Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
A PROJECT REPORT
On
BELGAUM-590 014
Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled A Critical Review of Building Information Modelling is a bonafide work carried out by Ajay Inamdar, Siddhartha Kamat, Naveengoud Patil, Saleem Malik Naik in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering during the year 2010-2011, is a record of the bonafide work carried out by them. They have worked under my guidance and supervision and have fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this project report.
Head of the Department Dr. S. S. Quadri Dept. of Civil Engineering B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.
BELGAUM-590 014
Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled A Critical Review of Building Information Modelling is a bonafide work carried out by Ajay Inamdar, Siddhartha Kamat, Naveengoud Patil, Saleem Malik Naik in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering during the year 2010-2011, is a record of the bonafide work carried out by them. They have worked under my guidance and supervision and have fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this project report.
Head of the Department Dr. S. S. Quadri Dept. of Civil Engineering B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.
Acknowledgement
The successful completion of any task will be incomplete without complimenting those who made it possible and whose guidance and encouragement has made our efforts successful. We are very much indebted to our beloved guide Dr. Satish Annigeri, whose sincere guidance; valuable suggestions and benevolent direction were mainly responsible for the completion of project. We thank our beloved HoD Dr. S. S. Quadri for creating the ambient atmosphere and for always being the inspiring force. We are also thankful to A. N. Prakash and Professor Arvind Galagali for spending their valuable time in interacting with us. We are highly indebted to our principal, Dr. Ashok Shettar, for his counsel and providing necessary facility during the development of the project We express our sincere thanks to all the teaching staff and non teaching staff of Civil Engineering Department and also those who have extended their invaluable help and cooperation directly or indirectly during the project and thereby ensuring successful completion.
Page ii
Synopsis
Imagine a virtual world where an architect, an engineer, a contractor and a client are working simultaneously on a project. Their goal to create the most cost effective, efficient and structurally sound building possible, all without compromising their artistic vision. Sounds impossible? Not any more. Welcome to the new world of BIM, where interoperability and Integrated Project Delivery is key. Building Information Modeling or BIM is the latest buzzword in construction industry worldwide. It is a process of demonstrating both graphical and non-graphical aspects of the full building life cycle and creating a single repository of design and construction documents, specifications and schedules. The process generates 3D Model encompassing geometric and geographic information of the building and properties of its components. Bentley, ArchiCAD and Tekla Structures are the popular CADD software used to generate standard 3D BIM models.
Building Information Modeling is clearly gaining momentum as the technology evolves and greater interoperability is possible between disparate software systems. This project deals with a critical analysis of BIM and our experiences with BIM.
Page iii
Contents
Certificate Acknowledgement Synopsis Contents List of figures Chapter 01 Introduction 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Scope of the project 1.3: Objectives of the project Chapter 02 Literature Review 2.1: Building life cycle 2.2: Life-Cycle management in other fields 2.3: Industry research 2.4: Building Information Modeling 2.5: IFC file format 2.6: Market analysis 2.7: Case Study Chapter 03 Methodology 3.1: Workflow 3.2: ArchiCAD Modeling 3.3: ArchiCAD Tekla Interoperability 3.4: Tekla structures 3.5: Tekla- STAAD.Pro Interoperability 3.6: MS Excel 3.7: MS Project 3.8: Other Utilities of Model
i ii iii iv vi 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 6 9 17 18 20 21 21 21 23 24 25 26 28 28
Page iv
Chapter 04 Discussion 4.1: Model Description 4.1.1: Introduction to the Model 4.1.2: Phases of Model 4.1.3: Design Efficiency 4.1.4: Discrepancies in 2D Plan (Hard Copy) 4.1.5: Drawings and Views 4.1.6: Material Take-off and Lists 4.1.7: Model in Tekla Phase: Part I 4.1.8 Model in STAAD.Pro phase 4.1.9 MS Excel design module 4.1.10 Tekla Phase Part II-Reinforcement Detailing 4.2: Drawbacks 4.2.1: Complexity level of BIM software 4.2.2: Cost of the software 4.2.3: Information flow 4.2.4: Programming Chapter 05 Conclusion References Appendix 1) 2) 3) 4) ArchiCAD modeling ArchiCAD-Tekla Import Tekla structures STAAD Pro.
30 30 30 32 33 34 36 40 43 46 50 56 59 59 59 59 61 62 63 64 64 65 67 69
Page v
List of figures
Figure 2.1 Phases of typical Construction Figure 2.2 Typical workflow in civil engineering projects in current practice Figure 2.3 Typical phases in a building life cycle Figure 2.4 Product Life Cycle Graph Figure 2.5 Construction site of Novotel and Ibis in Bengaluru Figure 2.6 Service Shaft. of the building Figure 2.7 Comparison of CAD and Parametric Figure 2.8.Various stakeholders Figure 2.9 Construction medias Figure 2.10 Time vs Effort Graph 3 4 4 5 6 7 9 10 10 10
Figure 3.1 Workflow for the Project Figure 3.2 Workflow Archicad and Tekla Figure 3.3 Spreadsheet for importing results Figure 3.4 VBA Module Figure 3.5 Open STAAD
21 23 26 27 27
Figure.4.1 Rendered View on the North Face of Building Figure 4.2 Rendered View of Building on the N-W Side Figure 4.3 Entire Model View Figure 4.4(a) Partial Structural Display Figure.4.4(b) Another view of 4.4(a) Figure 4.5(a) Clash of window and adjacent column: Exterior View Figure 4.5(b) Zoomed view of plan. Figure 4.5(c) Beam in Service Shaft Figure 4.5(d) Misplaced Beam Figure 4.6(a) North Elevation of the building Figure 4.6(b) North West Elevation of the Building
30 31 32 33 33 35 35 36 36 37 38
Page vi
Figure 4.6(c) Section in the North-South direction Figure 4.7(a) 3D cut away sections through the Building Figure 4.7(b) 3D cut away plane at the ceiling level of 3 rd floor Figure 4.8 Zones in the building Figure 4.9 Reference Model in Tekla Figure 4.10 Beams and Columns as native Tekla Objects Figure 4.11 View of a section of the analysis model Figure 4.12 Rigid links Figure 4.13 Grid used for model Figure 4.14 Structural model indicating frame used Figure 4.15 Analysis frame Figure 4.16 Members selected for design Figure 4.17 Detailing of column and Beam Figure 4.18 Detailing of footing Fig 4.19 Reinforcement in footing
39 39 40 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 49 57 57 58 58
Figure 1(a) Reference model window- selecting layers Figure 1(b) Reference model window-detecting changes Figure 2 beam properties window Figure 3 Rebar in beam Figure 4 2D plan of the building
66 67 68 69
Page vii
India is on the verge of becoming the 3rd largest construction market in the world by 2020. India's stable legal and commercial environment, combined with its government's economic liberalization policies, has led to strong economic growth, low inflation and significant increases in foreign investment. The growth of its technology sector - drawing on an abundant, well-educated labour pool - is renowned. IT hubs are quickly being established in the suburbs of most major Indian cities, often likened to Indian Silicon Valleys. According to the report Real Estate Construction - India available at the real estate construction industry in India is reviving itself from the global economic downturn of last year, and is showing signs of growth in future. The current size of the real estate construction industry in India is estimated to be approximately US$44 billion. The industry is expected to witness an annual average growth rate of approximately 26 percent till 2014.[1] This strong economic performance has resulted in a building frenzy, particularly in metropolitan areas. All types of construction -- residential, infrastructure, industrial and, of course, commercial -- are booming. Application of software in the field of construction has increased enormously in recent times. Many Indian companies are been outsourced by various countries in the field of structural analysis, drafting and detailing. Designers are still using CAD and are creating collections of non-integrated files that collectively generate a set of paper drawings, schedules and specifications.
