ECE212AN: Principles of Nanoscience

Prof. Jie Xiang Fall 2010

9/24/2010

What is Nano?

What is Nano?
nano 10-9 1 nanometer = 10-9 meter

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
- National Nanotechnology Initiative, nano.gov

Things man-made

Thing natur gs ral

Why Nano? Feynmans Vision

Iwouldliketodescribeafield,inwhichlittle hasbeendone,butinwhichanenormous amountcanbedoneinprinciple.Thisfieldis t b d i i i l Thi fi ld i notquitethesameastheothersinthatitwill nottellusmuchoffundamentalphysics(inthe f g p ) senseof,``Whatarethestrangeparticles?'') butitismorelikesolidstatephysicsinthe sensethatitmighttellusmuchofgreat interestaboutthestrangephenomenathat occurincomplexsituations.Furthermore,a occur in complex situations Furthermore a pointthatismostimportantisthatitwould haveanenormousnumberoftechnical applications. WhatIwanttotalkaboutistheproblemof manipulatingandcontrollingthingsonasmall scale. l

Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom Bottom, Richard Feynman Dec Feynman, Dec. 1959

Stamping nanostructures
We would just have to press the same metal plate again into the plastic and we would have another copy.

PDMSStamp technology

Copyright (c) Stuart Lindsay 2008

Electron and Ion Beam Lithography

A source of ions, sent through the lens in reverse, could be focused to a very small spot.

( (NatureNanotechnology,2,622,2007) gy, , , )

( (CourtesyofFEIInc.) y ) Journalofappliedphysics104(2008)024312 Nanotechnology18(2007)155303

Molecular structure by direct imaging

The wavelength of an electron is only 1/20 of an . So it should be possible to see the individual atoms.

Structureofepsilon15bacteriophage revealsgenomeorganizationand DNApackaging/injectionapparatus DNA packaging/injection apparatus

From:http://ncmi.bcm.edu/ncmi/movies// bsotievcrbec_2008_07_29.4.mov

(WahChu) (Wah Chu) CryoEMreconstructionoftheRibosome

(LeBarronetal.,2008,madeavailablebyJoachimFrank)

Copyright (c) Stuart Lindsay 2008

Tiny Machines
Consider the possibility that we too can make a thing very small which does what we want that small, we can manufacture an object that maneuvers at that level! Consider any machine for y example, an automobile- and ask about the problems of making an infinitesimal machine like it. i
Worldssmallestmotor(ZettlLab)
(CourtesyofProfessorAlexZettl)

(High_res_rotor2.gif)
Copyright (c) Stuart Lindsay 2008

Materials from atomic layers

So, you simply evaporate until you have a block of stuff which has the elements What could we do with layered materials with just the right layers?

(ReprintedfromJournalofCrystalGrowth, Volume271, T.Aoki,M.Takeguchi,P.Boieriu,R.Singh,C.Grein,Y.Chang, S.SivananthanandDavidJ.Smith, "MicrostructuralcharacterizationofHgTe/HgCdTesuperlattices" g / g p Pages2936,Copyright2004,withpermissionfromElsevier.)

Copyright (c) Stuart Lindsay 2008

Atomic scale synthesis by pushing atoms

We can arrange atoms the way we want.

(CourtesyofProessorWilsonHo)

Copyright (c) Stuart Lindsay 2008

Nanobots in the Media

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Molecular Nanotechnology a Controversial Idea that Started All

MNTs are machines at the molecular scale designed and built atom by atom atom-by-atom Replicating nanorobots B ild almost anything th t th l Build l t thi that the laws of f nature allow to exist Major Drawback: j Issues with energy and information transport Steering hampered by Brownian motion Fat and sticky fingers dilemma Essentially must be restricted to a waterbased life-form similar to enzymes, limiting its capability
D. M. Berube, Nano-Hype, 2005

Eric Drexler, 1986

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Is N I Nano a Hype? H ?

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Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies

15

Perception/Visibility

Maturity
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Perception/Visibility

One example: Graphene - ascending hype/expectations h / t ti 06 10

Nanotechnology and Carbon nanotubes - entering maturity 10 (Google Trends Data) 04

Maturity
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A Real-World Example of Nanoscience Principles: Computer Technology C t T h l

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Faster Computing

Source:Intel

21st century is the Nanoelectronics Era

Intel32nmprocess transistorwithhigh k transistor with highk andmetalgate 22nmin2011

Source:Intel

Intel 22 nm SRAM

2.9 billion transistors per chip p p High-k and metal gate stack Announced 9-22-09 On track for end of 2011 production

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International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor

What sinstoreforthenexttwodecadesandbeyond? Whats in store for the next two decades and beyond?

