Está en la página 1de 78

K.L.E Societys B.V.

BHOOMARADDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,HUBLI-580031


(An Autonomous Institute Certified by ISO 9001 under VTU ) VISVESWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELGAUM-590 014

A PROJECT REPORT
On

A CRICTICAL REVIEW OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING


Submitted By:

Ajay Inamdar Siddhartha Kamat Naveengoud Patil Saleem Malik Naik

2BV07CV002 2BV07CV013 2BV07CV018 2BV08CV402

Under the guidance of

Dr. Satish Annigeri


Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering


B.V.Bhoomaraddi College Of Engineering & Technology, Hubli-580031

K.L.E Societys B.V.BHOOMARADDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,HUBLI-580031


(An Autonomous Institute Certified by ISO 9001 under VTU )

VISVESVARYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM-590 014

Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled A Critical Review of Building Information Modelling is a bonafide work carried out by Ajay Inamdar, Siddhartha Kamat, Naveengoud Patil, Saleem Malik Naik in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering during the year 2010-2011, is a record of the bonafide work carried out by them. They have worked under my guidance and supervision and have fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this project report.

Guide Dr. S. A. Annigeri Professor Department of Civil Engineering

Head of the Department Dr. S. S. Quadri Dept. of Civil Engineering B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.

Principal Dr. Ashok. S. Shettar B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.

Signature of Examiners Name 1.. 2.. Signature . .

K.L.E Societys B.V.BHOOMARADDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,HUBLI-580031


(An Autonomous Institute Certified by ISO 9001 under VTU )

VISVESVARYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM-590 014

Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled A Critical Review of Building Information Modelling is a bonafide work carried out by Ajay Inamdar, Siddhartha Kamat, Naveengoud Patil, Saleem Malik Naik in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering during the year 2010-2011, is a record of the bonafide work carried out by them. They have worked under my guidance and supervision and have fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this project report.

Guide Dr. S. A. Annigeri Professor Department of Civil Engineering

Head of the Department Dr. S. S. Quadri Dept. of Civil Engineering B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.

Principal Dr. Ashok. S. Shettar B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.

Signature of Examiners Name 1.. 2.. Signature . .

Acknowledgement
The successful completion of any task will be incomplete without complimenting those who made it possible and whose guidance and encouragement has made our efforts successful. We are very much indebted to our beloved guide Dr. Satish Annigeri, whose sincere guidance; valuable suggestions and benevolent direction were mainly responsible for the completion of project. We thank our beloved HoD Dr. S. S. Quadri for creating the ambient atmosphere and for always being the inspiring force. We are also thankful to A. N. Prakash and Professor Arvind Galagali for spending their valuable time in interacting with us. We are highly indebted to our principal, Dr. Ashok Shettar, for his counsel and providing necessary facility during the development of the project We express our sincere thanks to all the teaching staff and non teaching staff of Civil Engineering Department and also those who have extended their invaluable help and cooperation directly or indirectly during the project and thereby ensuring successful completion.

Page ii

Synopsis
Imagine a virtual world where an architect, an engineer, a contractor and a client are working simultaneously on a project. Their goal to create the most cost effective, efficient and structurally sound building possible, all without compromising their artistic vision. Sounds impossible? Not any more. Welcome to the new world of BIM, where interoperability and Integrated Project Delivery is key. Building Information Modeling or BIM is the latest buzzword in construction industry worldwide. It is a process of demonstrating both graphical and non-graphical aspects of the full building life cycle and creating a single repository of design and construction documents, specifications and schedules. The process generates 3D Model encompassing geometric and geographic information of the building and properties of its components. Bentley, ArchiCAD and Tekla Structures are the popular CADD software used to generate standard 3D BIM models.

Building Information Modeling is clearly gaining momentum as the technology evolves and greater interoperability is possible between disparate software systems. This project deals with a critical analysis of BIM and our experiences with BIM.

Page iii

Contents
Certificate Acknowledgement Synopsis Contents List of figures Chapter 01 Introduction 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Scope of the project 1.3: Objectives of the project Chapter 02 Literature Review 2.1: Building life cycle 2.2: Life-Cycle management in other fields 2.3: Industry research 2.4: Building Information Modeling 2.5: IFC file format 2.6: Market analysis 2.7: Case Study Chapter 03 Methodology 3.1: Workflow 3.2: ArchiCAD Modeling 3.3: ArchiCAD Tekla Interoperability 3.4: Tekla structures 3.5: Tekla- STAAD.Pro Interoperability 3.6: MS Excel 3.7: MS Project 3.8: Other Utilities of Model
i ii iii iv vi 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 6 9 17 18 20 21 21 21 23 24 25 26 28 28

Page iv

Chapter 04 Discussion 4.1: Model Description 4.1.1: Introduction to the Model 4.1.2: Phases of Model 4.1.3: Design Efficiency 4.1.4: Discrepancies in 2D Plan (Hard Copy) 4.1.5: Drawings and Views 4.1.6: Material Take-off and Lists 4.1.7: Model in Tekla Phase: Part I 4.1.8 Model in STAAD.Pro phase 4.1.9 MS Excel design module 4.1.10 Tekla Phase Part II-Reinforcement Detailing 4.2: Drawbacks 4.2.1: Complexity level of BIM software 4.2.2: Cost of the software 4.2.3: Information flow 4.2.4: Programming Chapter 05 Conclusion References Appendix 1) 2) 3) 4) ArchiCAD modeling ArchiCAD-Tekla Import Tekla structures STAAD Pro.

30 30 30 32 33 34 36 40 43 46 50 56 59 59 59 59 61 62 63 64 64 65 67 69

Page v

List of figures
Figure 2.1 Phases of typical Construction Figure 2.2 Typical workflow in civil engineering projects in current practice Figure 2.3 Typical phases in a building life cycle Figure 2.4 Product Life Cycle Graph Figure 2.5 Construction site of Novotel and Ibis in Bengaluru Figure 2.6 Service Shaft. of the building Figure 2.7 Comparison of CAD and Parametric Figure 2.8.Various stakeholders Figure 2.9 Construction medias Figure 2.10 Time vs Effort Graph 3 4 4 5 6 7 9 10 10 10

Figure 3.1 Workflow for the Project Figure 3.2 Workflow Archicad and Tekla Figure 3.3 Spreadsheet for importing results Figure 3.4 VBA Module Figure 3.5 Open STAAD

21 23 26 27 27

Figure.4.1 Rendered View on the North Face of Building Figure 4.2 Rendered View of Building on the N-W Side Figure 4.3 Entire Model View Figure 4.4(a) Partial Structural Display Figure.4.4(b) Another view of 4.4(a) Figure 4.5(a) Clash of window and adjacent column: Exterior View Figure 4.5(b) Zoomed view of plan. Figure 4.5(c) Beam in Service Shaft Figure 4.5(d) Misplaced Beam Figure 4.6(a) North Elevation of the building Figure 4.6(b) North West Elevation of the Building

30 31 32 33 33 35 35 36 36 37 38

Page vi

Figure 4.6(c) Section in the North-South direction Figure 4.7(a) 3D cut away sections through the Building Figure 4.7(b) 3D cut away plane at the ceiling level of 3 rd floor Figure 4.8 Zones in the building Figure 4.9 Reference Model in Tekla Figure 4.10 Beams and Columns as native Tekla Objects Figure 4.11 View of a section of the analysis model Figure 4.12 Rigid links Figure 4.13 Grid used for model Figure 4.14 Structural model indicating frame used Figure 4.15 Analysis frame Figure 4.16 Members selected for design Figure 4.17 Detailing of column and Beam Figure 4.18 Detailing of footing Fig 4.19 Reinforcement in footing

39 39 40 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 49 57 57 58 58

Figure 1(a) Reference model window- selecting layers Figure 1(b) Reference model window-detecting changes Figure 2 beam properties window Figure 3 Rebar in beam Figure 4 2D plan of the building

66 67 68 69

Page vii

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling Chapter 01 Introduction


1.1. Indian market

India is on the verge of becoming the 3rd largest construction market in the world by 2020. India's stable legal and commercial environment, combined with its government's economic liberalization policies, has led to strong economic growth, low inflation and significant increases in foreign investment. The growth of its technology sector - drawing on an abundant, well-educated labour pool - is renowned. IT hubs are quickly being established in the suburbs of most major Indian cities, often likened to Indian Silicon Valleys. According to the report Real Estate Construction - India available at the real estate construction industry in India is reviving itself from the global economic downturn of last year, and is showing signs of growth in future. The current size of the real estate construction industry in India is estimated to be approximately US$44 billion. The industry is expected to witness an annual average growth rate of approximately 26 percent till 2014.[1] This strong economic performance has resulted in a building frenzy, particularly in metropolitan areas. All types of construction -- residential, infrastructure, industrial and, of course, commercial -- are booming. Application of software in the field of construction has increased enormously in recent times. Many Indian companies are been outsourced by various countries in the field of structural analysis, drafting and detailing. Designers are still using CAD and are creating collections of non-integrated files that collectively generate a set of paper drawings, schedules and specifications.

1.2.

Scope of the project

Building Information Modelling or BIM is the latest buzzword in construction industry worldwide. It is a process of demonstrating both graphical and non-graphical aspects of the full building life cycle and creating a single repository of design and construction documents, specifications and schedules. The process generates 3D Model encompassing geometric and geographic information of the building and properties of its components. Our project deals with a critical study of the all the BIM software available in market. We are dealing with the advantages of using BIM compared to the conventional method. We are trying to Figure out the difficulties and setbacks of BIM. We are also focusing on the kind of efforts which goes in learning this kind of software. We have also tried to chalk out the workflow of process, keeping a track on the information flow.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 1

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


1.3.
1. 2. 3. 4.