1.2.
Building Information Modelling or BIM is the latest buzzword in construction industry worldwide. It is a process of demonstrating both graphical and non-graphical aspects of the full building life cycle and creating a single repository of design and construction documents, specifications and schedules. The process generates 3D Model encompassing geometric and geographic information of the building and properties of its components. Our project deals with a critical study of the all the BIM software available in market. We are dealing with the advantages of using BIM compared to the conventional method. We are trying to Figure out the difficulties and setbacks of BIM. We are also focusing on the kind of efforts which goes in learning this kind of software. We have also tried to chalk out the workflow of process, keeping a track on the information flow.
Page 1
Objectives of project
To carry out a research on BIM technology and its advantages. To study the software tools available in the market which support BIM technology To study the workflow of the processes from design to execution using BIM To demonstrate a small scale project demonstrating the integration of all the software tools required to implement BIM. 5. To model, analyse, design and estimate bill of materials for an example building using BIM technology. We will build a virtual model loaded with all information necessary before the construction process begins. 6. To automate the exchange of data between model, structural analysis, design and detailing using spread sheets, structural analysis software and BIM software. 7. To study other utilities of BIM
Page 2
Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling Chapter 02 Literature Review
2.1. Building life cycle
The life cycle of building involves various stake holders. The client has to first approach the Architect or Project management consultants. The construction process involves following stages as shown in Figure 2.1,
Figure 2.1 Phases of typical Construction Concept Phase: The concept of the construction is been worked out in this phase. This phase revolves around the Architect. This phase generally involves interaction with client and finalizing of the concept. Though the final decision is been taken considering other parameters like analysis, site condition etc. Design phase: Once the initial concept is been finalized, its then sent to the structural engineer. Information generally been passed on as 2D drawings. The structural engineer does the analysis and design, and an interaction takes place between Architect and Structural engineer regarding the placement of structural members. Once the design is been finalized then the information (Reinforcement details) is sent to Detailer. In the due course of time, the architect sends the 2D plan of the structure to the quantity estimator as well as MEP consultant. Though estimator would have given an abstract cost picture to the client earlier, he studies the materials and prepares a detailed estimate of the complete structure. The MEP consultant uses the 2D floor plan and decides the ducts of electric and plumbing. All the building services drawing are done in 2D plans given by the architect. Tendering phase: Once the estimator gives his estimation, then tendering is been done. In this phase, the building contractor is identified and the project will be awarded to him as per his experience. Theres overlap between the design and tendering phase.
Page 3
Figure 2.3 Typical phases in a building life cycle (source: Revit and Civil 3D Interoperability master graphics http://masterg.com)
Page 4
Figure. 2.4: Product Life Cycle Graph [source: William D. and McCarthy J. E. Product Life Cycle: Essentials of Marketing, Richard] Product life cycle management is used in most of the fields, with different nomenclature.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 5
Page 6
Figure 2.6 Service Shaft.of the building Interaction with Prof. Aravind Galagali dated: 2/10/2010 The delay in issuing of working drawings leads to the delay in construction process. The following is the exhaustive list of the reasons leading to delay of work 1. Delay in handing over of site 2. Unforeseen ground conditions 3. Conflicts between owner and other parties 4. Improper planning of contractor during bidding stage 5. Poor means of contracting 6. Inaccurate specification of site condition 7. Unrealistic time schedule given in contract 8. Faulty soil investigation report 9. Slow decision from owner 10. Bureaucracy in client's organization. 11. Ambiguity in specifications and conflicting interpretation by parties. 12. Unrealistic inspection and testing methods proposed in contract. 13. Delay in approval of completed work by client (i.e stage passing) 14. Delay in approval of shop drawings and samples 15. Non availability of drawing/ design on time
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 7
Page 8
Figure 2.7 Comparison of CAD and Parametric [source: www.autodesk.com/buildinginformation] Figure 2.7 shows the overall effectiveness or benefit level of each of these three different technologies (vertical axis) measured against the effort required to achieve those benefits (horizontal axis). In addition, the horizontal dashed line represents the minimum degree of effectiveness that can be properly characterized as building information modelling. Below this building information modelling threshold are existing, traditional industry processes that are well-supported by traditional drafting and task automation. Above this line are increasing degrees of building information modelling effectiveness. The three solid lines show the effectiveness achievable at a given level of effort using these three different technologies, namely, CAD, Object CAD and Parametric building modelling. The orange line on the chart represents parametric building modelling technology. 2.4.2 Introduction to BIM Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the process of generating and managing building data during its life cycle. Typically it uses three-dimensional, real-time, dynamic building modelling software to increase productivity in building design and construction. The process produces the Building Information Model (also abbreviated BIM), which encompasses building geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, and quantities and properties of building components.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 9
Building information modelling covers geometry, spatial relationships, light analysis, geographic information, quantities and properties of building components (for example manufacturers' details). BIM can be used to demonstrate the entire building life cycle, including the processes of construction and facility operation. Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility or group of facilities. 2.4.3 Definition Building Information Modelling or BIM is a digital representation of the building process to facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital format.
