Data Booklet

Updated 2010

Table of Common Polyatomic Ions

1

1.01

1+,1

2.2

H
3

CH3COO

ammonium

NH4

benzoate

C6H5COO

BO3

borate

hydrogen

6.94
1+

9.01
2+

acetate (ethanoate)

C2

carbonate

CO3

hydrogen sulfate

HSO4

sulfite

SO3

hydrogen sulfite

HSO3

hydrogen sulfide

HS

thiocyanate

SCN

thiosulfate

S2O3

HOOCCOO

permanganate

MnO4

peroxide

O2

persulfide

S2

CIO3

12

chlorite

CIO2

hypochlorite

OCl or CIO

phosphate

PO4

hydrogen phosphate

HPO4

dihydrogen phosphate

H2PO4

magnesium

sodium

19

hydrogen oxalate

chlorate

Mg

SO4

beryllium

Na

sulfate

OOCCOO

CIO4

1.3

SiO3

oxalate

perchlorate

0.9

silicate

Be

2+

OH

NO2

Li

1+

nitrite

HCO3

24.31

CN

NO3

hydrogen carbonate

22.99

cyanide

nitrate

1.6

11

Cr2O7

IO3

1.0

lithium

dichromate

iodate

CrO4

hydroxide

carbide

chromate

39.10

1+

20

40.08
2+

21

44.96
3+

22

47.87

4+, 3+

23

50.94
5+, 4+

24

52.00
3+, 2+

25

54.94
2+, 4+

26

55.85
3+, 2+

27

58.93
2+, 3+

0.8

1.0

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.9

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

potassium

37

85.47

1+

calcium

38

scandium

87.62

2+

39

titanium

88.91
3+

40

vanadium

91.22

4+

41

chromium

92.91

5+, 3+

42

manganese

95.94

6+

43

(98)
7+

iron

44

cobalt

101.07

3+

45

102.91
3+

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.6

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.3

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

rubidium

55

strontium

132.91
1+

56

yttrium

137.33

2+

57

zirconium

138.91
3+

72

niobium

178.49
4+

73

molybdenum

180.95
5+

74

183.84

6+

technetium

75

186.21
7+

ruthenium

76

rhodium

190.23
4+

77

0.8

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.2

2.2

Cs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

cesium

87

barium

(223)
1+

88

lanthanum

(226)
2+

89

0.7

0.9

1.1

Fr

Ra

Ac

francium

radium

(227)
3+

actinium

hafnium

104

Rf

tantalum

(261)
4+

rutherfordium

105

tungsten

(262)

Db

106

rhenium

(266)

Sg

dubnium

seaborgium

107

osmium

(264)

Bh

108

4+

iridium

(277)

Hs

bohrium

192.22

109

(268)

Mt

hassium

meitnerium

lanthanide and actinide series begin

58
References
Lide, D.R. 2005. CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics. 86th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Speight, James G. 2005. Langes Handbook of
Chemistry. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
IUPAC commission on atomic weights and
isotopic abundances. 2002. http://www.chem.
qmw.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/index.html.

140.12
3+

59

140.91
3+

60

144.24
3+

1.1

1.1

1.1

Ce

Pr

Nd

cerium

90

4+

91

231.04
5+, 4+

92

(145)
3+

238.03

6+, 4+

Pm

promethium

93

62

(237)
5+

samarium

94

1.5

1.7

1.3

1.3

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

protactinium uranium

3+, 2+

Sm

1.3

thorium

150.36

1.2

praseodymium neodymium

232.04

61

neptunium

(244)

4+, 6+

plutonium

11

10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Legend for Elements

Key

26

Atomic number

Most stable
ion charges

3+, 2+

1.8

Electronegativity

Fe

Symbol

iron

Name

10.81

2+, 3+

29

63.55
2+, 1+

65.41
2+

12.01

26.98
3+

31

14

2+

69.72

3+

49

114.82

3+

15

32

72.64
4+

33

2+, 1+

81

1+, 3+

82

207.2*

2+, 4+

34

121.76

3+, 5+

52

84
2.0

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

(271)

111

(272)

Ds

54

Xe

83

bismuth

126.90

antimony
3+, 5+

53

iodine

(209)