Objectives of project

To carry out a research on BIM technology and its advantages. To study the software tools available in the market which support BIM technology To study the workflow of the processes from design to execution using BIM To demonstrate a small scale project demonstrating the integration of all the software tools required to implement BIM. 5. To model, analyse, design and estimate bill of materials for an example building using BIM technology. We will build a virtual model loaded with all information necessary before the construction process begins. 6. To automate the exchange of data between model, structural analysis, design and detailing using spread sheets, structural analysis software and BIM software. 7. To study other utilities of BIM

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 2

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling Chapter 02 Literature Review
2.1. Building life cycle
The life cycle of building involves various stake holders. The client has to first approach the Architect or Project management consultants. The construction process involves following stages as shown in Figure 2.1,

Figure 2.1 Phases of typical Construction Concept Phase: The concept of the construction is been worked out in this phase. This phase revolves around the Architect. This phase generally involves interaction with client and finalizing of the concept. Though the final decision is been taken considering other parameters like analysis, site condition etc. Design phase: Once the initial concept is been finalized, its then sent to the structural engineer. Information generally been passed on as 2D drawings. The structural engineer does the analysis and design, and an interaction takes place between Architect and Structural engineer regarding the placement of structural members. Once the design is been finalized then the information (Reinforcement details) is sent to Detailer. In the due course of time, the architect sends the 2D plan of the structure to the quantity estimator as well as MEP consultant. Though estimator would have given an abstract cost picture to the client earlier, he studies the materials and prepares a detailed estimate of the complete structure. The MEP consultant uses the 2D floor plan and decides the ducts of electric and plumbing. All the building services drawing are done in 2D plans given by the architect. Tendering phase: Once the estimator gives his estimation, then tendering is been done. In this phase, the building contractor is identified and the project will be awarded to him as per his experience. Theres overlap between the design and tendering phase.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 3

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Construction phase: Once the tendering is been done the construction process is been started. Architects release several copies of working drawings as per the requirements. If any problems are faced during the construction, then it is been referred to previous stages. Close out: This process involves in finishing and handing over the building to client along with all the drawings and documents.

Figure 2.2 Typical workflow in civil engineering projects in current practice

Figure 2.3 Typical phases in a building life cycle (source: Revit and Civil 3D Interoperability master graphics http://masterg.com)

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 4

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


2.2. Life-Cycle management
All products and services have certain life cycles. The life cycle refers to the period from the products first launch into the market until its final withdrawal and it is split up in phases. During this period significant changes are made in the way that the product is behaving into the market i.e. its reflection in respect of sales to the company that introduced it into the market. Since an increase in profits is the major goal of a company that introduces a product into a market, the products life cycle management is very important. Some companies use strategic planning and others follow the basic rules of the different life cycle phase that are analysed later. The understanding of a products life cycle, can help a company to understand and realize when it is time to introduce and withdraw a product from a market, its position in the market compared to competitors, and the products success or failure. Product life cycle management The products life cycle - period usually consists of five major steps or phases as shown in Figure 2.4. Product development, Product introduction, Product growth, Product maturity and finally Product decline. These phases exist and are applicable to all products or services from a certain make of automobile to a multimillion-dollar lithography tool to a one-cent capacitor. These phases can be split up into smaller ones depending on the product and must be considered when a new product is to be introduced into a market since they dictate the products sales performance.

Figure. 2.4: Product Life Cycle Graph [source: William D. and McCarthy J. E. Product Life Cycle: Essentials of Marketing, Richard] Product life cycle management is used in most of the fields, with different nomenclature.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 5

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


2.3. Industry Research
In order to have a clear picture of the working process and problems faced in the industry, we interacted with industry experts. Interaction with A.N. Prakash, Project Management Consultant dated 22/09/2010 in Bangalore. The following were the opinions of A.N. Prakash The Reinforcement in junctions is not modeled properly hence it is difficult to execute on site. Service shaft drawings are 2D hence it is difficult to visualize. Site Visit of 4-star and 3-star Hotel Novotel and Ibis, Sarjapur Road, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore Clashes in the building services with the structural members is the common problem on site.

Figure 2.5 Construction site of Novotel and Ibis in Bengaluru

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 6

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 2.6 Service Shaft.of the building Interaction with Prof. Aravind Galagali dated: 2/10/2010 The delay in issuing of working drawings leads to the delay in construction process. The following is the exhaustive list of the reasons leading to delay of work 1. Delay in handing over of site 2. Unforeseen ground conditions 3. Conflicts between owner and other parties 4. Improper planning of contractor during bidding stage 5. Poor means of contracting 6. Inaccurate specification of site condition 7. Unrealistic time schedule given in contract 8. Faulty soil investigation report 9. Slow decision from owner 10. Bureaucracy in client's organization. 11. Ambiguity in specifications and conflicting interpretation by parties. 12. Unrealistic inspection and testing methods proposed in contract. 13. Delay in approval of completed work by client (i.e stage passing) 14. Delay in approval of shop drawings and samples 15. Non availability of drawing/ design on time
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 7

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


16. Consultant or Architect's reluctance for change 17. Obtaining permissions from local authorities 18. Poor organizational structure for client or consultant 19. Financial Constraints of contractor 20. Delay in running bill payments to the contractor 21. Inadequate experience of contractor 22. Poor labour productivity 23. Lack of control over sub-contractor 24. Frequent change of sub-contractor 25. Poor site management and supervision 26. Rework due to errors in execution 27. Rework due to change of design or deviation order 28. Delay in material delivery by vendors 29. Change in material prices/ price escalation 30. Improper storage of materials leading to damaged material when necessary 31. Local political conditions

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 8

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


2.4. Building Information Modelling
2.4.1 History of BIM Building modelling based on 3D solid modelling was first developed in late 1970s and 1980s. Cad system such as RUCAPS, TriCad, GDS, and Calma developed their own basic capabilities. With the introduction of products from Autodesk, Bentley, ArchiCAD, Tekla Corporation and others the building modelling has evolved drastically.

Figure 2.7 Comparison of CAD and Parametric [source: www.autodesk.com/buildinginformation] Figure 2.7 shows the overall effectiveness or benefit level of each of these three different technologies (vertical axis) measured against the effort required to achieve those benefits (horizontal axis). In addition, the horizontal dashed line represents the minimum degree of effectiveness that can be properly characterized as building information modelling. Below this building information modelling threshold are existing, traditional industry processes that are well-supported by traditional drafting and task automation. Above this line are increasing degrees of building information modelling effectiveness. The three solid lines show the effectiveness achievable at a given level of effort using these three different technologies, namely, CAD, Object CAD and Parametric building modelling. The orange line on the chart represents parametric building modelling technology. 2.4.2 Introduction to BIM Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the process of generating and managing building data during its life cycle. Typically it uses three-dimensional, real-time, dynamic building modelling software to increase productivity in building design and construction. The process produces the Building Information Model (also abbreviated BIM), which encompasses building geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, and quantities and properties of building components.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 9

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 2.8 Various stakeholders (source: Revit architecture 2010 brochure)

Figure 2.9 Construction medias (source: www.Tekla.com )

Building information modelling covers geometry, spatial relationships, light analysis, geographic information, quantities and properties of building components (for example manufacturers' details). BIM can be used to demonstrate the entire building life cycle, including the processes of construction and facility operation. Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility or group of facilities. 2.4.3 Definition Building Information Modelling or BIM is a digital representation of the building process to facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital format.

Figure 2.10 Time vs Effort Graph [source: An introduction to Building Information Modeling( BIM)- A Guide for ASHRAE Members]
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 10

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


BIM fosters collaboration in the early phases of a project between team members through the use of consistent and more complete information more effectively than do traditional approaches. This allows design decisions to be made that optimize the whole building at a stage when they are far less expensive to analyse, rather than the traditional approach of optimizing individual components. This should minimize the need to make changes later in the design or during the construction process when even small changes can have enormous effects on both the construction cost and life-cycle cost of the building. Above Figure illustrates this concept. 2.4.4 Building Information[3]

The information involved in modelling of a building are required for the following segments, 1. OwnersHigh level summary information about their facilities, planning, budgeting and decision support. 2. PlannersExisting information about physical site(s) and program needs 3. RealtorsInformation about a site or facility to support purchase or sale 4. AppraisersInformation about the facility to support valuation 5. Mortgage BankersInformation about demographics, corporations, and viability 6. DesignersPlanning and site information 7. EngineersElectronic model from which to import into design and analysis software 8. Cost & Quantity EstimatorsElectronic model to obtain accurate quantities and share comparable 9. Contracts & LawyersMore accurate legal descriptions as well as more accurate to defend or on which to base litigation 10. Construction ContractorsIntelligent objects for bidding and ordering and a place to store gained information 11. Sub-ContractorsClearer communication and same support for contractors 12. Fabricatorscan use intelligent model for numerical controls for fabrication 13. Code OfficialsCode checking software can process model faster and more accurately 14. Facility ManagersProvides product, warranty and maintenance information 15. Maintenance & SustainmentMore easily identify, track, budget, and schedule; repair, replacement, maintenance needs 16. Renovation & Restorationmore easily identify, track, budget, and schedule capital reinvestment requirements. 17. Disposal & RecyclingBetter knowledge potential reuse / adaptation.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 11

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


18. Scoping, Testing, Simulationelectronically build facility and eliminate conflicts, simulate growth needs. 19. Safety & Occupational HealthKnowledge of what materials are in use and MSDS 20. Environmental & NEPAImproved information for environmental impact analysis 21. Plant Operations3D visualization of processes 22. Sustainability, Energy, LEEDOptimized energy analysis including energy and condition analyses concurrently. 23. Space & SecurityIntelligent objects in 3D provide better understanding of usage, flow, security issues. 24. Risk ManagementBetter understanding of potential risks and how to avoid on minimize 25. Occupant Support better way finding and visibility into availability. Basic terminologies [3] Building Information model: A Building Information Model is a digital representation of the physical and the functional characteristics of a facility. Parameter: A quantity that is constant under a given set of conditions (rule set), but may be different under other conditions. Parametric: Rule based relationships between intelligent objects that enable related properties to be updated when one property changes. Integration: The incorporation of working practices, methods, processes, and tools that creates a culture in which individuals and organizations are able to work together efficiently and effectively. Interoperability: In the context of BIM, IBD (Integrated Building Design) and IPD (Integrated Project Delivery), defined as the ability to manage and communicate electronic product and project data between collaborating firms and within individual companies design, procurement, construction, maintenance, and business process systems. Data Exchange Specification: An electronic file format specification for the exchanging of digital data. They can be proprietary or open source and can be developed and promulgated by anyone Data Exchange Standard: A data exchange specification developed and balloted by a standard developing organization for the purpose of standardizing electronic data transmitted between different software applications. IFC: Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is a vendor neutral, open data exchange specification. It is an object oriented file format developed for the building industry and is commonly used in Building Information Modelling to facilitate interoperability between software platforms. IFC was originally developed in 1995 by a group of American and European AEC firms and software vendors through the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI). Since 2005 it has been maintained by building SMART International
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 12

