Bi tiu lun

Cht lng dch v trong mng MPLS

Mc Lc
Mc Lc.......................................................................................................................................1 LI M U..................................................................................................................................3 Chng 1: TNG QUAN V MPLS..............................................................................................5 1.1 Gii thiu Multiple Protocol Lable Switching(MPLS)..........................................................5 1.1.1 Li ch ca MPLS.......................................................................................................5 1.1.2 c im mng MPLS................................................................................................6 1.1.3 Mt s ng dng ca MPLS.......................................................................................6 1.1.4 im vt tri ca MPLS so vi cc m hnh IP over ATM.....................................6 1.2 Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn MPLS....................................................................................7 1.2.1 Nhn MPLS l g?.......................................................................................................7 1.2.2 Chuyn tip gi tin trong MPLS...............................................................................10 1.2.3 Cc bng tra FIB v LFIB.........................................................................................11 1.3 Cu trc MPLS....................................................................................................................12 1.3.1 Hai c ch hot ng trong MPLS ...........................................................................12 1.3.2 Hai mt phng trong MPLS......................................................................................13 1.3.3 Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong MPLS.....................................................................14 1.3.4 Cc giao thc phn phi nhn trong MPLS..............................................................15 1.3.5 S duy tr nhn MPLS..............................................................................................16 1.3.6 Routing vi nhn.......................................................................................................16 Chng 2: CHT LNG DCH V (QoS) ..............................................................................17 2.1 Khi nim QoS.....................................................................................................................17 2.2 M hnh Best-Effort:............................................................................................................18 2.3 M hnh InterServ................................................................................................................19 2.4 M hnh DiffServ.................................................................................................................20 2.4.1 Trng DS ca DiffServ...........................................................................................21 2.4.2 Per-hop Behavior trong Diff Serv.............................................................................22 2.4.3 Cc c ch DiffServ:.................................................................................................23 2.4.4 u nhc im ca m hnh DiffServ:....................................................................24 2.5 So snh Inter-Serv v Diff-Serv...........................................................................................24 2.6 Phn loi v nh du..........................................................................................................25 2.6.1. Phn loi(classification)...........................................................................................25 2.6.2. nh du(marking)..................................................................................................26 Chng 3: KT HP DIFFSERV V MPLS...............................................................................27 3.1 Gii thiu.............................................................................................................................27 3.2 S kt hp gia MPLS v DiffServ ....................................................................................27 3.2.1 DiffServ h tr MPLS .............................................................................................27 3.2.2MPLS h tr DiffServ...............................................................................................27 3.3 DiffServ trong MPLS...........................................................................................................28 3.3.1 Trng Different service vi gi tin IP....................................................................28 3.3.2 Trng Different service vi gi tin MPLS.............................................................30 3.4 Cc k thut lu lng trong MPLS....................................................................................31 3.4.1 Phng php loi b ngu nhin (RED) ..................................................................31 3.4.2 Phng php loi b cn bng ngu nhin (WRED):...............................................31 3.5 iu khin tc nghn bng k thut hng i......................................................................32

Nhm SVTH: Nhm 10

GVHD: ThS Nguyn Xun Khnh

Bi tiu lun

Cht lng dch v trong mng MPLS

3.5.1 Hng i vo trc ra trc (FIFO).........................................................................32 3.5.2 Hng i tun t (CQ)..............................................................................................33 3.5.3 Hng i u tin (PQ):..............................................................................................33 3.5.4 Hng i cn bng trng s (WFQ):.........................................................................34 3.5.5 Hng i cn bng trng s phn loi lu lng (FBWFQ)....................................36 3.6 Hnh vi ca router vi gi tin QoS ca mng MPLS:.........................................................37 3.7 Cc c ch ng hm.........................................................................................................38 3.7.1 Pipe model................................................................................................................39 3.7.2Short pipe model........................................................................................................39 3.7.3 Uniform model:.........................................................................................................39 3.7.4 Recoloring the packet:..............................................................................................42 Chng 4: CHNG TRNH V KT QU M PHNG S KT HP GIA DIFFSERV V MPLS......................................................................................................................................44 Cu hnh theo Uniform mode........................................................................................................44 CU HNH DIFFSERV MPLS.....................................................................................................45 A .CU HNH C BN MPLS................................................................................................45 B. CU HNH DIFFSERV MPLS UNIFORM MODE............................................................47 C.CCH VERIFY CC CU HNH: ......................................................................................51 D. TH TI THEO DCH V.................................................................................................52 SHOW CU HNH.......................................................................................................................52 VERIFY CC CU HNH...........................................................................................................61 VERIFY TNH NNG QoS..........................................................................................................64 Kt lun v hng pht trin..........................................................................................................67