2+, 4+
902
254

polonium

85

83.80

krypton

Te

1.9

110

tellurium

208.98

bromine

127.60

36

2.6

1.8

lead

2.7

1.8

thallium

79.90

2.1

1.9

mercury

35

Kr

2.4

gold

selenium

2.2

platinum

78.96

39.95

argon

Br

51

4+, 2+

chlorine

Se

50

118.71

sulfur

As

arsenic

tin

204.38

74.92

germanium

Sb

200.59

18

Sn

80

3.0

In

3+, 1+

35.45

2.6

Cd
196.97

17

2.2

Ag
79

Ar

Pd

4+, 2+

32.07

Cl

2.1

195.08

16

phosphorus

2.0

indium

1.8

78

20.18

neon

Si

1.7

cadmium

30.97

fluorine

1.9

silver

oxygen

3.2

2.2

palladium

10

2.6

Ge

112.41

2.2

silicon

gallium

48

19.00

1.9

Ga

1+

nitrogen

28.09

Zn

107.87

Ne

Cu
47

Ni

2+, 3+

16.00

2.0

106.42

carbon

1.8

46

1.7

zinc

14.01

helium

1.9

copper

He

1.9

nickel

4.0

1.6

30

4.00

3.4

aluminium

58.69

3.0

Al
28

Liquids

2.6

13

( ) Indicates mass of the

most stable isotope

Non-metallic solids

2.0

boron

* Based on 126 C

Gases

Note: The legend denotes the physical state of the elements

at exactly 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K.

Atomic molar
mass (g/mol)

55.85

Metallic solids

131.29

xenon

(210)

86

(222)

2.2

At

Rn

astatine

radon

* The isotopic mix of naturally occurring lead is more variable than other
elements, preventing precision to greater than tenths of a gram per mole.

Rg

darmstadtium roentgenium

63

151.96
3+, 2+

64

157.25
3+

65

158.93

3+

66

162.50

3+

67

164.93
3+

68

167.26
3+

69

168.93

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

europium

95

(243)

3+, 4+

gadolinium

96

(247)
3+

terbium

97

(247)

3+, 4+

dysprosium

98

(251)
3+

holmium

99

erbium

(252)
3+

100

(257)
3+

101

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

curium

berkelium

californium

einsteinium

fermium

70

173.04
3+, 2+

ytterbium

(258)

2+, 3+

102

(259)

2+, 3+

No

71

174.97
3+

1.0

Yb

thulium

americium

3+

mendelevium nobelium

Lu

lutetium

103

(262)
3+

Lr

lawrencium

Chemistry Notation
Symbol
c

Term

Unit(s)
J/(g.C) or J/(g.K)

specific heat capacity

standard electrical potential

Ek

kinetic energy

kJ

Ep

potential energy

kJ

enthalpy (heat)

kJ

f H

standard molar enthalpy of formation

V or J/C

kJ/mol

current

Kc

equilibrium constant

Ka

acid ionization (dissociation) constant

Kb

base ionization (dissociation) constant

molar mass

mass

amount of substance

mol

pressure

kPa

charge

temperature (absolute)

temperature (Celsius)

time

volume

amount concentration

A or C/s

g/mol
g

mol/L

Symbol

Term

delta (change in)

standard

[]

amount concentration

Miscellaneous
25.00 C is equivalent to 298.15 K
Specific Heat Capacities at 298.15 K and 100.000 kPa
cair = 1.01 J/(g.C)
cpolystyrene foam cup = 1.01 J/(g.C)
ccopper = 0.385 J/(g.C)
caluminium = 0.897 J/(g.C)
ciron = 0.449 J/(g.C)
ctin = 0.227 J/(g.C)
cwater = 4.19 J/(g.C)
Water Autoionization Constant (Dissociation Constant)
Kw = 1.0 10 14 at 298.15 K (for ion concentrations in mol/L)
Faraday Constant
F = 9.65 104 C/mol e
Quadratic Formula
2
x = -b ! b - 4ac
2a