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


XML: Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) is a general-purpose electronic text tagging specification for creating custom mark-up languages. XML was recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as an internet standard in 2008. It is classified as an extensible language, because it allows the user to define the mark-up tags. XMLs purpose is to aid information systems in sharing structured data, especially via the Internet, to encode documents, and to serialize data. XML is a free and open standard. There are many extensions and proprietary adaptations that exist. Modular design: the engineering discipline of designing complex devices using separately designed sub-components 2.4.7 Advantages of using BIM

Pre-construction benefits 1. Concept, feasibility and design benefits 2. Increased building performance and quality Design benefits 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Easier and more accurate visualizations of design. Automatic low level corrections, when changes are made. Generate accurate and consistent 2D drawings at any stage. Earlier collaboration of multiple design disciplines. Easy check against design intent. Extract cost estimate during design stage. Improve design efficiency and sustainability. Discover design errors and omissions before construction(clash detection)

Construction and fabrication benefits 1. Synchronize planning, design and construction. 2. React quickly to design and site problems 3. Use design model for fabrication of components. 2.4.8 Advantages to various stake holders

Building Information Modelling or BIM is a godsend for the architects. They have manifold benefits from this. It is used in presenting and visualizing building components, construction sequences, resource allocation and other disciplines of construction process in a virtual environment. Benefits to Architects
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BIM supports design investigation by letting architectural designers study multiple design alternatives simultaneously within a single model. Construction documents are generated more easily with BIM, letting architects to use up more time on the building design Production of well-coordinated documentation Faster Building systems coordination (space reservation, clash detection) Accuracy of detailed design activities like quantification and costing
Page 13

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Design prototype (space arrangements, assemblies, materials) Allows model checkers to assist with quality control Analysis (space, lighting, energy, structural) Drawing production quality (flexible, exploits automation, better coordinated) Design exploration/interrogation (data rich visual models) Engineering accuracy (measurement, context) The data embodied within the building information model is rich and reliable which can be used for early tasks such as schematic space planning and master scheduling

Benefits to Contractors
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Contractors can create accurate construction schedules and arrange necessary materials. Review construction plans and sequences Study yard operation and site logistics Prefabrication & assembly of materials in a controlled, factory environment which results higher quality at a lower cost. BIM offers a good cost estimation(quantity take off) throughout bidding and procurement Plan errors are set up once building the models which leads to smaller number of errors and omissions necessitating rectifications by the contractor - saving costs and resources BIM improves coordination in construction sequencing Effective marketing presentation of construction approaches BIM can check possible conflicts that may arise during building construction BIM allows for more "what if" scenarios, such as construction sequencing options, shuffling of human resources, fine-tuning cost factors, etc. BIM assists clients and end-users in realizing and visualizing the end product Shop drawing reduction (model to fabrication) Digital fabrication (steel, HVAC ducts, piping) Fewer call-backs and lower warranty costs

Benefits to Structural engineers


1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Structural detailing drawings will be produced more quickly with BIM Through the process of BIM and integrated project delivery, structural designers can keep away from costly clashes to examine beams, pipes, HVAC and electrical systems before the commencement of the construction. BIM will help to optimize parameters of the structural model at par with the design rules More purified engineering design can be made on sound theory minimizing rough calculations. Integrated modelling, analysis and design can be achieved without splitting up the tasks BIM models can be exchanged easily among the architectural designer and HVAC designer which creates better cooperation. More attention to cost factors by studying alternative solutions on one model Better and optimized constructions can be achieved by the combination with CAE solutions. The designer will notice building footings placed by structural engineers to help maintain the structural integrity of the building

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 14

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Benefits to Estimators
1.

2.

3.

Cost engineers can utilize more accurate quantities from a building information modelling source. They use the model's visual feedback to determine whether you included everything in your cost plan. BIM facilitate informed decisions with regards to time and costs and the impact of each on a projects bottom line With VDC BIM offer the promise of substantial cost and time savings on developing projects BIM estimate the cost of the project throughout its development, and even estimate the cost of operating and maintaining the finished project over its lifetime.

Benefits to Plumbers With BIM Plumbing Designer can coordinate the exact footing locations to be stepped down to guarantee that the gravity waste line can be routed out of the building without issue 2. As BIM provides entirely 3-dimensional models, isometrics are easily created 3. As new fixtures are added the totals for fixture units are adjusted mechanically in the schedule With BIM plumbing designers can use the Uniform Plumbing Code and the schedule is based on the International Plumbing Code? 4. BIM can coordinate any obstructions in the projects which can decrease conflicts during design phase and help prevent costly change orders during construction 5. With BIM plumbing designers can get a visual review in a three-dimensional environment that can help tremendously in determining design options 6. BIM can perform clash detection to observe if any items are crossing each other, such as sprinkler piping and ductwork 7. Fixture schedules is coordinated or connected to the architects schedule with a mere key stroke if required. 8. Fixture schedules, plans, riser diagrams, sections and details are mechanically coordinated 9. Riser diagrams can be extended once and mechanically synchronized with the plans. 10. All engineering data, (such as drainage fixture units) are automatically and endlessly followed in plan and scrutinized in a variety of views and filters. 11. Designer have get the ability to add, delete, and modify fixtures and outlets smoothly with automatic update to the engineering data and the model
1.

Benefits to Owners
1.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Owners can create savings (5%-10%) on projects through the implementation of BIM and save total projects cost. BIM can save additional expenses in construction cost as well as operation costs. Visualizing helps the owner's groups see what they will be getting resulting in dealing with less change orders (building systems clash detection) during construction. Get better design quality, better performing building (systems coordination, engineering analysis) Scheduling (4D) and costing (5D) are fully integrated with BIM model which will help owners for constructing more sound decisions based on multiple, accurate real-time information Schedule compression (digital assisted fabrication, offsite fab) BIM will help for more streamlined installation as all Issues are resolved in trade coordination that will result for a better quality construction. Owners can take more informed decisions about the possibility of a suggested project with the help of accurate, 3D information models through BIM.
Page 15

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


8. 9.

BIM includes all related information for owners to deal with the Property, building systems and components Efficient handover (data exchange for operations/maintenance) Challenges with BIM

2.4.9

BIM has, for some time, been touted as the industrys technological breakthrough for efficient and cost-effective design and construction of highest quality. Yet, it appears that a relatively small percentage of owners, designers, and contractors are fully embracing the BIM concept while many are in a wait-and-see mode. In the meantime, software development and industry group interest continues to grow at a rapid pace. So what are the drawbacks to immediately implementing BIM? As specialists on the performance side of the construction industry, we believe full implementation in the mainstream of construction must overcome the following BIM challenges: 1. Technological: Adapting to a currently complex industry to absorb BIMs major new technology to design, construction, and lifecycle operation will require: 2. Education: Model preparation and verification, BIM management and control. 3. Investment: People, software, procedures, databases. 4. Commitment: Vision, can-do attitudes, and the drive to improve. 5. Software Development: More comprehensive and detailed applications for structural design, MEP and construction (4D and 5D), including interoperability of vendor products. 6. Cultural and Organizational: Entering BIM into mainstream of a companys practice will require transformation of the traditional management structure to the new BIM enhanced teamwork and use of simulated visualization. BIM-savvy construction engineers will be in high demand and in line for fast-track career opportunities.

2.4.10 6D Construction
BIM, 3-dimensional, can incorporate 4D (time) and 5D (cost) virtual modelling of buildings, and all aspects of life-cycle facility management (6D?) For BIM to be virtual a model of a buildings life-cycle, input is required from multiple sources: architects, architectural engineers, specifies, estimators, scientists interested in performance modelling, constructors and construction vendors, computer software vendors, owners, facility managers, funding sources, management / leadership, and users. Life cycle BIM includes real property commerce, maintenance and operations, sustainability / green / high performance, physical and functional conditions and needs, etc.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 16

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


2.5. Industry Foundation Class (IFC)[4]
What are IFCs? IFC is a 3D file format specific to the Building Industry that allows a user of 3D software to Save as or export a file such that any other 3D software that is IFC compliant can open it and retain the intelligence built into the file's objects. IFC is an acronym that stands for Industry Foundation Class, a specification for sharing building data. IFC offers a common language for the sharing of intelligent objects between disciplines across the building lifecycle. In the IFC file format, a window knows it's a window, a wall, etc., no matter what software opens the IFC model. The IFC intelligent file format is to the 3D model, composed of walls, windows, doors, slabs, roofs as the dwg or dxf file formats are to the 2D world of lines, arcs and circles. The IFC format is based on the idea that Building Industry objects, families, or components can compose an integrated 3D Building Information Model or Virtual Building. These objects are defined to support the whole life cycle of a building's development from inception, design, documentation and construction, then through building operation, facility management and finally demolition and/or disposal. IFC is an open standard file format available to all participants in the Building Industry, for use world-wide, including use by all Building Industry software vendors. Why use the IFC format? Why would you choose IFC instead of traditional techniques such as 2D files in dwg/ dxf or dgn format? The principal benefit of IFC's is their object description not only does the IFC protocol preserve the full geometric description in 3D, but it also knows its location and relation- ships, as well as all the properties (or parameters) of each object, such as finish, serial number and material description. This means users can safely work without fear of being isolated from consultants, clients or other specialists using other software. Industrywide and continuous sharing of information between cad (and non- CAD) applications for the life cycle of the building is the goal of the IFC. What is interoperability and why is it necessary? Interoperability is the ability to exchange intelligent information reliably and consistently between different software applications. For a user, it is the ability to utilize data in his/her application from another project participant on a different system & discipline and vice versa. Traditional cad software is based on a two-dimensional drafting paradigm. The member organizations of the IAI and other industry colleagues were frustrated when they tried to share information between their 2D (and some 3D) applications. They could not access data completely, and sometimes not at all. The reason was that there was no standard for defining the parts of a building, which caused duplications, errors, delays, low quality and extra costs. How does the IFC format help interoperability? IFC's are non-proprietary, and available globally to any company that defines AEC objects. The important concept here is the term object. Objects in a building, have geometry,
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 17

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


that is, a 3D description. Objects also have properties, like their product name, finishes, and cost. Some objects are real like a door; some objects are abstract, like construction cost. Who developed the IFC file format? The IFC format was originally developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability established in 1995 by American and European AEC (Architecture Engineering and Construction) firms, along with software vendors, to promote interoperability between software in the Industry. Since 2005, the IFC specification is developed and maintained by building SMART International. Building SMART International is actively facilitating IFC implementation and adaptation via local chapters world-wide.

