedder Complex,
Chilliwack-Nooksack (Harrison), and Shuksan-Easton components exposed along Highway 1. Their
Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 4

aggregation into the observed tectonic stack spanned Jurassic subduction to fMiddle Cretaceous
imbrication. By Early Cretaceous time parts were already included in an Andean-type continental-margin
magmatic arc (Armstrong, 1988a). The displacement of Wrangellia and intervening terranes and portions
of the accretion wedge with respect to North America are inferred to have been large, on the order of
thousands of km (Irving et al., 1980). This is generally accepted. The timing of these displacements is
highly controversial. The observed geology is inconsistent with large displacements after Early
Cretaceous time, perhaps the constraint exists even as far back as Middle Jurassic time (Tipper, 1984b;
van der Heyden, 1989). Some authors advocate or accept large post-mid Cretaceous movements (Irving et
aI., 1985; Umhoefer, 1987; Oldow, 1989), but these hypotheses simply have not been reconciled with the
facts presented on geologic maps.
Between the Bridge River - Hozameen Terrane and autochthonous North America this excursion
crosses only one terrane, Quesnellia, and an overlap assemblage linked to the western edge of Quesnellia
since Early Jurassic time, the Methow-Tyaughton Assemblage. Other parts of the composite Intermontane
Terrane (Stikinia and Cache Creek terranes) lie to the north. The underpinnings of Quesnellia are
Paleozoic to Middle Triassic oceanic basin, arc, and accretion wedge. Fossils are rare, structures only
fragmentarily recognized, deformation complex and multicyclic, metamorphism common - usually in
greenschist to low amphibolite facies. This assemblage of older subunits, each with local names, is linked
together into Quesnellia by the unconformably overlying Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic Nicola -
Rossland magmatic arc rock assemblage (Read and Okulitch, 1977; Ross, 1981). The arc faced
westward, arc and accretion wedge rocks being sedimentologic ally and tectonically mingled in the Cache
Creek area (Travers, 1978; Grette, 1979). The chemistry of arc magmatic rocks grades from calk-alkaline
in the west to alkaline in the east and there is a general younging trend eastward (Beddoe-Stephens and
Lambert, 1981; Mortimer, 1987).
The eastern boundary of Quesnellia is a fault, crossed near Salmo on Highway 3. At that locality the
Eastern or Slide Mountain Terrane, which is present immediately to the north, is missing, and Rossland
arc rocks are juxtaposed with Kootenay Arc (an arcuate tectonic zone of tightly folded Proterozoic to
Paleozoic strata along the west side of the Purcell Anticlinorium, not a magmatic arc) rocks that belong to
the passive margin of Phaneozoic North America. The space between Quesnellia and North America is
usually reconstructed as a relatively narrow marginal basin between the Mesozoic arc and the outer passive
margin (pericratonic terranes). Stratigraphic transitions are observed between successive tectonic slices
from Quesnellia to North America so that no large displacements are implied along this zone of sutures
(Klepacki, 1983 and 1985; Struik, 1988). The age of these sutures in southern British Columbia is
closely bracketed as late Early to early Middle Jurassic, between the youngest Rossland Volcanics, about
190 Ma (Tipper, 1984a), and the oldest stitching plutons, about 180 Ma (Parrish and Wheeler, 1983;
Klepacki, 1985).
~

I Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 5

After the Jurassic accretion of Quesnellia, and closure of the Bridge River - Hozameen suture a
magmatic culmination of Middle to Late Jurassic age (170 to 150 Ma) affected Coast, Intermontane and
Omineca belts (Armstrong, 1988a; van der Heyden, 1989). This magmatism was especially extensive in
southern British Columbia and is little overprinted there by younger events.
Latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous time was notable for magmatic and tectonic quiescence. A
stratigraphic hiatus or lull in magmatic activity is observed in all areas (Armstrong, 1988a; Armstrong and
Ward, in press).
From Early Cretaceous time onwards the region crossed by the excursion has been an Andean-type
continental-margin magmatic arc, undergoing various types of intracontinental deformation. The
Cretaceous to Paleocene (up to about 58 Ma ago) was a time of batholith emplacement, and back-arc
tectonic convergence, crustal shortening, and thickening. The Paleogene (later Paleocene and Eocene) was
a time of within-arc crustal extension, synchronous with the last major magmatic episode (Ewing, 1980;
Parish et al., 1988; Freidman and Armstrong, 1988). This was also a time of moderate strike-slip fault
motions, as for example along the Fraser - Straight Creek fault system. Older strike-slip structures are not
recognized in the excursion transect.
Sporadic magmatism of Neogene age has occurred in all allochthonous terranes.

MAJOR THEMES OF THE EXCURSION

Geology illustrating three themes will be emphasized during the excursion.

Tectonic Convergence
Accretion history and tectonic stacking of units is seen in several areas. From Vancouver to the
Hozameen fault various aspects of the aggregation of Wrangellia and intervening terranes to Quesnellia
will be seen and discussed. The Foreland structures of the Rocky Mountain fold and thrust belt, seen at
the end of the excursion, are spectacular results of Cretaceous to Paleocene convergence. Within
Quesnellia we will see structural windows exposing the Precambrian basement of North America
(Armstrong et al., 1989). These demonstrate more than 100 km of tectonic overlap of accreted terranes
onto North America, achieved from Jurassic to Paleocene time.

Magmatic Episodes (Souther, 1977; Armstrong, 1988a)

The four major magmatic episodes of the Canadian Cordillera are well illustrated in the excursion. For
each there will be multiple examples visited, scattered across their respective extents. The episodes are:
Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Quesnel magmatic arc. Middle to early Late Jurassic stitching plutons and
extensive magmatic culmination - from Coast to Omineca belts. Mid Cretaceous magmatic culmination -
r
Vancouver to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass Version of 8/28/89 6

from Coast batholith belt to the Crowsnest Volcanics of the Rocky Mountains. Paleogene magmatism -
extensive from Cascade to Omineca belts. Both volcanic and intrusive aspects will be abundantly
demonstrated.
Minor magmatic episodes will be noted, where appropriate. Mafic igneous rocks related to the two
Proterozoic rifting episodes that created the Belt-Purcell and Windermere basins, respectively, will be
encountered. Paleozoic igneous rocks, of various oceanic tectonic settings will be observed at a few
stops. The weak Late Cretaceous magmatic culmination is of limited extent and volume and will be hardly
noticed. It is largely eliminated from the excursion route by the Fraser - Straight Creek fault zone. Except
for the Oligocene-Miocene intrusions of the Cascade magmatic arc (Richards and McTagart, 1976) there
will be few Neogene magmatic rocks seen because of their small volume and scattered occurrence.

Paleogene Crustal Extension and Strike-Slip Faulting

From the Fraser - Straight Creek fault zone to the Rocky Mountain Trench the excursion encounters
many Cenozoic structures related to extension and transtension of the Cordilleran region. Between the
Okanagan fault and the Purcell fault metamorphic core complex structures are spectacularly developed
(Parrish et al., 1988). In that region Paleogene crustal extension on the order of 30 to 50 % is inferred and
this has a major impact on the mapped geology and measured geophysical fields, and on the crustal
structure observed in the deep seismic surveys such as LITHOPROBE (Cook et al., 1987 and 1988).
 8/23/89
In this version of the Road Log the
stops highlighting Paleogene
aspects of Cordilleran geology
have been outlined
•
Vancouver to Calgary vIa Crowsnest
Pass
Day 1 Road Log, in two parts
0.00 km Starting Point: Front of Gage
Residence, University of British
Columbia. Set odometer to
zero.
0.30 km Turn left onto Wesbrook Mall.
0.70 km Turn left onto Chancellor 6.2 km
Boulevard. 10.15 km
1.15 km Tum right onto Marine Drive.
11. 70 km
3.0 km Stop 1: Spanish Banks for
view of the south slope of the
Coast Mountains (Figure 1).
The Point Grey seac1iffs west of
here expose Quadra Sand (here 12.65 km
23 to 24 ka old) overlain by
Vashon Drift. The south slope 13.40 km
of the Coast Mountains is an 14.30 km
exhumed erosion surface
beneath Cretaceous - Tertiary
sediments of the Nanaimo -
Fraser basin. The bedrock, 16.95 km
exposed in the higher peaks and
along the shoreline is erosion-
resistant Mesozoic metavolcanic
and granitic rock, mostly of
Cretaceous age. The city of
Vancouver is built on hills of
Cretaceous - Tertiary sediment
mantled by Quaternary glacial
deposits. Bedrock exposures
are rare and none will be seen as
...
1
we ct:ive across built up areas in
the CIty.
I
Continue along Marine Drive,
headed east.
Turn left onto 4th Avenue.
Angle left onto Burrard, cross
over Burrard Bridge.
Tum right at northeast end of
Bridge onto Pacific Avenue then
after one block right again onto
Hornby and after another block
right again onto Beach Avenue.
Left onto Pacific from Beach
Avenue.
Turn right onto Denman.
Tum left onto Georgia Streeet
(Highway 99 and lA) and
continue on through Stanley
Park.
Crossing Lions Gate Bridge,
continue to follow Highway 99
into West Vancouver. The
south abutment of the bridge is
in the Late Cretaceous Lions
Gate Member of the Burrard
Group. The Cretaceous -
Tertiary boundary lies within
Stanley Park but is not exposed.
Most of Vancouver overlies
Tertiary sediment. The erosion
resistance of the Burrard
 -~-~~~----------------------~~-
2 8/23/89
sediment at the south bridge
abutment is enhanced by the
presence of 32 to 34 Ma old
mafic dikes and their related
contact metamorphism.
19.50 km Tum right up Taylor Way.
20.70 km Left tum onto entrance ramp of
Highway 1, westbound.
25.00 km Take Cypress Exit to right.
25.90 km Passing Entrance Gate to
Cypress Park, continue on up
road, note granitic rock
exposures on right side when
approaching sharp right tum,
continue past sharp tum to
Viewpoint.
31.10 km Stop 2: Viewpoint (Figure 2).
Panoramic view of the city of
Vancouver, the lower mainland,
North Cascades, San Juan
Islands, Vancouver Island, and
(on a clear day) the Olympic
Mountains.
Leave parking lot, turning left
down towards Highway L
34.80 km Sharp hairpin tum left.
35.05 km Stop 3: Roadcut exposure of
Mesozoic granodiorite with
mafic inclusions.
Continue down to Highway 1.
37.00 km Cross over to south side of
Highway 1 on overpass, enter
Highway 1 eastbound.
38.35 km Take 22nd Street Exit on right.
38.75 km Right tum.
39.00 km Stop. Tum right onto Queens
Avenue.
39.80 km Stop. Tum left onto 26th.
40.45 km Stop. Tum left onto Haywood.
40.65 km Stop. Tum right.
40.70 km Stop. Tum right onto Marine
Drive, westbound.
45.00 km Passing Fisheries and Oceans
Laboratory. The parking lot on
the right contains glaciated
exposures of granitic rock cut
by composite dykes and is
worth a visit if there is time.
46.05 km Angle left at Caulfeild Trail onto
Picadilly. The roads here are
narrow and may be unsuitable
for large busses. If so debark
and walk down to beach area.
Otherwise continue onwards.
46.30 km Sharp and narrow left tum
down Dogwood Lane.
46.60 km Stop 4: Caulfeild Park.
Intrusive relationships are well
displayed here on bare shoreline
exposures. The published
detailed map, Figure 4 of
McTaggart (1977), shows the
different units and their
relationships. The contact of a
granodiorite pluton containing
mafic inclusions with banded
amphibolitic gneiss is exposed
here. A variety of dikes
interlace the country rock
making this a test book example
of multiple crosscutting age
relationships.
Continue westward.
46.85 km Go on past cove then at 47.00
km
tum right and climb Picadi1ly
back to Marine Drive.
47.55 km Angle back onto Marine Drive,
past Caulfeild Trail sign, and go
back through West Vancouver.
56.40 km Tum left up Taylor Way.
57.60 km Tum right onto Highway 1,
eastbound.
66.05 km Lynn Creek Bridge.
67.45 km Second Narrows Bridge.
69.85 km Empire Stadium on Right.
70.05 km Crossing East Hastings, stay on
Highway 1.
70.90 km Angle left onto Freeway. This
is the connecting point for those
who may choose to go directly
from UBC without the western
Coast Mountains stops and
views.
88.85 km Port Mann Bridge over Fraser
River. The rolling uplands that
follow are on Quaternary
deposits overlying Eocene and
Miocene sediment.
-- --~--~----------~------------------==~--====~====
8/28/89
97.60 krn 176th Street Underpass,
Highway 15 exit. Continue on
Freeway.
99.90 krn Road curves around tree. This
was a memorial tree, dedicated
to war dead. The Highway was
diverted to save the tree but it
did not survive the changes to
its environment. It was later
topped for safety reasons.
106.60 km Road turns gently right.
118.95 krn (and again at 125.30 krn)
Mount Baker is visible at 12:30.
129.90 km Gentle right turn, Mount Baker
now straight ahead.
136.35 km Continue past Mission - Sumas
(Whatcom Road) Exit.
139.85 krn Stop 5: Pull over on new
overpass for view of Sumas
Mountain (Figure 3) and Vedder
Mountain. Church (1985) has
described the sediments here at