Selected SI Prefixes
Exponential
Symbol

Value

tera

1012

giga

109

mega

106

kilo

103

milli

10 3

micro

10 6

nano

10 9

pico

10 12

Prefix

Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation at 298.15 K

Name
aluminium oxide
ammonia
ammonium chloride
ammonium nitrate
barium carbonate
barium chloride
barium hydroxide
barium oxide
barium sulfate
benzene
butane
calcium carbonate
calcium chloride
calcium hydroxide
calcium oxide
calcium sulfate
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
chromium(III) oxide
copper(I) oxide
copper(II) oxide
copper(II) sulfate
copper(I) sulfide
copper(II) sulfide
dinitrogen tetroxide
ethane
ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
ethanol
ethene (ethylene)
ethyne (acetylene)
glucose
hydrogen bromide
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen fluoride
hydrogen iodide
hydrogen perchlorate
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen sulfide
iron(II) oxide
iron(III) oxide
iron(II,III) oxide (magnetite)
lead(II) bromide
lead(II) chloride
lead(II) oxide (red)
lead(IV) oxide
magnesium carbonate
magnesium chloride

Formula
Al2O3(s)
NH3(g)
NH4Cl(s)
NH4NO3(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaCl2(s)
Ba(OH)2(s)
BaO(s)
BaSO4(s)
C6H6(l)
C4H10(g)
CaCO3(s)
CaCl2(s)
Ca(OH)2(s)
CaO(s)
CaSO4(s)
CO2(g)
CO(g)
Cr2O3(s)
Cu2O(s)
CuO(s)
CuSO4(s)
Cu2S(s)
CuS(s)
N2O4(g)
C2H6(g)
CH3COOH(l)
C2H5OH(l)
C2H4(g)
C2H2(g)
C6H12O6(s)
HBr(g)
HCl(g)
HF(g)
HI(g)
HClO4(l)
H2O2(l)
H2S(g)
FeO(s)
Fe2O3(s)
Fe3O4(s)
PbBr2(s)
PbCl2(s)
PbO(s)
PbO2(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgCl2(s)
4

f H (kJ/mol)
1 675.7
45.9
314.4
365.6
1 213.0
855.0
944.7
548.0
1 473.2
+49.1
125.7
1 207.6
795.4
985.2
634.9
1 434.5
393.5
110.5
1 139.7
168.6
157.3
771.4
79.5
53.1
+11.1
84.0
484.3
277.6
+52.4
+227.4
1 273.3
36.3
92.3
273.3
+26.5
40.6
187.8
20.6
272.0
824.2
1 118.4
278.7
359.4
219.0
277.4
1 095.8
641.3

Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation at 298.15 K contd

Name
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium oxide
magnesium sulfate
manganese(II) oxide
manganese(IV) oxide
mercury(II) oxide (red)
mercury(II) sulfide (red)
methanal (formaldehyde)
methane
methanoic acid (formic acid)
methanol
nickel(II) oxide
nitric acid
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen monoxide
octane
pentane
phosphorus pentachloride
phosphorus trichloride (liquid)
phosphorus trichloride (vapour)
potassium bromide
potassium chlorate
potassium chloride
potassium hydroxide
propane
silicon dioxide (-quartz)
silver bromide
silver chloride
silver iodide
sodium bromide
sodium chloride
sodium hydroxide
sodium iodide
sucrose
sulfur dioxide
sulfuric acid
sulfur trioxide (liquid)
sulfur trioxide (vapour)
tin(II) chloride
tin(IV) chloride
tin(II) oxide
tin(IV) oxide
water (liquid)
water (vapour)
zinc oxide
zinc sulfide (sphalerite)

Formula
Mg(OH)2(s)
MgO(s)
MgSO4(s)
MnO(s)
MnO2(s)
HgO(s)
HgS(s)
CH2O(g)
CH4(g)
HCOOH(l)
CH3OH(l)
NiO(s)
HNO3(l)
NO2(g)
NO(g)
C8H18(l)
C5H12(l)
PCl5(s)
PCl3(l)
PCl3(g)
KBr(s)
KClO3(s)
KCl(s)
KOH(s)
C3H8(g)
SiO2(s)
AgBr(s)
AgCl(s)
AgI(s)
NaBr(s)
NaCl(s)
NaOH(s)
NaI(s)
C12H22O11(s)
SO2(g)
H2SO4(l)
SO3(l)
SO3(g)
SnCl2(s)
SnCl4(l)
SnO(s)
SnO2(s)
H2O(l)
H2O(g)
ZnO(s)
ZnS(s)
5

f H (kJ/mol)
924.5
601.6
1 284.9
385.2
520.0
90.8
58.2
108.6
74.6
425.0
239.2
240.6
174.1
+ 33.2
+ 91.3
250.1
173.5
443.5
319.7
287.0
393.8
397.7
436.5
424.6
103.8
910.7
100.4
127.0
61.8
361.1
411.2
425.8
287.8
2 226.1
296.8
814.0
441.0
395.7
325.1
511.3
280.7
577.6
285.8
241.8
350.5
206.0