2.6. Market analysis


There are a number of software tools which generates 2D and 3D models but for this project the software should support intelligent file format :IFC List of software tools that support BIM Architecture 1. Autodesk Revit Architecture 2. Graphisoft ArchiCAD 3. Nemetschek Allplan Architecture 4. Gehry Technologies - Digital Project Designer 5. Nemetschek Vectorworks Architect 6. Bentley Architecture 7. 4MSA IDEA Architectural Design (IntelliCAD) Sustainability 1. Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2. Autodesk Green Building Studio 3. Graphisoft EcoDesigner 4. IES Solutions Virtual Environment VE-Pro 5. Bentley Tas Simulator 6. Bentley Hevacomp Structures 1. Autodesk Revit Structure 2. Bentley Structural Modeler 3. Bentley RAM, STAAD.Pro and ProSteel
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 18

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


4. Tekla Structures 5. CypeCAD 6. Graytec Advance Design 7. StructureSoft Metal Wood Framer 8. Nemetschek Scia MEP 1. Autodesk Revit MEP 2. Bentley Hevacomp Mechanical Designer 3. 4MSA FineHVAC + FineLIFT + FineELEC + FineSANI 4. Gehry Technologies - Digital Project MEP Systems Routing 5. CADMEP (CADduct / CADmech) Construction 1. Autodesk Navisworks 2. Solibri Model Checker 3. Vico Office Suite 4. Vela Field BIM 5. Bentley ConstrucSim Facility Management 1. Bentley Facilities 2. FM:Systems FM:Interact 3. Vintocon ArchiFM (For ArchiCAD)

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 19

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


2.7. Case study[8]
Case Study by PCL Constructions based in Colorado USA Aims of the Company: The companys mission is to build projects twiceonce in the virtual world and once in the real world. Before crews take to the field, a project is modeled virtually. PCL teams use BIM to create a prototype where they can identify issues before they have an impact on budget and schedule. When its time to build the project in the real world, the goal is to have eliminated at least 90 percent of issues before they reach the eld. The process redenes value engineering as the team minimizes redesigns, requests for information, coordination issues and rework on site. Through VDC, the company aims to improve risk management and communication. BIM advantages as estimated by the Company: PCL is realizing roughly a 500 percent return on investment with BIM. The vast majority of that payback is coming from clash-detection efforts that greatly reduce costly change orders. The company has realized big return on low effort in the 4-D sector i.e.: scheduling of the project using BIM. BIM has helped the company avoid costly errors on a number of their projects. While estimating quantity take-off, BIM check showed a difference of 70,000 cu. yards from the original take off of 100,000 cu. yards, thus saving them $3 million. The combined effort required 560 man-hours, generating expenses well short of its total cost savings. By layering the architectural, structural and MEP systems in BIM, the team discovered nearly 3,500 total clashes. Though, only 500 of these clashes would have cost the company a lot of time in getting them clarified.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 20

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling Chapter 03 Methodology


3.1. Workflow

Figure 3.1 Workflow for the Project The workflow of the design process in BIM is carried out as shown in Fig. 3.1. The flow of data is in .ifc format. The file moves from one stage to another by integrating the information from every intermediate process.

3.2.

ArchiCAD

ArchiCAD is an architectural BIM CAD software for Macintosh and Windows operating systems, developed by the Hungarian company Graphisoft. The newest version (2010) is ArchiCAD 14. ArchiCAD offers specialized solutions for handling all common aspects of aesthetics and engineering during the whole design process of the built environment buildings, interiors urban areas, etc. Development of ArchiCAD started in 1982 for the original Apple Macintosh. ArchiCAD is recognized as the first CAD product on a personal computer able to create both 2D drawings and parametric 3D geometry. On its debut in 1987, ArchiCAD also became the first implementation of BIM under Graphisoft's Virtual Building concept. Today more than 150,000 architects are using it in the building design industry.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 21

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Software Overview ArchiCAD is a complete design suite with 2D and 3D drafting, visualization and other functions for architects, designers and planners. A wide range of software applications are integrated in ArchiCAD to cover most of the design needs of an architectural office: 1. 2D CAD software drawing tools for creating accurate and detailed technical drawings 2. 3D Modelling software a 3D CAD interface specially developed for architects capable of creating various kind of building forms 3. Architectural rendering and Visualization software a high performance rendering tool to produce photorealistic pictures or videos 4. Desktop publishing software with similar features to mainstream DTP software to compose printed materials using technical drawings pixel-based images and texts 5. Document management tool a central data storage server with remote access, versioning tool with backup and restore features 6. Building Information Modelling software not just a collection of the above mentioned applications with an integrated user interface but a novel approach to building design called BIM Features of ArchiCAD 14 1. Working with parametric objects: ArchiCAD allows the user to work with dataenhanced parametric objects, often called "smart objects" by users. This differs from the operational style of other CAD programs created in the 1980s. The product allows the user to create a "virtual building" with virtual structural elements like walls, slabs, roofs, doors, windows and furniture. A large variety of pre-designed, customizable objects come with the program. ArchiCAD allows the user to work with either a 2D or 3D representation on the screen. Two-dimensional drawings can be exported at any time, even though the model in the program's database always stores data in three dimensions. Plans, elevations, and sections are generated from the three dimensional virtual building model and are constantly updated if the user 'rebuilds' the view. Detail drawings are based on enlarged portions of the model, with 2D detail added in. 2. Collaboration and remote access: ArchiCAD released its first file exchange based Teamwork solution in its version 5.1 in 1997 which allowed more architects to work on the same building model simultaneously. A completely rewritten Teamwork "2.0" solution with a new database approach came out in version 13 in 2009 named Graphisoft BIM Server. Since only the changes and differences are sent to the central storage this solution allows remote access to the same project over the internet thus allowing worldwide project collaboration and coordination. 3. APIs and scripting: Third-party vendors and some manufacturers of architectural products have compiled libraries of architectural components for use in ArchiCAD. The program includes Geometric Description Language (GDL) used to create new
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 22

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


components. Also API (Application Programming Interface) and ODBC database connections are supported), for third party Add-On developers. Via direct API links to 4D and 5D software such as Vico Office Suite or Tocomani Link, ArchiCAD model can be exported to BIM-based cost estimation and scheduling. ArchiCAD is also directly linked via API to Solibri's Model checking and quality assurance tools. 4. Data interchange: ArchiCAD can import and export DWG, DXF and IFC files among others. Graphisoft is an active member of the International Alliance for Interoperability (IA), an industry organization that publishes standards for file and data interoperability for architectural CAD.

3.3.

ArchiCAD- Tekla Interoperability

The main idea in the collaboration between architects and structural designers is to create an optimal workflow, which includes a clear division of responsibilities and effective ways to manage changes by each discipline. As the two disciplines have different tasks, they use and store different information in their building models. For efficient collaboration, there is no need to share all of the information just the information that the other partner needs. IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) is a commonly used object-oriented file format, whose data model has been developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability to facilitate interoperability in the building industry. Both Tekla Structures and ArchiCAD support and are certified for the latest IFC 2x3 format. ArchiCAD Drawing drafts, architectural modelling Filtering load bearing structure Model export (Step 1 in Fig. 3.2) Tekla Structures Importing architectural model as reference Structural modelling Model export (Step 2) ArchiCAD Merging the structural model Updating the architectural model based on the structural suggestions Model export (Step 3) Tekla Structures Insertion of new architectural reference Comparison of reference model Updating the changes in the structural model (Step 4) Model export (Step 5) Figure 3.2 Workflow Archicad and Tekla

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 23

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


ArchiCAD and Tekla Structures Several iterations of the Workflow to refine the design (6 and 7) Final architectural and structural documentation (8) [5]

3.4.