the west end of Sumas
Mountain - the type Huntington
Formation. More than 400 m of
continental shale, sandstone,
lignite-coal, with commercial
fireclay beds dip about 10° to
the southwest and
unconformably overlie
Mesozoic metavolcanic and
granitic rocks of the Coast
Plutonic Complex that form the
higher mountain. Vedder
Mountain in the distance to the
south is composed of foliated
quartz diorite (Paleozoic?) in its
southwest part, and epidote-
amphibolite and gamet-mica
schist with late Paleozoic
moderately high pressure
metamorphism (_280 Ma
Vedder Complex, one of the
North Cascade tectonic
components) in its northwest
part. The crest of the mountain
and its east side are Mesozoic
clastic sedimentary rock,
Nooksack Group. The geologic
contrast across the Fraser Valley
here is a geologic quandry.
3
Continue east.
142.05 krn Sumas Mountain Road -
access to geologic sites on
Sumas Mountain.
143.95 krn Highway turns gently left.
Mesozoic volcanic and intrusive
complex exposed on left on
southeast face of Sumas
Mountain.
148.60 krn Take Yarrow - Cultus Lake exit
to right. Head due east toward
north end of Vedder Mountain.
The flat lowland here is the
floor of Sumas Lake, drained in
the 1920' s to gain farmland. A
few m of late Quaternary lake
deposits overlie glaciomarine
deposits here.
151.00 krn Stop. Road jogs right, then
left. Continue east.
153.00 krn Stop. Turn left, continue
through Yarrow.
156.40 krn Passing Goose Farm.
160.70 krn Stop 6: North end of Vedder
Mountain. Quarry on right at
bend in road. Mylonitic schists
: quartz-mica-graphite-gamet
schist and greenstone lenses
(metatuff) of the Vedder
Complex (Permocarboniferous
moderately high-pressure
metamorphic series).
Continue eastward.
161.25 krn Keep turning left.
161.85 krn Cross over Chilliwack River on
Bridge into Vedder Crossing.
Keep going north on Vedder
Road.
166.20 krn Passing through Sardis.
167.15 krn Turn right onto Highway 1,
eastbound. This may be a good
point to stop to view Chilliwack
rocks to the south and east of
here mapped by Jim Monger
(1970). This view is described
by him as stop 4-4 in Price et al.
(1985).
168.40 krn Crossing Chilliwack Creek, pre
1880 channel of Chilliwack
River. View to south and east
of Chilliwack imbricate zone on
and below Cheam Peak.
 4 8/23/89
177.45 km Highway curves to left.
178.20 km and 178.90 km Power line
crosses road.
182.63 km Highway 9 to Agassiz turns off
here. Highway 7 on the north
side of the Fraser River is an
alternate route to Hope, past
several geologic points of
interest. Continue on Highway
1.
183.95 km Passing Bridal Falls - Park and
tourist traps. Here prehistoric
landslide deposits form an
apron below Mount Cheam.
184.85 km Tum right off highway onto
Popkum Road, then
immediately tum left onto ramp
back to highway and park on
roadside before reentering
highway.
185.4 km Stop 7: Road cuts in
Chilliwack Group siliceous
argillite and limestone. With
luck, cross sections of giant
hom corals can be found at this
locality. A felsic dyke at this
locality is probably Miocene,
from plutons of the nearby
Cascade - Pemberton Belt.
Continue back onto Highway 1.
189.90 km Rusty weathering Chilliwack in
roadcut.
190.50 km Miocene granitic stock on west
end of roadcut in intrusive
contact with Chilliwack Group
exposed towards the east. The
main intrusive body lies to the
east so this mass of Chilliwack
sediment is a roof pendant or
xenolith.
192.00 km Passing a hydro power station.
The water comes from Waleach
(Jones) Lake through a tunnel
and descends about 600 m to
the powerhouse. Recent slow
movements, opening cracks in
the water tunnel have raised
concerns about a landslide here
at some future date.
193.00 km Road cuts in Miocene stock
(Mount Barr Granodiorite)
begin here and continue for the
next 1.5 km.
194.95 km Chilliwack exposed in road cuts
for the next 2.3 km. The
calcareous - siliceous
Chilliwack is metamorphosed
due to proximity of the Miocene
plutons. Numerous veins and
dykes are visible in the fresh
cuts.
198.50 km Miocene granodiorite - for the
next 2.4 km.
199.25 km Tum off on right, Peters Road
exit, and park on side of on
ramp.
199.40 km Stop 8: A quick look at
Miocene granodiorite.
Continue back onto Highway,
eastbound.
200.90 km Miocene granodiorite intrudes
metasediments which on the
north side of the Fraser River
are called the Slollicum
Formation (Triassic) by Monger
(1986).
201.25 km Past the Laidlaw Exit. A major
fault zone is crossed just ahead,
where the Highway crosses
Jones Creek. The fault is
steeply dipping and marked by
ultramafic lenses. East of the
fault is black argillite that may
be Darrington Formation of the
Shuksan Thrust sheet. An
optional side trip exits here and
turns south up the Jones Lake
road. About 2 km up the road
are good exposures of black
argillite. Further upvalley are
good exposures of broken black
phyllite. In the creek bed one
can fmd boulders of gabbro and
diorite that may be from the
early Paleozoic and
Precambrian(?) Yellow Aster
Complex and bits of ultramafic
rock.
206.70 km Hunter Creek Road. Tum off
here for rest stop at Hunter
Creek.
207.25 km Rest Stop.
 8/23/89
Return to highway, continue
east.
207.95 km Passing shotcrete-covered road
cuts in the mid Cretaceous
(-100 Ma) Spuzzum Pluton.
When these were fresh a dating
sample was collected at this spot
but now it isn't worth the risk
of stopping here to look at
rocks.
210.20 km Passing weathered exposures of
the Cretaceous Pluton.
211.85 km and 213.95 km fresh cuts in
Cretaceous Pluton.
215.90 km Just past Silver Hope Creek we
cross the Yale Fault of the
Fraser Fault System.
Cretaceous Pluton, on the west
side, faulted against Eocene
conglomerate, on the east.
216.50 km Eocene conglomerate on both
sides of Highway. Pull off on
to side of Highway here or on
exit ramp just ahead and walk
back to exposure.
216.50 km Stop 9: Eocene conglomerate
caught in Fraser Fault Zone.
The bedding, where visible is
nearly vertical and the
conglomerate appears to be
lying on the Custer Gneiss
which lies just east of here.
Continue eastward on Highway
217.30 km Pull over into turnout just
before overpass.
217.45 km Stop 10: Examine exposure
of Custer Gneiss. This foliated,
mylonitic, migmatitic gneiss,
largely of Cretaceous age,
forms the northern continuation
of the Cascade Crystalline Core.
To the south there is a broad
region of metamorphosed and
migmatized Cascade River
Schist and granitic to migmatitic
Skagit Gneiss which form the
Crystalline Core of the North
Cascades (Misch, 1966). At
5
this latitude only a few km of
gneiss are present and this
tapers and is eventually
truncated by the Fraser Fault
System. Similar migmatitic
schists and gneisses on the west
side of the Fault System in the
Bridge River area may be offset
equivalents of these rocks.
Paragneiss components are
presumably Paleozoic and
Mesozoic (although not directly
dated) but the granitic
component seems to be largely
Cretaceous (zircon and whole
rock Rb-Sr dating gives no
older ages). The only exception
are Eocene orthogneiss dikes
(dated by Rb-Sr) at Ross Lake.
The eastern contact, with
Hozameen Group rocks is either
gradational or faulted - and is
controversial.
Continue eastward.
218.60 km to 218.95 km Past road cuts in
dark rocks (Hozameen ?) cut by
spectacular felsic dykes
(presumably Tertiary).
219.65 km Hope exit. Take exit into Hope
for gas and amenities.
Side Trip to examine Spuzzum Pluton.
Go into Hope and take
Highway 1 and 7 across the
Fraser River and stay on 7,
westbound.
227.05 km Pull into large parking area at
Devil Lake truck scales.
227.05 km Stop 10.5: Road cuts here are
in Spuzzum Diorite.
Turn around and head back to
Hope.
228.77 km to 229.40 km note in roadcuts
just before Bridge exposures of
the Eocene conglomerate. The
vertical attitude is usually
discernable here.
230.90 km Hope, again.
 6 8/23/89
Road Log Day 1, Part II
0.00 km Reset odometer to zero while
crossing overpass just after
Custer Gneiss (Stop 10) or leave
Hope headed south under main
Highway and turn west toward
Vancouver and about 3 km from
the center of Hope rejoin
Highway 1, head east past stops
9 and 10 and reset odometer to
zero when crossing overpass.
0.95 km to 1.45 km Past road cuts in dark
rocks (Hozameen ?) cut by
spectacular felsic dykes
(presumably Tertiary).
3.20 km Two Mile Creek, approximate
position of Hope Fault of the
Fraser Fault System. The next
exposures are of Hope Intrusion
which is mantled by Quaternary
till and graveL
3.90 km Alexander Creek Bridge.
5.15 km Pull over on side of road at
Princeton Turnoff sign.
5.15 km Stop 11: Hope Intrusion.
. \ " . Eocene. We have now entered
"~~~ '~the Eocene magmatic arc, which
I{J \~,j)~V)\~. ,will take several days to cross.
o./J)jJ f\ ~v;-1?e Fraser Fault Syst~m
\J ,,\0"" displaces the magmatIc front and
, ({t\\~ Eocene ductile infrastructure and
?#
. ~~y IS therefore younger than those
~'\) ~ ,~')'J., features. No Eocene magmatic
~,-~yroCkS or structures were visible
\}J.:) \'! ,lir west of the Yale Fault near Hope
"v \\\\' .!l.,<:'Y but they do occur on the west
~1Y'Y side in the Bridge River area 100
to 200 km to the north.
Continue east, taking the
Princeton turnoff onto Highway
3.
5.40 km Metamorphosed country rock,
Hozameen?, in road cuts.
6.05 km Good exposures of intrusive
rock where Highways 3 and 5
split - take Highway 3. The
Coquihalla Highway (Highway
5) goes by spectacular exposures
but offers few places to stop
safely by the roadside. Turnouts
for scenery or resting or safety
purposes were evidently not
included in the inflated
Coquihalla Highway budget.
7.60 km Nicolum Campground. The
highway passes many exposures
of intrusive rock from here to
10.00 km.
11.05 km Nicolum Creek. Hozameen is
exposed on the left. The
highway begins to climb more
steeply.
12.65 km Hozameen rocks are exposed on
the left. Park at the upper end of
the cut.
12.60 km Stop 12: Walk back to briefly
examine Permian to Jurassic
Hozameen cherty argillite cut by
intrusive rocks.
Continue eastward.
13.50 km Quaternary flood gravels and
kame terrace deposits overlying
Hozameen.
14.10 km to 15.3 km Coarse sand and
gravel deposits (postglacial).
15.30 km The Hope slide and scar are now
coming into view and 12:00 and
3:00, respectively.
15.70 km Slide scar visible at 10:00.
17.05 km Turn left to Hope Slide
viewpoint.
17.35 km Stop 13: View of Hope Slide.
The signs describe the event
which occurred on January 9,
1965. A small earthquake, on a
midwinter night, triggered the
slide. Several vehicles and their
occupants, stopped by a snow
avalanche which had blocked the
highway were victims. In the
 8/23/89
slide scar Hozameen greenstone
dips 45° to 60° towards the
valley. The opposite side of the
valley is Hozameen bedded chert
which overlies the greenstone.
The rocks strewn about are
Hozameen greenstone (low Rb,
low initial Sr ratio = MORB like)
and felsic intrusive rock - the
dykes are visible in the scar.
Comfort facilities available.
Back on to the Highway. Turn
left to continue eastward.
19.90 km Meander flats - valley fill behind
the modem and prehistoric Hope
slides. Sunshine Valley resort
area for those who like high-risk
living.
20.85 km Past turnoff to Silvertip ski area.
21.90 km and 23.10 km Hozameen
exposed in road cuts here and for
the next 10 km.
24.05 km Westgate Service Station.
25.10 km Park Boundary.
25.50 km Old Wagon Road stop of
interest. The Dewdney Trail,
constructed in 1860. Rocks on
the left side are Hozameen
greenstone.
30.75 km 19 Mile Creek.
33.40 km Abandoned buildings of old
mining camp on south side of
river. Other relicts of abandoned
prospects and mines are found
nearby.
33.80 km Sumallo Grove sign.
34.55 km Sumallo Grove turnoff. Park on
the far side of the turnoff.
34.55 km Stop 14: Sumallo River Stock
- which at this point plugs the
Hozameen Fault. A Cretaceous
biotite K-Ar date of 84 Ma for
this locality (Wanless et al. 1967)
suggested no later movement on
the Fault. Redating of
hornblende and biotite by both
K-Ar and Rb-Sr gives a Miocene
age, thus releasing the previous
age constraint on the fault. The
previously published date must
be disregarded. The Fault
7
separates Hozameen, oceanic
rocks of Permian to Jurassic age
from Jurassic and Cretaceous
clastic sediments of the Methow -
Tyaughton Trough.
Continue eastward.
36.15 km Rhcxlodendron Flats. A colorful
spot at the right time of year
(May-June). Quaternary
sediment overlying Jurassic
Ladner Group.
37.70 km Crossing Snass Creek.
37.85 km to 39.5 km Good exposures of
Ladner to Dewdney Creek Group
sediments.
38.90 km Park in wide turnout.
38.90 km Stop 15: Jurassic Sediments of
the Methow - Tyaughton
Trough. This stop is near the top
of the Ladner Group (Sinemurian
to Bajocian). Up the road is the
Dewdney Creek Group
(Oxfordian to Portlandian).
Continue eastward.
40.15 km We are now approximately on
the axis of the Gibson Pass
Syncline.
41.15 km Bridge over Skagit River.
41.75 km Bridge over Skagit River.
43.30 km Bridge over Skaist River. The
dip slope on the left is in
sandstone and argillite of the
Lower Jackass Mountain Group.
44.90 km Stop in turnout on right, on the
outside comer at the top of a
steeper part of the highway but
before the highest point is
reached.
44.90 km Stop 16: Conglomerate of the
Jackass Mountain Group (Lower
Albian here).
Continue eastward.
46.60 km to 46.9 km Black shale and
argillite of the upper part of the
Albian Jackass Mountain Group.
47.00 km Bridge over Skagit River.
47.50 km Bridge over Skagit River.
r - 8- - -
8/23/89