Solubility of Some Common Ionic Compounds in Water at 298.15 K

Group 1 ions

Ion

Solubility
greater than
or equal to
0.1mol/L
(very soluble)

NH4+
NO3
ClO3
ClO4
CH3COO

most

most

Cl
Br
I

most

most

IO3
OOCCOO2

OH

Group 1 ions

Group 1 ions

Group 1 ions

NH4+

NH4+

Co(IO3)2

NH4+

Fe2(OOCCOO)3
Li+
Mg2+

Solubility
less than
0.1mol/L
(slightly
soluble)

SO42

CO32
PO43
SO32

RbClO4

Ca2+

CsClO4

Sr2+

AgCH3COO

Ba

Hg2(CH3COO)2

2+

Fe2+
Hg22+
Pb2+

Ca2+
Cu+

Sr2+

Ag+

Ba2+

Hg22+

Ag+

2+

Pb

Tl+

most

most

most

Hg22+
2+
Pb

Ra2+

Note: This solubility table is only a guideline that is established using the Ksp values. A concentration of 0.1mol/L
corresponds to approximately 10g/L to 30g/L depending on molar mass. Hg22+ is a polyatomic ion of mercury.

Flame Colour of Elements

Element

Symbol

Colour

lithium

Li

red

sodium

Na

yellow

potassium

violet

rubidium

Rb

violet

cesium

Cs

violet

calcium

Ca

yellowish red

strontium

Sr

scarlet red

barium

Ba

yellowish green

copper

Cu

blue to green

boron

yellowish green

lead

Pb

blue-white

Note: The flame test can be used to determine the identity of a metal or a metal ion. Blue to green indicates arange of
colours that might appear.
6

Table of Selected Standard Electrode Potentials*

Reduction Half-Reaction
F2(g) + 2 e
PbO2(s) + SO42 (aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e
MnO4 (aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e
Au3+(aq) + 3 e
ClO4 (aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 8 e
Cl2(g) + 2 e
2 HNO2(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e
Cr2O72(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e
O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e
MnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e
Br2(l) + 2 e
2+
Hg (aq) + 2 e
OCl (aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e
2 NO3 (aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e
Ag+(aq) + e
Fe3+(aq) + e
O2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e
I2(s) + 2 e
O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e
SO42 (aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e
Sn4+(aq) + 2 e
S(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e
AgBr(s) + e
2 H+(aq) + 2 e
Pb2+(aq) + 2 e
Sn2+(aq) + 2 e
AgI(s) + e
Ni2+(aq) + 2 e
Co2+(aq) + 2 e
PbSO4(s) + 2 e
Se(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e
Cd2+(aq) + 2 e
Cr3+(aq) + e
Fe2+(aq) + 2 e

NO2 (aq) + H2O(l) + e

Ag2S(s) + 2 e
Zn2+(aq) + 2 e
2 H2O(l) + 2 e
Cr2+(aq) + 2 e
Se(s) + 2 e
SO42 (aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e
Al3+(aq) + 3 e
Mg2+(aq) + 2 e
Na+(aq) + e
Ca2+(aq) + 2 e
Ba2+(aq) + 2 e
K+(aq) + e
Li+(aq) + e

Electrical Potential E (V)