Nhm SVTH: Nhm 10

GVHD: ThS Nguyn Xun Khnh

LI M U

Ngy nay, Internet tr thnh phn khng th thiu trong cuc sng ca chng ta. Internet m ra mt chn tri mi i vi nhn loi Khi mng Internet pht trin v m rng, lu lng Internet bng n th vic p ng nhu cu cho ngi s dng v cht lng dch v ngy cng cao, i hi cc nh cung cp dch v ISP lun ng trc th thch. Cc ISP x l bng cch tng dung lng cc kt ni v nng cp router nhng vn khng trnh khi nghn mch. L do l cc giao thc nh tuyn thng hng lu lng vo cng mt s cc kt ni nht nh dn n kt ni ny b qu ti trong khi mt s ti nguyn khc khng c s dng. V vy, vic tm ra gii php mi tha mn c cc nhu cu ca ngi dng l vn cp bch v ang c u tin hin nay c s ch dn tn tnh ca cc thy c trong khoa in T_ Vin Thng em tm hiu v ti Cht lng dch v(QoS) trong MPLS. Ni dung ca ti gm nhng chng sau: Chng 1: Tng quan v MPLS Chng ny s gii thiu tng qut v cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS, v nguyn l hot ng, cc giao thc s dng cng nh cc im u vic ca cng ngh ny. Chng 2: Cht lng dch v(QoS) Trong chng ny s cp n tm quan trng ca cht lng dch v, mt s gii php tng QoS v i su vo kin trc DiffServ cng nh cch thc hot ng ca n Chng 3: S kt hp gia DiffServ v MPLS i vo tm hiu mt s th tc cn thit khi thit lp DiffServ vo trong mt mng MPLS Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng kt hp DiffServ v MPLS S m phng mng IP s dng DiffServ khi xy ra s c t kt ni v mng MPLS s dng DiffServ. Sau nhn xt v so snh cc kt qu t c

Chng trnh m phng hot ng da trn nn tng hot ng thc t ca mng IP v MPLS Trong qu trnh lm n, nhm chng em c gng rt nhiu song do kin thc hn ch v thi gian hn hp nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c s gp , hng dn v s gip ca Thy C, bn b. Sut qu trnh hc tp, Thy C truyn t cho em nhiu kin thc qu bu to c s cho chng em hon thnh n ny. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n n cc Thy C trong khoa in T-Vin Thng. c bit l Thy gio(ThS): Nguyn Xun Khnh ng gp nhiu kin qu bu v c v, ng vin chng em trong sut thi gian tm hiu v hon thin ti ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n! TP.HCM, ngy 22, thng 11, nm 2012 Nhm sinh vin thc hin

Chng 1: TNG QUAN V MPLS

1.1 Gii thiu Multiple Protocol Lable Switching(MPLS)
Multiple Protocol Lable Switching MPLS nhng nm gn y v ang c trin khai ngy cng qui m v rng ln trn nhiu quc gia. Thm ch i vi nhng t nc ni m nn cng ngh thng tin pht trin sau cc nc tin tin trn th gii ang cn nhc h c th b qua bc xy dng cc c s h tng phc v cho truyn ti lp 2 truyn thng nh cc nc tin tin s dng nh ATM hay Frame Relay tin thng n xy dng mt c s h tng MPLS.Vy MPLS l g v da trn nhng li ch to ln no m n c th dn dn thay th cc cng ngh c trc ? MPLS ni chung l mt cng ngh chuyn mch khng da vo IP m da vo mt khi nim mi gi l nhn (label). Nhn c thm vo gi IP v c qung b i gia cc router hnh thnh nn cc nh x gia nhn v a ch IP. Lc ny, vic chuyn mch cc gi tin s khng cn thc hin vic tra cu vo bng nh tuyn IP tc da trn a ch ch na m hon ton da vo bng nh x nhn. y khng phi l mt k thut xa l khi m Frame Relay v ATM p dng n vn chuyn frame hoc cell. mi hop trong network, gi tr c th hiu l nhn nh l DLCI hay VPI/VCI s b thay i bi 1 gi tr nhn khc v iu ny lm n khc vi cch chuyn mch IP truyn thng khi a ch ch mi next hop lun c duy tr khng i. Vy ti sao phi s dng MPLS? Trc MPLS, ATM v Frame Relay ng vai tr l nhng cng ngh WAN ch cht, cung cp cc kt ni v ng truyn ring cho cc dch v lp 2 vi s ring t v o ha cao, ng thi h tr lun cc dch v lp 3 gi l cc overlay network. Tuy nhin, c th lm c iu , nh cung cp dch v phi xy dng nhng h tng ring cho tng loi lp dch v v iu ny lm hc tiu tn khng t chi ph. Vit Nam, hu ht cc mng WAN u s dng dch v leased line thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng vi li hot ng theo giao thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng khin cho gi thnh tr nn t v cht lng dch v km do cc router thng xuyn b qu ti dn n vic mt lu lng hay mt kt ni. Nhng khi trin khai MPLS v dch v in hnh ca n l MPLS VPN, cc nhc im k trn hon ton c th c khc phc. MPLS vi vic chuyn mch da vo nhn mang li nhiu li ch to ln hn cho cc nh cung cp dch v khi c th gip h tit kim c chi ph cho vic xy dng c s h tng v MPLS khng ch cho php vn chuyn cc gi lp 3 bng giao thc IP thng qua MPLS backbone m cn cho php bt k giao thc giao thc non-IP lp 2 no nh Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet, HDLC, PPP c vn chuyn ch trn mt c s h tng tch hp duy nht. Ngoi ra, n cn h tr nhiu ng dng hu ch nh nh tuyn unicast, multicast, truyn ti da vo QoS v phn lung gip gim thiu s qu ti trong cc router core. 1.1.1 Li ch ca MPLS - Lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu nh IP, ATM. - Tng thch vi hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc cng ngh khc lin quan n Internet.

