The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach

September 2012
EYVE Airbus Fuel Cell Systems Engineering
The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach

Presented by Barnaby Law, Head of Department Integrated Fuel Cell Technology y p g gy
The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1
September 2012
Content
Airbus in general Airbuss motivation for Fuel Cells Airbus s ATA85 and the Airbus Multifunctional Fuel Cell Walk through of the main fuel cell interfaces Goals for the Airbus MFFC Flight Test Campaign
AIRBUS Operations GmbH. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
September 2012
Airbus designs and builds the worlds most modern aircraft

Pax
600
Airbus Facts: (27.06.2012)

500
A380
11.611 Orders 11 611 O d 7.270 Deliveries 4.341 Order book ~ 350 Airline Operators
A340-600
400
A330-300 A300-600 A340-300
A350 XWB-1000 A340-500 A350 XWB-900
300
A310 A321 A320 A319 A318
A330-200
A350 XWB-800
200
100
Range
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 nm
Page 3
September 2012
Motivation: ACARE 2020 Goals

We want to make our aircraft even more efficient,
cleaner and quieter. The eco-efficiency of q y our products will be a determining benchmark to measure the success of our research. Dr. Thomas Enders CEO of EADS
-50%
CO2 Emission
-50% -80%
NOX E i i Emission
-50%
Fuel Consumption
External Noise
Airbus is fully committed to the fuel cell technology as a key contributor to achieve the ACARE* 2020 goals
* Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe
Page 4
September 2012
Motivation beyond 2020

The Vision 2020 is already ambitious, however the aviation
leaders have already set even more ambitious targets. y g EADS-internal research and development will be strongly affected by Vision 20201) and ACARE 20502) goals.
Goal CO2 Emission Reduction3) NOx Emission Reduction3) External Noise Reduction4) Fuel Consumption Reduction Vision 2020 50% 80% 50% 50% ACARE 2050 75% 90% 65% ?
1) 2) 3) 4)
http://www.acare4europe.org/docs/Vision 2020.pdf http://www.acare4europe.org/docs/Flightpath2050_Final.pdf Reduction per passenger kilometer. Reduction per flying aircraft aircraft.
Page 5
September 2012
Motivation from A/C design trends

Current subsystems for conventional aircrafts convert mechanical,
thermal, hydraulic, pneumatic and electric energy, ... , y ,p gy,
... whereas future subsystems for passenger aircrafts aim to convert preferably electric energy (MEA) t f bl l t i (MEA).
Source: More Electric Aircraft Elektrische Grundsysteme Stefan Rmelt & Wolfgang Pecher CASSIDIAN Grundsysteme, Pecher,
Page 6
September 2012
The hydrocarbon challenge: A need on the horizon!

Gb Gb/a 60
History
Forecast
50
40
Consumption
30
20
I i Increasing gap Discovery of new reserves

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
10
0 1930
Page 7
September 2012
Average oil prices have rebounded to 2008 values

Average annual WTI oil price
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 (US$ per bbl) History Forecast
Oil price (Current US$)
Average Annual Price Per Barrel >$120
Fuel costs have quadrupled in a decade

Source: US EIA (Energy Information Administration), IHS Global Insight, Airbus
Page 8
September 2012
Motivation due to our product life

forecasted growth 2x todays traffic forecasted growth 4x todays traffic forecasted growth 6x todays traffic ?
last affordable Kerosene competitive alternative fuels p alternative energy Long Term Projects Enhancement A320 NEO NSR as A320 successor
787 A350 NEO Y1 EIS? EIS EIS EIS
years
products for 2025 and beyond
Page 9
September 2012
Airbus Multifunctional Fuel Cell System

a) Icing prevention b ) Cooling a) Cockpit air b) Cabin air
Gaseous Hydrogen or Liquid Hydrogen (cryogenic) or Compressed Cryogenic Hydrogen or Hydrite based Hydrogen
HEAT
HUMID AIR
CONDENSER SEPARATOR
GAS/GAS HUMIDIFIER
FUEL CELL MODULE
EL. POWER
a) ECS Main Engine St t b) M i E i Start c) Autonomous taxiing d) Emergency Power e) Ground Power
WATER
a) Potable Water b) Toilet Flush Water c) Engine injection
INERT GAS
a) Fuel Tanks b) Cargo Inerting c) Fire extinguishing
Page 10
September 2012
Benefits of the Airbus MFFCS