47.75 km to 53.65 km Exposures of black

argillite of the upper part of the
Albian Jackass Mountain Group.
54.25 km and 54.40 km Jackass Mountain
conglomerate.
58.00 km Allison Summit. From here to
the Manning Park Lodge we are
in poor!y exposed upper Jackass
Mountain Group.
65.0 km Coldspring Campground.
66.8 km Turnoff to Manning Park Lodge.
Park. End of Day 1.
~---~--~-~---~~---~~~----------------~--~-----~=---~~======
8/23/89
Day 2 Road Log, in two parts
0.00 km Turn right onto Highway 3 in
front of Manning Lodge. Set
odometer to zero.
1.45 km Beaver Pond on right. No good
exposures along this stretch of
road in Albian Jackass Mountain
Group.
2.65 km Ladner Group sediment on left in
east limb of syncline.
3.20 km Crossing Chuwanten Fault, a
steep, east vergent thrust.
3.50 km Monument 83 Trail on right.
4.40 km Albian-Cenomanian Pasayten
Group sediment on left in lower
plate of Chuwanten thrust.
5.10 km Hampton Camp on left, no
signs. About here we are in
Pasayten Group exposures.
6.95 km Middle to Upper Albian Pasayten
Group sediment on left.
7.20 km Large exposure of Pasayten
sandstone and coal.
8.65 km to 9.10 km Well exposed Jackass
Mountain Group in road cuts.
9.25 km Mule Deer Camp. Large talus
cone on left.
10.55 km Pull over on right side of road.
10.55 km Stop 17: Easternmost exposure
of Jackass Mountain Group
sediment on left, north side of
road. West-dipping Lower
Albian sandstone with coaly beds
showing minor compressional
deformation - bedding wedges.
This exposure is close to the
Pasayten Fault but the fault itself
is not exposed.
Continue eastward.
10.95 km Crossing Pasayten Fault.
11.30 km Pull over on right and stop.
11.30 km Stop 18: Mylonitic gneiss of
Late1urassic and Early
Cretaceous (c. Greig and P. van
der Heyden, unpublished U-Pb
dates) Eagle Complex just east of
Pasayten Fault. Foliation dips
west, approximately parallel with
dip of Jackass Mountain
9
sediment on other side of fault.
The observations here are
compatible with a normal fault,
approaching mylonitic
detachment fault in character.
Elsewhere kinematic evidence of
sinistral movement has been
reported.
Continue eastward.
11.65 km Pull over on right and stop.
11.65 km Stop 19: Eagle Granodiorite,
still somewhat foliated. Veined
with pegmatite and aplite which
give 105 to 110 Ma K-Ar and
Rb-Sr dates.
Continue eastward.
13.35 km Still in Eagle with pegmatite and
aplite veins.
14.10 km First exposure of
metasedimentary rocks along
west-dipping eastern contact of
Eagle Pluton with inverted
metamorphic gradient.
14.75 km More metasedimentary rock.
15.25 km McDiarmid Meadow.
15.50 km East boundary of Manning Park.
15.60 km Stop on roadside.
15.60 km Stop 20: Cross road to view
spectacular coarse hornblende
schists - Garbenschiefer of Eagle
contact metamorphic zone.
Metamorphosed Nicola Group
greenstone. K-Ar dates on this
unit range up to 120 Ma. The
several-km thick layer of
ductilely flattened and sheared
Nicola rocks that we are crossing
here is a major latest Jurassic to
Early Cretaceous tectonic feature.
Continue eastward.
16.05 km Eastgate Lodge.
16.95 km Stop on roadside. This is the
fIrst of several short stops to
observe the variety of rock types
in the Nicola arc assemblage.
 10
16.95 km Stop 21: Nicola Group
greenstone in road cuts on left.
Continue eastward.
18.90 km Stop again.
18.90 km Stop 22: Nicola Group
Rhyolite in large roadcut on left.
Continue eastward.
19.60 km Stop again.
19.60 km Stop 23: Sediments of Nicola
Formation - black shale and
sandstone.
Continue eastward.
21.30 km Similkameen Falls are out of
sight to the right of the road.
21.75 km Stop at turnout on right side at
lower end of large exposure.
21.75 km Stop 24: Walk back up road to
see exposures of Nicola
epic alas tic/pyroclastic rocks with
well preserved primary structure.
Continue eastward.
24.05 km Rest Area.
25.55 km Sharp curve in Highway. Bridge
over Copper Creek. Slow
down! On the next upgrade we
cross into Eocene, Kamloops
Group, volcanic and sedimentary
rocks which continue for the next
17 km.
32.45 km Sunday Summit.
34.55 km to 34.95 km Long cut in
greenish and pale cream colored
lahars of Kamloops Group.
37.35 km Pull over on to side of road.
37.35 km
Continue northward.
38.25 km Crossing another summit in
roadway. More lahar exposures
along roadside.
38.90 km Saturday Creek Bridge.
39.05 km Massive, close columnar jointed
flow.
39.55 km Lahar exposure.
8/23/89
40.15 km Massive, fractured. friable flow.
40.85 km Greenish and tan tuff and altered
hornblende andesite flow.
41.00 km Pull over on right side in small
turnout just before 60 km/hr
sign.
41.00 km Stop 26: Large-column
(colonnade) part of hornblende
andesite flow.
Continue northwards.
41.35 km Small columns (entablature) in
roadside exposure.
41. 65 km Friday Creek Bridge at bottom of
slope, sharp curve.
42.75 km Lahars and volcanic clast
mudflows.
42.95 km Straight ahead the Ingerbelle
(Similkameen) Mine is now
visible. A bit to the right, across
the Similkameen River, at -2:00,
are the open pit and dump of the
older Copper Mountain Mine.
The Ingerbelle ore body was
discovered beneath the old
highway. Relocation westward
was necessary so that the mine
could be opened. The rerouted
highway will descend through
road cuts in Nicola Group
volcanic and sedimentary rocks
over the next 10 km.
47.70 km Beginning steep downgrade
49.25 km Pull over to right and stop just
before concrete comer barriers
49.25 km Stop 27: View of Princeton
Basin and copper mines. The
geology of the basin is
summarized by McMechan
(1983). The structural control is
a NNE trending normal fault on
the east side of the half graben
containing Eocene deposits.
Volcanic rocks, related to those
we have just crossed are overlain
by 1.7 km of coal-bearing clastic
sediments of the Allenby
Formation. Coal mining began
in 1901 and died out in the
1950's. The Similkameen mill is
built on Early Jurasic monzonite
 8/23/89
and syenite of the Lost Horse
Complex. Copper
mineralization is disseminated
across the contact of the Early
Jurassic alkaline plutons of the
Copper Mountain suite with
altered Late Triassic Nicola
volcanic rocks.
Continue northwards.
49.70 km Road cuts in Nicola begin.
50.70 km Mine junction.
53.10 km Whipsaw Creek Bridge. Road
cuts still in Nicola Group.
53.40 km Whipsaw Road junction. To the
right the dumps for the
Similkameen Concentrator are
visible. Climbing the grade here
returns to exposures of Eocene
Road Log Day 2, Part II
0.00 km Reset odometer to zero at
highway junction in Princeton.
0.50 km Bridge over Similkameen River.
1.25 km to 1.80 km Tailings pile from
Allenby copper concentrator on
right.
3.80 km Entering Sirnilkameen River
Gorge.
5.50 km to 6.75 km Nicola
greenstone - volcanic flows and
breccias - cut by reddish
weathering granitic dykes.
6.75 km to 8.65 km No exposures across
intrusive contact. Road on river
terrace.
9.75 km to 26.45 km Jurassic granodiorite
exposures and talus. We are in
the Similkameen-Pennask
batholith.
21.45 km Pullover into Bromley Rock
Provincial Park.
21.45 km Stop 29: Rest stop in park.
Lunch. Examine blocks of
11
sediment, some baked and
reddened by shallow coal flres.
54.15 km Start downgrade. Red colored
sediment in low cuts.
54.45 km to 54.65 km More red Eocene
sediment. Poor exposures of
sediment continue for next 2 km.
60.35 km Side road comes in from right.
61.10 km Exposure oflight colored
sandstone.
64.70 km Gate.
65.70 km Entering Princeton.
66.25 km Park by sandstone-grit exposure
on left side of highway in
Princeton, behind the bus depot.
66.25 km top 28: Kamloops Group
sands of Princeton Coal Basin.
End of this section of road log.
Jurassic granodiorite by
roadside.
Continue eastward.
28.55 km Granitic blocks by road.
28.65 km Dark exposure of Nicola Group
argillite.
31.50 km Bridge over Similkameen River.
33.20 km Stemwinder Provincial Park.
34.25 km to 34.75 km Nicola Group
argillite and limy argillite.
35.75 km Mazama ash (from Crater Lake,
Oregon eruption about 6845±50
years ago) is visible in road cut
on left.
35.20 km to 36.15 km Nicola argillite
exposures.
37.30 km Point of interest warning sign.
37.80 km Pullover into parking area by
information sign.
37.80 km Stop 30: Gold in Nickel Plate
view stop. The cliffs above
Hedley expose 2000 m of
Nicola Group sediments, all of
1~·12
Upper Triassic (Carnian to
Early Norian) age, intruded by
Early Jurassic diorite and
gabbro sills and dikes. Nearby
stocks and batholiths range
from Early Jurassic to early Late
Jurassic in age. The Nickel
Plate mine produced 2 million
ounces of gold from 1896 to
1930 and 1934 to 1958.
Mining has recently resumed.
The ore is in garnet pyroxene
skarn.
Continue eastward.
38.55 km Passing through Hedley.
Eastward the valley is broader
and flanked by gigantic talus
cones developed on
eugeosynclinal assemblages,
mostly greenstone and argillite
of the Apex Mountain Group.
42.80 km Hill on left is granitic rock.
44.80 km 16 Mile Creek.
48.20 km Left curve in highway, 60km/hr
speed limit.
53.75 km Colluvium with some Mazama
ash in road cut.
54.05 km Pull over into large paved
turnout at Mountain Goat View
Stop.
54.05 km Stop 31: View of Apex
Mountain Group geology to
northeast and Ashnola River
Valley to south. Milford (1984)
described these rocks as bedded
chert and basalt with minor
limestone and conglomerate of
Carboniferous to Late Triassic
age. Limestone lenses and
clasts yield fossils as old as
Ordovician (Pohler et al.,
1989). These rocks form an
east-dipping accretion complex.
The strata are generally upright,
but become younger westward,
downward in the tectonic stack.
Continue eastward.
54.80 km Poor exposures of Mazama ash
in colluvium on left.
55.95 km to 56.25 km Good exposures of
Mazama ash.
8/28/89
57.20 km Past turnoff to Outward Bound
camp.
57.65 km Paved turnout. Possible photo
stop and opportunity to examine
chert and greenstone float. A
glacial kettle in fluvioglacial
gravels is visible on the north
side of the road.
60.15 km Big rock by roadside.
60.40 km Mazama ash overlain by
landslide debris.
60.90 km River gravels in road cut.
61.95 km Rest area on right.
62.65 km Junction with road over covered
bridge to Cathedral Provincial
Park. In the Park are
spectacular exposures of mid-
Cretaceous granitic rock.
Because of the high elevation
these unusual weathered forms
escaped Wisconsin glaciation.
64.30 km Top of rise. We come into view
of Mount Kobau to the
southeast, and columnar
Eocene lava of the Marron
Formation to the northeast. The
highway is pointed almost
exactly east. The Kobau area
(Okulitch, 1973) is siliceous
metasediment with minor
greenstone and limestone.
Fossils are not present but the
age is inferred to be in the same
time range as the Apex
Mountain Group, and most
probably mid to late Paleozoic.
65.90 km Turn left onto paved road to
bypass Keremeos. Heading
north and then northeast.
67.15 km Straight ahead is view of
Eocene Marron Volcanics on
skyline overlying Old Tom -
Shoemaker formations of Apex
Mountain Group.
68.40 km Rejoin Highway 3A. Turn left,
heading north.
70.40 km and 72.0 km Road cuts in
Ollala alkaline intrusive complex
- biotite pyroxenite and syenite
of Early to Middle Jurassic age.
72.80 km Center of small community,
Ollala
~----.-----------------------------==-----~~-=
8/23/89
74.00 to 74.10 kIn Roadcut in bedded
chert of the Apex Mountain
Group.
72.20 kIn Mazama ash in road cut through
colluvium.
76.35 kIn Attop of rise in road view to
northeast is of Marron
Volcanics. To the right at 2:00
the light-colored Middle to
Upper Triassic (Pohler et al.,
1989) Ollala limestone (Nicola
equivalent) is visible high on the
hillside. It is nearly horizontal
and unconformably overlies
steeply dipping deformed and
metamorphosed Carboniferous
to Upper Triassic Apex
Mountain Group rocks.
77.7 and 78.0 kIn Outcrops of greenstone
of Apex Mountain Group.
78.60 kIn Middle to Late Jurassic
Granodiorite in roadcut on left.
79.69 kIn Apex Ski Area turnoff to left.
Pull over on right shoulder of
road or turnoff onto Apex road
and stop.
79.69 kIn Stop 32: View of Marron
Volcanics overlying
Springbrook Formation
conglomerate at 2:00. Church
(1985) details the next several
exposures. Here 230 m of
Springbrook conglomerate
contains chert clasts in its lower
part and mixed chert,
greenstone, metamorphic rocks,
and gneiss clasts in its upper
part.
Continue northeast on Highway
3A
80.90 kIn Roadcuts in greenstone of the
Apex Mountain Group.
82.50 kIn Poor exposure of greenstone.
83.45 to 86.00 kIn Yellow and Toy
Lakes, occupying a west
draining meltwater channel,
dammed by postglacial fans.
Along this stretch of highway
are good exposures of Marron
lava flows with several flow
contacts visible. The Yellow
.....
13
Lake Member is mafic
phonolite. Vugs and amygdules
contain zeolites- natrolite,
laumontite-Ieonhardite,
mordenite, and thompsonite.
86.00 to 87.00 kIn The highway rises
though Marron Volcanics -
trachyte, trachyandesite, and
andesite. The alkalinity
decreases notably upsection.
87.05 kIn Turn right just past Coca Cola
and Golf sign ont Twin Lakes
Road, going south. The road
leads to to ice-contact face and
up onto a pitted outwash plain
88.20 kIn Ridge of Marron Volcanics on
left.
88.45 kIn Sharp left tum.
88.60 kIn Sharp right tum. For the next
kilometer we are driving past
Twin Lakes, kettles in the
outwash plain that drained
southwest and west.
89.70 kIn Tum east into White Lake
Basin.
90.00 kIn Sharp right tum. The Okanagan
Valley is now visible in the
distance across the White Lake
Basin.
90.50 kIn Sharp left tum.
92.00 kIn Approximately at the contact
between Marron Volcanics and
White Lake Basin sedimentary
rocks.
93.15 kIn Good view of White Lake
Basin.
94.85 kIn Sharp left tum. Volcaniclastic
rocks in roadcuts.
95.45 kIn White Lake is visible at 2:00.
Rising behind the lake are
ridges of conglomerate and
landslide breccia of the Skaha
Formation.
96.35 kIn Road junction. Go straight on
towards the Dominion Radio
Observatory. A sign here
points southward toward
Oliver. (To reach the U. B. C.
Field School follow the paved
road to the south, staying to the
right at road junctions. The
Field School camp is where the
road to Oliver crosses Victoria
1- 14
Creek, on the right side of the
road going south.)
96.55 km Pull over just past cattle guard.
96.55 km Stop 33: Panoramic view of
White Lake Basin with Radio
Observatory in foreground,
Skaha Fonnation supports the
ridge in the background. The
overall structure here is a east
plunging syncline in a half
graben, bounded on the east by
a major, low-angle nonnal fault.
The Skaha is composed of
debris shed catastrophically
from the rapidly rising upland to
the east.
Continue northeast.
96.75 km Sandstone and coaly beds by
road.
97.90 to 98.30 Good exposure of
sedimentary rocks. Pullover
and stop on right hand side.
98.30 km Stop 34: Examination of
sandstone and coal beds of
White Lake Fonnation.
Coalified logs, fossil plant
fragments, mudflow deposits
are observable.
Turn around and head back to
south.
100.10 km Sharp left curve.
101.35 km Stop on side of road.
101.35 km Stop 35: View of Indian
Head. The capping rock is
Skaha Fonnation slide breccias
containing clasts of chert and
greenstone. These overlie less
erosion-resistant tuff breccia
and agglomerate.
Continue south towards Oliver.
101.90 to 102.10 km Ridge on left is
Marron Volcanics again as we
descend out of White Lake
Basin.
104.55 to 105.90 km Downgrade across
faulted Marron.
8/23/89
106.35 km Coming into Meyers Flat, an
alluvium floored valley.
106.35 to 107.05 km Road cuts on left
are in Paleozoic-Triassic
greenstone and chert.
107.25 km Road forks. Go left. The hills
straight ahead are Shuswap
Complex -Vaseaux Fonnation.
The hills to the right (south) are
underlain by the Oliver Pluton,
a composite body of Early to
Middle Jurassic age. Older
hornblende diorite surrounds a
younger adamellite core.
108.65 km Paved road forks again. Go
left. The road will now follow
the trace of the Okanagan Valley
fault for several km. On the left
are exposures of chert and
argillite. On the right are
metamorphic rocks. Near the
road these are mylonitic,
approaching chlorite breccia
inplaces. Foliation dips gently
west.
109.40 km Paleozoic-Triassic chert and
greenstone fonn the high hills
on the left. To the north and
west, at 10:00, the hills are
Marron Volcanics.
110.45 to 110.95 km Outcrops of Vaseaux
Fonnation paragneiss.
111.05 km Marron Volcanics on left.
111.35 km Turn left onto dirt road at
Mahoney Lake and stop.
111.35 km Stop 36: Mahoney Lake.
Rocks in the footwall of the
Okanagan Valley Fault. Parrish
et al. (1985) describe the next
several stops. Here we can see
mylonitic gneiss and chloritic
and slicic breccias at the very
top of the lower plate of the
Okanagan Valley fault. Acrosss
the lake to the west are Marron
Volcanics. To the northwest the
hills are Skaha Fonnation.
Mahoney Lake contains warm
saline stagnant bottom water.
Continue northeast.
------------------------------------------------
8/23/89
111.60 km Outcrops of amphibolitic
gneiss.
112.75 km Skaha Formation.
113.20 to 114.00 km Green Lake. Stop
on side of road at 113.55 km.
113.55 km Stop 37: Skaha Formation at
Green Lake. Observe the
polymictic matrix-supported
breccia. The detachment fault is
in the lake just 10's of m below
the road. The breccias dip
steeply into the fault. Green
Lake, unlike Mahoney, has
oxygenated bottom water,
stirred by the wind.
Continue north.
114.35 km Entering into the Okanagan
Valley.
115.90 km Bottom of steep grade. For
next 4 km the steep cliffs on left
are of Skaha Formation, White
Lake Formation, and Marron
Formation, successively.
119.75 km Junction with Highway 97.
Turn right to go through the
town of Okanagan Falls.
119.85 km Bridge over Okanagan River.
120.55 km Highway turns right but we go
straight ahead for one more
block.
120.55 km Tum right. Go south on Maple
Street.
123.00 km Turn left, east just before
vinyard on left.
124.00 km Pull over on side of road at end
of oiled section.
124.00 km Stop 38: Mylonitic gneiss
exposures on left side of road.
Kinematic indicators show top
to the west movement.
Metamorphic grade is upper
amphibolite. Panoramic view
of Okanagan Valley fault on
right (Figure 4).
Go back to paved road. The hill
to the north, just east of
Okanagan Falls, is Marron
Volcanics. The Dusty Mac
mine just east of the hill is in a
15
detachment-fault-type of
disseminated gold
mineralization in quartz breccia
in White Lake Formation
sedimentary rocks. Open pit
mining in 1975-1976 recovered
0.5 million dollars in gold.
125.00 km Turn left, south.
127.90 km Rejoin Highway 97. Tum left,
south. Note the Mountain
Sheep warning sign.
128.70 km Vaseaux Lake Campground.
129.60 km Stop and park in turnout on left
side.
129.60 km Stop 39: Vaseaux Formation
of the Shuswap Complex.
Multiply deformed semipelitic
gneiss discordantly intruded by
weakly foliated anastamosing
granitic sheets is well exposed.
The granitic rocks are like a
thick foliated granitic sill just
above us dated by U-Pb as
Cretaceous (Parkinson, 1985).
The fold and lineation trend is
WNW - a regionally consistent
fabric parallel to the mylonitic
lineation observed previously.
Continue southward.
129.64 to 130.00 km Spectacular cliff
exposures of folded and injected
gneiss of the Vaseaux
Formation.
130.80 to 131.15 km More good
exposures of gneiss.
131.45 km South end of Vaseaux Lake.
136.95 km Continue past Inkaneep
Provincial Park turnoff on left.
137.85 km Seacrest Road on right. An
optional point of geologic
interest may be reached by
turning right here, going about
1.0 km on paved road, turning
right onto a dirt road into Covert
Farms, and driving 0.5 km up
into the work yard. Walk a
further 0.5 km north to the
southernmost promontory of
rock at the edge of the cultivated
area. There one can see a
foliated and lineated Eocene(51
 16
Ma) Rhomb Porphyry dike
cutting Early Proterozoic(?)
Vaseaux Formation gneisses
and foliated Jurassic(?)
leuco anite sills.
140.65 kIn The Oliver pluton underlies the
hills on the right and is poorly
exposed in the low hills on the
left, across the Okanagan
Valley. The Gyppo Mine, a
quarry in a giant pegmatitic
quartz vein, is visible at
approximately 142 km.
8/23/89
142.05 km Signs for town of Oliver.
142.40 km Stop on roadside if traffic is not
too heavy.
142.40 km Stop 40: Garnet muscovite
adamellite of the Oliver pluton.
Continue southwards through
Oliver.
144.80 km Turn left into Southwinds
Motel. End of Day 2.
 ~--~~--------------------------------------~-=======--==========-====--==========