Figure 2.10 Time vs Effort Graph [source: An introduction to Building Information Modeling( BIM)- A Guide for ASHRAE Members]
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 10
The information involved in modelling of a building are required for the following segments, 1. OwnersHigh level summary information about their facilities, planning, budgeting and decision support. 2. PlannersExisting information about physical site(s) and program needs 3. RealtorsInformation about a site or facility to support purchase or sale 4. AppraisersInformation about the facility to support valuation 5. Mortgage BankersInformation about demographics, corporations, and viability 6. DesignersPlanning and site information 7. EngineersElectronic model from which to import into design and analysis software 8. Cost & Quantity EstimatorsElectronic model to obtain accurate quantities and share comparable 9. Contracts & LawyersMore accurate legal descriptions as well as more accurate to defend or on which to base litigation 10. Construction ContractorsIntelligent objects for bidding and ordering and a place to store gained information 11. Sub-ContractorsClearer communication and same support for contractors 12. Fabricatorscan use intelligent model for numerical controls for fabrication 13. Code OfficialsCode checking software can process model faster and more accurately 14. Facility ManagersProvides product, warranty and maintenance information 15. Maintenance & SustainmentMore easily identify, track, budget, and schedule; repair, replacement, maintenance needs 16. Renovation & Restorationmore easily identify, track, budget, and schedule capital reinvestment requirements. 17. Disposal & RecyclingBetter knowledge potential reuse / adaptation.
Page 11
Pre-construction benefits 1. Concept, feasibility and design benefits 2. Increased building performance and quality Design benefits 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Easier and more accurate visualizations of design. Automatic low level corrections, when changes are made. Generate accurate and consistent 2D drawings at any stage. Earlier collaboration of multiple design disciplines. Easy check against design intent. Extract cost estimate during design stage. Improve design efficiency and sustainability. Discover design errors and omissions before construction(clash detection)
Construction and fabrication benefits 1. Synchronize planning, design and construction. 2. React quickly to design and site problems 3. Use design model for fabrication of components. 2.4.8 Advantages to various stake holders
Building Information Modelling or BIM is a godsend for the architects. They have manifold benefits from this. It is used in presenting and visualizing building components, construction sequences, resource allocation and other disciplines of construction process in a virtual environment. Benefits to Architects
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
BIM supports design investigation by letting architectural designers study multiple design alternatives simultaneously within a single model. Construction documents are generated more easily with BIM, letting architects to use up more time on the building design Production of well-coordinated documentation Faster Building systems coordination (space reservation, clash detection) Accuracy of detailed design activities like quantification and costing
Page 13
Design prototype (space arrangements, assemblies, materials) Allows model checkers to assist with quality control Analysis (space, lighting, energy, structural) Drawing production quality (flexible, exploits automation, better coordinated) Design exploration/interrogation (data rich visual models) Engineering accuracy (measurement, context) The data embodied within the building information model is rich and reliable which can be used for early tasks such as schematic space planning and master scheduling
Benefits to Contractors
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Contractors can create accurate construction schedules and arrange necessary materials. Review construction plans and sequences Study yard operation and site logistics Prefabrication & assembly of materials in a controlled, factory environment which results higher quality at a lower cost. BIM offers a good cost estimation(quantity take off) throughout bidding and procurement Plan errors are set up once building the models which leads to smaller number of errors and omissions necessitating rectifications by the contractor - saving costs and resources BIM improves coordination in construction sequencing Effective marketing presentation of construction approaches BIM can check possible conflicts that may arise during building construction BIM allows for more "what if" scenarios, such as construction sequencing options, shuffling of human resources, fine-tuning cost factors, etc. BIM assists clients and end-users in realizing and visualizing the end product Shop drawing reduction (model to fabrication) Digital fabrication (steel, HVAC ducts, piping) Fewer call-backs and lower warranty costs
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Structural detailing drawings will be produced more quickly with BIM Through the process of BIM and integrated project delivery, structural designers can keep away from costly clashes to examine beams, pipes, HVAC and electrical systems before the commencement of the construction. BIM will help to optimize parameters of the structural model at par with the design rules More purified engineering design can be made on sound theory minimizing rough calculations. Integrated modelling, analysis and design can be achieved without splitting up the tasks BIM models can be exchanged easily among the architectural designer and HVAC designer which creates better cooperation. More attention to cost factors by studying alternative solutions on one model Better and optimized constructions can be achieved by the combination with CAE solutions. The designer will notice building footings placed by structural engineers to help maintain the structural integrity of the building
Page 14
2.
3.
Cost engineers can utilize more accurate quantities from a building information modelling source. They use the model's visual feedback to determine whether you included everything in your cost plan. BIM facilitate informed decisions with regards to time and costs and the impact of each on a projects bottom line With VDC BIM offer the promise of substantial cost and time savings on developing projects BIM estimate the cost of the project throughout its development, and even estimate the cost of operating and maintaining the finished project over its lifetime.