- Hot ng c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocol). - Tm ng i linh hot da vo nhn(label) cho trc. - H tr vic cu hnh qun tr v bo tr h thng (OAM) - C th hot ng trong mt mng phn cp - C tnh tng thch cao. 1.1.2 c im mng MPLS - Khng c thnh phn giao thc pha host - MPLS ch nm trn cc router - MPLS l mt giao thc c lp nn c th hot ng vi cc giao thc mng khc IP nh IPX, ATM, Frame-Relay, PPP hoc trc tip vi tng Data Link. - nh tuyn trong MPLS c dng to cc lung bng thng c nh tng t nh knh o ca ATM hay Frame Relay. - MPLS n gin ho qu trnh nh tuyn, ng thi tng cng tnh linh ng vi cc tng trung gian. 1.1.3 Mt s ng dng ca MPLS Internet c ba nhm ng dng chnh: voice, data, video vi cc yu cu khc nhau. Voice yu cu tr thp, cho php tht thot d liu tng hiu qu. Video cho php tht thot d liu mc chp nhn c, mang tnh thi gian thc (realtime). Data yu cu bo mt v chnh xc cao. MPLS gip khai thc ti nguyn mng t hiu qu cao. Mt s ng dng ang c trin khai l: - MPLS VPN: Nh cung cp dch c c th to VPN lp 3 dc theo mng ng trc cho nhiu khch hng, ch dng mt c s h tng cng cng sn c, khng cn cc ng dng encrytion hoc end-user. - MPLS Traggic Engineer: Cung cp kh nng thit lp mt hoc nhiu ng i iu khin lu lng mng v cc c trng thc thi cho mt loi lu lng. - MPLS QoS (Quality of service): Dng QoS cc nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp nhiu loi dch v vi s m bo ti a v QoS cho khch hng. 1.1.4 im vt tri ca MPLS so vi cc m hnh IP over ATM Khi hp nht vi chuyn mch ATM, chuyn mch nhn tn dng nhng thun li ca cc t bo ATM - chiu di thch hp v chuyn vi tc cao. Trong mng a dch v chuyn mch nhn cho php chuyn mch BPX/MGX nhm cung cp dch v ATM, Frame Replay v IP Internet trn mt mt phng n trong mt ng i tc cao. Cc mt phng (Platform) cng cng h tr cc dch v ny tit kim chi ph v n gin ha hot ng cho nh cung cp a dch v. ISP s dng chuyn mch ATM trong mng li, chuyn mch nhn gip cc cc dng Cisco, BPX8600, MGX8800, Router chuyn mch a dch v 8540 v cc chuyn mch Cisco ATM gip qun l mng hiu qu hn xp chng (overlay) lp IP trn mng ATM. Chuyn mch nhn trnh nhng rc ri gy ra do c nhiu router ngang hng v h tr cu trc phn cp (hierarchical structure) trong mt mng ca ISP.