r-
!
8/23/89
Day 3 Road Log, in two parts
0.00 km Set odometer to zero. Turn left,
south onto Highway 97 out of
Southwinds Motel parking lot
As we travel south the hills on
the right are in eugeosynclinal
Kobau Formation cut by altered
Jurassic intrusive rocks. The
hills on the left are in granites
and gneisses of the Shuswap
Complex. The Okanagan Valley
fault is buried by valley fill south
of Oliver.
14.10 to 14.20 km Road cuts in loess
covering kame terraces of the
Okanagan Valley.
18.70 km Junction with Highway 3.
18.75 to 19.90 km Downtown Osoyoos.
20.45 km Bridge over Okanagan River.
22.00 km Start climb to Anarchist Summit
The road cuts from here to 40.0
km are in the Early Jurassic
Osoyoos pluton.
24.85 km First good exposure of granitic
rock.
27.00 km Veined gneiss exposure.
27.50 km Sharp curve.
28.70 km Sharp curve.
29.60 km Pull over into scenic turnout
29.60 km top 41: Anarchist Mountain - 38.12
Okanagan Valley Overlook. 39.95
Panoramic view of Okanagan 40.80
(Okanogan in Washington)
Valley (Figure 5). The road cuts
here are fairly typical Early
Jurassic Osoyoos gneissic quartz
diorite cut by deformed aplite 42.80
dikes. The valley floor lies 275 43.00
m above sea level. The hills
opposite are mid-Paleozoic to 50.50
Triassic eugeosync1inal 47.65
sediments cut by Jurassic granitic
plutons. Southward into
Washington these are overlain by 54.45
Eocene volcanic and sedimentary 56.95
rocks. The distant mountains are 58.05
in the Early to Middle Jurassic 58.70
Similkameen batholith. The east
side of the valley is the lower 59.45
plate of the Okanagan Valley
17
fault, except near Oliver where
the Jurassic Oliver pluton of the
upper plate lies on both sides of
the valley, and for several km
south of the international
boundary where Paleozoic
eugeosynclinal and Eocene
volcanic and sedimentary rocks
of the upper plate are on both
sides of the valley. The
Okanogan dome is visible on the
east side of the valley far to the
south in Washington. The lower
plate there is composed of
paragneiss and orthogneiss
ranging in age from Early
Proterozoic to Eocene. Near the
highway the lower plate rocks
are Jurassic granitic plutons with
eugeosync1inal roof pendants
(Anarchist Group). Small-scale
lower plate structures have a NW
trend and top-to-the-west sense
of shear.
Continue upwards past many
more Jurassic granitic rock
exposures and some road cuts in
Quaternary till.
km Past Rest Area turnoff.
km Road cut in till.
km Road cut in Anarchist Group
metamorphosed eugeosync1inal
rocks. For the next 20 km we
will be going through poorly
exposed Anarchist Group.
km Ninemile Creek
km,49.72 km, and 50.15 km
Road cut in Anarchist Group.
km Anarchist Summit
km,51.55 km, and 53.45 km
More exposures of Anarchist
Group, mostly greenstone.
km Center of Bridesville.
km Road cut in Anarchist Group.
km Bridge over Rock Creek.
km Past junction on left with road to
Baldy Mountain Ski Area.
km Road cut in Anarchist Group.
 18
60.30 km Road cut in Jurassic(?) intrusive
- poorly exposed for the next 3.5
km.
62.50 km Road to Conkle Lake Provincial
Park takes off on left.
63.10 km Entance to Johnston Creek
Provincial Park on right.
63.70 km Gulch of Johnston Creek
64.20 km Entance to Johnston Creek
Provincial Park on right. From
here to Kettle River we are in
Marron Volcanics.
66.15 km Curve left, Kettle River Valley
comes into view.
66.70 km Road cut in volcanic rock.
67.15 to 67.45 km Columnar jointed
Marron lava flow.
68.40 km Sharp curve right. Volcanic
exposures in road cuts.
68.80 km Eocene sandstone with coaly
partings.
70.30 km Junction with Kettle River Valley
Highway 33 coming in from left.
70.35 km Bridge over Rock Creek. In
lower part of Rock Creek and
Kettle River valleys and on east
side eugeosynclinal rocks
(Anarchist or Knob Hill Groups)
are exposed. Northeast of here,
across the Kettle River Valley is
a silica mine - the white scar is
notable.
75.35 km Stop on right side of highway.
The Ministry of Forests Kettle
Valley Field Office is to the left,
an Overnight Rest Stop on the
right.
75.35 km Stop 42: View of inverse
imbricate structure of the Kettle
River Valley (Figure 6). This
area of numerous normal faults
and dikes of north-south trend
was first mapped in detail by
Monger (1968). The clastic
sedimentary rocks and tuffs of
the Kettle River Formation are
overlain by trachyte and
phonolite, changing upwards to
andesite flows of the Marron
Volcanics. Eocene intrusive
rocks are fairly abundant,
suggesting an underlying
8/28/89
magma-soaked crust at the time
of extension. The upward
decrease in alkalinity mimics the
change observed in the White
Lake Basin. The faults appear to
be steep and west dipping for the
most part but a few gently-
dipping faults have been
mapped, especially to the east
near Greenwood (Little, 1983).
The low angle nature of these
faults is illustrated by Fyles
(1989).
Continue east on Highway 3.
79.80 km Bridge over Kettle River.
80.10 km Pull over on right side of road
and stop.
80.10 km Stop 43: Ash flow in Eocene
Kettle River Formation.
Continue eastward.
82.75 km Road cut in Middle Triassic
Brooklyn Formation,
epieugeosynclinal sedimentary
rocks.
83.5 to 83.65 km Good exposures of
Eocene sediment.
87.55 and 87.95 km Sharp right and then
left turns in road as it crosses
railway tracks.
89.05 to 90.00 km Town of Midway.
For next 6.0 km there are
numerous exposures of Eocene
sedimentary and volcanic rocks,
none very spectacular.
96.30 to 97.30 km Road cuts in pre-
Carboniferous greenschist.
96.75 km Dewdney Trail Point of Interest
sign.
97.25 km Bridge over Boundary Creek.
97.62 km Slag dump on left - we are
approaching the Greenwood
Mining District.
98.50 km Amphibolitic gneiss.
98.60 km Stop on right shoulder of road.
98.60 km Stop 44: Amphibolitic gneiss.
View towards Skomas Mine at
10:00. The low-grade tectonic
melange of Paleozoic to Triassic
eugeosynclinal rocks of
 8/23/89
Quesnellia appear to be underlain
by higher grade metamorphic
rocks of uncertain original age.
At the same time they are
unconformably overlain by less
deformed and metamorphosed
Middle and Upper Triassic strata.
The presence of even older
crust and mantle lithosphere
under this region is evidenced
only indirectly by windows
exposing Early Proterozoic
gneiss near Oliver and Grand
Forks, and by ultramafic nodules
(Fuji and Scarfe, 1982; Ross,
1983) of comparable age (Sun,
1985) in Quaternary alkali basalts
that erupted onto Okanagan
granitic rocks north of the Kettle
River Valley of stop 42.
Continue on past more exposures
of amphibolitic gneiss over next
1.0 km.
100.00 to 102.00 km Road cuts in late
Paleozoic argillite and chert of
Knob Hill Formation.
Elsewhere greenstone (pillow
lava and breccia) is abundant in
this unit.
101.35 km Greenwood signs.
101.80 km Greenwood Smelter Point of
Interest sign. At approximately
102.3 we cross the contact with
the Middle Jurassic Greenwood
pluton.
102.95 km Branch right from Highway 3.
103.20 km Stop sign. Then go right,
uphill. The first 2.0 km are in
Jurassic pluton. The next 5.0
km are in poorly exposed late
Paleozoic Knob Hill Formation.
109.40 km Middle Triassic sedimentary
rocks.
111.15 km Road to right leads into Phoenix
Mine open pit Turn right and
stop.
111.15 km Stop 45: Phoenix Mine.
Description being prepared by
R. Parrish.
Return to road headed east.
19
111. 70 km World War I monument. This
part of the road is in Eocene
strata.
112.25 km Road crosses Gold Drop fault -
from Eocene into late Paleozoic
Knob Hill Formation. Most of
downgrade that follows is in
Triassic strata.
114.75 km A side road on left goes to a ski
area. Continue down main
road.
120.35 km Rejoin Highway 3. Turn right.
120.75 km Stop on right shoulder of road.
120.75 km Stop 46: Glacially sculpted
outcrop of Upper Triassic red-
matrix conglomerate. The
Triassic lies with marked
unconformity over deformed
Paleozoic eugeosynclinal rocks
and is itself multiply deformed
regionally but here it appears
relatively intact. Light colored
limestone clasts are prominent
but most clasts are of igneous
orgin.
Continue southward. Good
exposures of the Triassic red
matrix conglomerate are passed
for the next 0.5 km.
121.80 km Road cut in darker colored
Triassic clastic sedimentary
rocks.
122.05 km Serpentinite of inferred Jurassic
age.
122.75 km Triassic limestone.
123.20 to 127.95 km Jurassic flow
breccia and massive greenstone.
129 to 130 km Straight stretch of road
past poorly exposed Triassic
strata.
130.15 km Large left curve begins.
132.65 km Side road branches off to right.
132.70 km Pull into turnout on right, stop.
132.70 km top 47: View of Grand
Forks - Kettle Dome. The
Granby River comes in here
from the north to join the Kettle
River which rejoins our route
from the south. The Kettle
River continues east, transecting
 20 8/28/89
Grand Forks - Kettle Dome,
here more a horst. The Granby
River Fault dips about 45° west
and separates upper plate
greenschist-grade Paleozoic,
Triassic, and Jurassic rocks
from lower plate amphibolite-
grade Paleozoic and Mesozoic
paragneiss and orthogneiss.
The major lower plate structure
is a west- plunging antiform
cored by older rocks. The axis
Road Log Day 3, Part II
0.00 km Bridge over Granby River.
Reset odometer to zero.
0.30 km Exposures of Grand Forks
Gneiss on left. For the next 20
km we will be in the horst of
Grand Forks Gneiss. All
exposures will be high -grade
sillimanite-almandine-orthoclase
plutonic rocks in contrast to the
low-grade eugeosynclinal rocks
crossed since the Okanagan
Valley. We are now in unit IV of
Preto (1970): Amphibolitic
gneiss and schist with biotite
schist and calcareous schist. Sr
isotopic compositions suggest a
Late Proterozoic to Paleozoic
age.
3.35 km Left curve past large road cut.
4.40 km Right curve. A silica mine is
visible to the left in Preto's
Dolomite and quartzite unit.
5.40 km Quarry on left is in quartzite.
6.55 km Stop and park on shoulder of
road. Quartzite underlies ridge to
left.
6.55 km Stop 48: Quartzite. This is the
lowest paragneiss with
unradiogenic Sr (i.e. Late
Proterozoic or younger),
probably the base of the
metamorphosed geosynclinal
rocks we have been passing.
lies 2 to 3 km north of the
highway. The west end of the
fold is marked by a ridge-
formin Jurassic(?) s enite sill.
Continue towards Grand Forks.
135.20 km Junction with Highway 41.
Continue eastward on Highway
3 - stay left.
137.75 km Entering Grand Forks.
140.95 km Bridge over Granby River.
Detrital zircon in this quartzite is
as young as 650 Ma (G.S.c.
data). Farther east the Grand
Forks gneisses are very
radiogenic, probably Early
Proterozoic (Rb-Sr indicates an
age on the order of 2 Ga and Sm-
Nd depleted-mantle model ages
are about 2.3 Ga. The isotopic
systems are variably reset by
Mesozoic metamorphism.) The
only evidence for an
unconformity is the change in
lithology and abrupt isotopic
change. The small scale
structural trends here are W to
NW trending, like those
observed elsewhere on this
transect across the Shuswap
Complex.
Continue east.
8.55 to 11.30 km Exposures of sillimanite
biotite paragneiss with calc
silicate gneiss.
17.15 km Logging road enters from left.
17.55 km Pull over on right shoulder and
park before large road cut.
17.55 km Stop 49: Early Proterozoic
gneiss of the Grand Forks -
Kettle Dome. Multiply folded,
migmatitic, mica and calcareous
gneiss containing various
--------------------------------------------------------------~-
8/23/89
generations of pegmatite sills and
dikes. This is cut by a late
discordant felsic dike that may be
Mesozoic or Cenozoic. The
gneisses are older than 2 Ga but
give 50 Ma mica and 60 Ma
hornblende K-Ar dates,
indicating the last time of heating
and rapid tectonic unroofing.
Continue eastward.
17.75 km Junction with Highway 395.
Stay on Highway 3, headed
northeast.
18.25 km Last road cut in gneiss.
20.25 km Christina Lake junction. Stay on
Highway 3.
20.45 km Bridge over Christina Creek.
23.30 km Large road cut in late Paleozoic
Mount Roberts Formation. For
the next 14 km most of the
numerous road cuts will be in
this unit.
23.90 to 24.15 km View of Christina
Lake on left. Mount Roberts
Formation in road cut on right.
26.65 to 26.95 km Road cut on right in
Coryell Syenite according to
Little's (1983) map of the
Greenwood area.
27.7. km Paved turnout on left side. Good
view of Christina Lake. The
Kettle River Fault trace is
beneath the lake here but is
exposed along the south flowing
stretch of the Kettle River in
Washington (Cheney, 1980;
Rhodes and Cheney, 1981; and
Cheney et al., 1982).
28.15 km Curve right, start climb up valley
of McRae Creek.
29.10 km Cut in Mount Roberts Formation
at top of steep climb.
31.10 km Rest area on left Tum in and
park. Walk back to road cut.
31.10 km Stop 50: Mount Roberts
Formation. Argillite and
calcareous siltstone are cut by
Eocene Coryell Syenite dikes.
Continue east on Highway 3.
32.25 km Gate for highway closures.
21
34.25 to 34.35 km Large road cut in
Mount Roberts Formation. Side
road on right crosses bridge over
McCrae Creek. Stay on
Highway 3.
35.30 to 37.10 km More Mount Roberts
Formation. Looks more
metamorphosed as we approach
a sea of granitic rocks.
37.85 km Granitic rocks begin here. These
are shown on Little's map as
Coryell. Some exposures are
mixed Mount Roberts Formation
and intrusive rock.
39.65 km Porphyritic granitic rock - still
Coryell.
40.40 km More Coryell.
43.00 to 44.44 km Cooked up Mount
Roberts Formation - greenish
rocks, cut by felsic intrusive
rocks.
44.60 km Granitic rock, now mapped by
Little as Nelson Plutonic Suite.
The Jurassic Nelson rocks
continue for the next 50 km.
44.70 km Bridge over McRae Creek.
44.90 to 48.55 km Lots of exposures of
Nelson, some with country rock
inclusions, some chloritic altered
and fractured, some cut by dikes.
49.40 km Rest area on right.
50.15 to 50.45 km More Nelson in cuts to
top of steep climb. Pull over and
stop at about 50.2 km to briefly
examine Jurassic granodiorite, if
desired.
53.00 to 55.20 km Nelson exposures,
some pretty grungy.
55.95 km Paulson Summit, still in Nelson.
57.10 km Cut in Nelson with dark dikes.
61.70 km Big Sheep Creek.
65.35 km Nancy Greene Lake on right.
67.15 km Nancy Greene Provincial Park
entrance.
67.25 km Junction with Highway to
Rossland and Trail (3B) to
southeast. Stay on 3, headed
northeast.
68.15 to 69.00 km Still in Nelson, mixed
dark and light components
73.25 to 86.30 km Mostly in Quaternary,
bedrock exposures rare.
87.25 to 90.40 km Back in good
exposures of granitic rock. The
 22 8/23/89
lower exposures as we descend
into the Columbia River Valley
show good exfoliation jointing.
We pass from Mackie pluton,
Nelson Plutonic Suite, into
Castle gar Gneiss (shown as
Kinnard pluton on the map)
along this stretch of road.
91.75 kIn Paved crossroad.
92.10 kIn View of Columbia River Valley.
92.85 kIn Turn right off Highway 3 at
interchange.
93.05 kIn Turn left, north, towards
Castlegar on Highway 22.
96.50 kIn Railroad overpass, veer left,
heading west on the south side of
the Columbia River.
97.25 kIn Passing Robson Ferry (service
discontinued in 1988, may not
resume) and John Robson Point
of Interest sign. Busses longer
than 13 m should take the ferry
(if service is restored) or fmd
another route across the
Columbia River, rather than
follow the log route over
Keenleyside Dam.
97.45 kIn Railroad crossing. Continue on
paved road west.
99.50 kIn Beginning of road cut in
Castle gar Gneiss.
99.35 kIn Pull over into dirt road on left
and stop. Walk up to road cut.
99.35 kIn Stop 51: Castlegar Gneiss.
Hornblende ± biotite K-feldspar
megacrystic granodiorite, also
described in Parrish et al.
(1985). This is a stone you
would love to see in your
fIreplace. Its fabric is probably
ca. 55-60 Ma old, related to east
directed shear on the Slocan
Lake-Valkyr Shear Zone. Its
geochronometry is fascinating:
magmatic zircons are about 110
Ma old, but many have lots of
diffusional Pb loss. Sphenes are
60-70 Ma, hornblende is about
60 Ma, biotite about 50 Ma. The
inference is protracted cooling in
this metamorphic core complex.
Continue west on paved road,
past a few more road cuts in
Castlegar Gneiss.
10 1.25 to 102.30 kIn Large pulp and
lumber mills on right.
104.10 kIn Quarry on left in Castlegar
Gneiss.
104.55 to 105.55 kIn Crossing Hugh
Keenleyside Dam on Columbia
River. Reservoir extends 200
kIn northwards, flooding two
former lakes.
106.30 kIn Junction with road on north side
of Columbia River. Turn left,
heading west.
108.00 kIn Quarry on right in veined
pyroxene dioritic gneiss.
109.85 kIn Scotties Marina.
110.05 and 110.45 kIn Possible parking
spots on left. Good gneiss
exposures on right side of road.
Stop and walk along exposures.
110.00 to 111.00 kIn Stop 52: Deformed
Eocene Granite. Discretely
spaced top-to-the-west shear
zones observable here in biotite
leucogranite (Ladybird Granite)
postdate a penetrative top-to-
the-east fabric observed
elsewhere in the Valhalla Dome.
Continue west. Passing granite
and syenite gneiss exposures
with increasing mafic
component.
112.85 kIn Entrance to Syringa Creek
Provincial Park. Eocene syenite
in road cuts.
114.00 kIn Road cut in syenite.
114.45 kIn Gate, turn left to campground.
115.32 kIn Picnic ground parking lot.
Rest stop. Tum around to
retrace route.
116.20 kIn Gate again.
116.70 kIn Pull over and stop.
116.70 kIn Stop 53: Coryell Syenite.
Undeformed tan, pinkish or
brownish porphyritic syenite
containing rounded mafic
inclusions.
--------------------------------------------------------~~-~=-
8/23/89
Continue to retrace route,
eastward.
120.10 km Steep mafic dike in gneiss.
120.85 km Past Scotties Marina again.
122.65 km Veined diorite gneiss again.
124.35 km Continue past road to dam.
Scattered cuts in heterogeneous
Castlegar Gneiss continue for
next 2 km. Then comes several
km with no exposures.
132.05 km Spectacular cliff on left in
Castlegar Gneiss.
132.55 km Robson Ferry landing.on right
(ferry may not be in service).
133.50 km Bridge over Ladybird Creek.
134.40 km Sharp left to head north up
Ladybird Valley on winding
paved road following creek.
140.00 km Climb up onto terrace.
144.55 to 145.30 km Exposures of gently
dipping mylonitic Eocene
granitic gneiss.
148.15 to 148.55 km Road climbs
through cuts in sand.
150.20 km Cross Goose Creek.
150.80 km Stop on side of road.
150.80 km Stop 54: Mylonitic foliated
Paleocene (62 Ma by U-Pb)
pluton. The layered mylonitic
augen gneiss shows top-to-the-
east sense of shear.
Continue northeast. The road
wanders back and forth across
Goose Creek for the next 3.5
km.
155.75 km Turn right.
155.85 km Cross bridge over Slocan River.
161.65 km Turn left, north, and cross
railway track on Highway 6.
167.00 to 167.55 km Cuts in paragneiss.
168.80 km Junction with paved road that
goes left over Slocan River.
Keep going straight, north on
Highway 6.
169.75 to 172.35 km Cuts in paragneiss.
172.95 km Stop and park in turnout on left
side of road. Walkup road to
large cut in paragneiss.
172.95 km top 55: Paragneiss of
Valhalla Dome. Banded,
23
mylonitic paragneiss of
uncertain protolith age. K-
feldspar-sillimanite-biotite-
garnet-graphite paragneiss with
leucocratic layers and
amphibolite boudins dips 30°
NE and shows an east-plunging
lineation with top-to-the-east
sense of shear. Lineated
sillimanite-bearing concordant
leucocratic pegmatites here are
70 Ma and have very complex
zircon and monazite
s stematics.
Turn around and retrace route
back towards Castlegar,
southwards.
175.05 km Branch road on right leads to
Vallican. Stay on main road.
189.90 km Slocan River Bridge junction
and railroad track crossing.
Stay on Highway 6, going
south.
190.90 km Rapids in Slocan River on right.
192.30 km Junction with Highway 3A.
Turn right, south, following the
Kootenay River.
194.80 km Bridge over Slocan River.
204.65 to 208.80 km Road cuts on right
in rocks of the Jurassic
Bonnington Pluton. This is part
of the Nelson Plutonic Suite that
is here in the upper plate of the
Slocan Lake - Champion Lake
Fault, which forms the east
bounding structure of the
Valhalla Dome.
205.60 km Rest area on left.
207.60 km Dam on right.
208.85 km Bridge over Kootenay River.
209 .25 km Road cut on left in rocks of the
Jurassic Bonnington Pluton.
210.70 km Junction with road to Airport
and Selkirk. Keep going
straight
211.25 km Turnoff to right.
211.90 km Bridge over Columbia River.
212.60 km Turnoff to right towards
Highway 22 and Castlegar.
213.05 km Turn right on 22.
213.20 km Turn left into Fireside Motel.
 24 8/23/89