Benefits to Plumbers With BIM Plumbing Designer can coordinate the exact footing locations to be stepped down to guarantee that the gravity waste line can be routed out of the building without issue 2. As BIM provides entirely 3-dimensional models, isometrics are easily created 3. As new fixtures are added the totals for fixture units are adjusted mechanically in the schedule With BIM plumbing designers can use the Uniform Plumbing Code and the schedule is based on the International Plumbing Code? 4. BIM can coordinate any obstructions in the projects which can decrease conflicts during design phase and help prevent costly change orders during construction 5. With BIM plumbing designers can get a visual review in a three-dimensional environment that can help tremendously in determining design options 6. BIM can perform clash detection to observe if any items are crossing each other, such as sprinkler piping and ductwork 7. Fixture schedules is coordinated or connected to the architects schedule with a mere key stroke if required. 8. Fixture schedules, plans, riser diagrams, sections and details are mechanically coordinated 9. Riser diagrams can be extended once and mechanically synchronized with the plans. 10. All engineering data, (such as drainage fixture units) are automatically and endlessly followed in plan and scrutinized in a variety of views and filters. 11. Designer have get the ability to add, delete, and modify fixtures and outlets smoothly with automatic update to the engineering data and the model
1.
Benefits to Owners
1.
2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
Owners can create savings (5%-10%) on projects through the implementation of BIM and save total projects cost. BIM can save additional expenses in construction cost as well as operation costs. Visualizing helps the owner's groups see what they will be getting resulting in dealing with less change orders (building systems clash detection) during construction. Get better design quality, better performing building (systems coordination, engineering analysis) Scheduling (4D) and costing (5D) are fully integrated with BIM model which will help owners for constructing more sound decisions based on multiple, accurate real-time information Schedule compression (digital assisted fabrication, offsite fab) BIM will help for more streamlined installation as all Issues are resolved in trade coordination that will result for a better quality construction. Owners can take more informed decisions about the possibility of a suggested project with the help of accurate, 3D information models through BIM.
Page 15
BIM includes all related information for owners to deal with the Property, building systems and components Efficient handover (data exchange for operations/maintenance) Challenges with BIM
2.4.9
BIM has, for some time, been touted as the industrys technological breakthrough for efficient and cost-effective design and construction of highest quality. Yet, it appears that a relatively small percentage of owners, designers, and contractors are fully embracing the BIM concept while many are in a wait-and-see mode. In the meantime, software development and industry group interest continues to grow at a rapid pace. So what are the drawbacks to immediately implementing BIM? As specialists on the performance side of the construction industry, we believe full implementation in the mainstream of construction must overcome the following BIM challenges: 1. Technological: Adapting to a currently complex industry to absorb BIMs major new technology to design, construction, and lifecycle operation will require: 2. Education: Model preparation and verification, BIM management and control. 3. Investment: People, software, procedures, databases. 4. Commitment: Vision, can-do attitudes, and the drive to improve. 5. Software Development: More comprehensive and detailed applications for structural design, MEP and construction (4D and 5D), including interoperability of vendor products. 6. Cultural and Organizational: Entering BIM into mainstream of a companys practice will require transformation of the traditional management structure to the new BIM enhanced teamwork and use of simulated visualization. BIM-savvy construction engineers will be in high demand and in line for fast-track career opportunities.
2.4.10 6D Construction
BIM, 3-dimensional, can incorporate 4D (time) and 5D (cost) virtual modelling of buildings, and all aspects of life-cycle facility management (6D?) For BIM to be virtual a model of a buildings life-cycle, input is required from multiple sources: architects, architectural engineers, specifies, estimators, scientists interested in performance modelling, constructors and construction vendors, computer software vendors, owners, facility managers, funding sources, management / leadership, and users. Life cycle BIM includes real property commerce, maintenance and operations, sustainability / green / high performance, physical and functional conditions and needs, etc.
Page 16
Page 19
Page 20
Figure 3.1 Workflow for the Project The workflow of the design process in BIM is carried out as shown in Fig. 3.1. The flow of data is in .ifc format. The file moves from one stage to another by integrating the information from every intermediate process.
3.2.
ArchiCAD
ArchiCAD is an architectural BIM CAD software for Macintosh and Windows operating systems, developed by the Hungarian company Graphisoft. The newest version (2010) is ArchiCAD 14. ArchiCAD offers specialized solutions for handling all common aspects of aesthetics and engineering during the whole design process of the built environment buildings, interiors urban areas, etc. Development of ArchiCAD started in 1982 for the original Apple Macintosh. ArchiCAD is recognized as the first CAD product on a personal computer able to create both 2D drawings and parametric 3D geometry. On its debut in 1987, ArchiCAD also became the first implementation of BIM under Graphisoft's Virtual Building concept. Today more than 150,000 architects are using it in the building design industry.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 21
3.3.
The main idea in the collaboration between architects and structural designers is to create an optimal workflow, which includes a clear division of responsibilities and effective ways to manage changes by each discipline. As the two disciplines have different tasks, they use and store different information in their building models. For efficient collaboration, there is no need to share all of the information just the information that the other partner needs. IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) is a commonly used object-oriented file format, whose data model has been developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability to facilitate interoperability in the building industry. Both Tekla Structures and ArchiCAD support and are certified for the latest IFC 2x3 format. ArchiCAD Drawing drafts, architectural modelling Filtering load bearing structure Model export (Step 1 in Fig. 3.2) Tekla Structures Importing architectural model as reference Structural modelling Model export (Step 2) ArchiCAD Merging the structural model Updating the architectural model based on the structural suggestions Model export (Step 3) Tekla Structures Insertion of new architectural reference Comparison of reference model Updating the changes in the structural model (Step 4) Model export (Step 5) Figure 3.2 Workflow Archicad and Tekla
Page 23
3.4.