S tch hp: MPLS xc nhp tnh nng ca IP v ATM ch khng xp chng lp IP trn ATM. MPLS gip cho c s h tng ATM thy c nh tuyn IP v loi b cc yu cu nh x gia cc c tnh IP v ATM. MPLS khng cn a ch ATM v k thut nh tuyn. tin cy cao hn: Vi tc chuyn mch, MPLS c kh nng cung cp cho mng s an ton v nhanh chng, m bo d liu khng b tht thot nhiu, ngoi ra cn c cc c ch v cc mode trong k thut MPLS gip bo mt cho thng tin khch hng. Trc tip thc thi cc loi dch v: MPLS s dng hng i v b m ca ATM cung cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau. N h tr quyn u tin IP v loi dch v (class of servicecos) trn chuyn mch ATM m khng cn chuyn i phc tp sang cc lp ATM Forum Service. H tr hiu qu cho Mulicast v RSVP: Khc vi MPLS, xp lp IP trn ATM ny sinh nhiu bt li, c bit trong vic h tr cc dch v IP nh IP muticast v RSVP( Resource Reservation Protocol - RSVP). MPLS h tr cc dch v ny, k tha thi gian v cng vic theo cc chun v khuyn khch to nn nh x xp x ca cc c trng IP&ATM. Gim ti trn mng li: Cc dch v VPN hng dn cch MPLS h tr mi thng tin nh tuyn phn cp. Hn na,c th tch ri cc nh tuyn Internet khi li mng cung cp dch v. Ging nh d liu VPN, MPLS ch cho php truy sut bng nh tuyn Internet ti im ra vo ca mng. Vi MPLS, k thut lu lng truyn bin ca AS c gn nhn lin kt vi im tng ng. S tch ri ca nh tuyn ni khi nh tuyn Internet y cng gip hn ch li, n nh v tng tnh bo mt. Kh nng iu khin lu lng: MPLS cung cp cc kh nng iu khin lu lng sng dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng. K thut lu lng gip chuyn ti t cc phn qu ti sang cc phn cn ri ca mng da vo im ch, loi lu lng, ti, thi gian,

1.2 Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn MPLS

1.2.1 Nhn MPLS l g? Cng thc gn nhn gi tin l: Network Layer Packet + MPLS Label Stack Khng gian nhn (Label Space): c hai loi. Mt l, cc giao tip dng chung gi tr nhn (per-platform label space). Hai l, mi giao tip mang gi tr nhn ring, (Per-interface Label Space). B nh tuyn chuyn nhn (LSR Label Switch Router): ra quyt nh chng k tip da trn ni dung ca nhn, cc LSP lm vic t v hot ng gn nh Switch. Con ng chuyn nhn (LSP Label Switch Path): xc nh ng i ca gi tin MPLS. Gm hai loi: Hop by hop signal LSP - xc nh ng i kh thi nht theo kiu best effort v Explicit route signal LSP - xc nh ng i t nt gc.

Nhn l gi tr c chiu di c nh dng nhn din mt FEC no . S kt hp gia FEC v nhn c gi l nh x nhn - FEC. MPLS c thit k s dng bt k mi trng v hnh thc ng gi lp 2 no, hu ht cc hnh thc ng gi lp 2 l da trn frame, v MPLS ch n gin thm vo nhn 32 bit gia mo u lp 2 v lp 3, gi l shim header. Phng thc ng gi ny gi l Frame-mode MPLS. ATM l mt trng hp c bit s dng cell c chiu di c nh. Do nhn khng th c thm vo trong mi cell. MPLS s dng cc gi tr VPI/VCI trong mo u ATM lm nhn. Phng thc ng gi ny c gi l Cell-mode MPLS. Nhn ca gi tin i ra l nhn ng ra, tng t cho nhn ca gi tin i vo l nhn ng vo. Mt gi tin c th c c nhn ng ra v ng vo, c th c nhn ng vo m khng c nhn ng ra hoc l ngc li. Thng thng, mt gi tin c th c nhiu nhn c gi l chng nhn (lable stack). Cc nhn trong chng nhn c t chc theo kiu chng nhn LIFO (last-in, firstout). Mt gi tin khng c gn nhn c xem l c chiu su chng nhn bng 0. Chiu su d ca chng nhn tng ng vi trnh t ca nhn trong chng nhn <1,2,3....,d-1,d> vi nhn 1 y chng nhn v nhn d nh ca chng nhn. Nhn MPLS l mt s t ph, n da trn tng VPI/VCI ca mng ATM nhng cao cp hn, gm 32 bit.

Hnh 1.1: Nhn MPLS - Label: Trng ny gm 20 bit, nh vy chng ta s c hn 1 t nhn khc nhau s dng,ychnh l phn quan trng nht trong nhn MPLS n dng chuyn tip gi tin trong mng. - Experimemtal (EXP): Trng ny gm 3 bit, n dng mapping vi trng ToS hoc DSCP trong gi tin ti thc hin QoS. - Stack (S): Ch c 1 bit, khi mt gi tin i qua mt tunnel, n s c nhiu hn 1 nhn gn vo, khi ta s mt stack nhn, bit S ny dung ch ra rng nhn ny c nm y Stack khng, nu y th S=1, ngc li S=0.