ITRS2009

Whats in store for the next two decades?

TransistorGateLength Transistor Gate Length
25 PIDS09 Projection Fit Moore's Law Channel Volume per um (cm^3) u

TransistorActiveVolumeand#ofDopants(perm) Transistor Active Volume and # of Dopants(per m)

8 6 -18

1000

300x10 300 10 20 Lg (n nm)

Number of do opant atoms

15

200

8 6 4

100

10

100
8 6 4

10

0 2012 2016 2020 2024

0 2012 2016 2020 2024

Year (ITRS 2009, PIDS HP)

Year (ITRS 2009, PIDS HP)

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Statistical Fluctuations in Small Systems

TransistorActiveVolumeand#ofDopants(perm) Transistor Active Volume and # of Dopants(per m)
8 6 -18

1000

300x10 300 10 Channel Volume per um (cm^3) u

Number of do opant atoms

200

8 6 4

100

100
8 6 4

10

0 2012 2016 2020 2024

Year (ITRS 2009, PIDS HP)

Examples
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A Quantum Mechanical Description of Electrons

TransistorGateLength Transistor Gate Length
From crystals (many periodic atoms) and band structure

And nanostructures in-between

H2 To molecules and orbitals

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Moore's Law: Before and After

Ahistoricalviewofparadigmshifts:Newmaterial,newphysicsare imminent RayKurzweil,2001

Future Nanoelectrics

ITRS2007

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Nanoscience: Quantum and Stat Mech

Quantum Mechanical description in scaled dimensions
Quantum confined electronic structure: artificial atoms Coherent electron-wave propagation Discreet nature of unit electron charge Quantum information processing ( bit ) Q t i f ti i (qubits)

Statistical Fluctuations
Biosystems: Engines of Darwinian evolution Solid-state systems: Parameter spread Quantum systems: Destruction of quantum phase coherence

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Course Topics
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Electronic structure in low-dimensional systems y Quantum confinement effects Ballistic transport Phase coherence Quantum tunneling Single electron phenomena Experimental techniques: fabrication and characterization Example 2D and 1D systems: Carbon nanotubes and graphene; Semiconductor nanowires Nanophotonics: near-field and sub-wavelength optical phenomena Nanomechanics: forces and motion at nanoscale
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In-depth

Topical

Quantum Confinement in Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Photoluminescence of CdSe nanocrystals of different diameters

Particle-in-a-box

Evident Technologies, Inc.

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Quantum Dot in-vivo Imaging Targetting Cancer Cells

Nature Biotechnology 22, 969 - 976 (2004)

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Pioneers of Nanoscience: Imaging Atoms

1982, Scanning Tunneling Microscoy (STM) allows imaging of individual atoms (Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer at IBM) Nobel Prize Winners in Physics 1986. First Nanotechnology Nobel Prize. 1986, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) allows atomic imaging in air and at room temperature (Cal in Quate, temperat re (Calvin Q ate Christopher Gerber Stanford IBM) Gerber, Stanford,

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Pioneers of Nanoscience: Imaging Atoms

Omicron, 2004

IBM Zurich 1982

Si (111) 7x7 surface reconstruction

STM: Exploring topography at atomic dimensions

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Imaging coherent electron flow with AFM

Topinka,Nature 410,183(2001)

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Manipulation of Atoms

Fe atoms on Cu

Quantum Corral: wave-like nature of electrons at metal surface shows oscillatory standing wave features

MF. Crommie (UC Berkeley), Science, 262, 218 (1993) Don Eigler, IBM Almaden

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Ballistic Transport
Diffusive: Conductivity Conductance G = I/V = A/L

= ne

Ballistic: Conductance G = 2e2/h

Quantized in units of ~ 1/(13k) p g Not dependent on length L

JJAP, 42, 2063 (2003)

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Ballistic Transport in Nanowire Electron Waveguide

2e 2 G Tn h

Ballistic transport: the ultimate in transistor performance Device dimension ~ electron wavelength quantized conductance l th ti d d t
Xiang,,NatureNanotech.(2006)
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Single Electron Phenomena