Tekla structures

Tekla Structures is Building Information Modelling (BIM) software that enables the creation and management of accurately detailed, highly constructible 3D structural models regardless of material or structural complexity. Tekla models can be used to cover the entire building process from conceptual design to fabrication, erection and construction management. Interoperability: Tekla BIM software can be used to interface with other existing applications, or solely as a platform to develop a customizable internal solution. It is an open solution that supports interoperability and standardization. Tekla Structures links with various systems through Tekla Open API application programming interface that is implemented using Microsoft .NET technology. Examples of standard formats supported by Tekla are IFC, CIS/2, SDNF and DSTV. Examples of proprietary formats supported by Tekla are DWG, DXF and DGN. Innovative, integrated and open 3D modelling: Structural design is gradually shifting from 2D drafting towards 3D modelling. Tekla has developed an innovative solution for Structural Building Information Modelling, a subset of the commonly used concept Building Information Modelling (BIM). Tekla Structures is the first completely integrated 3D solution for structural design. It has the power to create and manage all types of structures made of steel, concrete or any other materials. New and unique modelling tools such as automated and intelligent parametric adjustments have been added to the software. Tekla Structures opens up new business opportunities for users as project runthrough time is decreased. Structural Building Information Modelling with Tekla Structures allows for a smooth flow of information previously dreamed about. This inevitably reflects in shortened lead times and a capability to respond to schedule challenges. Eventually, overall project cost will be lower. 1. Increased productivity with modelling: Tekla Structures is a versatile 3D modelling system that gives you the power to create all types of structures made of steel, concrete or any other materials. It allows creating an intelligent model of any size or complexity with ease and precision. The model can be shared throughout the design, detailing, fabrication and erection phases, creating a smooth flow of information previously dreamt about. This results in remarkable gains in efficiency and accuracy. Tekla Structures provides with unique opportunity to increase the overall productivity of the entire structural design process. 2. True 3D modelling: Tekla Structures brings projects to life. Simply model, analyse design and detail using the same model. Change management is made easier as the model automatically updates every single detail. Tekla's unique parametric modelling technology provides you with unlimited possibilities. Even with just one
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 24

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


parameter chance, the model will calculate the rest. Intelligent 3D modelling dramatically improves the productivity and accuracy. 3. Complete integration: All information for project analysis and design is now available within one building model. Both steel and concrete detailing and engineering professionals can share the same database - significantly reducing design task overlap. The shared model is also controlled throughout the design, detailing, fabrication and phase to ensure a consistent transfer of information. 4. Seamless integration: Tekla Structures provides structural design professionals with indisputable benefits through intelligent 3D modelling. There is no need to reengineer the underlying IT infrastructure nor the existing design and analysis software. The customized interface includes a number of links that facilitate data transfer among other systems (AutoCAD, PDMS and PDS). Tekla Structures also incorporates the latest CIMsteel Integration Standards (CIS/2). 5. Concrete Detailing: Tekla Structures is the first real parametric 3D modelling software for the concrete industry. The intelligent 3D model contains all the reinforcements and information required for manufacturing and construction. When changes do occur, the built- in intelligence automatically stores the modified information. Both the model and drawings remain consistent. And the drawings and reports can be produced automatically whenever needed. In contrast to 2D systems, overall productivity is greatly increased resulting in remarkable gains in efficiency and accuracy. Benefits Tekla Structures provides unforeseen opportunities to improve the efficiency. Better service can be provided to clients as overall project quality increases and project runthrough time decreases. Intelligent 3D modelling prevents costly errors from occurring due to the accuracy of the work. Complex concrete design and detailing projects can now be better managed.

3.5.

Tekla- STAAD.Pro Interoperability

STAAD.Pro is a powerful analysis tool which is widely used by structural engineers. We can prepare the structural model in the Tekla structures itself and then send the model to STAAD.Pro. Now preparing the structural model means the following, Defining the material Type of connection between members Defining and assigning the loads Defining the load combinations Assigning the supports Selecting the design codes Defining the design parameters And many more features are available; the defined things can always be changed or edited in STAAD.Pro. There is file format available for the information exchange for steel structures.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 25

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


The CIM Steel Integration Standards (CIS/2) is a product model and electronic data exchange file format for structural steel project information. Apart from this the best alternative available is using Open API of Tekla and STAAD.Pro. This can be achieved by using C# programming. In fact there are already some macros been written for this. These can be downloaded and can be installed.

3.6.

MS Excel [6]

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Windows. The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a subset of Visual Basic programming language. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. STAAD Pro. and Microsoft Excel were linked by us, to fetch the analysis result computed by STAAD in Excel and to carry out the design process in Excel. This was done by writing a VBA module in Microsoft Excel. The whole idea is STAAD Pro is a Powerful structural analysis tool but the design given by the STAAD Pro is not that good. Design for a particular structure or member is different from different designers. Each designer will follow a different way, with different assumptions and approaches. So the design of the RC. or steel members can be carried out in Microsoft Excel.

Figure 3.3 Spreadsheet for importing results The Figure 3.3 is a snapshot a Macro enabled spreadsheet, for which VBA module is written to link with excel. The image below shows VBA code written for the excel sheet.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 26

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 3.4 VBA Module We have selected suitable codes from the additional modules, Open STAAD. The following shows the Open STAAD codes.

Figure 3.5 Open STAAD The analysis will be carried out in STAAD.Pro and design was been carried out in Excel. Tekla is one of the excellent detailing tool, Tekla structures is linked with Excel for generating reports and for design of connections, but this is restricted only to steel structures.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 27

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


3.7. MS Project [7]

Microsoft Project (or MSP or WinProj) is a project management software program developed and sold by Microsoft which is designed to assist project managers in developing plans, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets and analysing workloads. The application creates critical path schedules, and critical chain and event chain methodology third-party add-ons are also available. Schedules can be resource levelled, and chains are visualized in a Gantt chart. Additionally, Project can recognize different classes of users. These different classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views, and other data. Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters, and fields are stored in an enterprise global which is shared by all users. Microsoft Project was the company's third Windows-based application, and within a couple of years of its introduction it became the dominant PC-based project management software. Features Project creates budgets based on assignment work and resource rates. As resources are assigned to tasks and assignment work estimated, the program calculates the cost, equal to the work times the rate, which rolls up to the task level and then to any summary tasks and finally to the project level. Resource definitions (people, equipment and materials) can be shared between projects using a shared resource pool. Each resource can have its own calendar, which defines what days and shifts a resource is available. Resource rates are used to calculate resource assignment costs which are rolled up and summarized at the resource level. Each resource can be assigned to multiple tasks in multiple plans and each task can be assigned multiple resources, and the application schedules task work based on the resource availability as defined in the resource calendars. All resources can be defined in label without limit. Therefore it cannot determine how many finished products can be produced with a given amount of raw materials. This makes MS Project unsuitable for solving problems of available materials constrained production. Additional software is necessary to manage a complex facility that produces physical goods.

3.8.

Other Utilities of Model

There are many other uses of the generated model. The information in the model can be used for various other purposes: Autodesk Ecotect Analysis Autodesk Ecotect Analysis-sustainable design analysis software is a comprehensive concept-to-detail sustainable building design tool. Ecotect Analysis offers a wide range of simulation and building energy analysis functionality that can improve performance of existing buildings and new building designs. Online energy, water, and carbon-emission analysis capabilities integrate with tools that enable you to visualize and simulate a building's performance within the context of its environment.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 28

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Whole-building energy analysisCalculate total energy use and carbon emissions of your building model on an annual, monthly, daily, and hourly basis, using a global database of weather information. Thermal performanceCalculate heating and cooling loads for models and analyse effects of occupancy, internal gains, infiltration, and equipment. Water usage and cost evaluationEstimate water use inside and outside the building. Solar radiationVisualize incident solar radiation on windows and surfaces, over any period. Day lightingCalculate daylight factors and luminance levels at any point in the model. Shadows and reflectionsDisplay the suns position and path relative to the model at any date, time, and location.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 29

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling Chapter 04 Discussion


4.1. Model Description

4.1.1: Introduction to the Building

Figure.4.1 Rendered View on the North Face of Building General Details: Title: Proposed Apartment for Shri. Ramesh Bonageri, Hubli Design Consultants: Soham Architects and Interior Designers Building Type: Residential-Ground (Parking)+3 No. of Flats: 5 Flats x 3 Floors= 15 Flats. Type of Flat: 2BHK Floor to Floor Height: 10 Slab Thickness: 5 Elevator: Yes Staircase: Single Flight

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 30

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.2 Rendered View of Building on the N-W Side The entire model which is saved as a single file in .IFC format comprises of the following in various stages (software phases). These include: 1) 2D Plans of each floor (ArchiCAD Phase) 2) 3D geometry of Building (ArchiCAD Phase) 3) Structural Elements (ArchiCAD/Tekla Phase) 4) Interiors and Exterior Elements (ArchiCAD Phase) 5) Reinforcement Details (Tekla Phase) 6) Load and analysis Model (STAAD.Pro Phase/ Tekla Phase) The model (Figure 4.2) is a detailed replica of the actual structure intended to be built or being built before even the completion of the project. This model is detailed enough so as to visualize the actual construction, any iteration or alterations required can be easily carried out in the planning stage. This can significantly reduce costs of construction in some cases, where alterations may be carried out in the later stage of the construction. The complications like design of shaft, reinforcement at junctions are easily modeled here. Since this model is close to reality, there is no need of preparing any mock-ups of interiors or exteriors, which can save fair bit of money. The model is used as good presentation material for clients, since the model is more effective compared to the 2D drawings. The model when in ArchiCAD phase offers some excellent features like rendering, walkthrough, construction simulation etc. ArchiCAD offers some add-ons like Virtual Building Explorer (VBE), Atlantis Studio were used to create well defined presentations. The model is not only useful until the construction stage; it can play a major role in life cycle management of the building.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 31

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


4.1.2 Phases of the Model a) Hard Copy: Hard copy of the building plan was acquired from the architect and then redrawn in Graphisoft ArchiCAD. Please Refer Figure 4 in appendix. b) 2D ArchiCAD File: Using the parametric modelling the building was created in a 2D layout while specifying height, length , thickness as well as material properties. Different Layers are assigned to various elements of the building, for example beams are assigned the layer AC-Beam, columns the layer AC-Column and so on. Using various viewing options available in the software, we have created an opportunity for the owner/architect/structural engineer to view the building in a 3D manner which cannot be achieved in a 2D plan. There are various advantages to this method of model visualization. Partial structural display can be achieved in which we have various options to view the model as the following 1. Entire Model 2. Core of Load Bearing Elements. 3. Model without finishing. 4. Core Only.