Hnh 1.2: Nhn ca stack

Time-to-live (TTL): Trng ny nh trng TTL trong IP header, khi chuyn tip gi tin nu nh router khng tm thy destination m vn c chy trong mng th s xy ra loop lm ngh mng (congestion). TTL dng khc phc iu ny, gi tr ban u ca n l 255, mi khi i qua mt router th gi tr ny s gim i 1, nu nh gi tr ny gim v 0 m gi tin vn cha ti ch th n s b rt (dropped). Khi gi tin n router bin th trng TTL trong IP header s gim i mt v copy qua trng TTL trong nhn MPLS, gi tr ny s gim dn khi i qua mng MPLS, khi ra khi mang MPLS th trng nay li c copy qua trng TTL trong IP header, nu gi tr l 0 th gi s b rt (drop). Cc gi tr qui c cho trng TTL: 0: Chnh n (Host gi tin n chnh n) 1: Trong cng mt subnet 32: Trong cng mt site (Mt mng) 64: Trong cng mt vng (C cng AS) 128: Trong cng mt mt lc a 255: Khng gii hn Cc cch ng gi tin:

Hnh 1.3: Nhn lp 2 Nh vy: i vi mng IP cch ng gi tin s l Ethernet hay PPP v nhn l mt shim c chn vo nh trnh by trn. i mng Frame-Relay nhn s l gi tr DLCI, vi mng ATM th nhn s l VPI hoc VCI. Cc loi nhn c bit - Untagged: gi MPLS n c chuyn thnh mt gi IP v chuyn tip n ch - Nhn Implicit-null hay POP: Nhn ny c gn khi nhn trn (top label) ca gi MPLS n b bc ra v gi MPLS hay IP c chuyn tip ti trm k xui dng. Gi tr ca nhn ny l 3 (trng nhn 20 bit). Nhn ny c dng trong mng MPLS cho nhng trm k cui - Nhn Explicit-null: Ch mang gi tr EXP, gi tr nhn bng 0, c gn gi gi tr EXP cho nhn trn (top label) ca gi n. Nhn trn c hon i vi gi tr 0 v chuyn tip nh mt gi MPLS ti trm k xui dng. Nhn ny s dng khi thc hin QoS vi MPLS trong m hnh Pipe Mode. - Nhn Aggregate: vi nhn ny, khi gi MPLS n n b bc tt c nhn trong chng nhn ra tr thnh mt gi IP v thc hin tra cu trong FIB xc nh giao tip ng ra cho n.

1.2.2 Chuyn tip gi tin trong MPLS - Thc hin chuyn tip d liu vi MPLS gm cc bc sau: - Gn nhn MPLS (trn LSR). - Giao thc phn phi nhn (LDP - label distribution protocol hay TDP - tag distribution protocol ) thc hin gn nhn v trao i nhn gia cc LSR trong min MPLS thit lp cc phin lm vic (session). Vic gn nhn c th gn cc b trn router hoc trn giao tip ca router. - Thit lp LSP gia LSR/E_LSR. - Mc nh trn router s dng LDP. Trong cc mng thun ty th vic chuyn tip gi tin c thc hin bng cch tra bng routing c trong mi router, cng vic ny thc hin layer 3, n tn kh nhiu thi gian cho cc router trong vic tra bng routing nu nh bng ny c kch thc ln (trong mng bnh thng bng ny c th c ti vi trm ngn rout). Trong nguyn l nh tuyn c in, th tm ra next hop mi router phi thc hin vic tra bng routing nh sau:

Hnh 1.4: Chuyn tip IP Nh trn hnh v ta thy: c c thng tin v mng 10.0.0.0/8 th cc router trong mng phi thng xuyn update cho nhau v tnh trng up hay down ca mng ny, vic update ny cn ty vo k thut p dng cho mng l Link-state hay Distance vector, nhng ni chung n chim mt lng bng thng khng mong mun trong mng, sau khi c bng routing th gi gi tin n ch cc router phi tra bng routing mi khi gi tin ti n chuyn tip n next hop. V vy trong MPLS s khng thc hin nh vy, vic chuyn tip nhn trong MPLS s thc hin layer 2, n khng phi tra bng routing nn s rt nhanh chng tm ra next hop tip theo.

Hnh 1.5: Chuyn tip MPLS Theo hnh v trn, th vic chuyn tip gi tin trong MPLS ch thc hin trn nhn, mi khi gi tin n router cc router s thc hin vic gn nhn (router bin), swap nhn (router core), v pop nhn (router bin), vic ny thc hin layer 2 rt nhanh chng (chng ta s tm hiu k hn cc phn sau). 1.2.3 Cc bng tra FIB v LFIB Bng tra FIB (Forwarding information based) s nh x t mt gi tin IP khng nhn thnh gi tin MPLS c nhn ng vo ca router bin hoc t gi tin IP khng nhn thnh gi tin IP khng nhn ng ra ca router bin, bng ny c hnh thnh t bng routing table, t giao thc phn phi nhn LDP v t bng tra LFIB.

Hnh 1.6: Bng tra FIB v LFIB Bng tra LFIB (Label Forwarding Information Based) l bng cha ng thng tin cc nhn n cc mng ch, mt gi tin c nhn khi i vo mt router n s s dng bng tra LFIB tm ra hop k tip, ng ra ca gi tin ny c th l gi tin c nhn cng c th l gi tin khng nhn. Hai bng tra FIB v LFIB c gi tr nh bng routing table trong mng IP, nhng trong mng IP th bng routing table c s entry rt ln khong vi ngn, cn vi FIB v LFIB s nhn m n nm gia rt t khong vi chc l ti a.