Side trip to Stop 56: Tum right out of motel,

headed south. Drive 15 km to
Genelle.

Stop 56: Genelle Roadcut.

Complexly defonned Jurassic
Mackie Pluton amongst para-
and orthogneiss. These later
gneisses are part of either the
Trail Gneiss (with mid
Paleozoic zircon dates and a mid
Mesozoic injected leucosome
where studied by Simony,
Armstrong, Mortensen and van
der Heyden) or metamorphosed
late Paleozoic Mount Roberts
Fonnation. According to
Parrish et al. (1988), this zone
of high strain is early Tertiary
and part of the Valkyr Shear
Zone above the Valhalla
Complex.

Tum around and return to

Castlegar. End of Day 3.
I--------------~~~~~---=~====~-~=~==
8/23/89
Day 4 Road Log, in two parts
0.00 km Fireside Inn, Castlegar. Set
odometer to zero. Leave parking
lot, turn right onto Highway 22.
0.25 km Turn left onto ramp onto
Highway 3, eastbound.
1.35 km Bridge over Columbia River.
1.90 km Fork to left, stay on 3 to Salmo,
not 3A to Nelson.
3.20 km Columbia Road crosses
highway.
3.35 km Start climb past lots of road cuts
in border zone of Bonnington
pluton, Nelson Plutonic Suite.
The rock exposed here is
Jurassic granodiorite mixed with
country rock, and variously
veined and cut by dikes.
4.20 to 4.45 km Intrusive cut by mafic
dikes. Most exposures along
this stretch are pretty ugly.
7.55 km Turn right into viewpoint parking
lot.
7.55 km Stop 57: View of Castle gar
Gneiss across Columbia River
(Figure 7). Also look at Trail
Gneiss? in roadcut,
heterogeneous, deformed,
variably veined, altered, and
fractured. Not a pretty sight
8.30 to 12.20 km Road cuts in Jurassic
pluton mixed with country rock
inclusions.
13.05 km Turnout on right and stop.
13.05 km Stop 58: Bonnington pluton,
Nelson Plutonic Suite.
Granodiorite with country rock
inclusions.
Continue eastwards.
13.85 to 22.60 km Road cuts in Jurassic
pluton mixed with country rock
and cut by mafic dikes.
22.60 to 24.0Sicrn Covered interval.
23.20 km Runaway lane. Downgrade into
Beaver Creek Valley.
24.50 km Approximate contact between
Nelson quartz diorite to
.........""""""""""""""""
25
granodiorite and Jurassic
Rossland Group strata.
25.40 km Rossland Group in road cut.
26.70 km Runaway lane.
27.15 to 27.25 km Large road cut in
siltstone and argillite of the
Archibald Formation, Rossland
Group.
27.40 km Side roads enter highway.
27.80 km Bridge over Beaver Creek.
28.05 km Junction of Highway 3 and 3B.
Turn left, east.
29.25 to 29.35 km Dark argillite of
Archibald Formation in road cut.
31.10 to 31.20 km Nelson granitic stock
near Meadow Station.
31.30 km Railroad overpass.
33.70 km Rest area on right side.
34.80 km Bridge over Erie Creek.
35.85 km Railroad crossing.
38.45 km Junction of Highways 3 and 6.
Keep to right, south on 3.
38.70 km Bridge over Erie Creek.
39.25 km Pull over and stop on broad right
shoulder.
39.25 km Stop 59: Jurassic Hall
Formation of the Rossland
Group. Hornfelsed argillite is
observed here because of
proximity to the Salmo stock.
Continue southward.
40.55 to 40.70 km Cuts in dark, rusty-
weathering Hall Formation.
42.80 to 43.05 km Cuts in massive
volcaniclastic rock of the
Rossland Group. Pull out into
large turnout on left at 42.85 km
and stop.
42.85 km Stop 60: Rossland Group
volcanic rock. This is the last
stop in accreted or suspect
terranes. We are just about to
enter North American craton-
margin lower Paleozoic
sediments.
Continue south.
 26
43.75 and 44.20 kIn Last road cuts in
Rossland Group.
44.45 kIn Bridge over Salmo River.
45.65 km Cut on left at end of ridge is in
Nelson-type granitic rock.
48.05 to 48.50 kIn Tailings pile by side of
road. We are in the Salmo
Mining District.
52.60 kIn Junction of Highways 6 and 3.
Stay on 3, going east.
Optional side trip to see the Black
Bluff fault: 5.15 kIn south on
Highway 6, with a good pullout
on the right (west) side is an
excellent exposure of the fault,
described by Lambert et al.
(1989). The fault is seen on the
east side of the road where it is
host to a biotite lamprophyre
dike. Black slate of the
Ordovician Active Formation on
the north is separated from
phyllite and limestone of the
Middle Cambrian Nelway
Formation on the south.
53.15 km Good cut on left in Lower
Cambrian Reeves Limestone
Member of Laib Formation. We
are now in the Lower Paleozoic
strata of the Kootenay Arc.
53.90 to 54.05 kIn More Reeves
Limestone, dark limestone in
road cuts.
54.40 kIn Pull over into small turnout on
right and stop. Walk back to
road cuts.
54.00 km Stop 61: Reeves Limestone.
Continue eastward.
54.60 kIn Rest Stop on right.
57.00 km Approximate position of the
Black Bluff fault - Ordovician
Active Formation on the
northwest side, upper Laib
Formation of Early Cambrian age
on the southeast side.
57.60 km Power line overhead.
59.70 kIn Good exposure of medium
bedded quartzite with west dip
on northeast side of road. This
is Lower Cambrian Quartzite
Range Formation.
8/28/89
59.95 kIn Road widens, turnout on right
shoulder and stop.
59.95 kIn Stop 62: Lower Cambrian
quartzite, Sheep Creek Anticline.
Strike of bedding swings around
from northeast to northwest.
This is a steep axial plane, tight,
south plunging anticline - typical
of this part of the Kootenay Arc.
Continue eastward.
60.40 kIn Last quartzite exposure. Dip is
now eastward.
62.30 kIn Lower Cambrian Laib Formation
slaty argillite in cut on left.
62.70 kIn Light grey limestone of Middle
Cambrian Nelway Formation.
63.35 kIn Large curve to left, leaving South
Salmo River and entering
Stagleap Creek Valley, which
trends nearly parallel to strike.
64.05 kIn Nelway Formation.
65.35 kIn Crossing Ripple Creek Fault,
just before Gate. For the next
kilometer road cuts are in shale
and argillite of the Lower
Cambrian Laib Formation.
67.35 to 67.65 kIn Good exposures of
Lower Cambrian Reno
Formation slate and argillite.
68.20 kIn Light grey limestone of the
Lower Cambrian Reeves
Limestone Member of the Laib
Formation. We are coming into
the core of the Laib Syncline.
68.60 to 69.15 kIn Spectacular minor
folds in argillite. Possible stop at
68.90 kIn in core of syncline.
69.65 kIn Roadcut into dark limestone.
70.05 to 71.00 kIn Cuts are in dark
argillite of Reno Formation.
71.00 to 73.50 kIn Cuts are in quartzite
and argillite of the Quartzite
Range Formation. The contacts
appear to be somewhat
gradational.
73.50 to 75.30 kIn Cuts in Three Sisters
Formation, Windermere Group
greenish and grey grit and
quartzite.
75.45 kIn Summit Lake. Wide turnouts on
both sides of road permit a stop
 8/28/89
to walk back and see cooked up
gritty quartzite.
75.60 km Crest in Highway.
76.10 km Stop on broad shoulder.
76.10 km Stop 63: Summit stock. Two-
mica granodiorite of mid
Cretaceous age.
Continue east, mostly
downgrade for next 38 km to the
Kootenay River Valley, going
down section in the Proterozoic
continent-margin sediment
wedge. This is a very thick
section with metamorphic grade
increasing noticeably
downsection and eastwards.
78.70 km Approximate contact of Summit
stock with Three Sisters
Formation.
79.45 km Grey quartzite of Three Sisters
Formation.
79.90 km Curve right.
80.90 km Turnout on right and stop. Walk
ahead to road cut under power
line.
81.10 km Stop 64: Irene Volcanics and
Monk Conglomerate.
Stromatolitic dolomite occurs at
west end of exposure, dolomite
clast conglomerate and
pyroclastic greenstone follow to
the east. This is stop 1-7 of
Brown et al. (1981).
Continue eastward.
89.45 km Road cuts in base of Windermere
to west and top of Purcell to east
of this point at approximate
contact between the units.
81. 70 km Cut in Irene Volcanics.
83.45 km Gate.
86.15 km Power line overhead.
86.30 to 89.95 km Road cuts in Toby
Conglomerate at base of
Windermere Group. Clasts are
flattened parallel to cleavage in
matrix.
90.00 km Pull over and stop on wide
shoulder on right side of road.
Walk back to exposure.
27
89.95 km Stop 65: Toby Conglomerate,
base of Windermere Group.
Flattened clasts of quartzite and
buff to white dolostone occur in
a phyllitic matrix. The unit is
inferred to be a glacial diamictite.
Walk back down road, past
parking spot and covered
contact, to Dutch Creek
Formation, Purcell Group.
Rusty weathering quartzite and
pelite. Stop 1-5 of Brown et al.
(1981).
Continue eastward.
90.60 km Maryland Creek road turnoff on
left.
93.90 km Approximate position of Blazed
Creek normal fault. East side up
- bringing up Aldridge Formation
at higher metamorphic grade.
96.50 km Road cut in steeply dipping
Aldridge Formation, lower
Purcell Group. Pegmatite fills a
nearly horizontal fissure.
93.35 km Rest area on right.
100.30 km Topaz Creek.
101.90 to 108.35 km Road cuts in
metamorphosed Aldridge, cut
by lenticular pegmatite sheets.
108.35 km Dirt road intersects highway on
left. Turn in and park. Walk
back to road cut.
108.30 km Stop 66: Metamorphosed mica
schist and micaceous quartzite
of the Aldridge Formation,
Lower Purcell Group. The
mineral assemblage is biotite-
muscovite-quartz with minor
garnet, sillimanite and kyanite.
More than one foliation is
present. The quartz-feldspar
pegmatite bodies are
boudinaged within the foliation
(sl), which is further folded
and kinked. This is stop 1-4 of
Brown et al. (1981).
Continue east on Highway 3.
108.55 km Bridge over Summit Creek.
108.75 to 109.05 km Aldridge Formation
in cuts on left.
 28 8/23/89
109.25 km Entrance to Summit Creek
Campground with paved
turnout on left.
110.50 km Turn sharply to right, off
Highway 3, take route towards
Wildlife Center. We are now in
the Purcell Trench, Kootenay
River Valleyo The major
structure is a normal fault, east
side down, which cuts the west
limb of the Purcell
Anticlinorium. The fault is
concealed beneath the alluvium
filled, glacially deepened valley.
11l.35 km Keep left.
111.70 km Wildlife Center.
115.30 km Bridge over Com Creek.
117.50 km Bridge.
118.75 km Sharp right curve to southo
12l.35 km Sharp curve to left, east on to
graded surface.
122.15 km Sharp right curve to south, on
to pavement again.
123.80 km Dirt road on left. Keep straight
on pavement.
124.55 km Rounded outcrop of
granodiorite gneiss on right.
The road curves around it.
124.75 km End of pavement. Junction
with Granary Road. Stop here.
Road Log Day 4, Part II
0.00 km Where the Highway turns 90
degrees left into downtown
Creston set odometer to zero.
7.35 km Road cut in Aldridge Formation.
7.80 km Bridge over Arrow Creek.
12.10 km Bridge over Goat River. There
are few bedrock exposures along
this stretch of highway that
follows alluviated valleys. A
few low exposures of Aldridge
are passed between 16 and 18
km.
17.55 km Kitchener.
18.25 km Bridge over Meadow Creek
22.75 km Rest area.
124.75 km Stop 67: West Creston
Gneiss. A low rounded outcrop
of foliated granodiorite lies
adjacent to the road here. This
is an outlier of the mid
Cretaceous Kaniksu batholith.
The fabric is of Late Cretaceous
to early Cenozoic age and thus
younger than ductile
deformation in the Kootenay
Arc.
Turn around and retrace route
northwards.
131. 7 5 km Turn right, to go north.
131.80 km Bridge.
135.70 km Back to Highway 3. Turn
right, east.
136.35 km Bridge over Kootenay River.
140.00 km Roadjunctiono Turn left to stay
on Highway 3.
140.30 km Road cut in Aldridge
Formation, Purcell Group on
right.
140.70 km Railroad underpass.
140.90 km Junction with Highway 3A.
Turn right to stay on 3 into
Creston.
143.70 km Downtown Creston. End of
this section of road log.
34.00 km Cut in massive typically rusty
weathering Aldridge.
35.90 km Railroad overpass.
36.65 km Railroad underpass.
36.95 km Bridge over Moyie River.
37.10 km Junction with Highway 95. Stay
on 3, left.
37.75 km Bridge over Moyie River.
38.45 to 38.75 km Road cuts in rusty
Middle Aldridge.
39.95 km Yahk.
40.60 km Yahk Provincial Park.
41.50 km Bridge over Moyie River.
44.15 to 46.80 km Low cuts and outcrops
of Aldridge.

48.70 kIn
Rest area.
49.10 kIn
Bridge over Moyie River.
49.35 kIn
Railroad overpass.
52.90 kIn
Beginning of good road cuts in
Aldridge Fonnation.
53.55 kIn Pull over on shoulder on right
and stop.
53.55 kIn Stop 68: Middle Aldridge
Formation. Rusty weathering
argillite, siltstone and quartzite
showing turbidity current
sedimentary structures indicative
of deep water deposition are
observable here on the west limb
of the Moyie Anticline. This unit
is more than 5000 m thick.
Continue northeast.
54.75 kIn Bridge over Irishman Creek
55.30 kIn Pull over on wide shoulder on
right and stop.
55.30 kIn Stop 69: Moyie Sill.
Hornblende quartz diorite sill in
Middle Aldridge Formation.
These gabbroic sheets are
numerous in the Purcell
Geanticline and intruded only
Low and Middle Aldridge
sediment, presumably during
deposition of the Aldridge
Formation. U-Pb dates indicate
a 1.43 Ga time of crystallization.
These magmas were probably
the heat source for the
hydrothermal system that
deposited the Sullivan and related
vein base metal deposits.
Continue northeast.
55.80 kIn End of nearly continuous
Aldridge exposures.
58.40 to 72.70 kIn Multiple cuts and
exposures of Aldridge Fonnation
along highway.
65.65 kIn Midway mine dump on left.
70.05 kIn Bridge over Moyie River.
73.00 kIn Ruins of mill on right. For the
next 10 kIn there are views of
Moyie Lake to the left of the
highway.
73.15 kIn St. Eugene Mine Point of Interest
sign. The exploitation of this
8/23/89 29
Pb-Zn-Ag vein deposit began in
1890 and ended several decades
ago.
72.80 to 73.65 kIn Mine dumps on right.
73.65 to 74.00 kIn Moyie.
74.65 to 78.20 kIn Cuts in Upper
Aldridge, rusty-weathering,
laminated, dark grey argillite and
lighter-grey siltstone.
80.30 kIn Crest of hill.
80.70 kIn Beginning of large cut in Creston
Formation.
81.10 kIn Pull over and park in wide
turnout on left side of highway.
81.10 kIn Stop 70: Creston Formation in
large road cut. This formation is
composed of 2000 m of tan,
green, brown, and purple
agrillaceous quartzite, siltstone
and argillite with shallow-water
sedimentary structures.
Continue northward, past more
cuts in Creston Formation.
81.90 to 82.5 kIn Covered interval.
82.50 kIn Beginning of good exposure
including Creston -Kitchener
transition.
82.70 kIn Pull over and park in turnout on
left side of highway.
82.80 kIn Stop 71: Kitchener Formation
in large road cut. This
Formation is composed of 2000
m of argillaceous dolostone and
dolomitic argillite with shallow
water sedimentary structures.
Molar tooth structure in the
carbonate rocks is a distinctive
feature.
Continue northwards, past
approximately 2 km of Kitchener
Formation exposures in road
cuts, including well developed
molar tooth structure in silty
carbonate beds.
83.95 kIn Bridge over Peavine Creek.
84.80 kIn Cross the Moyie fault. This
structure has a minimum 4000 m
reverse/right lateral displacement.
We cross it close to the axis of
the Moyie Anticline.
 30 8/23/89
85.90 km Bridge over Moyie River. Just
to the west of this point is the
capture site, where the south-
flowing Lower Moyie River has
intercepted the east flowing
Upper Moyie River.
86.00 km Road to Moyie Lake Provincial
Park on left. Low exposure of
Middle Aldridge on right
87.75 km Bridge over Moyie River.
87.85 to 88.50 km Outcrops of Middle
Aldridge Fonnation and Moyie
gabbro sill.
92.10 to 92.50 km Exposure of Middle
Aldridge Fonnation.
92.25 km Pull over and park on wide right
shoulder of highway opposite
Lumberton Road coming in from
left.
92.25 km Stop 72: Middle Aldridge
Fonnation. The rocks here are
grey quartz wacke and siltstone
with graded beds and sole
markings indicating turbidity
current deposition. In the middle
of the Middle Aldridge, uphill
from here, are laminated
argillaceous siltstones. The
distinctive lamination patterns
have been correlated over
hundreds of kilometers.
Continue northward. Highway
passes a few low exposures of
Middle Aldridge. Cliffs to the
north are Moyie gabbro sills.
102.70 km Entering Cranbrook.
105.95 km Sharp left at light, following
Highway 3 and 95.
108.75 km Keep left leaving Cranbrook.
109.10 km Underpass.
110.75 to 115.10 km Road cuts in
Kitchener Fonnation.
115.05 km Stay left, on Highway 3,
eastbound. We are now coming
into the Rocky Mountain
Trench, Kootenay River Valley.
117.85 km To the northeast and east, the
Trench and behind it the
Hughes Range are visible. At
1:30 the forested mountain is
underlain by erosion-resistant
Purcell Volcanics (andesitic
Nichol Creek Fonnation).
118.95 km Rest area.
127.80 km Along this stretch of highway
there are poor exposures of
Devonian gypsum.
132.35 km Pull over into paved turnout on
left side of highway.
132.35 km Stop 73: View of the
Steeples, Hughes Range.
Kootenay Steamboats Point of
Interest Sign. The Southern
Rocky Mountain Trench
extends more than 1600 km and
defmes the west limit of the
Rocky Mountains. Here the
Trench structure is a half graben
with a prominent 1500 m high
fault scarp on the east side of
the valley. The last 600 m of
movement has been dated as
post Miocene by Clague (1974)
The listric nonnal fault dips
approximately 40° at shallow
depths but the dip decreases
downward. There is no
measureable strike-slip
displacement here. The Moyie
and Dibble Creek faults match
one another, with distinctive
hanging wall and footwall
Purcell - Paleozoic
unconformities on both sides of
the Trench. In the east wall of
the Trench steeply east-dipping
Purcell rocks are visible to the
crest of the Range. Cambrian
and younger miogeosynclinal
strata, unconfonnably overlie
the Purcell strata and are
steeply dipping to overturned
behind the Steeples. On the
Trench floor and west side thin
Devonian - Mississippian
carbonate units rest
unconfonnably on Upper
Purcell strata. Eocene and
Miocene sediments fill deeper
parts of the half graben but are
poorly exposed because of
Quaternary valley deposits.
 8/23/89
Continue southeast.
134.20 to 135.40 kIn Long road cut
exposing south dipping
Mississippian Rundle
Fonnation.
139.95 kIn Right turnoff to Wardner
Provincial Park. Stay on
Highway 3.
140.40 kIn Bridge over Kootenay River.
141.15 to 141.35 kIn Big cut in Devonian
Palliser Fonnation.
151.75 kIn Junction with road on right to
Jaffray. Stay on Highway 3.
152.55 kIn Small bridge over Little Sand
Creek. From the next 0.8 kIn
the highway is pointed towards
Sand Creek Valley in the Lizard
Range, the physiographic
expression of the Sand Creek
Fault.
152.90 kIn Pull over on right shoulder and
stop.
152.90 kIn Stop 74: Sand Creek view.
The Hosmer Thrust Plate on the
left, north, overrides the
Wigwam Thrust Plate on the
right, south, side of the Valley.
Continue eastward.
163.80 kIn Rest area on left.
168.20 kIn Road to right goes to Kikomun
Creek Provincial Park.
168.65 km Road curves left towards Elk
River Valley.
169.05 km Good exposure of Gateway
Fonnation, Upper Purcell
Group.
170.30 kIn Junction of Highways 3 and 93.
Stay on 3, eastbound.
170.55 kIn Good view of south end of
Lizard Range.
171.05 kIn Small road cut in Rooseville
Fonnation.
171.30 km Watch for outwash channel by
road.
171.40 km Road climbs through thick
gravel deposits of Elk River
Delta. A glacial outwash terrace
formed when the Trench was
partially filled by ice.
171.60 kIn Railroad overpass.
172.85 kIn Small exposure of Rooseville
Formation on left
31
174.40 km Pull over on to right shoulder
and stop.
174.40 kIn Stop 75: Phillips Formation,
Upper Purcell Group. Redbeds
with intercalated stromatolitic
limestone.
Continue eastward up Elk
Valley.
175.65 kIn Approximate position of
Wigwam Thrust - Purcell rocks
moved eastward over
Mississippian rocks. Over the
next 4 km we cross Upper
Paleozoic miogeosynclinal strata
in the southeast-plunging
Broadwood Anticline. The
Wigwam Thrust is younger than
the Hosmer Thrust with which
it merges and carries piggyback.
Both were folded together over
the Broadwood Anticline.
176.05 to 177.45 kIn Good exposures of
Rundle and Banff limestone,
dipping west.
181.35 kIn In cliff ahead a cave is visible in
east dipping massive Rundle
limestone.
182.20 kIn Tunnel in Rundle limestone.
182.55 km Pull over into wide turnout on
right.
182.55 km Stop 76: Broadwood
Anticline and Fernie Basin. The
top of the Rundle limestone is
present on the left side of the
road. The Elk River lies below
us on the right. Across the Elk
River towards the northeast one
can see the forested ridges
underlain by clastic Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks of the Fernie
Basin. The river valley follows
the weak shales of the Jurassic
Fernie Formation.
Continue northward.
182.90 km Pennsylvanian Rocky Mountain
Quartzite outcrops on left.
183.40 kIn Low exposure of dark early
Mesozoic sediment, possibly
Spray River, on left.
 32 8/23/89

184.75 kIn Dark exposures of shale and

sandstone on left.
187.10 kIn Road to Morrissey Provincial
Park enters from right.
189.00 kIn View up to mountains on left to
see overturned Lizard Range
section. Devonian limestone
forms the crest of the Range,
Pennsylvanian and Permian to
Jurassic underlie treed slopes,
and the thrust fault is located in
Jurassic shale near base of
mountain.
191.50 to 192.40 kIn Good exposures of
Fernie black shale. Pull over
and stop.

192.00 km Stop 77: Fernie Formation,

the erodable unit controlling the
position of the Elk River here ..