Hydrogen Tank
weight reduction
RAT
Modular Fuel Cell System
emission reduction
Battery
FTIS = Fuel Tank I ti System Inerting S t
Engine Water Injection APU Water Refilling Truck
DOC reduction
Ground Support Equipment.
Fuel cell and H2 can make Airbus systems more eco-efficient
Page 11
June 2012
September 2012
The three major pillars of our development plan

Fuel Cell & H2 Technology FC & H2 Aircraft Operations FC & H2 Safety & y Certification
FC System Power Mgmt Thermal Mgmt Ice Protection Power Electronics Inerting Hydrogen Storage Water Generation
Value Analysis DMC/RC/NRC/NPV Airport Operations Airline Operations Maintenance Concepts C t Hydrogen Infrastructure
Risk Analysis Safety Analysis Establishment of ATA Chapter 8 Ch 85 Eurocae/SAE Standardization Working Group 80
Page 12
September 2012
The main Fuel Cell system interfaces

* Multifunctional Fuel Cell Integration
ATA 85
Liquid Hydrogen Supply y g y
ATA 38
Potable Water Generation & Buffering
ATA 47
Fuel Tank Inerting with conditioned Fuel Cell System oxygen depleted air
ATA 21 ATA 85
ECS / Cooling centre / Air supply Fuel Cell System including Emergency Power Function
ATA 26
Fire Knock Down & Fire Suppression
ATA 24
Electrical network
ECS: Environmental Control System CSAS: Cooled Service Air System
VFSG: V F Starter Generator PMSG: Permanent Magnet Starter Generator
Page 13
September 2012
Why (Liquid) Hydrogen for PEMFCs?
ATA 85
Liquid Hydrogen Supply
Highest gravimetric and volumetric storage density compared to other Hydrogen

storage technologies 1kg LH2 = 14l = 11,1m // LH2 = 71kg/m // GH2(350bar)= 23kg/m // GH2(700bar)= 39kg/m Due to the energy quantity we can store with LH2 the A/C only needs to refill at the same interval as it does for Jet Fuel A1. A safe and certifiable way to transport large amounts of Hydrogen on A/C with y p g y g fully developed storage, filling and handling technology, adaptable to aircraft applications The Hydrogen q y g quality/purity will always be very high yp y y y g Aircraft and Airports offer possibly the most predictable and regular transport in the world => Best suited for LH2.
Note: This is reason why LH2 will not work for private cars, but could work for busses and taxi fleets.
Large amounts of H2 (as required for Airports) are transported and stored as LH2
=> No extra process only for A/C.
Page 14
September 2012
Hydrogen compared to kerosene

Overview of H2 states
ATA 85
Comparison of properties Liquid Hydrogen vs. Kerosene @ same energy content

LH2 Kerosene
LH2
Kerosene
1 : 2.8
4 : 1
Weight
Volume
Nevertheless, the complete system has to be considered for a fair comparison (storage + fuel), as in the case of LH2:
- cryogenic and pressurized tanks are required (T~-253C and p~1- 2 bars) ll ti ti t l th k h i l li d i l t k - space allocation : 4 times greater volume than kerosene, spherical or cylindrical tanks - efficient insulation of complete fuel system (tank, pipes, )
Efficient storage systems for Hydrogen are key
Page 15
September 2012
LH2 on the A/C

Kerosene or any other Hydrocarbon Fuel 1st Energy Source for Primary Power
ATA 85
LH2 2nd Energy Source for Secondary Power
The more electric A/C get, the more important dissimilar energy becomes
Page 16
September 2012
LH2 Storage Architecture
ATA 85
Tail Cone Installation of the LH2 Tank
Page 17
September 2012
September 2012
The main ATA85 interfaces

ATA 85
ATA 38
ATA 47
ATA 21 ATA 85
ATA 26
ATA 24
Electrical network
Page 19
September 2012
Fuel Cell Basics