Tekla structures
Tekla Structures is Building Information Modelling (BIM) software that enables the creation and management of accurately detailed, highly constructible 3D structural models regardless of material or structural complexity. Tekla models can be used to cover the entire building process from conceptual design to fabrication, erection and construction management. Interoperability: Tekla BIM software can be used to interface with other existing applications, or solely as a platform to develop a customizable internal solution. It is an open solution that supports interoperability and standardization. Tekla Structures links with various systems through Tekla Open API application programming interface that is implemented using Microsoft .NET technology. Examples of standard formats supported by Tekla are IFC, CIS/2, SDNF and DSTV. Examples of proprietary formats supported by Tekla are DWG, DXF and DGN. Innovative, integrated and open 3D modelling: Structural design is gradually shifting from 2D drafting towards 3D modelling. Tekla has developed an innovative solution for Structural Building Information Modelling, a subset of the commonly used concept Building Information Modelling (BIM). Tekla Structures is the first completely integrated 3D solution for structural design. It has the power to create and manage all types of structures made of steel, concrete or any other materials. New and unique modelling tools such as automated and intelligent parametric adjustments have been added to the software. Tekla Structures opens up new business opportunities for users as project runthrough time is decreased. Structural Building Information Modelling with Tekla Structures allows for a smooth flow of information previously dreamed about. This inevitably reflects in shortened lead times and a capability to respond to schedule challenges. Eventually, overall project cost will be lower. 1. Increased productivity with modelling: Tekla Structures is a versatile 3D modelling system that gives you the power to create all types of structures made of steel, concrete or any other materials. It allows creating an intelligent model of any size or complexity with ease and precision. The model can be shared throughout the design, detailing, fabrication and erection phases, creating a smooth flow of information previously dreamt about. This results in remarkable gains in efficiency and accuracy. Tekla Structures provides with unique opportunity to increase the overall productivity of the entire structural design process. 2. True 3D modelling: Tekla Structures brings projects to life. Simply model, analyse design and detail using the same model. Change management is made easier as the model automatically updates every single detail. Tekla's unique parametric modelling technology provides you with unlimited possibilities. Even with just one
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 24
3.5.
STAAD.Pro is a powerful analysis tool which is widely used by structural engineers. We can prepare the structural model in the Tekla structures itself and then send the model to STAAD.Pro. Now preparing the structural model means the following, Defining the material Type of connection between members Defining and assigning the loads Defining the load combinations Assigning the supports Selecting the design codes Defining the design parameters And many more features are available; the defined things can always be changed or edited in STAAD.Pro. There is file format available for the information exchange for steel structures.
Page 25
3.6.
MS Excel [6]
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Windows. The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a subset of Visual Basic programming language. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. STAAD Pro. and Microsoft Excel were linked by us, to fetch the analysis result computed by STAAD in Excel and to carry out the design process in Excel. This was done by writing a VBA module in Microsoft Excel. The whole idea is STAAD Pro is a Powerful structural analysis tool but the design given by the STAAD Pro is not that good. Design for a particular structure or member is different from different designers. Each designer will follow a different way, with different assumptions and approaches. So the design of the RC. or steel members can be carried out in Microsoft Excel.
Figure 3.3 Spreadsheet for importing results The Figure 3.3 is a snapshot a Macro enabled spreadsheet, for which VBA module is written to link with excel. The image below shows VBA code written for the excel sheet.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 26
Figure 3.4 VBA Module We have selected suitable codes from the additional modules, Open STAAD. The following shows the Open STAAD codes.
Figure 3.5 Open STAAD The analysis will be carried out in STAAD.Pro and design was been carried out in Excel. Tekla is one of the excellent detailing tool, Tekla structures is linked with Excel for generating reports and for design of connections, but this is restricted only to steel structures.
Page 27
Microsoft Project (or MSP or WinProj) is a project management software program developed and sold by Microsoft which is designed to assist project managers in developing plans, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets and analysing workloads. The application creates critical path schedules, and critical chain and event chain methodology third-party add-ons are also available. Schedules can be resource levelled, and chains are visualized in a Gantt chart. Additionally, Project can recognize different classes of users. These different classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views, and other data. Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters, and fields are stored in an enterprise global which is shared by all users. Microsoft Project was the company's third Windows-based application, and within a couple of years of its introduction it became the dominant PC-based project management software. Features Project creates budgets based on assignment work and resource rates. As resources are assigned to tasks and assignment work estimated, the program calculates the cost, equal to the work times the rate, which rolls up to the task level and then to any summary tasks and finally to the project level. Resource definitions (people, equipment and materials) can be shared between projects using a shared resource pool. Each resource can have its own calendar, which defines what days and shifts a resource is available. Resource rates are used to calculate resource assignment costs which are rolled up and summarized at the resource level. Each resource can be assigned to multiple tasks in multiple plans and each task can be assigned multiple resources, and the application schedules task work based on the resource availability as defined in the resource calendars. All resources can be defined in label without limit. Therefore it cannot determine how many finished products can be produced with a given amount of raw materials. This makes MS Project unsuitable for solving problems of available materials constrained production. Additional software is necessary to manage a complex facility that produces physical goods.
3.8.
There are many other uses of the generated model. The information in the model can be used for various other purposes: Autodesk Ecotect Analysis Autodesk Ecotect Analysis-sustainable design analysis software is a comprehensive concept-to-detail sustainable building design tool. Ecotect Analysis offers a wide range of simulation and building energy analysis functionality that can improve performance of existing buildings and new building designs. Online energy, water, and carbon-emission analysis capabilities integrate with tools that enable you to visualize and simulate a building's performance within the context of its environment.
Page 28
Whole-building energy analysisCalculate total energy use and carbon emissions of your building model on an annual, monthly, daily, and hourly basis, using a global database of weather information. Thermal performanceCalculate heating and cooling loads for models and analyse effects of occupancy, internal gains, infiltration, and equipment. Water usage and cost evaluationEstimate water use inside and outside the building. Solar radiationVisualize incident solar radiation on windows and surfaces, over any period. Day lightingCalculate daylight factors and luminance levels at any point in the model. Shadows and reflectionsDisplay the suns position and path relative to the model at any date, time, and location.