Figure 4.3 Entire Model View

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 32

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.4(a) Partial Structural Display

Figure. 4.4(b) Another view of 4.4(a) 4.1.3: Design Efficiency Using BIM affiliated software; we were able to achieve an efficient design process when compared to the orthodox process of design and construction. The feasibility of a construction can be tested well in advance. Iterations in the design phase can be easily done to get the optimal design. The BIM model was good enough in identifying the errors in the
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 33

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


2D plan which will be discussed in detail in further topics. The major advantage of the BIM process is the availability and usage of a single model that can be used in various phases of the project. The BIM process is effective with respect to time, effort and accuracy of work. Right from the architectural model to the project management as well as fabrication can be controlled effectively and efficiently via this model. The transfer of model from one party (architect) to another (structural engineer) is very simple and fast. As in case of orthodox methods, 2D drawings are used to communicate between the various phases. The whole of effort of understanding 2D drawings in case of orthodox methods and remodelling/drafting of the elements is eliminated. Due to the transfer of one single model from one phase to another and vice versa a significant amount of time is saved. In this way the interoperability between the phases is enhanced. Any changes made in any phase can be easily identified by the stakeholders concerned. 4.1.4 Discrepancies in 2D Plan Identifying discrepancies is a major advantage of creating 3D models. Various problems were identified on the 2D plans(hard copy) furnished by the architect. Which were not corrected and were later on rectified on the site. Using the 3D model such discrepancies were easily brought to the notice of those concerned. From the 2D plans furnished to us, we created a 3D model to high accuracy. In a particular part of the building, while creating a window of given dimensions, it intersected with the column. This was then rectified on the site. But since the columns were already cast, the size of the window was reduced. Also, we detected the existence of a beam in the service shaft. Such discrepancies could have been avoided after viewing the model in 3D. A few of such discrepancies are illustrated via the 3D model in following Figures.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 34

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.5(a) Clash of window and adjacent column: Exterior View

Figure 4.5(b) Zoomed view of plan.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 35

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.5(c) Beam in Service Shaft

Figure 4.5(d) Misplaced Beam 4.1.5 Drawings and Views: Another major advantage of 3D modelling is the generation of various views of the building which are practically time consuming to make in 2D and some views very difficult to comprehend and draw in 2D. Once the 3D model was complete we could generate sections (Fig. 4.6(a)) and elevation (Fig. 4.6 (b)) at a click of a button. Some of these are illustrated below. No extra work was needed to draw these views. These views are as accurate as the 3D model. The accuracy of these views depends on the accuracy with which
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 36

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


the 3D model is created. 3D cut planes was created to illustrate the interior of the building in a 3D view (Figure 4.7 (a) and (b)). The most promising advantage of the 3D model is that if while in an elevation or sectional view some problems are noticed, these problems can be rectified in the present view itself. Any changes made in the 2D elevation will automatically change the corresponding element in 3D. In our model, while modelling the beams, slab and columns we noticed that top face of the column, beams and slabs were not coinciding as how they do in real construction. Such a change would require us to change the value of elevation of that element from the origin, but using the 2D elevation it was rectified by jus selecting the elements and dragging them in the desired position. This change was automatically updated in the 3D model also.

Figure 4.6(a) North Elevation of the building

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 37

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.6(b) North West Elevation of the Building

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 38

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.6(c) Section in the North-South direction

Figure 4.7(a) 3D cut away sections through the Building

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 39

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.7(b) 3D cut away plane at the ceiling level of 3 rd floor. 4.1.6 Material Take off and Lists We have created reports of quantity values of various elements in the model which are directly generated by the software, thus eliminating the need for manual calculations. These calculations are highly accurate due to the accuracy in modelling. It considers openings in the walls, intersection between beams and walls, columns and walls etc. As an element is created and assigned a reference ID, it automatically gets added to the corresponding list of items. For example the list of all slabs as well as their dimensions and other parameters associated with them are generated in the lists (List 1). Such lists are generated for all elements of the building. This feature helped us to accurately determine the quantities of concrete, brick masonry, doors, windows along with the accurate dimensions needed for the construction. Another feature is creation of zones in the building for example, zones like living room, bedroom, kitchen, residential space, office space and so on. As shown in the Figure 4.8. For example a zone for all bedrooms in the 3rd floor of building were created, once created we could get the various parameters associated with the zone, like the floor area, wall surface area, height of room, perimeter, floor type etc. are calculated and presented in the form of a list as illustrated in List 2. The following are examples of the various lists that can be generated.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 40

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.8 Zones in the building

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 41

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


List 1. Slab Details of Each Floor

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 42

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


List 2. Zones on 3 rd floor (Refer Figure 4.8)

4.1.7 Model in Tekla Phase: Part I Model in Tekla Phase (Part I): the ArchiCAD 3D model is saved in .ifc format and used as a reference model to create an analysis model which is then sent to STAAD.Pro. The STAAD.Pro analysis is discussed in the succeeding topic. In this phase the ifc file is inserted as a reference model (Figure 4.9). The reference model is an exact replica to scale of the original architectural model and is used to create native Tekla objects. Native Tekla objects are the exact geometrical replica of the 3D file, which will be used to perform Tekla functions.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 43

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.9 Reference Model in Tekla These native Tekla objects (Figure 4.9) are created using the ifc object convertor macro supplied by Tekla structures. The reference model is then deleted and the Tekla objects are used to create an analysis model. Before creating this analysis model we assigned materials to the objects (beams/columns) and defined material parameters. The dimensions of the beams and columns remain exactly the same as the architectural model. The beams and columns were assigned the cast in place profile.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 44

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.10 Beams and Columns as native Tekla Objects. An analysis model is then created using the analysis option. Tekla has in built analysis and design modules. Since the analysis was done in STAAD.Pro, we used an API STAAD.Pro link that integrated the analysis model of Tekla structures and used it to perform structural analysis. We faced several problems while performing STAAD.Pro analysis. These are discussed in the succeeding topic.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 45

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.11 View of a section of the analysis model 4.1.8 Model in STAAD.Pro phase The analysis model created in Tekla was sent to STAAD.Pro using the API link. Since section properties as well as material properties were already assigned in Tekla, the effort of doing the same was saved. When this model was integrated into STAAD.Pro it created rigid links at intersections of beams and columns not having same centreline as shown in Figure 4.15. This posed a problem in assigning of the loads and resulted in a lot of errors. We found two ways to tackle this problem. First, either calculate the loads manually for each beam and apply in STAAD.Pro or apply the loads in Tekla itself. But these gave highly varying results. Hence we created a dxf file of the Tekla model and used it as grid to create a node to node STAAD.Pro model (Figure 4.11) which had same centreline positions thus eliminating the problems faced previously. We then applied material dimensions and material properties to all the elements. Now that the model was complete, loads were added as per is IS:875 (Part1) and (Part 2) codes and an analysis was performed. The results such as member forces, moments, and support reactions were taken for a single frame of the model (Figure 4.13) and inserted in the MS Excel design sheets to complete the design of structural elements.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 46

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.12 Rigid links

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 47

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.13 Grid used for model

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 48

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.14 Structural model indicating frame used

Figure 4.15 Frame taken for design

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 49

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

4.1.9 MS Excel design module After performing analysis we used the results to perform RCC design of the frame shown in Figure 4.13. The excel sheets were integrated with IS 456 provisions for RCC design of beam, column and footing. Using the member forces and support reactions in the excel sheets we could calculate the amount of reinforcement needed to withstand the loads coming on the structure. The design examples are displayed below. These results are then used to create reinforcement detail in Tekla structures. Thus allowing us to get ready made bending schedules and quantity of steel required.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 50

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR SECTION @ SUPPORT (Node 95-155/Refer fig 4.15)

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

fck fy

= =

Grade of concrete M Grade of steel Fe Characteristic Strength of concrete Characteristic Strength of steel

20 415 Kumax = Rumax = Ptmax = 20.00 415.00 0.48 2.76 0.96 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 %

Mdu

Maximum support moment Section assumed in mm Effective cover b D d'

= = = = = =

112.00 kNm 225 560 35 525 mm mm mm mm

d Murmax

= =

Effective depth Max. Mom. of resistance of singly reinforced section

171.12 kNm

As Mr-max>Mdu, section will be designed as Singly reinforced Ast = Area of steel required = 670 mm2

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 51

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Excel Sheet Design of Beam (Node 95-155/Refer fig 4.15)

DESIGN OF T SECTION @ MIDSPAN DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION Grade of concrete M Grade of steel Fe fck = Characteristic Strength of concrete fy = Characteristic Strength of steel

20 415 20.00 415.00 0.48 2.76 0.96 68.80 225 125 560 35 525 6120 4284 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 % kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

Kumax Rumax Ptmax Mdu = Maximum midspan moment Section assumed in mm bw Df D d'

= = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Effective cover d L L0 bf Xu Mur1 = = = = = = Effective depth Effective span 0.7 * L L0 / 6 + bw + 6 Df Df (Assumed) 0.36*fck*bf*Dfu*(d-0.42*Df) As Mr-max>Mdu, NA < Df Ast Xu Mur2 Xu Yf Mur Ast = = = = = = = Area of steel required 7*Df/3

1689.0 mm 125 mm 718.25 kNm

= = =

366 292 951

mm2 mm kNm

0.84*fck*bw*Df*(d-Df) + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*(d-Df/2) 200.00 mm 0.15*Xu + 0.65*Df 0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(d-0.42*Df) + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*Yf*(d-Yf/2) (0.36*fck*bw*Xu + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)Yf) / 0.87*fy

= = =

111.3 mm OK 830.91 kNm 4957 mm2

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 52

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Excel Sheet Design of Colmun (Node 70-155, Member No. 203, CRE-001)
DESIGN OF COLUMN Design of Shorter side interior extreme columns of basement Loads case Column no Position Fx(kN) My(kNm) Mz(kNm) 1.5(DL+LL) 4 Bottom Top 2424 0.5 2387.00 24 1 2