1.3 Cu trc MPLS

1.3.1 Hai c ch hot ng trong MPLS 1.3.1.1 C ch Frame Mode C ch ny c s dng vi cc mng IP thng thng, trong c ch ny nhn ca MPLS l nhn thc s c thit k v gn cho cc gi tin, trong mt phng Control plane s m nhim vai tr gn nhn v phn phi nhn cho cc route gia cc router chy MPLS, v trong c ch ny cc router s kt ni trc tip vi nhau qua 1 giao din Frame mode nh l PPP, cc router s s dng a ch IP thun ty trao i thng tin cho nhau nh l: Thng tin v nhn v bng nh tuyn routing table. Cn vi mng ATM hay Frame-relay chng khng c cc kt ni trc tip gia cc interface, ngha l khng th dng a ch IP thun trao i thng tin cho nhau, v vy ta phi thit lp cc knh o gia chng (PVC - permanent virtual circuit) 1.3.1.2 C ch cell mode Thut ng ny dng khi c mt mng gm cc ATM LSR dng MPLS trong mt phng iu khin trao i thng tin VPI/VCI thay v dng bo hiu ATM. Trong kiu t bo, nhn l trng VPI/VCI ca t bo. Sau khi trao i nhn trong mt phng iu khin, mt phng chuyn tip, router ng vo (ingress router) phn tch gi thnh cc t bo ATM, dng gi tr VCI/CPI tng ng trao i trong mt phng iu khin v truyn t bo i. Cc ATM LSR pha trong hot ng nh chuyn mch ATM chng chuyn tip mt t bo da trn VPI/VCI vo v thng tin cng ra tng ng. Cui cng, router ng ra (egress router) sp xp li cc t bo thnh mt gi. Trong : - GFC (Generic Flow Control): iu khin lung chung - VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): nhn dng ng o - VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): nhn dng knh o - PT (Payload Type): Ch th kiu trng tin - CLP (Cell Loss Priority): Chc nng ch th u tin hu b t bo - HEC (Header error check): Kim tra li tiu .

1.3.2 Hai mt phng trong MPLS 1.3.2.1 Control plane (trao i thng tin nh tuyn v label)

Hnh 1.7: Mt phng ca MPLS Mt phng iu khin MPLS chu trch nhim to ra v lu tr LIB (Label Information Base) hoc TIB (Tag Information Base). Tt c cc nt MPLS phi chy mt giao thc nh tuyn IP trao i thng tin nh tuyn n cc nt MPLS khc trong mng. Cc thng tin trong bng nh tuyn c trao i vi cc router khc xy dng bng c s thng tin FIB (Forwarding Information Base). Cc nhn c trao i gia cc nt MPLS k cn xy dng nn LFIB, thng tin lin kt nhn ch c phn phi gia cc router ni trc tip vi nhau bng cch dng giao thc phn phi (LDP Label Distribution Protocol) hoc TDP (Cisco proproetary Tag Distribution protocol). 1.3.2.2 Data plane (chuyn tip gi tin da trn label) C nhim v truyn gi tin da trn gi tr nhn cha trong LFIB. Mi node MPLS cha 2 bng lin quan ti vic forward l LIB v LFIB. LIB cha nhng nhn c gn ti node v vic nh x cc nhn vi nhn nhn c t router lng ging, LFIB l tp con ca LIB, s dng cc nhn chuyn tip gi tin.

1.3.3 Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong MPLS 1.3.3.1 Static route: nh tuyn tnh (static route) l ngi qun tr mng phi nhp thng tin v ng i cho router. Khi cu trc mng thay i, ngi qun tr mng phi t tay xa hoc thm cc thng tin v ng i cho router. Stactic route ph hp vi m hnh mng nh, t c s thay i. Nhng i vi m hnh mng ln th vic xy dng cng nh qun l bng nh tuyn tnh tn rt nhiu thi gian. 1.3.3.2 Dynamic routing: Dynamic cho php network iu chnh li s thay i trong m hnh mng mt cch t ng khng cn n ngi qun tr. i vi dynamic routing, khi link b fail hay c mt link mi c thm vo, cc router s t ng truyn thng tin mi ny. Phn loi dynamic routing: Distance vector: RIP, IGRP. Hot ng theo nguyn tc hng xm, tc l mi router gi routing table ca n cho cc router c ni trc tip vi n. Cc router s so snh vi bng nh tuyn ca mnh, xem route ca mnh v route mi nhn c, route no tt hn s c cp nht. Cc routing updates s c gi theo nh k khi c s thay i trong mng, router s bit c link no b down. u im: - D cu hnh. - Router khng phi x l nhiuCPU v memory cn rnh lm vic khc. Nhc im: - H thng metric n gin (nh RIP s dng hop-count) nn c th xy ra vic con ng tt nht cha phi l tt nht. - Do cp nht nh k nn mt lng bandwidth ng k s b chim. - Thi gian hi t chm, dn n vic sai lch bng nh tuynrouting loop. Link-state: OSPF, IS-IS. Link-state khng gi cc routing-update m ch gi cc tnh trng (state) ca cc link trong linkstate-database ca mnh cho cc router khc, t mi router chy gii thut shortest path first, t xy dng bng routing table cho mnh. Sau khi mng hi t, link-state protocol s khng gi update nh k nh distance vector m ch gi khi no c s thay i trong topology network (link b down). u im: - Hi t nhanh. - Scalable: thch nghi vi nhiu h thng, c kh nng m rng ln. - Khng gi update nh k nn tit kim bng thng cho ng mng. - p ng nhanh khi c s thay i.