Page 29
Figure.4.1 Rendered View on the North Face of Building General Details: Title: Proposed Apartment for Shri. Ramesh Bonageri, Hubli Design Consultants: Soham Architects and Interior Designers Building Type: Residential-Ground (Parking)+3 No. of Flats: 5 Flats x 3 Floors= 15 Flats. Type of Flat: 2BHK Floor to Floor Height: 10 Slab Thickness: 5 Elevator: Yes Staircase: Single Flight
Page 30
Figure 4.2 Rendered View of Building on the N-W Side The entire model which is saved as a single file in .IFC format comprises of the following in various stages (software phases). These include: 1) 2D Plans of each floor (ArchiCAD Phase) 2) 3D geometry of Building (ArchiCAD Phase) 3) Structural Elements (ArchiCAD/Tekla Phase) 4) Interiors and Exterior Elements (ArchiCAD Phase) 5) Reinforcement Details (Tekla Phase) 6) Load and analysis Model (STAAD.Pro Phase/ Tekla Phase) The model (Figure 4.2) is a detailed replica of the actual structure intended to be built or being built before even the completion of the project. This model is detailed enough so as to visualize the actual construction, any iteration or alterations required can be easily carried out in the planning stage. This can significantly reduce costs of construction in some cases, where alterations may be carried out in the later stage of the construction. The complications like design of shaft, reinforcement at junctions are easily modeled here. Since this model is close to reality, there is no need of preparing any mock-ups of interiors or exteriors, which can save fair bit of money. The model is used as good presentation material for clients, since the model is more effective compared to the 2D drawings. The model when in ArchiCAD phase offers some excellent features like rendering, walkthrough, construction simulation etc. ArchiCAD offers some add-ons like Virtual Building Explorer (VBE), Atlantis Studio were used to create well defined presentations. The model is not only useful until the construction stage; it can play a major role in life cycle management of the building.
Page 31
Page 32
Figure. 4.4(b) Another view of 4.4(a) 4.1.3: Design Efficiency Using BIM affiliated software; we were able to achieve an efficient design process when compared to the orthodox process of design and construction. The feasibility of a construction can be tested well in advance. Iterations in the design phase can be easily done to get the optimal design. The BIM model was good enough in identifying the errors in the
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 33
Page 34
Page 35
Figure 4.5(d) Misplaced Beam 4.1.5 Drawings and Views: Another major advantage of 3D modelling is the generation of various views of the building which are practically time consuming to make in 2D and some views very difficult to comprehend and draw in 2D. Once the 3D model was complete we could generate sections (Fig. 4.6(a)) and elevation (Fig. 4.6 (b)) at a click of a button. Some of these are illustrated below. No extra work was needed to draw these views. These views are as accurate as the 3D model. The accuracy of these views depends on the accuracy with which
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 36
Page 37
Page 38
Page 39
Figure 4.7(b) 3D cut away plane at the ceiling level of 3 rd floor. 4.1.6 Material Take off and Lists We have created reports of quantity values of various elements in the model which are directly generated by the software, thus eliminating the need for manual calculations. These calculations are highly accurate due to the accuracy in modelling. It considers openings in the walls, intersection between beams and walls, columns and walls etc. As an element is created and assigned a reference ID, it automatically gets added to the corresponding list of items. For example the list of all slabs as well as their dimensions and other parameters associated with them are generated in the lists (List 1). Such lists are generated for all elements of the building. This feature helped us to accurately determine the quantities of concrete, brick masonry, doors, windows along with the accurate dimensions needed for the construction. Another feature is creation of zones in the building for example, zones like living room, bedroom, kitchen, residential space, office space and so on. As shown in the Figure 4.8. For example a zone for all bedrooms in the 3rd floor of building were created, once created we could get the various parameters associated with the zone, like the floor area, wall surface area, height of room, perimeter, floor type etc. are calculated and presented in the form of a list as illustrated in List 2. The following are examples of the various lists that can be generated.
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
4.1.7 Model in Tekla Phase: Part I Model in Tekla Phase (Part I): the ArchiCAD 3D model is saved in .ifc format and used as a reference model to create an analysis model which is then sent to STAAD.Pro. The STAAD.Pro analysis is discussed in the succeeding topic. In this phase the ifc file is inserted as a reference model (Figure 4.9). The reference model is an exact replica to scale of the original architectural model and is used to create native Tekla objects. Native Tekla objects are the exact geometrical replica of the 3D file, which will be used to perform Tekla functions.
Page 43
Figure 4.9 Reference Model in Tekla These native Tekla objects (Figure 4.9) are created using the ifc object convertor macro supplied by Tekla structures. The reference model is then deleted and the Tekla objects are used to create an analysis model. Before creating this analysis model we assigned materials to the objects (beams/columns) and defined material parameters. The dimensions of the beams and columns remain exactly the same as the architectural model. The beams and columns were assigned the cast in place profile.
Page 44
Figure 4.10 Beams and Columns as native Tekla Objects. An analysis model is then created using the analysis option. Tekla has in built analysis and design modules. Since the analysis was done in STAAD.Pro, we used an API STAAD.Pro link that integrated the analysis model of Tekla structures and used it to perform structural analysis. We faced several problems while performing STAAD.Pro analysis. These are discussed in the succeeding topic.
Page 45
Figure 4.11 View of a section of the analysis model 4.1.8 Model in STAAD.Pro phase The analysis model created in Tekla was sent to STAAD.Pro using the API link. Since section properties as well as material properties were already assigned in Tekla, the effort of doing the same was saved. When this model was integrated into STAAD.Pro it created rigid links at intersections of beams and columns not having same centreline as shown in Figure 4.15. This posed a problem in assigning of the loads and resulted in a lot of errors. We found two ways to tackle this problem. First, either calculate the loads manually for each beam and apply in STAAD.Pro or apply the loads in Tekla itself. But these gave highly varying results. Hence we created a dxf file of the Tekla model and used it as grid to create a node to node STAAD.Pro model (Figure 4.11) which had same centreline positions thus eliminating the problems faced previously. We then applied material dimensions and material properties to all the elements. Now that the model was complete, loads were added as per is IS:875 (Part1) and (Part 2) codes and an analysis was performed. The results such as member forces, moments, and support reactions were taken for a single frame of the model (Figure 4.13) and inserted in the MS Excel design sheets to complete the design of structural elements.