Only 1e required to change charge state of the island

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Single Electron Transistors

Ge Nanowire
15 10 5 0 5 -5 -10 -15 -10.0 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -10 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0
2 1 0 -1 -2

GaAs

VSD(mV)

N=0
7.5

Vg(V) G (S)
I (A)

Vg=6V

-0.4

0.0 0.4 VSD(V)

-5

Hu,NatureNanotech. 2,622(2007),Sasaki,Nature 405,764767

Vg(V)

10

T=4.7K

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Quantum Information Processing: Solid State Spin Qubits

Classical: 0 or 1, two pieces of information Quantum: |0>+|1>, both at the same time, infinite possibilities
Petta etal.,Science 309,2180(2005) Johnsonetal.,Nature 435,925(2005) Taylor,NaturePhysics 1,177(2005)

Top Down Approach to Materials and Fabrication

IBM,SandiaNationalLab

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Bottom-Up Paradigm

R.Kershner,NatureNanotech 4,557561(2009),http://cmliris.harvard.edu

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Bottom-Up Paradigm
Computing InformationStorage Information Storage Hierarchicalassembly Sensing
Fundamentalproperties

Photonics
Buildingblocks

Materials

Communications

Nanowires Carbonnanotubes Quantummechanicalview: Quantumdots Nanoelectronic, Molecules Biotechnology& Optoelectronic, Optoelectronic di l Biomedicalapplications li ti Bi Photonic,

Course Goal ECE212AN == ECE212A

Our Goal is a bottom-up approach to principles basics in solid state and principles, quantum mechanics to facilitate students in future research This course provides an introduction to and in-depth treatment of physical in depth phenomena that occur in nanoscale solid-state structures, and some of their consequences in electronic, photonic, and other types of devices. Concepts from mathematical physics, quantum mechanics, solid state physics and electromagnetic theory will be introduced as appropriate.

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Course Schedule
Lectures: Tu Th 12:30a - 1:50p Location: TM 102 Webpage: http://ece-classweb.ucsd.edu/fall10/ece212an/

Instructor
Prof. Ji Xi P f Jie Xiang Email: xiang@ece.ucsd.edu Phone: x27659 Office: EBU-1 3208 Office hours: Thursdays 2:00 ~ 3:30 PM or by appointment

Teaching Fellow
Han-Ping Chen Email: ericson168@gmail.com Phone: x20951 Office: EBU-1 3710 Office hours: tba

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Textbook Materials

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 6. 7. 7 8. 9.

Required T t N R i d Text: None. Notes, uploaded research papers, several reference books will be used throughout the course. Recommended References:
S. M. Lindsay, Introduction to Nanoscience (Oxford, 2010) David A.B. Miller, Quantum Mechanics for Scientists and Engineers (Cambridge, (Cambridge 2008) S. Datta, Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems (Cambridge ,1997). K. Goser, P. Glosekotter, J. Dienstuhl, Nanoelectronics and Nanosystems (Springer 2004) Thomas Hein el Mesoscopic Electronics in Solid State Heinzel, Nanostructures (Wiley-VCH, 2007) John H. Davies, The Physics of Low-dimensional Semiconductors: An Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 1997). L. Novotny, B H ht P i i l of N L N t B. Hecht, Principles f Nano-Optics (Cambridge, 2007) O ti (C b id C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, Eighth Edition (John Wiley & Sons, 2005). J. J. Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics (Addison Wesley, 1993).

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Structure and Grading

(25 pts) Homework
Bi-weekly homework, ~5 /quarter Due dates announced in class, usually 9~10 days after issued. Late homework credit C(t) = C(0)*exp(-t/10), t: number of days overdue Homework collaboration is encouraged. You can share anything that can be communicated with spoken words. Written solutions cannot be shared.

(25 pts) Mid-term Exam

In class exam Closed book, any loose-page note allowed, no books.

(35 pts) Final Exam

3 hours in length Closed book, any loose-page note allowed, no books.

(15 pts) Collaborative Research Project (Nanoscience Social Networking)

Researching literature for a topic Write an essay and publish on the course Wiki site identifying the principles of nanoscience in the research topic Join discussions on all pages on th Wiki site, i l di commenting/discussion of J i di i ll the it including ti /di i f homework problems, course lecture notes etc. Profit !
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Thursday,September23,2010 12:39PM

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