Nhc im: - Router x l nhiutn CPU v memorydelay. So snh Distance vector v Link-state: - Vi distance vector routing protocol, router da vo s quyt nh ca neighbors, router khng c hnh nh tng th ca m hnh mng. - Link-state protocol th mi router li c hnh nh tng th ca m hnh mng, n c th quyt nh 1 cch c lp da trn m hnh mng chnh xc . 1.3.3.3 Hybrid protocol: EIGRP c xem l giao thc lai v n kt hp u im ca giao thc distance vector v giao thc link state. Nhng u im ca OSPF nh gi thng tin cp nht khi c link down, pht hin neighborsnhng khng gi tt c router nh OSPF. u im ca EIGRP: - Tc hi t nhanh. - H tr VLSM. - H tr cho nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau. - S dng bng thng hiu qu: v n ch gi thng tin cp nht mt phn ch khng phi gi ton b routing table. iu ny tng ng hot ng cp nht ca OSPF, nhng khng ging router OSPF, router EIGRP ch gi cho router no cn thng tin thi. Cc router EIGRP gi lin lc bng cch gi nh k (5s) cc gi hello rt nh nn khng chim nhiu bng thng. - H tr unequal load balancing. 1.3.3.4 Giao thc BGP: Nh bit Internet c to bi rt nhiu cc Autonomous System. BGP c s dng chia s thng tin nh tuyn gia cc AS khc nhau. BGP s dng giao thc vn chuyn tin cy (reliable transport protocol) trao i thng tin nh tuyn chnh l Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). BGP s dng cng 179 thit lp kt ni. iu ng ch v BGP l n khng quan tm v intra-AS routing, n tin tng rng cc IGP c s dng trong AS s m nhim intra-AS routing m n ch cp ti inter-AS routing. 1.3.4 Cc giao thc phn phi nhn trong MPLS 1.3.4.1 TDP (Tag Distribution Protocol): Trc y, trong qu trnh "thai nghn" ra MPLS, Cisco a ra cng ngh tag-switching v h tr t IOS 11.1CT. MPLS c h tr bi cc router cisco t IOS 12.1(3)T. Tag-switching chnh l tin thn ca mpls nn rt ging, ch c mt s khc bit nh: Giao thc s dng phn phi nhn ca tag-switching l TDP - s dng tcp/udp port 711, cn mpls l LDP s dng tcp/udp port 646. cho php chuyn mch nhn hot ng th IOS 11.1 l tagswitching ip, IOS 12.1 l mpls ip. C php lnh ty vo IOS 1.3.4.2 LDP (Label Distribution Protocol): MPLS l th h sau ca tag-switching, n s dng giao thc LDP phn phi nhn, hot ng nh TDP ch khc l n s dng LDP phn phi nhn, LDP phi c cu hnh trn

tng interface chy MPLS, cc lng ging ca chng s t ng nhn ra cc interface c chy LDP kt ni vi chng. S dng UDP broadcast v mulicast tm ra cc lng ging ca chng. Trong mt min MPLS, mt nhn gn ti mt a ch (FIB) ch c phn phi ti cc lng ging ngc dng sau khi thit lp session. Vic kt ni gia mng c th vi nhn cc b v mt nhn trm k (nhn t router xui dng) c lu tr trong LFIB v LIB. 1.3.5 S duy tr nhn MPLS C hai ch duy tr nhn: Ch duy tr nhn t do (liberal label retention mode): duy tr kt ni gia nhn v mng ch nhng khng lu gi trm k cho ch n . LSR c th chuyn tip gi ngay khi IGP hi t v s lng nhn lu gi rt ln cho tng ch n c th nn tn b nh. Ch duy tr nhn thng xuyn (conservative label retention mode): duy tr nhn da vo hi p LDP hay TDP ca trm k. N hy cc kt ni t LSR xui dng m khng phi trm k ca ch n ch nh nn gim thiu c b nh. 1.3.6 Routing vi nhn Gi s ta c mt mng n gin nh sau trong Router A l Ingress router (router bin ng vo), Router C l Egress router (router bin ng ra).