Page 46
Page 47
Page 48
Page 49
4.1.9 MS Excel design module After performing analysis we used the results to perform RCC design of the frame shown in Figure 4.13. The excel sheets were integrated with IS 456 provisions for RCC design of beam, column and footing. Using the member forces and support reactions in the excel sheets we could calculate the amount of reinforcement needed to withstand the loads coming on the structure. The design examples are displayed below. These results are then used to create reinforcement detail in Tekla structures. Thus allowing us to get ready made bending schedules and quantity of steel required.
Page 50
fck fy
= =
Grade of concrete M Grade of steel Fe Characteristic Strength of concrete Characteristic Strength of steel
20 415 Kumax = Rumax = Ptmax = 20.00 415.00 0.48 2.76 0.96 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 %
Mdu
= = = = = =
d Murmax
= =
171.12 kNm
As Mr-max>Mdu, section will be designed as Singly reinforced Ast = Area of steel required = 670 mm2
Page 51
DESIGN OF T SECTION @ MIDSPAN DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION Grade of concrete M Grade of steel Fe fck = Characteristic Strength of concrete fy = Characteristic Strength of steel
20 415 20.00 415.00 0.48 2.76 0.96 68.80 225 125 560 35 525 6120 4284 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 % kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Kumax Rumax Ptmax Mdu = Maximum midspan moment Section assumed in mm bw Df D d'
= = = = = = = = = = = = = =
Effective cover d L L0 bf Xu Mur1 = = = = = = Effective depth Effective span 0.7 * L L0 / 6 + bw + 6 Df Df (Assumed) 0.36*fck*bf*Dfu*(d-0.42*Df) As Mr-max>Mdu, NA < Df Ast Xu Mur2 Xu Yf Mur Ast = = = = = = = Area of steel required 7*Df/3
= = =
mm2 mm kNm
0.84*fck*bw*Df*(d-Df) + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*(d-Df/2) 200.00 mm 0.15*Xu + 0.65*Df 0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(d-0.42*Df) + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*Yf*(d-Yf/2) (0.36*fck*bw*Xu + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)Yf) / 0.87*fy
= = =
Page 52
Unsupported length of column 3.05 m Effective length of column Ref: IS 456-2000, table Le 1.9825 m E3 Column size D 0.56 m d= 40 b 0.23 m d/D= 0.071 Material Properties Concrete of grade M30 fck 20 N/mm Steel of grade Fe 415 fy 415 N/mm Density of concrete 25 kN/m Main bars of size used 25 mm Tie bars of size used 8 mm Le/D= 3.540179 <12 Therefor the column is short emin=L/500+D/30 or 20mm 24.77 mm or 20 mm Max axial load on column Pu= 2424.00 kN Min eccentricity Moment = P x emin= 48.48 kNm Total moment = 48.48 kNm Pu/(fck*b*D)= 0.941 Mu/(fck*b*D)= 0.034 from Sp 16 chart no 32 Pt/fck= 0.14 Pt = 2.8 Minimum Pt = 0.8 Provide Pt = 2.8 Ast =0.8 x b x D/100= 3606.4 mm Provide 8 bars of 25 mm dia (gives 3927.5 Spacing of ties is min of followings 1) Min size of the column b= 230 mm 2) 16 times of main bars= 400 mm 3) max spacing of 300 mm Provide 12mm ties at 230 mm C/C
28, cl mm
mm)
Page 53
4.80
m2
224.44
kN/m2
Computation of Moments along Both Axis: Cx = 920.00 mm Cy = 887.50 mm Muxx = 284.95 kN-m Muyy = 318.21 kN-m
Depth from Bending Moment Consideration: Equating Mu = M.R. dx,reqd dy,reqd 227.21 240.10 mm mm
Page 54
306.00 mm mm
mm
700
mm
Reinforcement along Both the Direction: Astx,reqd Astx,min 1245.01551 1857.6 Provide mm2 10 mm dia bars at a spacing of 150 [Astx,provd = mm c/c 1256.6371 mm2]
Asty,reqd
mm2
10
100 [Asty,provd
Check the Depth of Footing for Two-Way Shear(d/2): ks = Hence ks c = tv allowb Shear Force tv reqd 1.70 1.000 1.12 1.12 1270.01 0.49 >1 N/mm2 N/mm2 kN
L2
tvreqd < allowable hence O.K. Check the Depth of Footing for One-Way Shear(d): Section L1-L1 Distance of critical sec. from edge of footing = Shear Force 204.02 kN tv 0.1339 p% 0.0825 tc 0.29 tvreqd < allowable hence O.K.
252.5
mm
Page 55
Section L2-L2 Distance of critical sec. from edge of footing = Shear Force 185.17 kN tv 0.1458 p% 0.1237 tc 0.291 tvreqd < allowable hence O.K. 275 mm 0.15 0.0825 0.25 0.28 0.2259652 0.36
4.1.10 Tekla Phase Part II-Reinforcement Detailing The results of the Excel designs of the RCC elements according to IS456 are used to create reinforcement detailing. For the frame considered for analysis we have created reinforcement so as to visualize the re-bars in a clear manner as compared to 2D drawings of the same. The reinforcement can be viewed in 3D and also cutting planes can be created to view the interior of the RCC elements containing the reinforcement. Reinforcement details are shown in the following Figures. The reinforcement is created using the in-built macros of Tekla structures. This reinforcement can only be added to native Tekla objects and not to the reference model. The complete structural model is then saved and sent back to ArchiCAD. The structural elements like the beams, columns and footing that were created in Tekla structures are now available in the original ArchiCAD model also.