Continue northward.
194.50 km Good views to north along this
stretch of highway - towards
Mount Fernie and the Three
Sisters. More overturned
Paleozoic in the upper plate of
the Hosmer thrust.
195.90 km Road from ski area comes in to
Highway from left.
197.15 kIn Bridge.
198.90 km Road from Mount Fernie
Provincial Park comes in from
left.
200.25 kIn Entering Fernie.
201.20 kIn Bridge over Elk River.
201.40 kIn Three Sisters Motel. End of
Day 4.
 ---------------------------------==-=~
8/23/89
Day 5 Road Log
0.00 Ian Three Sisters Motel, Fernie. Set
odometer to zero. Leave parking
lot and head northeast.
1.35 Ian Good view of Mount Fernie and
Three Sisters to northwest from
right shoulder of road just past
Fernie Motor Inn.
1.80 Ian Bridge over Elk River.
1.95 Ian Road cut in dark shale of Fernie
Formation.
4.30 Ian Pull over on right and stop.
4.30 Ian Stop 78: View of Mount
Hosmer. Klippe of steeply
dipping Devonian to Permian
strata over!ying overturned
Jurassic section. With correct
lighting or thin snow cover the
shorelines of glacial Lake Elk are
visible on the mountains
northwest of Fernie,
approximately 300 m above the
valley floor. At one time the lake
drained east through Crowsnest
Pass. Later, as ice retreated, the
drainage was reestablished
westward into the Rocky
Mountain Trench, forming the
voluminous coarse terrace
deposits there.
Continue northeast.
12.05 Ian Bridge over Elk River.
12.70 Ian Good view at 9:30 of twisted
Paleozoic strata on Mountain to
west, left of road and of Fernie
Basin at 12:00 to 3:00 to the east,
right of road.
17.30 Ian Rest area on left side.
21.65 Ian Cross Railroad tracks.
25.00 to 28.00 Ian Good views at 9:00 to
12:00 of Wilson Fault, in core of
overturned anticline outlined by
Pennsylvanian - Permian
carbonate layers ..
29.40 Ian Poor exposure of Fernie shale on
right.
29.90 Ian Sparwood Shopping Center on
left.
30.45 Ian Junction with road to north up
Elk Valley. Access route to
33
several large coal mines.
Continue on Highway 3,
eastward around north end of
Fernie Basin.
31.95 to 32.05 Ian Road cuts in dark
shale of Fernie Formation
grading up into sandstone and
shale of transition to Kootenay
Formation.
32.05 Ian Bridge over Michel Creek. Note
the adit of the now defunct
Balmer South coal mine on the
right. The Balmer seam is 5 to
10 m thick and quite extensive; it
is exploited in several mines.
34.20 Ian Tum left to head back up Elk
Valley.
34.80 Ian Bridge.
35.60 Ian Road junction. Turn right and
park on shoulder.
35.60 Ian Stop 79a: View of coal mines
and processing plant.
Tum around and head back
towards Highway 3.
37.00 Ian Back to Highway 3. Turn left.
38.60 Ian Tum off on to gravel on right
side of road and stop.
38.60 Ian Stop 79b: View of coal mines.
In this area there are 11 coal
seams more than 1 m thick.
Underground mining was active
from 1899 to about 1980, when
the last underground hydraulic
operation was closed. Since
1969 production has been from
large open-pit mines on Balmer
Ridge, to the north.
Continue southeast.
38.65 Ian Bridge over Michel Creek.
38.85 Ian Westar Mine entrance on left.
Balmer underground mine on
right. This was an underground
hydraulic operation, closed about
1980. The slurry was carried by
pipe and conveyor to the coal
processing plant north of the
highway.
 34 8/23/89
40.15 kIn Westar offices on right.
40.95 kIn Old mine entrance on left.
41.75 to 42.20 kIn Ruins of old coke
ovens on left.
43.10 kIn Bridge over Michel Creek.
43.60 kIn Poor exposure of Kootenay
Formation on right.
43.90 kIn Coal measures visible across
river on left.
46.00 kIn Poorly exposed Kootenay on
right.
47.60 kIn Bridge over Michel Creek
47.85 km Road from Byron Creek
Colleriers comes in from right.
48.10 kIn Crossing railroad track.
48.95 kIn Approximate position of
Erickson fault, a normal fault
with west side down.
49.05 kIn Good road cut in upper Paleozoic
carbonate section.
49.65 kIn Bridge over Carbon Creek.
50.00 km Approximate position of
Alexander thrust fault.
51.05 kIn Road curves right.
51.40 kIn Road curves left. Road cut in
Fernie black shale.
53.30 kIn High Rock Range straight ahead.
53.90 to 54.30 kIn Rocky Mountain
Formation well exposed on left.
54.60 km Road to Crowsnest Provincial
Park enters from left.
54.95 to 56.65 kIn Dipslope on left in
Rundle Formation.
55.75 kIn Crowsnest Pass Point of Interest
sign.
56.95 km Road cuts in upper Paleozoic
carbonate.
56.95 to 57.80 kIn Crossing between
lakes.
58.40 kIn Small bridge over Crowsnest
Creek.
58.85 kIn Lime works on left.
59.40 kIn Large cuts in upper Paleozoic
carbonate begin.
59.70 kIn Pull over and stop in parking lot
by Crowsnest Lake on left side
of Highway.
59.70 kIn Stop 80: Examine Devonian
Palliser to Mississippian Rundle
section with well displayed
contraction and extension
structures in upper plate of Lewis
thrust.
Continue eastward.
60.55 kIn Small lake on right.
60.75 to 61.00 kIn Road cut in Devonian
carbonate.
61.40 to 61.60 kIn Notch cut in Devonian
carbonate.
61.80 km Tum in and park where gravel
road comes in on right. Walk
back to viewpoint.
61.68 kIn Stop 81: Crowsnest Mountain
view (Figure 8). Lewis thrust
and its klippe of Devonian -
Mississippian carbonate on
Upper Cretaceous shales.
Continue eastward.
62.15 to 61.45 km Road cuts in
Cretaceous Belly River shale.
63.65 kIn Bridge over Crowsnest River.
63.95 kIn Railroad overpass.
65.60 kIn Gas plant on right.
66.95 kIn Road cut in dark grey Upper
Cretaceous Alberta Group shale.
67.60 kIn Volcanic rock point of interest
sign on left - not in correct
location.
68.35 kIn Large road cut in mid Cretaceous
Crowsnest Volcanics begins.
68.45 km Pull over on right shoulder and
stop.
68.45 kIn Stop 82: Crowsnest Volcanics,
Iron Ridge. View back towards
Lewis thrust. The Crowsnest
Formation here is 320 m
(approximately its maximum
thickness) of pyroclastic and
epiclastic rocks composed of
alkaline trachyte and phonolite
fragments. K-Ar dates of 100
Ma indicate this is of the same
age as magmatic rocks we have
seen from the Coast Mountains
to the Stagleap Summit stock.
Small intrusive bodies of alkaline
syenite in the Rocks Mountains
are likely intrusive equivalents to
the Crowsnest Volcanics.
These, like the Crowsnest, are
very Sr rich (thousands of ppm)
 8/23/89
and have relatively low initial
87S rj86S r ratios (circa 0.705).
Continue eastward.
69.85 to 70.2 km Blainnore shale
exposure in road cut.
70.60 km Pull over and stop on wide paved
shoulder of highway.
70.60 km Stop 83: Cadomin
Conglomerate unconformably
overlying Kootenay Formation
and underlying Blainnore
Formation. The Cadomin is a
distinctive chert pebble
conglomerate about 125 Ma old.
Its deposition may have been the
result of thermal uplift of the
Rocky Mountains at the
beginning of Cretaceous
magmatism and orogeny.
Continue eastward.
70.75 km Exposure of Kootenay
Formation at the base of the
Coleman Thrust Plate.
71.40 km Center of Coleman, just past
Belly River sandstone outcrops.
71.65 km Cardium Sandstone of the
Alberta Group.
73.40 km Blainnore shales exposed by
road.
74.00 km Low ridge on left is underlain by
Kootenay Formation coal
measures.
74.65 km Exit to Blainnore on right. Stay
on Highway 3.
75.30 km View of Turtle Mountain at 2:00.
76.55 km Kootenay Formation in road cut
on left.
77.10 to 78.55 km Good exposures of
upper Paleozoic carbonate
section on both sides of road - in
upper plate of Turtle Mountain
thrust.
77.80 km Road from Blainnore comes in
on right.
77.95 km Bridge over Crowsnest River.
78.60 km Approximate position of Turtle
Mountain Thrust.
79.00 km Bridge over Crowsnest River.
Frank slide coming in to view.
35
80.00 km Sharp left turn onto road into
Frank Slide Visitor Center.
80.05 to 80.45 km Good exposure of
Blainnore sandstone on right.
81.20 km Sharp right turn. Cuts in
Blainnore continue up to parking
lot.
81.75 km Park in Visitor Center lot.
81.75 km Stop 84: Frank Slide Visitor
Center. Displays describe the
history of coal mining and the
disasters related to mining
activities. The slide occurred on
April 29, 1903. More than 76
people were killed. On Turtle
Mountain the Rundle Group
forms a tight anticline truncated
downwards by the gently
dipping Turtle Mountain Fault.
Below the fault are coal measures
of the Kootenay Formation, in
the steeply dipping west limb of
the Hillcrest Syncline. Climb up
to nearby hilltop for view of
Livingstone Range (Figure 9)
from outcrops of Blairmore
conglomerate.
Retrace track back to Highway 3.
83.45 km Turn left at Highway 3 to
continue southeast.
83.50 to 85.40 km Crossing Frank Slide.
83.90 km Frank Slide Point of Interest sign
and turnout on right.
85.70 and 86.30 km Road cuts in
Blainnore.
86.90 km Note coal mine tunnel entrance
on left.
87.65 km Kootenay Formation coal
measures.
89.00 km Kootenay sandstones in road
cuts.
89.95 km Road curves left.
91.00 km Road cuts in Blainnore
Formation.
91.80 and 93.20 km Blainnore sandstone
exposures in road cuts.
95.20 km Junction with Highway 507.
Stay on Highway 3.
95.30 km Approximate position of
Livingstone Thrust.
 36 8/23/89
97.65 km Rock Creek Road comes in on
left.
98.60 km Belly River sandstone ridges at
1:00 to 3 :00.
99.00 and 99.30 km Belly River
sandstone.
99.70 km Turn right to Lundbreck Falls.
100.90 km Park in lot at Falls.
100.90 km Stop 85: Lundbreck Falls.
Belly River Sandstone is all
around and is the resistant unit
supporting the Falls.
Tum left out of parking lot -
back towards highway.
102.05 km Turn right onto Highway 3.
102.30 km Belly River Sandstone ridge.
The route crosses the crest of an
anticline just ahead East
dipping Belly River Sandstone
is visible in the Crowsnest
River and on the ridge east of
here.
103.75 km Approximately on axis of fold.
104.10 km Turn left, north - to Turner
Valley and Longview via
Highway 22.
104.40 km Road climbs through cut in east
dipping Belly River Sandstone.
109.80 km Route is northwards. The
Porcupine Hills are visible to
the right, east and the
Livingstone Range to the left,
west.
116.70 km On the hill to the northwest
sandstone bedding traces outline
a synform.
119.25 km Road curves right.
121.90 km Road curves left.
122.70 km Graded surface begins (1987).
127.40 km View of whale back ridge to
northwest.
128.10 km Road 517 comes in from left.
128.15 km Stop on shoulder of road just
before bridge.
128.15 km Stop 86: Upper Cretaceous
Saint Mary Formation
sandstone and shale, visible in
river cut. These sediments are
approximately at the marine to
freshwater transition, at the
decline of the Cretaceous
seaway.
Continue northward.
128.25 km Bridge over Oldman River.
133.45 km East dipping sandstone bedding
traces visible on hill to
northwest. The regional dip
here is eastward into the Alberta
syncline.
138.30 to 140.45 km Spectacular
meanders visible to right in
underfit valley of Callum Creek
which the road is following
northwards.
140.35 km For the next 4 km Willow Creek
Shale is exposed in gulleys and
badlands across the valley to the
east, right. The road turns
northeast to climb section and
elevation into the Porcupine
Hills.
143.50 km Pull over on shoulder and stop.
143.50 km Stop 87: View of Willow
Creek Formation and Porcupine
Hills.
Continue northward.
147.60 km Road curves left. Ahead the
cuts are in Paleocene Paskapoo
(or Porcupine Hills) Formation.
148.45 km Junction with Road 520. Stay
on 22.
149.40 to 158.45 Siltstone and sandstone
exposed in new road cuts.
164.75 km Chimney Rock Road on left.
166.45 km Riley Road on right.
171.60 km ChainLakes come into view
ahead.
175.10 km Bridge over North Willow
Creek.
175.30 km Junction with Road 533.
Nanton to right, Chain Lakes to
left. Stay on 22.
179.85 km High point with good views of
mountains to west.
180.55 km East dipping sandstone visible
in gulch by road.
185.60 km North end of Chain Lakes.
186.45 km Road 532 junction on the left.
188.00 km First distant view of Turner
Valley anticline.
 8/23/89
191.40 km Road crosses perpendicular to
Highway 22.
197.50 km Bridge. Occasional oil and gas
wells are now seen.
200.75 km Road 540 crosses perpendicular
to Highway 22.
203.65 km Bridge.
209.15 and 211.90 km More crossroads.
211.95 km Pull over on right shoulder and
stop.
211.95 km Stop 88: View of Turner
Valley anticline and town of
Longview. At the surface the
structure is a broad anticline
outlined by a Belly River
sandstone ridge. In the
subsurface imbricate
Mississippian limestone is the
reservoir for oil and gas. The
field was discovered in 1914,
and was Albertas first major oil
field. More than 100 million
barrels of oil have been
recovered.
Continue northwards.
213.30 km Bridge over Highwood River.
Upper Cretaceous Edmonton
Formation exposed in river
bank.
213.95 km Longview, pavement resumes.
Continue north on 22 towards
Black Diamond.
231.70 km Stop. Turn right onto Highway
7.
37
244.00 km Large glacial erratic in field on
left, carried by ice from the
vicinity of Jasper, 350 km to the
northwest.
251.10 km Turn left onto 2A, towards
Calgary.
261.90 km Merge into Highway 2.
280.30 km Turn right onto Anderson Road
to 2N.
283.70 km Merge onto Deerfoot Trail, still
2N.
298.50 km Exit onto Highway 1. Right
turn onto IE.
299.90 km Turn right onto 19th St. NE to
Quality Inn. End of field trip.or
continue on IE to Airport:
300.80 km Exit right onto Barlow Trail,
northbound towards Airport.
Follow signs to Airport parking
or unloading areas.
310.40 km Calgary Airport. End offield
trip.
We thank W.H. Mathews and
L. J. Anderton for several
suggestions and corrections to
early drafts of this road log.
The geologic map is from John
Wheeler, an enlargement of part
of the new Tectonic Assemblage
Map of the Canadian Cordillera
(Wheeler and McFeely, 1987),
with extensive editing and
modification by RLA, based on
numerous detailed maps and
unpublished geochronometry.
 ~: ,,
\
•• J
'.
I Q;' I :. (

, "01
I c: I
I
, .
)
/..... /
I~"

l,<,' \ "
aul,
I

)'!'U-t i..
(
l \

1 :: :. . ..' '.
'. :..... ~
·.·h. (
.

.r:'::.
I ""'.0", '" : :'.v-t '" .'
: : ".~( ....
, I \
";! " " , "'-i.. .f' ...... ...=
(, •••• :::Do .... -<.
( " Stikine \,
'.
13 c ....../.
:: 0
" ~:
: 13 ...... •
·c. '?80
. '. 80 •
::<: I'

( ~ ~
"

\
I,
""
~
.,/!\ North
'"

\ ,IJ
\ ,\
,

America
/
I'
/

C.:···:
o .
:0·
:~
: 19
: ~
0
~::
: :.
.
:
'..
I
I
I
/

... "', \\ \ .I -0
\ Z \ ", (
.. • c;Il: c;Il:: ,. ~

~~;'t\~ \\\"~l""\
,'"~ \." 1 ~ \'.
~ ~ 1\ " ' )
l~·I'l." ~
<$I
. . -",!
1/\ ,,. I
' ... , .
"
~" : :0 '.';:) :
J
f'::: '" \ ...,....
Quesnel \
•. r..::" -L.:.. : c;Il / ~. :'
Cascade .......
... ,J ~",'
"It.'
.. --t
) :. . . .::,(...!: ~

"49' ." 49.

TERRANE MAP TECTONIC BELTS

Diagram 1. Simplified terrane and tectonic belt maps for western

Canada.

7
.............

Diagram 3. Schematic terrane topology ( strike-slip movement on

Fraser - Straight Creek fault system removed) for the Coast -
Cascade region, southwestern British Columbia and vicinity (from
Armstrong, 1988b)
 major composite terranes whose
components apparent 1y coa 1esced
I ,II: prior to accretion to the j
)
I~orth Ameri can p1ate
.J
...---I---. (
I
E Eastern
assemblage
(of Monger 1977 >

Q Quesne 11 i a
,.
)

Cc Cache Creek

St Stikinia
Br Bri dge Ri ver

CcCascadi a I~~~I
«<

...-.--![--....... I ...

GN Gravina-
i4utzoti n

A Alexander
W \~range 11 i a
· •• 0......

Pc Pacifi c
CgChugach
Rim
urn
····
Pacifi c
Be lt of
.("\
'.0
. _.
'0-

.:ro
o Olympic 0 ~
..
. . . .'" to .. & ..
to . . . _ . . .

: .... ......
t~ull er,
:0
.,

......
-=>.
<.706
-
.•....
'.
706
boundari es of the
five tectonic belts Q 2!
3 4 5
• of Figure 1 OO'S km
Figure 2. Distribution and nature of probably allochthonous (or suspect) terranes in the Canadian Cordillera. Each terrane is characterized by a distinctive.
laterally persistent stratigraphic record or has a stratigraphic style featuring extreme disruption (melange. in part). The heavy lines delinate terranes (I. II)
composed of smaller terranes that coalesced prior to accretion to North America. The Sr"7: Sr"6line (Armstrong and others. 1977; Armstrong, 1979 and
personal communication) marks the probable western limit of Precambrian continental crust at the ancient continental margin or in blocks that may be
displaced outboard from it. Boundaries of the five belts in Figure I are given for reference: note the rough correspondence between the two high grade belts
(OCB. CPC) and the boundaries of I. II and the autochthonous terrane.

Diagram 2. Terranes of the Canadian Cordillera (from Price et

aI., 1981)
 ..
,
..
..··
~
t 1. 1
··i
1
.~ ..;
·
c o

..I. :
E

.. c3
~

..•· .
c

..
o

~
~
.
-.o
.;

.. ..
c
o

~
~ ~

..... NORTHERN CASCADE SYSTEM

~r-------------------------'-----------------'-----------~------------~
n Western Zone Axial Zone Hozameen-
Bridge R.

~ DISCONFORMITY ~ ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY

FillUre 43. Major lithological units of the Nonhem Cascade System, their relationships to one another and to the structural elements of the Cascades.

Diagram 5. Schematic diagram relating major lithologic units of

the North Cascades (from Price et aI., 1981)
--~--~-------~----------- --------------------

UNCONFORMITY
ROOS-

10000
VILLE
.'
~
~
<>::
Q..
;:,
'"9
~
~
;:,

1'"
NICOL AMYGDOLOtDAL,
CREEK BASIC VOLCANICS
8000

....
<1:
C
~
<>:: LEGEND
6000 Q..
;:,
'"0
0- GAMYGDALOIDAL BASALT
....
.-<' ...,
-+- Q
<1:
....
'"
;:,
IEgmm~1 QUARTZITE,
It=====J
QUARTZ WACKE

z
ot-
I/)
W
.-<' . ..,
'"
_I
ARGILLITE. SIL TITE

It! IDOLOMITE, DOLOMITIC SILTSTONE.