Unsupported length of column 3.05 m Effective length of column Ref: IS 456-2000, table Le 1.9825 m E3 Column size D 0.56 m d= 40 b 0.23 m d/D= 0.071 Material Properties Concrete of grade M30 fck 20 N/mm Steel of grade Fe 415 fy 415 N/mm Density of concrete 25 kN/m Main bars of size used 25 mm Tie bars of size used 8 mm Le/D= 3.540179 <12 Therefor the column is short emin=L/500+D/30 or 20mm 24.77 mm or 20 mm Max axial load on column Pu= 2424.00 kN Min eccentricity Moment = P x emin= 48.48 kNm Total moment = 48.48 kNm Pu/(fck*b*D)= 0.941 Mu/(fck*b*D)= 0.034 from Sp 16 chart no 32 Pt/fck= 0.14 Pt = 2.8 Minimum Pt = 0.8 Provide Pt = 2.8 Ast =0.8 x b x D/100= 3606.4 mm Provide 8 bars of 25 mm dia (gives 3927.5 Spacing of ties is min of followings 1) Min size of the column b= 230 mm 2) 16 times of main bars= 400 mm 3) max spacing of 300 mm Provide 12mm ties at 230 mm C/C

28, cl mm

mm)

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 53

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Design of Footing (Support #70)
Fck Fy SBC L/B b d clear cover Dia Bar Pu = P= w= Pw = 20 415 250 1.25 225 560 50 of 10 1616 1077.33 107.73 1185.07 mm kN kN kN kN 4.74 2434.20 1947.36 m2 mm mm Length of Footing = Bradth of footing = L/B,provd 1.200 Area of Footing provided = Factored Reaction Soil 336.67 kN/m2 2400.00 2000.00 mm mm N/mm2 N/mm2 kN/m2 Ratio mm mm mm

Area of Footing= Length of Footing = Breadth of footing =

4.80

m2

Upward Soil Reaction =

224.44

kN/m2

Computation of Moments along Both Axis: Cx = 920.00 mm Cy = 887.50 mm Muxx = 284.95 kN-m Muyy = 318.21 kN-m

Depth from Bending Moment Consideration: Equating Mu = M.R. dx,reqd dy,reqd 227.21 240.10 mm mm

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 54

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Overall Depth = dx,provd dy,provd 645.00 635.00

306.00 mm mm

mm

Overall Depth Provd=

700

mm

Reinforcement along Both the Direction: Astx,reqd Astx,min 1245.01551 1857.6 Provide mm2 10 mm dia bars at a spacing of 150 [Astx,provd = mm c/c 1256.6371 mm2]

Asty,reqd

1421.67717 1524 Provide

mm2

10

mm dia bars at a spacing of

100 [Asty,provd

mm c/c 1570.7963 mm2]

Check the Depth of Footing for Two-Way Shear(d/2): ks = Hence ks c = tv allowb Shear Force tv reqd 1.70 1.000 1.12 1.12 1270.01 0.49 >1 N/mm2 N/mm2 kN

L2

tvreqd < allowable hence O.K. Check the Depth of Footing for One-Way Shear(d): Section L1-L1 Distance of critical sec. from edge of footing = Shear Force 204.02 kN tv 0.1339 p% 0.0825 tc 0.29 tvreqd < allowable hence O.K.

252.5

mm

100As/bd 0.25 0.0825 0.5

20N/mm2 0.36 0.2795791 0.48

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 55

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Section L2-L2 Distance of critical sec. from edge of footing = Shear Force 185.17 kN tv 0.1458 p% 0.1237 tc 0.291 tvreqd < allowable hence O.K. 275 mm 0.15 0.0825 0.25 0.28 0.2259652 0.36

4.1.10 Tekla Phase Part II-Reinforcement Detailing The results of the Excel designs of the RCC elements according to IS456 are used to create reinforcement detailing. For the frame considered for analysis we have created reinforcement so as to visualize the re-bars in a clear manner as compared to 2D drawings of the same. The reinforcement can be viewed in 3D and also cutting planes can be created to view the interior of the RCC elements containing the reinforcement. Reinforcement details are shown in the following Figures. The reinforcement is created using the in-built macros of Tekla structures. This reinforcement can only be added to native Tekla objects and not to the reference model. The complete structural model is then saved and sent back to ArchiCAD. The structural elements like the beams, columns and footing that were created in Tekla structures are now available in the original ArchiCAD model also.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 56

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.16 Members selected for design

Figure 4.17 Detailing of column and Beam

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 57

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 4.18 Detailing of footing

Fig 4.19 Reinforcement in footing

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 58

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


4.2. Drawbacks

4.2.1: Complexity level of BIM software We have used ArchiCAD, Tekla, STAAD.Pro, MS Excel, VBA Programming and MS Project. We strongly feel that the knowledge of basic 2D modelling software is essential to understand the BIM software. ArchiCAD has posted some training in their sites for learning the software. We feel the help file in the software is not good enough. The basic modelling of ArchiCAD is parametric and quite simple. But to use features like extracting material take off, generating drawings etc. needs the understanding of the software to some extent. To successfully transfer the model from one software to another, extra care should be taken by creating layers and assigning the elements to that particular layer. Proper listing and labelling has to be done for all elements. The model filter will help in transferring elements of the selected layers. The GUI of Tekla structures is quite complicated. There is very little training material available for this software. But the help file of this is quite good and is enough to learn to use the tools. However, some features are quite difficult to understand for example preparing the model for analysis, reinforcement detailing of the members. One of the major drawbacks of Tekla is that many of the features or tools are not an integral part of the software. The API links for STAAD, the macro for IFC conversion are an example for that. We didnt find any sources to use these macros and API applications. To use most of the features, a significant amount of understanding of GUI is required. 4.2.2 Cost of the software The initial investment on the software is very high. Following are the approximate quotes of software 1. 2. 3. Tekla BIM - Rs. 12,50,000 Graphisoft ArchiCAD - Rs. 1,75,000 Bentley STAAD.Pro - Rs. 2,40,000

Many important APIs are developed by third party developers and are not a part of the original software. These APIs cost is in addition to the cost of software. For example the link to send the file from Tekla to STAAD.Pro is not freely available Even though the prices are very high, the returns are promising. We were able to detect the errors of beams and columns in the modelling stage itself which will help in avoiding alteration of the structure after it is built thus minimizing the cost. 4.2.3 Information flow To achieve smooth flow of information, the modelling should be done in proper way. The Modelling should be carried out in layers and all the elements should be listed as IFC objects. The following tables show the transfer of the information from one phase to the next.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 59

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Table 4.1 transfer of data from Archicad and Tekla No. 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Layer Information Elements Geometrical information Section Properties Material Properties Transfer Complete Remarks Various layers are transferred as discussed in previous topics

Beam, column, Beams, Columns are detected by Tekla. But slab and wall slab and wall is taken as concrete panel Complete Complete Partial All the geometrical information transferred between the software is

All the sectional properties of the elements are transferred Material information is not transferred. After doing IFC conversion in Tekla, the members are assigned steel as material by default. But when the file is transferred from the ArchiCAD to Tekla, the material properties can be transferred The geometrical information is transferred, but the properties of the objects are not transferred. The reinforcement done in Tekla structures is detected by ArchiCAD. The material takeoff from ArchiCAD is sent to Tekla.

Library objects

Partial

7 8

Reinforcement detailing

Complete

Calculated area and Complete volumes

While transferring the beams and columns, we had no problems. But while transferring the other parts we were getting some problems. For example while the staircase was transferred from ArchiCAD to Tekla, when IFC converter was used, there were unnecessary development of concrete panels. Same kind of thing was also observed in the openings of slab. Tekla and STAAD.Pro Once the model is prepared for analysis, it should be sent to analysis tools for analysis. The integral part of Tekla has the only option of saving the prepared model in CIS/2. STAAD can read CIS/2, but this file is used only for steel structures. We used a API link which linked the Tekla and STAAD. This link was capable of transferring most of the information required for the analysis. But this is just one way transferring data from Tekla to STAAD, the reverse is not possible. The following table indicates the information flow:

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 60

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Table 4.2 Transfer of data from Tekla to STAAD.Pro Parameter Transfer Remarks Sl no 1 Elements Partial Beam, columns are easily transferred, but transfer of walls and slabs creates a few problems. Some rigid links are introduced, which results in error in analysis. So we had transferred only beams and columns. Wall load and slab load was manually applied, Section properties of all beams and columns are completely transferred. Material properties assigned in Tekla are transferred All the connections are transferred, as discussed earlier in case of concrete theres a formation of a rigid link in the junctions. Load cases and combinations defined in Tekla are transferred to STAAD All the design parameters are defined in the Tekla like Codes, Fy, Fc etc.

2 3 4

Section properties Material properties Support conditions and connections

Complete Complete Complete

5 6

Load cases and combinations Design Parameters

Complete Complete

The parameters can be modified at any stage. The information flow is not good enough; still a lot of manual work has to be done to complete the Analysis and design process. The loads including wall loads and slab loads are to be applied manually. 4.2.4 Programming Majority of the BIM software have an open API. To use the open API, two programming languages are predominantly used VBA and C #. We used VBA programming to write a module in MS Excel, which could fetch results from analysis results from the STAAD. STAAD has an open API. The references codes for STAAD are been supplied with the software in the help file. These are VBA codes. Tekla also has an open API. But the reference codes available are both in VBA and C#. The advantage of the module is that it will increase the speed and accuracy of the process. The VBA code which we had written is for STAAD.Pro 2007, but the module shows an error when used in STAAD.Pro V8i, which is the next version. So it is not necessary that a module working in one version of software, should work well with another. The STAAD link for Tekla which has been written for Tekla 14 and STAAD.Pro 2004. The link is not fully functional as discussed earlier; the information flow is only in one direction. VBA is comparatively easy to understand, but it cannot create an independent application. It is in-built into applications. Whereas C# is capable of doing this, but it takes a lot of effort to learn.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 61