Fuel cell operation: Continuous change of chemical energy (Hydrogen and oxygen) directly into electrical energy and heat without combustion
Hydrogen
Anode: 2 H2 => 4 H + + 4 eH2 = Hydrogen Molecule H+ = Proton e- = Electron
ATA 85
Fuel Cell System
Oxygen from air
Cathode: O2 + 4 e- => 2O2> 2- + 4 H+ => 2 H O 2O 2 O2 = Oxygen Molecule O2- = Oxygen Ion H2O = Water W t
Fuel Cell
Oxygen Depleted Air
Electricity Heat Water
Hydrogen + Oxygen >> Electrical power + Water + Heat
Page 20
September 2012
Operating 2 Fuel Cells: Some results Test Set-Up

Storage Unit1&2 FCS1
=
ATA 85 ATA 24
Provide Power
DCM(PDU) DCM (PDU)

=
HVDC1
K1
K4 K3 HVDC2
Inductive Load1
FCS2
K2 Storage Unit3&4
K5
Inductive Load2 Ohmic/resistive Load1 Ohmic/resistive Load2
September 2012
Our Fuel Cell Technology Roadmap
ATA 85
Fuel Cell System
Hybrid SOFC Engine
Page 22
September 2012

ATA 85
ATA 38
ATA 47
ATA 21 ATA 85
ATA 26
ATA 24
Electrical network
Page 23
June 2012
September 2012
ATA 47 Fuel Tank Inerting System
ATA 85
Fuel Cell System ATA 47 Fuel Tank Inerting
Page 24
September 2012

ATA 85
ATA 38
ATA 47
ATA 21 ATA 85
ATA 26
ATA 24
Electrical network
Page 25
June 2012
September 2012
Cargo Fire Suppression by Fuel Cell ODA

Background:
ATA 85
Fuel Cell System ATA 26 Cargo Fire Suppression
Use of Halon for cargo hold fire protection not permitted any more due to EU environmental legislation for new a/c when submission for new type certificate takes place after 31.12.2018. Fuel Cell ATA26 concept: k kd knock-down fi using f example watermist ( t fire under control) fire i for l t i t (get fi d t l) long term fire suppression using ODA (provided by FC, until safe landing)
WM: Watermist ODA: Oxygen Depleted Air
Weight Opportunity
No option
Weight
further more
None ODA
Halon System
WM with high ODA flow
WM with min ODA flow
Alternative Solution
Page 26
September 2012

ATA 85
ATA 38
ATA 47
ATA 21 ATA 85
ATA 26
ATA 24
Electrical network
Page 27
June 2012
September 2012
ATA 38 Water Generation

Potable Water generated by Fuel Cells
during flight instead of on ground water tank filling
ATA 85
Fuel Cell System ATA 38 Potable Water Generation
Weight reduction SA @ T/O ~ 160kg Weight reduction A380 @ T/O ~ 700kg
Page 28
September 2012

ATA 85
ATA 38
ATA 47
ATA 21 ATA 85
ECS / cooling / air supply Fuel Cell System including Emergency Power Function
ATA 26
ATA 24
Electrical network
Page 29
September 2012
ATA 24 interface
Electrical Loads Analysis
ATA 85
Fuel Cell System ATA 24 Electrical Network
The load cycle is an important driver for fuel cell durability and reliability.
MTBF
Forklifts >10000hrs MTBF Serialhybridarch. Automotive >5000hrs MTBF 5000 h Lotsof transients 1start/stop every 8min
Residential >40000hrs MTBF Steady state operation
Less stringentload cycle L ti tl d l
Page 30
September 2012
ATA 24 interface
Multiple power sources / multiple heat sinks
Ground : Unlimited cooling through dedicated fan Autonomous Zero Emission A/C
ATA 85
+etaxi + e taxi
Engines off
FuelCell System
Page 31
September 2012
ATA 24 interface
Take off and climb : Fuel cell systems support transients to avoid
generator overload (e-WIPS)
ATA 85
FuelCell System
Enginegenerators
Page 32
September 2012
ATA 24 interface
Cruise : Fuel cell system power output driven by water &
inerting requirements
ATA 85
FuelCell System
Enginegenerators
Page 33
September 2012
ATA 24 interface
Descent : Engines throttled back to idle Fuel Cell systems take over most of the loads y
ATA 85
FuelCell System
Enginegenerators
Page 34
September 2012
ATA 24 interface
Failure scenario : Fuel cell systems can support or take over one side
or two
ATA 85
FuelCell System
Enginegenerators
Page 35
September 2012
Goals for Flight Test

