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Andres Martinez POSC 130 Introduction to International Relations Dr.

Todd Myers 13 December 2011

Paradise Beneath Her Feet: How Women Are Transforming the Middle East

Throughout the years, women have fought for equality and legal rights. In Paradise Beneath Her Feet, Isobel Coleman, The director of the Council on Foreign Relations' Women and Foreign Policy program, argues how womens empowerment is not only a moral issue but also a vital economic one. It is necessary to give women better opportunities to realize their social, economic, and political roles in order for reducing poverty and improving governance, especially in developing countries. Womens struggle for justice around the world is also centered to other pressing foreign policies such as: alleviating poverty, promoting economic development, improving global health, and ultimately building a civil society. (Introduction). Societies that educate women become "richer, more stable, better governed and less prone to fanaticism," while those that restrain women's rights "are poorer, more fragile, have higher levels of corruption and are more prone to extremism." (8). The core problem being that Islamic fundamentalism suppresses women in the name of religious purity. Coleman shows facts such as: 90% of the Afghan population support womens education, yet among the 10% who oppose it are extremists willing to use violence to enforce their conservative views. These groups of aggressors enforce extreme interpretations of Islamic Law, condemning women for not wearing an all-encompassing burqa, being on the streets without a male guardian, and even laughing in

public. Coleman voyages through the Middle East, revealing how women activists are working within the principles of Islam to create economic, political, and educational opportunities for women. These activists include: Sakena Yacoobi, who runs more than forty womens centers across Afghanistan, providing thousands of women with literacy and health classes and teaching them about their rights within Islam. Salama al-Khafaji, a devout dentist-turned-politician, she relies on moderate interpretations of Islam to promote opportunities for women in Iraqs religiously charged environment. These women practice what is known as Islamic feminism, being the advancement of womens rights through Islam. These Islamic feminists are supporters of ijtihad, "the process of arriving at new interpretations of Islamic law through critical reasoning, rather than blindly following the views of past scholars." (Introduction). In the early stages of Islam, whenever the Quran and Sunnah did not clearly address an issue, a competent scholar would use independent reasoning to come up with a solution that he believed was right. Some critics argue that by emphasizing the parts of the Quran that are reformist for women, and minimizing the parts that are harder to relate to equality, Islamic feminists simply eschew the important issues. Womens rights have been known to weaken with revolution and restrictive religious trends. In Iraq, for example, women in the early secular years of Baathist rule enjoyed some of the region's highest levels of female literacy and workforce engagement, after Saddam Hussein's 1990 invasion of Kuwait, women's rights were threatened. The UN estimates that while female literacy had reached 75 percent by the late 1980s, it declined to less than 25 percent by 2000. (250). I believe Islamic feminism is a rising movement that facilitates the process of cultural change for Muslims everywhere; they do so by fighting for growth while respecting religious beliefs. It is important to keep in mind that cultural change is a slow process. What is happening now is just the beginning of what will

undoubtedly be a long process of change; mainly intergenerational change. The process will be uneven, and the outcomes from place to place will no doubt differ. It is necessary to remove religious interpretations from politics, only then will this reform movement will be successful. The problem with interpretation is that it can change in any given instant, these Muslim women must rely on the ambiguity of the religious text that stress equality in Islam. The women in this book and millions of others striving for change are a growing movement, it is only a matter of time until they breakthrough these conservative shackles.

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