Page 56
Page 57
Page 58
4.2.1: Complexity level of BIM software We have used ArchiCAD, Tekla, STAAD.Pro, MS Excel, VBA Programming and MS Project. We strongly feel that the knowledge of basic 2D modelling software is essential to understand the BIM software. ArchiCAD has posted some training in their sites for learning the software. We feel the help file in the software is not good enough. The basic modelling of ArchiCAD is parametric and quite simple. But to use features like extracting material take off, generating drawings etc. needs the understanding of the software to some extent. To successfully transfer the model from one software to another, extra care should be taken by creating layers and assigning the elements to that particular layer. Proper listing and labelling has to be done for all elements. The model filter will help in transferring elements of the selected layers. The GUI of Tekla structures is quite complicated. There is very little training material available for this software. But the help file of this is quite good and is enough to learn to use the tools. However, some features are quite difficult to understand for example preparing the model for analysis, reinforcement detailing of the members. One of the major drawbacks of Tekla is that many of the features or tools are not an integral part of the software. The API links for STAAD, the macro for IFC conversion are an example for that. We didnt find any sources to use these macros and API applications. To use most of the features, a significant amount of understanding of GUI is required. 4.2.2 Cost of the software The initial investment on the software is very high. Following are the approximate quotes of software 1. 2. 3. Tekla BIM - Rs. 12,50,000 Graphisoft ArchiCAD - Rs. 1,75,000 Bentley STAAD.Pro - Rs. 2,40,000
Many important APIs are developed by third party developers and are not a part of the original software. These APIs cost is in addition to the cost of software. For example the link to send the file from Tekla to STAAD.Pro is not freely available Even though the prices are very high, the returns are promising. We were able to detect the errors of beams and columns in the modelling stage itself which will help in avoiding alteration of the structure after it is built thus minimizing the cost. 4.2.3 Information flow To achieve smooth flow of information, the modelling should be done in proper way. The Modelling should be carried out in layers and all the elements should be listed as IFC objects. The following tables show the transfer of the information from one phase to the next.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 59
Beam, column, Beams, Columns are detected by Tekla. But slab and wall slab and wall is taken as concrete panel Complete Complete Partial All the geometrical information transferred between the software is
All the sectional properties of the elements are transferred Material information is not transferred. After doing IFC conversion in Tekla, the members are assigned steel as material by default. But when the file is transferred from the ArchiCAD to Tekla, the material properties can be transferred The geometrical information is transferred, but the properties of the objects are not transferred. The reinforcement done in Tekla structures is detected by ArchiCAD. The material takeoff from ArchiCAD is sent to Tekla.
Library objects
Partial
7 8
Reinforcement detailing
Complete
While transferring the beams and columns, we had no problems. But while transferring the other parts we were getting some problems. For example while the staircase was transferred from ArchiCAD to Tekla, when IFC converter was used, there were unnecessary development of concrete panels. Same kind of thing was also observed in the openings of slab. Tekla and STAAD.Pro Once the model is prepared for analysis, it should be sent to analysis tools for analysis. The integral part of Tekla has the only option of saving the prepared model in CIS/2. STAAD can read CIS/2, but this file is used only for steel structures. We used a API link which linked the Tekla and STAAD. This link was capable of transferring most of the information required for the analysis. But this is just one way transferring data from Tekla to STAAD, the reverse is not possible. The following table indicates the information flow:
Page 60
2 3 4
5 6
Complete Complete
The parameters can be modified at any stage. The information flow is not good enough; still a lot of manual work has to be done to complete the Analysis and design process. The loads including wall loads and slab loads are to be applied manually. 4.2.4 Programming Majority of the BIM software have an open API. To use the open API, two programming languages are predominantly used VBA and C #. We used VBA programming to write a module in MS Excel, which could fetch results from analysis results from the STAAD. STAAD has an open API. The references codes for STAAD are been supplied with the software in the help file. These are VBA codes. Tekla also has an open API. But the reference codes available are both in VBA and C#. The advantage of the module is that it will increase the speed and accuracy of the process. The VBA code which we had written is for STAAD.Pro 2007, but the module shows an error when used in STAAD.Pro V8i, which is the next version. So it is not necessary that a module working in one version of software, should work well with another. The STAAD link for Tekla which has been written for Tekla 14 and STAAD.Pro 2004. The link is not fully functional as discussed earlier; the information flow is only in one direction. VBA is comparatively easy to understand, but it cannot create an independent application. It is in-built into applications. Whereas C# is capable of doing this, but it takes a lot of effort to learn.
Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 61
Page 62
Page 63
Page 64
Figure1(a): Reference model window- selecting layers 5. Snap to the common coordinate system origin in Tekla Structures 6. Interrupt the command and right-click on an empty part of the screen, and then click Fit Work Area to Entire Model. The reference model appears. Comparing Architectural Reference Models. In Tekla Structures, there is an easy way to detect changes between different versions of reference models. When the architect sends an updated IFC model to the structural engineer, the changes done can be compared to the old IFC model and tracked in Tekla Structures. Insert the new reference file into the current project with Insert Reference Model (File Menu). Browse for the new model next to File Name. Click, apply and place the model into its original position without exiting the command. Do Fit Work Area to Entire Model on the drawing area. 1. Click on the inserted new reference model by using select Components. 2. In the Old File name, browse for the old reference model. 3. In the field Show, choose one of the following options: Old File, Unchanged, Changed, Deleted or Inserted, and press display to show the comparing results on the screen.
Page 66
Page 67
Figure 2 beam properties window In the similar manner change class and cast unit to cast in place in the dialog box for all the members. Now that the material properties have been assigned, we can create the nalysis model. To create the analysis model, click the concrete parts option in the analysis toolbar. (Analysis/Properties/Concrete Parts/Column). Once the column dialog box opens select the generate self weight option in the loading menu. Now select the columns in the model and click modify and then apply. Do the same for beams as well. Presuming the staad api link is already installed the analysis model is now created. This option can be found under analysis menu. Choose the Analysis and Design model option and select the STAAD API link in the Analysis Application dialog box and click OK. The model is now created and can be exported to staad pro. The link will automatically open a analysis model containing the centerlines as well as node and also material properties. After the analysis and design is done in staad and ms excel respectively, the reinforcement details can be created using the macros provided. By pressing Ctrl+F on the screen a dialog box containing the various reinforcement detailing options for the various members. For example reinforcement module 83 is for columns, 63 for beams and 77 for footings.
Page 68
3. STAAD Analysis
Since all the parameters are assigned in Tekla itself, you can directly run the analysis. Modification or changes in any parameters can easily be done in STAAD.
Page 69