Demonstrate true fuel cell multifunctionality in flight
Power Supply to A320 AC bus AND additionally +/-270 HVDC pp y y ODA generation and inerting of centre tank H2O generation for ATA38
Strong Airbus commitment to ACARE 2020 g goals g Validate and prove operational aspects of the MFFC Prove fuel cell architecture operability throughout the full flight envelope Validation of simulation tools and results Demonstrate powerful supply chain Based on similarity to Airbus fuel cell baseline architecture
Page 36
September 2012
IAA 2011: Dieter Zetsche, CEO Daimler AG "Es ist Zeit fr einen lwechsel! Wasserstoff ist das bessere l", sagt Zetsche. Die Verbrennungsmotoren begrbt er praktisch im Vorbeigehen: "Selbst wenn der letzte Verbrennungsmotor optimiert, das letzte Haus gedmmt und die letzte Glhbirne verboten ist, htte die Welt bei steigenden Verbraucherzahlen immer noch ein CO2Problem." Im Prinzip, so lsst sich aus Zetsches Ausfhrungen folgern, hat die Menschheit gar keine andere Wahl, als auf eine neue "Wasserstoff-Grnderzeit" zu setzen An passenden Autos dafr werde es jedenfalls nicht mangeln sagt setzen. mangeln, Zetsche. Bericht aus www.spiegel.de 2011-09-13
AIRBUS Operations GmbH All rights reserved Confidential and proprietary document This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS Operations GmbH No intellectual property rights GmbH. reserved. document. GmbH. are granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS Operations GmbH. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS Operations GmbH will be pleased to explain the basis thereof. AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.
Page 37
September 2012
Thank you for your attention!
AIRBUS Operations GmbH All rights reserved Confidential and proprietary document This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS Operations GmbH No intellectual property rights GmbH. reserved. document. GmbH. are granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS Operations GmbH. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS Operations GmbH will be pleased to explain the basis thereof. AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.
Page 38

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September 2012

EYVE Airbus Fuel Cell Systems Engineering

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Airbus designs and builds the worlds most modern aircraft

Airbus Facts: (27.06.2012)

A350 XWB-1000 A340-500 A350 XWB-900

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Motivation: ACARE 2020 Goals

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Motivation beyond 2020

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Motivation from A/C design trends

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

The hydrocarbon challenge: A need on the horizon!

I i Increasing gap Discovery of new reserves

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Average oil prices have rebounded to 2008 values

Average Annual Price Per Barrel >$120

Fuel costs have quadrupled in a decade

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Motivation due to our product life

787 A350 NEO Y1 EIS? EIS EIS EIS

products for 2025 and beyond

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Airbus Multifunctional Fuel Cell System

FUEL CELL MODULE

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Benefits of the Airbus MFFCS

Modular Fuel Cell System

FTIS = Fuel Tank I ti System Inerting S t

Engine Water Injection APU Water Refilling Truck

Ground Support Equipment.

Fuel cell and H2 can make Airbus systems more eco-efficient

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

The three major pillars of our development plan

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

The main Fuel Cell system interfaces

ECS: Environmental Control System CSAS: Cooled Service Air System

VFSG: V F Starter Generator PMSG: Permanent Magnet Starter Generator

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Why (Liquid) Hydrogen for PEMFCs?

Highest gravimetric and volumetric storage density compared to other Hydrogen

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Hydrogen compared to kerosene

Comparison of properties Liquid Hydrogen vs. Kerosene @ same energy content

Efficient storage systems for Hydrogen are key

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

LH2 on the A/C

LH2 2nd Energy Source for Secondary Power

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

LH2 Storage Architecture

Tail Cone Installation of the LH2 Tank

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

The main ATA85 interfaces

ECS: Environmental Control System CSAS: Cooled Service Air System

VFSG: V F Starter Generator PMSG: Permanent Magnet Starter Generator

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1

Fuel Cell Basics

Oxygen from air

Oxygen Depleted Air

Electricity Heat Water

Hydrogen + Oxygen >> Electrical power + Water + Heat

The Airbus Fuel Cell Approach - EYVE - Ref. PR1200940 - Issue 1