ARGILLACEOUS LIMESTONE
~
U
4000 .-<' -+- _INTRUSIVE DIORITE SILL OR DYKE

-+-
SYMBOLS
t
'"
C
w
CROSSBEDDING , , , . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...JJ.L.
'":.::
....
U GRADED BEDDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -=-
~ LAMINATED . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . , .. =
w
2000 .... LENTICULAR BEDDING . , . . . . . • . . • . . -
is
...JJ.L. <C
w -+-
a
C
<>::
;:,
....
MUD CRACKS .•.•..••...........

RIPPLE CROSS-LAMINATION . . . . • . . . . .-<'

~ 0::
w
RIP-UP CLASTS . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . • ..,
w ~
() ...JJ.L. ~
! SCOUR AND FILL • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . -....r
Q Q..
w
~ w STROMATOLITES .....•.•......... A
0
..... p
« 0."
~
OOLITES • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

<>::
w
~
...JJ.L.

...JJ.L.
1....
~
0.... ~
...JJ.L. ;:,
'"

2000
METRES
I
FIGURE 4. A composite stratigrapbic column of tbe Purcell Supergroup in tbe Moyie Lake area (St. Eugene area of Fig. 2); (from
Hoy and Diakow, 1982).

Diagram 6. Purcell Supergroup Stratigraphy (from H~y, 1982)

 MAIN RANGES FRONT RANGES FOOTHILLS INTERIOR PLATFORM

ROCKY MOUNTAIN TRENCH

I
sw PLEISTOCENE

NE

SHIELD TYPE BASEMENT

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING LITHOLOGY AND

STRATIGRAPHY FROM THE INTERIOR PLATFORM
HORIZONTAL SCALE
o mil.. 100 TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN TRENCH
I~ , FIGURE 2'1

LEGEND

ALBERTA ~
~SHALE
It~ ~~~6~T5~~STONE ,
.EOMONT~ 1':'>::'\:/ MAINLY MARINE SANDS Wll~A'~ SANDSTONE, CONGLOMERATE.
\~, ~ LL' EVAPORITE ,~*~~ ANHYDRITE ,GYPSUM

~LlMESTONE ~ LIMESTONE WITH CHERT

-~~--L U.S.A.
~DOLOMITE I g] COAL

AFTER PA. ZEIGLER, SHELL CANADA LTD.

Diagram 7. Rocky Mountain to Platform stratigraphy, Banff-

Calgary region (from Monger and Preto, 1972)
Diagram 8. Phanerozoic stratigraphy of the Crowsnest Pass area
(from Jackson et al. 1981)
Figure 1. View northwest from Spanish Banks. The southern peaks and
slope of the Coast Mountains are underlain by crystalline rocks of the
Coast Plutonic Complex (Mz CPC) - gabbro to granodiorite of Mesozoic
age with pendants of amphibolitic schist and gneiss (pre-Jurassic Twin
Islands Group and Lower Cretaceous clastic and volcaniclastic rocks of
the Gambier Group. Bowen Island is greenstone, chert, and greywacke
of intermediate age. The 10 to 15° south slope is an exhumed Late
Cretaceous erosion surface beneath the Late Cretaceous (Campanian -
Rouse et at, 1975) part of the Burrard Formation. The Cretaceous -
Eocene contact occurs in Stanley Park, just west of Third Beach (behind
the sculpture).
Figure 2. Panoramic view of Vancouver and the
Strait of Georgia from the view stop on the Cypress
Bowl Highway. View towards the southeast (left),
south, and southwest (right) looking across Burrard
Inlet and the city of Vancouver to parts of Washington
state and the Insular Belt of British Columbia. All the
foreground, underfoot, is Early Cretaceous granite of
the Coast Plutonic Complex. In the middle distance
(including Stanley Park, Vancouver, Point Grey, the
Fraser River Valley, and the Gulf Islands on the south
and southwest sides of the Strait of Georgia) is the
Nanaimo - Burrard -Kitsilano-Chuckanut-Huntington
composite basin filled with Late Cretaceous to Recent
sediment that covers multiple and poorly understood
terrane sutures. The ridges and mountains of the
southeast (left) skyline are underlain by the North
Cascade thrust system (NCTS) - west- to northwest-
vergent, imbricated Paleozoic to mid Cretaceous
rocks of a variety of tectonic settings. The Twin
Sisters is a large dunite body along the imbricate
zone of the Shuksan thrust. The southwest skyline
(right) is Vancouver Island, underlain by Wrangellia
(the southern part of the Insular Composite Terrane).
Rocks there range from Paleozoic to Jurassic, are
overlapped unconformably by the Late Cretaceous to
Recent basin deposits and intruded north of here by
Early Cretaceous plutons of the Coast Plutonic
Complex. Early Cretaceous plutons also cut and
postdate movement on thrusts of the NCTS in southern
British Columbia but movement continued on thrusts
in the San Juan Islands into Late Cretaceous time. At
Prospect Point (south side of First Narrows), near
Jer~cho Beach, and at several other localities in
Vancouver Oligocene mafic dikes intrude Late
Cretaceous to Eocene sediments. The Pleistocene
volcano, Mount Baker may be visible more to the east
- left of the view shown in the figure.
Figure 3. View down Sumas River Valley, northeastward towards the
Fraser Valley and town of Hope. The nearby hill on the left, part of
Sumas Mountain, Is underlain by Huntington Formation (Eocene) dipping
about 10° southwest Into the Whatcom sedimentary basin (note the
visible sandstone ledges). The farther, higher part of Sumas Mountain
Is Jurassic Harrison Lake Formation (porphyritic metavolcanic rocks)
Intruded by Mesozoic biotite-hornblende and hornblende quartz diorite.
The genUe westward sloping surface of Sumas Mountain is the exhumed
pre-Huntington erosion surface. On the right is Vedder Mountain. Its
crest is Mesozoic clastic sediment (Nooksack Group). The lower slope
and north end are Vedder Complex - Late Paleozoic moderately high
pressure epidote amphibolite and garnet-mica schist, in fault contact
with the Nooksack Group. A major structural discontinuity must lie
beneath the Sumas Valley here - separating Coast Plutonic Complex on
the north from North Cascade imbricate zone to the south. The distant
high peaks beyond Vedder Mountain are in the Chilliwack Imbricate Zone,
just southwest of the Miocene Mount Barr granodiorite.
Figure 4. Panoramic view of the Okanagan Valley from a hill southeast
of Okanagan Falls. The view is towards the eastsoutheast, on the left,
to westsouthwest, on the right. The gently west-dipping Okanagan
Valley fault separates steeply east dipping sedimentary and volcanic
rocks of the White Lake Basin (T) in its upper plate, on the far right,
from mylonitic paragneiss of the Vaseaux Formation (~) in its lower
plate. A Proterozoic age for the Vaseaux Formation is inferred from Sr
and Nd isotope analyses of gneisses. Mylonitic foliation in the lower
plate parallels the fault surface; a prominent lineation, which lies in
the foliation and trends northwest, is imposed on rocks in the lower
plate as young as Eocene. Lenticular sheets and blobs of foliated
granitic rocks in the lower plate are of Jurassic(?) and Cretaceous age
(Parkinson, 1985). Displacement on the fault is estimated to be several
tens of kilometers (Parkinson, 1985; Tempelman-Kluit and Parkinson,
1986).
 . ?%;-M~.·
?z.-M-z..
.(
: ..... .
/

Figure 5. Anarchist Mountain Overlook. Panoramic view of Okanagan

Valley from north, on the right, to south, on the left, looking generally
west. Underfoot is the Early Jurassic (Parkinson, 1985) Osoyoos
gneissic quartz diorite(E..R i) in the footwall of the Okanagan Valley
fault. Far to the south, at the left end of the view, is the Colville
batholith • another lower plate exposure, part of the Okanogan Dome in
Washington State. Upper plate rocks are mid Paleozoic to Triassic (pz·
Mz) eugeosynclinal sedimentary and volcanic rocks • chert, greenstone,
and greywacke, multiply deformed and cut by Jurassic plutons (~i), all
unconformably overlain by Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks (E).
In the distance the Middle Jurassic (Parkinson, 1985) Similkameen
batholith (mJ:fi) is visible on a clear day. The dip of the Okanagan
Valley fault is not well controlled here but is probably intermediate (30
to 45°) and its displacement is on the order of 10 Kilometers.
Figure 6. View across the Kettle River Valley to faulted east-dipping
Eocene sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Greenwood map area
(Little, 1983). Upper Paleozoic (pz) Knob Hill Group chert and
greenstone, visible in the hill on the far right, are unconformably
overlain by Eocene Kettle River Formation (Ekrs) clastic sediment with
minor volcanic layers which is overlain in turn by Eocene Marron
Formation (Emv) trachyte flows and both are intruded by syenite and
diorite dikes and sills of the Eocene Marron Formation (Em i). That
entire sequence is disrupted by numerous normal faults - mostly west
side down within the field of view, creating an inverse imbricate
structure characteristic of zones of extreme brittle extension.
Figure 7. Panoramic view from south (left) to north (right) looking
generally westward across the Columbia River from lookout stop east
of Blueberry Creek, and the town of Kinnard, B. C.. We stand on
mylonitlzed gneiss (Trail Gneiss? - t) In the lower plate of the Siocan
Lake-Champion Lake fault (S.-C. F.), which Is located directly above us
to the east. Sentinel Mountin, to the north is composed of -169 Ma
Nelson batholith (mJ i). The anticlinal structure to the west is a fold In
the -110 Ma Castlegar (Kinnard) Gneiss, with the Valkyr shear zone
(V.S.Z.) above it. In the hanging wall of the Valkyr shear zone are
Jurassic (165-170 Ma) granitic rocks (mJ I - Trail and Mackie plutons)
and metamorphosed Mount Roberts Group strata (C). The College Creek
stock (ETi - 47.2±0.5 Ma) intrudes the Valkyr Shear Zone. To the north
in the southern Valhalla Range, the Early Tertiary intrusions (ETi) of
the Ladybird (55-58 Ma) and Airy (62±1 Ma) suites can be seen as
gently east-dipping sheets.

J
Figure 8. Lewis thrust and Crowsnest Mountain
klippe from highway just east of Crowsnest Pass.
Devonian - Mississippian miogeosynclinal carbonate
(Devonian Fairholm - Alexo, Palliser, Mississippian
Exshaw, Banff, and Rundle formations) in the upper
plate are well exposed. Upper Cretaceous Alberta
Group and Belly River Formation sand and siltstone in
the lower plate are covered by vegetation and soil.
Figure 9. Livingstone Range, viewed towards the
northeast from a hill above the Frank Slide Visitor
Centre. The upper plate of the Livingstone thrust is
here composed of south- plunging en echelon folds
cored by massive Upper Paleozoic carbonate strata
(pz). Triassic - Jurassic strata (Mz) occur on the
west (distant) flank of the Range on the right and all
along the lower slopes of the east (closer) side of the
Range. Cretaceous strata underlie the valley in the
foreground. Immediately in front of the observation
point is a conglomerate in the Upper Cretaceous
Blairmore Formation (Kb).
 --- ----~-------------------

Explanation: Map Patterns and Acronyms

Scale 1:500,000
GRANITOID PLUTONS
Intermediate to silicic +' 1+ 1
Mafic

Ultramafic

VOLCANIC ROCKS
Calc-Alkaline

Tholeiitic-Mafic
t~ v :, ~I
Alkaline
I~ y YyYJ
Fault and Pluton names are shown on map.
Field trip stops are numbered in sequence on map on or near trace of
Highway 1 from Vancouver to Hope and Highway 3 from Hope to Alberta.

Vancouver Island
ETim Eocene Sooke Gabbro
ETv Paleocene-Eocene Metchosin Basalt
uK Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group
JK Jurassic-Cretaceous Leech River - Pacific Rim Melanges
E..RV Lower Jurassic Bonanza Volcanics
E.Ri Early Jurassic Island Intrusions
E.Rim Early Jurassic and older Wark-Colquitz Gneisses
~v Upper Triasssic Karmutsen Basalt
Di Devonian Saltspring Intrusions
pz Devonian-Permian Sicker Group

San Juan Islands

ET Eocene Chuckanut Formation
uK Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group
JK Jurassic-Cretaceous Constitution-lummi-Haystack Formations
Jvi Late Jurassic Fidalgo Ophiolite
Js Late Jurassic Cypress Ultramafic
PJ:t Mid-Paleozoic to Jurassic Deadman Bay and Orcas Groups
Ot Early Paleozoic Turtleback Complex
Coast - Cascades to Pasayten Fault
TQv Pliocene-Quaternary Garibaldi Volcanics
mTv Oligocene-Miocene Pemberton Volcanics
mTi Oligocene-M iocene Pemberton Intrusives, including Chilliwack
batholith
ETv Eocene Volcanics
ETs Eocene Sediments
ETi Eocene Intrusives
ET Eocene Chuckanut, Huntington, and other Formations
LKn Late Cretaceous Custer and Skagit Gneiss
uK Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo-Burrard Gp., Virginian Ridge Fm.,
and other Sediments
LKi Later Late Cretaceous Bendor and other Intrusives
mUKv Early Upper Cretaceous Midnight Peak Formation
mKi middle Cretaceous Squamish, Eldorado, and other Intrusives
K Cretaceous Pasayten-Winthrop-Jackass Mtn. Fms.
G Lower Cretaceous Gambier Group
JK Upper Jurassic-Lower Nooksack-Relay Mountain-Peninsula
Cretaceous and other Formations
JKv Jurassic-Cretaceous Volcanics
JKi Jurassic-Cretaceous Intrusives, undated
LJ i Late Jurassic Intrusives
J Jurassic Ladner-Dewdney Creek Fms., including
Triassic Spider Peak Fm., Darrington Phyllite
.R Lower to Middle Jurassic Harrison Lake Formation
Jv Middle Jurassic Wells Creek Volcanics
EJv Lower Jurassic Shuksan Greenschist
"RJ Upper Triassic-Lower Cultus Formation
Jurassic
"R.R Triassic-Jurassic Settler(?) Schist
"RJs Triassic-J urassic Settler-Chiwaukum Schist
L"Ri Late Triassic Marblemount Intrusives
"R Triassic Siollicum Formation
"'Rc Triassic Cadwallader Group
P~ Permian-Jurassic Bridge River-Hozameen/Hozomeen
PJ Permian-Jurassic Cogburn Creek Group
CPm Carboniferous-Permian Vedder Complex
DP Devonian-Permian Chilliwack Group
ill Precambrian(?) and Yellow Aster Complex
Early Paleozoic
n (or suffix n) Orthogneiss, especially Skagit Gneiss
m Paragneiss, especially Cascade River
Schist
urn Ultramafic Bodies, including Twin Sisters

Pasayten Fault to Okanagan Valley

to Kootenay Arc
LTv Late Cenozoic Valley Basalt
mTv Miocene Plateau Basalt
ETv Eocene Kamloops-Marron Volcanics
ETs Eocene Springbrook-Princeton-Kettle River Fms.
ETi Paleocene-Eocene Coryell and other Intrusives
LKi Late Cretaceous Intrusives
mKv Middle Cretaceous Spences Bridge Volcanics
mKi Middle Cretaceous Bayonne-Verde Creek and other Intrusives
LJKi Late Jurassic-
Early Cretaceous Eagle Complex
~i Late Jurassic Intrusives
mJli Middle Jurassic Kuskanax-Nelson and other Intrusives
Jv Early Jurassic Rossland Volcanics
J Lower Jurassic Rossland Group
E.Ai Early Jurassic Guichon-Copper Mountain and other
Intrusives
JKTi Jurassic to Early Cenozoic Intrusives, undated
L"R i Late Triassic Coldwater and other Intrusives
"RJ Upper Triassic-Lower Nicola Group, Sicamous Formation
Jurassic
"R Triassic Brooklyn-Ollala Formations
C"R Carboniferous-Triassic Apex Mountain Group
CPK Carboniferous-Permian Kobau Group
CPA Carboniferous-Permian Anarchist-Chapperon-Knob Hill Groups
CP Carboniferous-Permian Blind Creek Limestone
C Carboniferous-Permian(?) Mount Roberts Formation
M"R Mississippian-Triassic Cache Creek Assemblage
D"R Devonian-Triassic Harper Ranch Group
pz Paleozoic Strata
I?Pz Proterozoic-Early Eagle Bay, Lardeau, and other Formations
Paleozoic
I? Proterozoic Monashee Paragneiss
EI? Early Proterozoic Monashee-Vaseaux-Grand Forks
Crystalline Basement
n (or suffix n) Orthogneiss
ug Granodiorite, quartz diorite, quartz
monzonite, partly Nelson Intrusives, undated
gn Paleozoic Trail Gneiss
 ---------_._--------

m Paragneiss
um Ultramafic
umn Ultramafic nodule locality

Kootenay Arc to Rocky Mountains

ET Eocene-Oligocene Kishenehn Formation
ETv Eocene Volcanics
ETs Eocene Tiger Fm. and other Sediments
ETi Eocene Intrusives
pT Paleocene Paskapoo-Porcupine Hills Formations
KT Upper Cretaceous- Willow Creek-St. Mary River-Belly River
Paleocene Formations
uKs Upper Cretaceous Sophie Mountain Formation
uK Upper Cretaceous Alberta Group
y-y-y middle Cretaceous Crowsnest Volcanics
m Ki middle Cretaceous Howell Creek, Kaniksu, and other Intrusives
mK middle Cretaceous Blairmore Group
JK Upper Jurassic-Lower
Cretaceous Kootenay Group
m-.R i Middle Jurassic Intrusives
E.R i Early Jurassic Flowery Trail Pluton
Jv Lower Jurassic Rossland Volcanics
J Lower Jurassic Rossland Group
~ J Triassic, mostly Upper Siocan Group
"'R Triassic Strata
PJ Permian-Triassic Spray River Assemblage
P~ i Permian-Triassic Diatremes
P Carboniferous-Triassic Kaslo Group
Cv Carboniferous Volcanics
C Carboniferous Milford Group
Dv1 Devonian-Mississippian Rundle Assemblage
OSi{xxxxxx )
Ordovician-Si Iurian Diatremes and Volcanics
-rn Cambrian-Devonian Rocky Mountain Assemblage
Be Proterozoic-Cambrian Gog Assemblage r?(:.:o~;:::,;,,:]
pz Paleozoic Lardeau ......... ..
uew Upper Proterozoic Windermere Group I: : : ",I
uewv Upper Proterozoic Irene Volcanics of Windermere Group 1-" .v ~ I
ml?P Middle Proterozoic Purcell Group
me Pv{vvvvvv )
Middle Proterozoic Purcell Volcanics
m I?i Middle Proterozoic Moyie Sills and Hellroaring Creek Pluton (HRC)
um Ultramafic Bodies
Roadlog and Map References 1