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling Chapter 05 Conclusion


BIM is poised to fundamentally transform the way projects are designed, built and operated, the way stakeholders communicate and the culture of construction projects. BIM is promising and more advantageous compared to the orthodox process, but still it has several setbacks as the technology is still in primitive stage. BIMs application and advantages: We studied the information flow to be achieved and assessed the applications and feasibility of the software in accordance with the aims of this project and weighed all the pros and cons associated with the project. Information Flow: Based on the research conducted on the BIM process we chalked out the most efficient work flow suited for this project and software to be used in each phase in order to assist each stage appropriately. Software Tools: Based on the requirements of this project, we studied the software to be used so as to achieve the necessary information flow and to build a more accurate and responsive model. Modelling, Analysing, And Designing: Based on the workflow, we first modeled the building in 3D, created an analysis model which we further used to analyse the structure and also generated designs for structural members. We achieved the transfer of structural information between various software and documented the discrepancies in the transfer of some information which did not get transferred successfully. We demonstrated advantages of BIM using the BIM model: We were able to detect errors in the existing plans and were able to demonstrate the features like material take-off, material lists, reinforcement detailing etc. A significant amount of development is to be done in information flow and interoperability of the software. Especially when the model is been sent to design Phase. Additional training material is to be provided with software to learn the complicated features. API codes should be made much simpler. As the technology will advance, some of the setbacks may be overcome. For example IFC converter which is a macro in Tekla 16, is transformed as integral part in Tekla 17. Since there is a competitive environment among the various BIM service providers, the cost of the software may reduce in future Before attempting to implement a project using BIM technology, one must keep in mind the two following points: New software systems cannot replace the skills and intelligence of the designer, but can only augment them. Software can reduce the burden of the designer, but not replace him. BIM requires additional technical education and training in an industry already stressed to recruit and retain a fully qualified workforce.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 62

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling References


[1] Constructing the future China & Indiasolidiance brochure, http://www.solidiance.com/Admin/pdf/Constructing_the_future_China_&_India.pdf [2] William D. and McCarthy J. E. Product Life Cycle: Essentials of Marketing, Richard, D Irwin Company, 1997 http://www.urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf [3] An introduction to Building Information Modelling( BIM)- A Guide for ASHRAE Members, http://todaysfacilitymanager.com/facilityblog/wp-content/uploads/bim_guide.pdf [4] Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Mar 2009,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Foundation_Classes. [5] ArchiC AD - T ek la Stru ctu res, Model-Based Interoperability, by Graphicsoft, http://download.graphisoft.com/ftp/marketing/interoperability/tekla/ac-teklaguide.pdf [6] [7] [8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Project Mc Graw Hill Constructions: Smart market report december_2008

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 63

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling Appendix:


1. ArchiCAD
1. Acquiring and Understanding 2D plans The first step is to acquire 2D plans from the architect. These plans should contain all the necessary specifications about the basic structural elements of the building. These may include the basic layout, wall thickness, initial column positions, doors (position and dimensions), windows (position and dimensions), basic slab details (thickness, sunken/not sunken,) and such other necessary details. The basic information inscribed in the plans must be clear and should be understood well before commencing with the 3D modelling. Any discrepancies in the architects 2D plan may be discussed before the commencement. Any errors found in the 2D plans during the 3D modelling can be marked in the 3D model itself and sent to the architect for verification via the IFC file. Now the 3Dmodeling can be started using any BIM compatible software, in this critical assessment we will use Graphisoft's ArchiCAD 14-(2010/2011 Release). ArchiCAD 3D modelling 2.a Initial configuration We begin the 3D modelling by first selecting the desired working units (In this case feet and fractional inches) depending on the architects plan units. This can be changed in Options/Project environment/Working units. The units to be used in calculations can aslo be changed so as to generate reports in desired units which need not be the same units used for the actual layout and modelling .next the desired scale and grid system can be chosen so as to make it easy to snap to points on the grid. Select the required selection and snap options provided in the toolbar. 2.b Creating 3D structural elements based on 2D plan As per the 2D plan, various construction guide lines should be drawn so as to keep in check the accuracy while drawing walls, placing columns etc. These lines can be drawn and labelled using the Line command and dimension command present under Document Tab in the toolbox on the left of the screen. The digital format of the 2D plan can also be directly imported. Open this .DWG extension in ArchiCAD, choose a suitable scale and place the 2D plan at desired location. Using this plan as a guide, draw walls using the Wall Command in the Design Tab. After completing all the walls with precise dimensions and precise location, provide the doors and windows. Use the ArchiCAD in-built object library to specify the desired door/window. In the object settings option, one can change the dimensions, labelling and layers can be assigned. Similarly the columns, slab and beams can be drawn to 100% precision using the design tools. Proper dimensions and labels should be assigned using the dimensions option.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 64

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


2.c Assigning Layers . This step is very important in the export/import of the IFC file. In Documents/Layers/Layer Settings the Layers can be created, edited, deleted and assigned. Create a separate Layer for each of the following-Slab, Columns and Beams. ArchiCAD will automatically assign layers to other non-structural elements including the above. These layers can be turned on/off and the views for the layers can also be changed to Wireframe/Rendered. Using the Find & Select option any part belonging to the same family (Beams, Columns, Slab, Doors .etc) can be chosen and assigned a layer all at once. Here, the IFC export settings for each layer can also be edited. 2. d creating views. Elevations and sections can be drawn using the Elevation/Section/Interior Elevation option.3D cutting planes can also be created so as to see a cut view of the structure in any specific location in 3D view. A walkthrough can be possible using the Explore 3D model option. Partial Structural Display( Document Tab ) is a tool by which the model can be filtered to show only desired views such as (i) Entire Model (ii)Without Finishes (iii)Cores Only and (iv)Core of Load Bearing Elements Only. 2.e Generating Lists. Lists of all the elements/components can be generated. These lists contain all the information pertaining to the various elements in the building. The information provided is the layer name, element ids, dimension, volumes, surface areas. These lists can be used to verify quantity take offs and estimates provide by the quantity estimator. Saving in IFC format and export The model once complete with all the necessary information should be saved in any of the following formats-.ifc, .ifcxml, .ifczip. Before clicking Save change the translator to Data Exchange with Tekla Structures. The IFC elements and layers to be exported should be specified in the Model Filter Dialog Box or else the Entire Project gets exported. This might lead to large file size and also the entire project may not be needed by the Structural Engineer. The next step in the workflow is carried out using Tekla Structures.

2. ArchiCAD -Tekla Structures Interoperability


Preparation for the Export Structural models are the simplified versions of architectural models- containing only the load bearing elements such as columns, beams, slabs and walls. In ArchiCAD, the Layer Combinations and the Partial Structure display function allows one to display and output the load bearing structural elements. Save as IFC To export the complete or the simplified architectural modeller only its parts, use the Save As command and choose IFC 2x3(*.ifc) as the file type. Open IFC as Reference.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 65

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


1. Click Insert Reference Model (File Menu) 2. In the File name field, browse to the reference model folder and select the file. 3. By default, all layers in the model are imported. To choose which layers to import, go to select layers dialog. 4. Click Ok.

Figure1(a): Reference model window- selecting layers 5. Snap to the common coordinate system origin in Tekla Structures 6. Interrupt the command and right-click on an empty part of the screen, and then click Fit Work Area to Entire Model. The reference model appears. Comparing Architectural Reference Models. In Tekla Structures, there is an easy way to detect changes between different versions of reference models. When the architect sends an updated IFC model to the structural engineer, the changes done can be compared to the old IFC model and tracked in Tekla Structures. Insert the new reference file into the current project with Insert Reference Model (File Menu). Browse for the new model next to File Name. Click, apply and place the model into its original position without exiting the command. Do Fit Work Area to Entire Model on the drawing area. 1. Click on the inserted new reference model by using select Components. 2. In the Old File name, browse for the old reference model. 3. In the field Show, choose one of the following options: Old File, Unchanged, Changed, Deleted or Inserted, and press display to show the comparing results on the screen.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 66

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure1(b): Reference model window-detecting changes

Tekla Structures-Model Conversion, Analysis Model and Reinforcement Detailing


After inserting the reference ArchiCAD model choosing the required layers to be imported, we convert the reference model into native Tekla objects. This is done by using the IFC object convertor tool which is located in macros option. Select all the objects to be converted and click the convert button. All the elements will now appear in blue color thus indicating the conversion is complete. The reference model is now deleted by selecting it. When the whole model gets highlighted it indicates the selection of the reference model which is present behind the new Tekla model. After conversion, we assign material properties. First double click any member in the model to open its properties. It will display the dialog box shown below. Using the tick all/none option, tick none, then tick the materials box and click select. Choose M 20(C 20/25) from the concrete menu. Then click the modify button. Now without closing the dialog box, select all the other elements on the screen and click modify. Now all the members will have C20/25 member properties.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 67

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Figure 2 beam properties window In the similar manner change class and cast unit to cast in place in the dialog box for all the members. Now that the material properties have been assigned, we can create the nalysis model. To create the analysis model, click the concrete parts option in the analysis toolbar. (Analysis/Properties/Concrete Parts/Column). Once the column dialog box opens select the generate self weight option in the loading menu. Now select the columns in the model and click modify and then apply. Do the same for beams as well. Presuming the staad api link is already installed the analysis model is now created. This option can be found under analysis menu. Choose the Analysis and Design model option and select the STAAD API link in the Analysis Application dialog box and click OK. The model is now created and can be exported to staad pro. The link will automatically open a analysis model containing the centerlines as well as node and also material properties. After the analysis and design is done in staad and ms excel respectively, the reinforcement details can be created using the macros provided. By pressing Ctrl+F on the screen a dialog box containing the various reinforcement detailing options for the various members. For example reinforcement module 83 is for columns, 63 for beams and 77 for footings.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 68

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling


Depending on the reinforcement details and requirements the values for various parameters like spacing, size of bars, no. of bars, stirrup size.etc are input and then the member to be reinforced is clicked on. The reinforcement details are created depending on the values fed in. Drawings and reports can be generated using the drawings and reports menu. Right click on a member and click create drawings/cast unit drawings. This will generate a detailed drawing of the reinforcement and structural details of the member. Also a bar bending schdule as well as quantity by weight can be generated. This structural model can be exported back to archicad to and can be viewed there as well. This model in archicad can be used for cross referencing the two model and positions of structural members and also clashes, so that any changes that are to be made can be done before construction begins.

Figure 3 Rebar in beam

3. STAAD Analysis
Since all the parameters are assigned in Tekla itself, you can directly run the analysis. Modification or changes in any parameters can easily be done in STAAD.

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET

Page 69

También podría gustarte