2 F (aq)...................................................... +2.87
PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l) . ............................... +1.69
Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l) ................................ +1.51
Au(s) ........................................................... +1.50
Cl (aq) + 4 H2O(l) . .................................. +1.39
2 Cl (aq) ..................................................... +1.36
N2O(g) + 3 H2O(l) . .................................. +1.30
2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l) ............................... +1.23
2 H2O(l) . .................................................... +1.23
Mn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l) ................................ +1.22
2 Br (aq) ..................................................... +1.07
Hg(l) ........................................................... + 0.85
Cl (aq) + 2 OH (aq) ................................. + 0.84
N2O4(g) + 2 H2O(l) .................................. + 0.80
Ag(s) ........................................................... + 0.80
Fe2+(aq) ...................................................... + 0.77
H2O2(l) ....................................................... + 0.70
2 I (aq) ....................................................... + 0.54
4 OH (aq) ................................................... + 0.40
Cu(s) ........................................................... + 0.34
H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) ................................. + 0.17
Sn2+(aq) . .................................................... + 0.15
H2S(aq) . ..................................................... + 0.14
Ag(s) + Br (aq) ......................................... + 0.07
H2(g) .......................................................... 0.00
Pb(s) ........................................................... 0.13
Sn(s) . .......................................................... 0.14
Ag(s) + I (aq) ........................................... 0.15
Ni(s) . .......................................................... 0.26
Co(s) ........................................................... 0.28
Pb(s) + SO42 (aq) ..................................... 0.36
H2Se(aq) . ................................................... 0.40
Cd(s) .......................................................... 0.40
Cr2+(aq) ...................................................... 0.41
Fe(s) . .......................................................... 0.45
NO(g) + 2 OH (aq) .................................. 0.46
2 Ag(s) + S2(aq) ...................................... 0.69
Zn(s) ........................................................... 0.76
H2(g) + 2OH (aq) .................................... 0.83
Cr(s) . .......................................................... 0.91
Se2(aq) ...................................................... 0.92
SO32(aq) + 2OH (aq) ............................. 0.93
Al(s) . .......................................................... 1.66
Mg(s) .......................................................... 2.37
Na(s) ........................................................... 2.71
Ca(s) ........................................................... 2.87
Ba(s) ........................................................... 2.91
K(s) ............................................................. 2.93
Li(s)............................................................. 3.04

*For 1.0 mol/L solutions at 298.15 K (25.00 C) and a pressure of 101.325 kPa

very large
very large

HSO4 (aq)
NO3(aq)
H2O(l)

HSO3(aq)
SO42(aq)

H2SO4(aq)
HNO3(aq)
H3O+(aq)
HOOCCOOH(aq)
H2SO3(aq)
HSO4 (aq)

hydronium ion

oxalic acid

sulfurous acid
aqueous hydrogen sulfite

hydrogen sulfate ion

7.4 10 4
6.3 10 4
5.6 10 4
1.8 10 4

C3H5O(COOH)2COO (aq)
F(aq)
NO2(aq)
HCOO (aq)
OOCCOO2(aq)

C3H5O(COOH)3(aq)
HF(aq)
HNO2(aq)
HCOOH(aq)
HOOCCOO (aq)

1.4 10 4
9.1 10 5

C2H5OCOO (aq)
HC6H6O6 (aq)

1.5 10 4

6.9 10 3

H2PO4 (aq)

1.0 10 2

1.4 10 2

5.6 10 2

H3PO4(aq)

lactic acid
C2H5OCOOH(aq)
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
ascorbic acid
H C H O (aq)
2(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-furan-3-one 2 6 6 6

hydrogen oxalate ion

phosphoric acid
aqueous hydrogen phosphate
citric acid
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
hydrofluoric acid
aqueous hydrogen fluoride
nitrous acid
aqueous hydrogen nitrite
formic acid
methanoic acid

very large

Cl(aq)

HCl(aq)

HOOCCOO (aq)

very large

Br(aq)

HBr(aq)

very large

I (aq)

HI(aq)

Ka
very large

Conjugate Base Formula

ClO4 (aq)

Acid Formula
HClO4(aq)

perchloric acid
aqueous hydrogen perchlorate
hydroiodic acid
aqueous hydrogen iodide
hydrobromic acid
aqueous hydrogen bromide
hydrochloric acid
aqueous hydrogen chloride
sulfuric acid
aqueous hydrogen sulfate
nitric acid
aqueous hydrogen nitrate

Common Name
IUPAC / Systematic Name

Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases at 298.15 K

1.7 10 5
1.5 10 5
1.3 10 5

C3H5OCOOH(COO)22(aq)
C3H7COO (aq)
C2H5COO (aq)
HCO3(aq)
C3H5O(COO)33(aq)
HS(aq)
SO32(aq)
HPO42(aq)