REFERENCES CITED
Armstrong, R. L., 1988a, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic magmatic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera, in, S. P. Clark,
B. C. Burchfiel, and J. Suppe, editors, Processes in Continental Lithospheric Deformation: Geologial Society of
America Special Paper 218, p. 55-91.
Armstrong, R. L., 1988b, Mesozoic-Cenozoic magmatism in the southwestern Canadian Cordillera and northwestern
Washington and its relationship to terranes, sutures, and accretion events: 2nd Southern Cordilleran Geology
Workshop Sidney, B. c., April 28-29, 1988,3 pp.
Armstrong, R. L., Isaachsen, Clark, and Scott, K. L., unpublished manuscript, Rb-Sr and Sr isotopic study and U-Pb
dating of Vancouver Island igneous rocks and related Island Intrusions and of the Coast Plutonic Complex and
Early Cenozoic igneous rocks of Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Armstrong, R. L., van der Heyden, P., and Ghosh, D., 1989, The 2.1 to 2.3 Ga basement under Quesnellia between 47°
and 53° N: Lithoprobe Cordilleran Workshop, February,1989, Abstracts, p. 60.
Armstrong, R. L. and Ward, Peter, in press, Late Triassic to earliest Eocene magmatism in the North American
Cordillera: Implications for the Western Interior Basin: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper.
Bally, A. W., Gordy, P. L., and Stewart, G. A., 1966, Structure, seismic data, and orogenic evolution of southern
Canadian Rocky Mountains: Bulletin Canadian Petroleum Geology v. 14, p. 337-381.
Barksdale, J. D., 1975, Geology of the Methow Valley, Okanagan County, Washington: Washington Division of
Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 68, 72 p.
Beddoe-Stephens, B. and Lambert, R. St J., 1981, Geochemical, mineralogical, and isotopic data relating to the origin
and tectonic setting of the Rossland volcanic rocks, southern British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences, v. 18, p. 858-868.
Benvenuto, G. L. and Price, R. A., 1979, Structural evolution of the Hosmer thrust sheet, southeastern British
Columbia: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology v. 27, p. 360-394.
Brown, E. H. and 14 others, 1986, Geologic map of the Northwest Cascades, Washington.
Brown, R. L., Fyles, 1. T., Glover, J. K., H0Y, T., Okulitch, A. V., Preto, V. A., and Read, P. B., 1981, Southern
Cordillera cross-section - Cranbrook to Kamloops: Geological Assocation of Canada, Field guides to geology
and mineral deposits, Calgary, 1981, Meeting, p. 335-372.
Cheney, E. S., 1980, Kettle dome and related structures of northeastern Washington: Geologial Society of America
Memoir 153, p. 463-483.
Cheney, E. S., 1987, Major Cenozoic faults in the northern Puget Lowland of Washington, in, E. J. Schuster, editor,
Selected papers on the geology of Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin
77, p. 149-168.
Cheney, E. S., Rhodes, B. P., and McMillen, D. D., 1982, Metamorphic core complexes and low-angle faults of
northeastern Washington, in, S. Roberts and D. Fountain, editors, Tobacco Root Geological Society, 1980
Field Conference, Guidebook.
Christopher, P. A., 1978, East Okanagan uranium area (Kelowna to Beaverdell) south-central British Columbia: British
Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Preliminary Map 29.
Church, B. N., 1980, Geology of the Kelowna Tertiary outlier (west Half); British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines
and Petroleum Resources Preliminary Map 39.
Church, B. N., 1985, Volcanology and structure of Tertiary outliers in south-central British Columbia. Geologial
Society of America Cordilleran Section Field Trip Guidebook, Vancouver, B. C., May, 1985 Meeting, Trip 5,
46 pp.
Clague, J. J., 1974, The St. Eugene formation and the development of the southern Rocky Mountain Trench: Canadian
Journal of Earth Sciences v. 11, p. 916-938.
Cook, F. A., Green, A. G., Simony, P. S., Price, R. A., Parrish, R. R., Milkereit, B., Gordy, P. L., Brown, R. L.,
Coflin, K. c., and Patenaude, C., 1988, Lithoprobe seismic reflection structure of the southeastern Canadian
Cordillera: Initial results: Tectonics v. 7, p. 157-180.
Roadlog and Map References 2

Cook, F. A, Simony, P. S., Coflin, K. C., Green, A G., Milkereit, B., Price, R. A., Parrish, R. R., Patenaude, C.,
Gordy, P. L., and Brown, R. L., 1987, Lithoprobe southern Canadian Cordilleran transect: Rocky Mountain
thrust belt to Valhalla gneiss complex: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society v. 89, p. 91-98.
Daly, R. A., 1912, Geology of the North American Cordillera at the Forty-Ninth Parallel: Geological Survey of Canada
Memoir 38, 3v., 857 pp.
Ewing, T. E., 1980, Paleogene tectonic evolution of the Pacific Northwest: Journal of Geology v. 88 p. 619-638.
Friedman, R. M. and Armstrong, R. L., 1988, Tatla Lake Metamorphic Complex: An Eocene metamorphic core
complex on the southwestern edge of the Intermontane Belt of British Columbia: Tectonics v. 7, p. 1141-1166.
Fuji, Toshitsugu and Scarfe, C. M., 1982, Petrology of ultramafic nodules from West Kettle River, near Kelowna,
southern British Columbia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology v. 80, p. 297-306.
Fyles, J. T. 1984, Geological setting of the Rossland Mining Camp: British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and
Petroleum Resources Bulletin 74, 61 pp.
Fyles, J. T., 1989, Geology of the pre-Tertiary rocks in the Rock Creek - Greenwood area (82E/2): British Columbia
Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Paper 1989-1, p. 11-17.
Geological Survey of Canada, 1913, Tanscontinental Excursion Cl. Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific
and Canadian Northern Railways: Geological Survey of Canada Guidebook 8, 386 pp.
Geological Survey of Canada, 1913, Tanscontinental Excursion C2. Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific,
Grand Trunk Pacific, and National Transcontinental Railways: Geological Survey of Canada Guidebook 9, 164
pp.
Grette, J. F., 1979, Cache Creek and Nicola groups near Ashcroft B. c.: M. S. thesis, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, B. C., 88 pp.
Haugerud, R. A., 1985, Geology of the Hozameen Group and the Ross Lake shear zone, Maselpanic area, North
Cascades, southwest British Columbia: Ph. D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 268 pp.
H0Y, Trygve, 1982, Stratigraphic and structural setting of stratabound lead-zinc deposits in southeastern B. c.: Canadian
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin v. 75, no. 840, p. 114-134.
H0y, T., Edmunds, F. R., Hamilton, J. M., Hauser, R. L., Muraro, T. W., and Ransom, P. W., 1981, Lead-zinc and
copper-zinc deposits in southeastern British Columbia: Geological Assocation of Canada, Field guides to
geology and mineral deposits, Calgary, 1981, Meeting, p. 41-67.
Irving, E., Monger, J. W. H., and Yole, R. W., 1980, New paleomagnetic evidence for displaced terranes in British
Columbia: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 20, p. 441-456.
Irving, E., Woodsworth, G. J., Wynne, P. J., and Morrison, A, 1985, Paleomagnetic evidence for displacement from the
south of the Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 22, p. 584-598.
Jackson, P. C. and others, 1981, Geological Highway Map of Alberta: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists.
Klepacki, D. W., 1983, Stratigraphic and structural relations of the Milford, Kaslo and Slocan groups, Roseberry
Quadrangle, Lardeau map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 83-1A, p. 229-233.
Klepacki, D. W., 1985, Stratigraphy and structural geology of the Goat Range area, southeastern British Columbia: Ph.
D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 268 pp.
Lambert R. St. J., H0Y, T., Andrew, K., 1989, Tectonics and mineralization in southeastern British Columbia, in, N. L.
Joseph and others, editors, Geologic guidebook for Washington and adjacent areas: Washington Division of
Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 86, p. 41-88.
Leech, G. B., 1960, Fernie, west half, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Map 11-1960.
Little, H. W., 1957, Kettle River east half, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Map 6-1957.
Little, H. W., 1961, Kettle River west half, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Map 15-1961.
Little, H. W., 1982, Rossland - Trail map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 79-26, 38 pp.
Little, H. W., 1983, Geology of the Greenwood map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 79-29,
37 pp.
i---------R:adI0g and Map References
3
I

Little, H. W., 1985, Geoogical map and notes, Nelson (west half) map area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of
Canada Open File 1195, 47 pp.
McGroder, M. F., Miller, R. B., Haugerud, R. A., and Brandon, M. T., 1989, Elements of the Cascades 'collisional'
orogen: A transect from the Methow Basin to the San Juan Islands, in, N. L. Joseph and others, editors,
Geologic guidebook for Washington and adjacent areas: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources
Information Circular 86, p. 89-162.
McMechan, R. D., 1983, Geology of the Princeton Basin: British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum
Resources Paper 1983-3, 52 pp.
McMillan, W. J., 1978, Geology of the Guichon Creek batholith: British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and
Petroleum Resources Preliminary Map 30, 17 pp.
McTaggart, K. C., 1977, Vancouver geology: Geological Association of Canada Field Trip Guidebook, Trip 11, 14 p.
Milford, J. C., 1984, Geology of the Apex Mountain Group, north and east of the Similkameen River, south-central
British Columbia: M. S. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 108 pp.
Monger, J. W. H., 1968, Early Tertiary stratified rocks, Greenwood map-area, British Columbia: Geological Survey of
Canada Paper 67-42, 39 pp.
Monger, J. W. H., 1970, Hope map-area (west half) B. C.: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 69-47, 75 pp.
Monger, J. W. H., 1983, Bedrock geology of Ashcroft (921) map-area: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 980.
Monger, J. W. H., 1984, Cordilleran tectonics: A Canadian perspective: Bulletin Societe geologique France v. 26, p.
255-278.
Monger, J. W. H., 1986, Geology between Harrison Lake and Fraser River, Hope map-area, southwestern British
Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-lB, p. 699-706.
Monger, J. W. H. and Preto, V. A., 1972, Geology of the southern Canadian Cordillera: 24th International Geological
Congress, Montreal, Quebec, 1972, Guidebook for Excursion A03-C03, 87 pp.
Monger, J. W. H., Souther, J. G., and Gabrielse, H, 1972, Evolution of the Canadian Cordillera: A plate tectonic model:
American Journal of Science v. 272, p. 577-602.
Moore, J. M., 1989, Geology along the Lithoprobe transect between the Guichon batholith and Okanogan Lake:
Lithoprobe Cordilleran Workshop, February, 1989, Abstracts, pA5-54.
Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Group: Late Triassic and Early Jurassic subduction-related volcanism in British
Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 2521-2536.
Misch, Peter, 1966, Tectonic evolution of the northern Cascades of Washington State: Canadian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Special Volume 8, p. 101-148.
Muller, J. E., 1977, Geology of Vancouver Island: Geological Association of Canada Field Trip Guidebook, Trip 7, 54
pp.
Nelson, Jo Anne, 1979, The western margin of the Coast Plutonic Complex on Hardwick and West Thurlow islands,
British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 16, p. 1166-1175.
Okulitch, A. V., 1973, Age and correlation of the Kobau Group, Mount Kobau, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of
Earth Sciences v. 10, p. 1508-1518.
Okulitch, A. V., 1979, Geology and mineral occurrences of the Thompson-Shuswap-Okanagan region, south-central
British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 637.
Okulitch, A. V., 1984, The role of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex in Cordilleran tectonism: A review: Canadian
Journal of Earth Sciences v. 21, p. 1171-1193.
Okulitch, A. V., Price, R. A., Richards, T. A., 1977, Southern Canadian Cordillera - Calgary to Vancouver: Geological
Association of Canada Field Trip Guidebook, Trip 8, 135 pp.
Oldow, J. S., Bally, A. W., AveLallemant, H. G., and Leeman, W. P., 1989, Phanerozoic evolution of the North
American Cordillera: United States and Canada: Geologial Society of America, Geology of North America v. A,
p. 139-232.
Roadlog and Map References 4

Orr, K. E. and Cheney, E. S., 1987, Kettle and Okanogan domes, northeastern Washington and southern British
Columbia, in, E. J. Schuster, editor, Selected papers on the geology of Washington: Washington Division of
Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 77, p. 55-71.
Parkinson, D. L., 1985, U-Pb geochronometry and regional geology of the southern Okanagan Valley, British
Columbia: The western boundary of a metamorphic core complex: M. Sc. thesis, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, B. C., 149 pp.
Parrish, R. R., Carr, S. D., and Parkinson, D. L., 1985, Metamorphic complexes and extensional tectonics, southern
Shuswap Complex, southeastern British Columbia: Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section,
Vancouver, May, 1985, meeting, Field Trip Guidebook, Field Trip 12, p. 12-1 to 12-15.
Parrish, R. R., Carr, S. D., and Parkinson, D. L., 1988, Eocene extensional tectonics and geochronology of the southern
Omineca Belt, British Columbia and Washington: Tectonics v. 7, p. 181-212.
Parrish, R. R. and Wheeler, J. 0., 1983, A U-Pb zircon age of the Kuskanax batholith, southeastern British Columbia:
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 20, p. 1751-1756.
Pohler, S. M. L., Orchard, M. J., and Tempelman-Kluit, D. J., 1989, Ordovician conodonts identify the oldest sediments
in the Intermontane Belt, Ollala, south-central British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-lE, p.
61-67.
Potter, C. J., 1986, Origin, accretion, and postaccretionary evolution of the Bridge River Terrane, southwest British
Columbia: Tectonics v.5, p. 1027-104 1.
Preto, V. A., 1970, Structure and petrology of the Grand Forks Group, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada
Paper 69-212, 80 pp.
Preto, V. A., 1979, Geology of the Nicola Group between Merrit and Princeton, British Columbia: British Columbia
Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources Bulletin 69, 90 pp.
Price, R. A., 1962, Fernie map-area, east half, Alberta and British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 61-24,
65 pp.
Price, R. A., 1981, The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, in, K. R.
McClay and N. J. Price, editors, Thrust and Nappe Tectonics: Geological Society of London Special
Publicantion 9, p. 427-448.
Price, R. A., Balkwill, H. R., Charlesworth, H. A. K., Cook, D. G., and Simony, P. S., 1972, The Canadian rockies
and tectonic evolution of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera: 24th International Geological Congress,
Montreal, Quebec, 1972, Guidebook for Excursion AI5-CI5, 129 pp.
Price, R. A., Monger, J. W. H., and Muller, J. E., 1981, Cordilleran cross-section - Calgary to Victoria: Geological
Assocation of Canada, Field guides to geology and mineral deposits, Calgary, 1981, Meeting, p. 261-334.
Price, R. A., Monger, J. W. H., and Rodick, J. A., 1985, Cordilleran cross-section; Calgary to Vancouver: Geological
Society of America, Cordilleran Section, Vancouver, May, 1985, meeting, Field Trip Guidebook, Field Trip 3,
85 pp.
Read, P. B. and Okulitch, A. V., 1977, The Triassic unconformity of south-central British Columbia: Canadian Journal
of Earth Sciences v.14, p. 606-638.
Rhodes, B. P., and Cheney, E. S., 1981, Low-angle faulting and the origin of Kettle dome, a metamorphic core complex
in northeastern Washington: Geology v. 9, p. 366-369.
Rice, H. M. A., 1960, Geology and mineral resources of the Princeton map-area, British Columbia: Geological Survey
of Canada Memoir 243, 136 pp.
Richards, T. A. and McTaggart, K. C., 1976, Granitic rocks of the southern Coast Plutonic Complex and northern
Cascades of British Columbia: Geologia! Society of America Bulletin v. 87, p. 935-953.
Roddick, J. A., 1965, Vancouver, North Coquitlam, and Pitt Lake map-areas, British Columbia, with special emphasis
on the evolution of the plutonic rocks: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 335, 276 pp.
Roddick, J. A. and Woodsworth, G. J., 1979, Geology of Vancouver West Half (92G) and the mainland part of Alberni
(92F) map-areas: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 611.
Ross, J. V., 1981, A geodynamic model for some structures within and adjacent to the Okanagan Valley, southern
British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 18, p. 1581-1598.
r
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _• _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

O
~
~
_
Roadlog and Map References 5

Ross, J. v., 1983, The nature and rheology of the Cordilleran upper mantle of British Columbia: inferences from
peridotite xenoliths: Tectonophysics v. 100, p. 321-357.
Rouse, G. E., Mathews, W. H., and Blunden, R H., 1975, The Lions Gate Member: A new Late Cretaceous
sedimentary subdivision in the Vancouver area of British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 12,
p.464-471.
Rusmore, M. E., Potter, C. J., and Urn hoefer, P. J., 1988, Middle Jurassic terrane accretion along the western edge of
the Intermontane superterrane, southwestern British Columbia: Geology v.16, p. 891-894.
Struik. L. C., 1988, Crustal evolution of the eastern Canadian cordillera: Tectonics v. 7, p. 727-747.
Souther, J. G., 1977, Volcanism and tectonic environments in the Canadian Coredillera - a second look: Geological
Asociation of Canada Special Paper 16, p. 3-24.
Sun. Min, 1985, Sr isotopic study of ultramafic nodules from Neogene alkalic lavas of British Columbia, Canada and
Josephine Peridotite, southwestern Oregon, U. S. A.: M. S. thesis University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
134 pp.
Tabor, R W., Raugerud, R A., Miller, R B., Brown, E. R .. , and Babcock. R S., 1989, Accreted terranes of the North
Cascades Range, Washington: 28th International Geological Congress, Washington, D. c., July, 1989, Field
Trip Guide T307, 62 pp.
Tempelman-Kluit, D. J., 1988, Geological map with mineral occurrences, fossil localities, radiometric ages and gravity
field for Penticton map area (82E) British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1969, 16 pp.
Tempelman-Kluit, D. J. and Parkinson, D. L., 1986, Extension across the Eocene Okanagan crustal shear in southern
British Columbia: Geology, v.14, p. 318-321.
Tipper, H. W., 1984a, The age of the Jurassic Rossland Group of southeastern British Columbia: Geological Survey of
Canada Paper 84-1A, p. 631-632.
Tipper, H. W., 1984b, The allochthonous Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous terranes of the Canadian Cordillera and their
relation to correlative strata of the North American craton: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 27,
p. 113-120.
Travers, W. B., 1978, Overturned Nicole and Ashcroft strata and their relation to the Cache Creek Group, southwestern
Intermontane Belt, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 15, p. 99-116.
Urn hoefer, P. J., 1987, Northward translation of "Baja British Columbia" along the late Cretaceous to Paleocene margin
of western North America: Tectonics v.6, p. 377-394.
van der Heyden, Peter, 1989, U-Pb and K-Ar geochronometry of the Coast Plutonic Complex, 53 0 N to 540 N, British
Columbia and implications for the Insular-Intermontane superterrane boundary: Ph. D. thesis, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, 392 pp.
Wanless, R K., Stevens, R D., Lachance, G. R, and Edmonds, C. M., 1967, Age determinations and geologic studies:
K-Ar isotopic ages, Report 7: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 66-17,120 pp.
Wheeler, J. 0., Campbell, R B., Reesor, J. E., and Mountjoy, E. W., 1972, Structural style of the southern Canadian
'Cordillera: 24th International Geological Congress, Montreal, Quebec, 1972, Guidebook for Excursion A-01-
X-01, 118 pp.
Wheeler, J. O. and McFeely, P., 1987, Revised tectonic assemblage map of the Canadian Cordillera and adjacent parts of
the United States of America: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1565.
Woodsworth, G. J. and Roddick, J. A., 1977, Geology of Pemberton map-area, British Columbia (NTS 921): Geological
Survey of Canada Open File 482.