C3H5O(COOH)2COO (aq)
C3H7COOH(aq)
C2H5COOH(aq)
H2CO3(aq)
C3H5OCOOH(COO)22(aq)
H2S(aq)
HSO3(aq)
H2PO4 (aq)

dihydrogen citrate ion

butanoic acid

propanoic acid

carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O)

aqueous hydrogen carbonate

hydrogen citrate ion

hydrosulfuric acid
aqueous hydrogen sulfide

hydrogen sulfite ion

dihydrogen phosphate ion

6.2 10 10

4.8 10 13
1.0 10 14

CN(aq)
NH3(aq)
CO32(aq)
C6H6O62(aq)
PO43(aq)
OH (aq)

HCN(aq)
NH4+(aq)
HCO3(aq)
HC6H6O6 (aq)
HPO42(aq)
H2O(l)

ammonium ion

hydrogen carbonate ion

hydrogen ascorbate ion

hydrogen phosphate ion

water

Note: An approximation may be used instead of the quadratic formula when the concentration of H3O+ produced is less than 5% of the original acid
concentration (or the concentration of the acid is 1000 times greater than the Ka). An approximation can also be used for weak bases. The formulas
of the carboxylic acids have been written so that the COOH group can be easily recognized. Either the common or IUPAC name is acceptable.

2.0 10 12

4.7 10 11

5.6 10 10

4.0 10 8

OCl(aq)

6.2 10 8

6.3 10 8

8.9 10 8

4.0 10 7

HOCl(aq)

hypochlorous acid
aqueous hydrogen hypochlorite
hydrocyanic acid
aqueous hydrogen cyanide

1.8 10 5

CH3COO (aq)

CH3COOH(aq)

4.5 10 7

6.3 10 5

C6H5COO (aq)

C6H5COOH(aq)

benzoic acid
benzenecarboxylic acid
acetic acid
ethanoic acid

AcidBase Indicators at 298.15 K

pH Range

Colour Change as
pH Increases

Ka

HMv(aq) / Mv(aq)

0.0 1.6

yellow to blue

~2 10 1

H2Cr(aq) / HCr(aq)

0.0 1.0
7.0 8.8

red to yellow
yellow to red

~3 10 1
3.5 10 9

HTb (aq) / Tb2(aq)

1.2 2.8
8.0 9.6

red to yellow
yellow to blue

2.2 10 2
6.3 10 10

orange IV

HOr(aq) / Or(aq)

1.4 2.8

red to yellow

~1 10 2

methyl orange

HMo(aq) / Mo (aq)

3.2 4.4

red to yellow

3.5 10 4

bromocresol green

HBg(aq) / Bg(aq)

3.8 5.4

yellow to blue

1.3 10 5

methyl red

HMr(aq) / Mr(aq)

4.8 6.0

red to yellow

1.0 10 5

chlorophenol red

HCh(aq) / Ch(aq)

5.2 6.8

yellow to red

5.6 10 7

bromothymol blue

HBb(aq) / Bb (aq)

6.0 7.6

yellow to blue

5.0 10 8

phenol red

HPr(aq) / Pr(aq)

6.6 8.0

yellow to red

1.0 10 8

phenolphthalein

HPh(aq) / Ph(aq)

8.2 10.0

colourless to pink

3.2 10 10

thymolphthalein

HTh(aq) / Th(aq)

9.4 10.6

colourless to blue

1.0 10 10

alizarin yellow R

HAy(aq) / Ay(aq)

10.1 12.0

yellow to red

6.9 10 12

indigo carmine

HIc(aq) / Ic(aq)

11.4 13.0

blue to yellow

~6 10 12

1,3,5trinitrobenzene

HNb(aq) / Nb (aq)

12.0 14.0

colourless
to orange

~1 10 13

Indicator
methyl violet
cresol red

thymol blue

Suggested
Abbreviations

HCr(aq) / Cr2(aq)
H2Tb(aq) / HTb (aq)

10

Colours of Common Aqueous Ions

Solution Concentration
Ionic Species

1.0 mol/L

0.010 mol/L

chromate

yellow

pale yellow

chromium(III)

blue-green

green

chromium(II)

dark blue

pale blue

cobalt(II)

red

pink

copper(I)

blue-green

pale blue-green

copper(II)

blue

pale blue

dichromate

orange

pale orange

iron(II)

lime green

colourless

iron(III)

orange-yellow

pale yellow

manganese(II)

pale pink

colourless

nickel(II)

blue-green

pale blue-green

permanganate

deep purple

purple-pink

11

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