Hnh 1.8: Mng MPLS y s trnh by cch cc router xy dng bng FIB v LFIB cho Network X l mng m cn truyn d liu n. Phng thc gn v phn tn nhn gm nhng bc nh sau: Step 1: Giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF hay IS IS ) xy dng bng routing table. Step 2: Cc LSR ln lt gn 1 nhn cho mt dest-IP trong bng routing Table mt cch c lp. Step 3: LSR ln lt phn tn nhn cho tt c cc router LSR k cn. Step 4: Tt c cc LSR xy dng cc bng LIB, LFIB, FIB da trn label nhn c.

Chng 2: CHT LNG DCH V (QoS)

2.1 Khi nim QoS
Cht lng dch v ( QoS ) l mt thut ng c s dng rng di trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Hiu mt cch n gin QoS l cc c ch, cng c m bo cho cc mc dch v khc nhau tha mn cc tiu chun v bng thng v thi gian tr cn thit cho mt ng dng c bit no . V sao chng ta li cn QoS ? Nh trc y, khi m nhu cu s dng mng ca con ngi cha cao bi v s mi m, cha ph bin v cc ng dng cha nhiu th lu lng trn mng c th p ng cho hu ht cc ng dng lc by gi, nhng khi n tr nn ph bin s ngi dng nhiu v cc ng dng cng tng ln th ti nguyn bng thng mng tr nn thiu ht, iu ny s dn ti vic mt gi ng k khi truyn qua mng. khc phc iu ny th QoS ra i vi nhim v u tin cho cc ng dng thi gian thc bng cch cp pht thm bng thng v t chng mc u tin cao hn cc ng dng khc. Nu mt mng khng p dng QoS th s xy ra cc trng hp nh sau: Loi lu lng Trng hp khng c QoS Thoi (Voice) Tn hiu thoi khng r rng V v vng tn hiu trong m thoi tr tng lm cho ngi nghe bn kia khng bit khi no cuc gi kt thc. Cuc gi b ngt gia chng. Video Hnh nh b nhe, git khng n nh Ting khng khp vi video Tc video pht chm hn bnh thng. D liu (Data) D liu n nhng khng s dng c D liu n chm do tr ln. S ln Tn hiu tr li li cho bn gi khng n nh hoc tht bi. Bng 2.1 : D liu khi khng c QoS. QoS s nh hng ti cc thng s mng nh: Bandwidth (Bng thng), Delay (tr), Jitter (Bt n nh), Loss ( mt gi). Cc mng ngy nay n phi s dng QoS m bo cht lng dch v, tuy nhin vi mi ng dng th cn c cc mc QoS khc nhau.

Bng thng Tng tc Vn hnh Thoi Thp Cao Thp

Tr Thp Cao Thp Thp Trung bnh/ cao

Jitter

Mt gi

Trung bnh/ Thp cao Cao Thp Thp Thp Thp Thp Thp Thp

Video tng Cao tc Video Cao

Bng 2.2 : Mc yu cu QoS cho cc d liu. Cc m hnh dch v QoS: Mt m hnh dch v c gi l mt mc dch v m t kh nng thit lp t u cui n u cui ca QoS, u cui n u cui l kh nng ca mng c th phc v cc yu cu c bit ti mng khc. K thut QoS cung cp ba kiu m hnh dch v l : Best-effort, InterServ v Differentiated Services. Cc k thut QoS trong mng IP:

Hnh 2.1 : Cc k thut QoS trong mng IP.

2.2 M hnh Best-Effort:

Best-effort l mt m hnh dch v n v ph bin trn mng internet hay mng IP ni chung, cho php ng dng gi d liu bt c khi no vi bt c khi lng no n c th thc hin v khng i hi s cho php hoc thng tin c s mng, ngha l mng phn phi d liu nu c th m khng cn s m bo v tin cy, tr hoc kh nng thng mng. QoS c t dch v Best-effort l xp hng i : firt-in, firt-out ( FIFO ).

Dch v Best- effort rt ph hp cho nhng ng dng ca mng di rng nh truyn file hoc email. Cho n thi im ny a phn cc dch v c cung cp bi mng Internet vn s dng m hnh dch v ny.

2.3 M hnh InterServ

ng trc nhu cu ngy cng tng trong vic cung cp dch v thi gian thc (thoi, video) v bng thng cao (a phng tin), dch v tch hp IntServ ra i. y l s pht trin ca mng IP nhm ng thi cung cp dch v truyn thng Best Effort v cc dch v thi gian thc. Sau y l nhng ng lc thc y s ra i ca m hnh ny: - Dch v c gng ti a khng cn p ng na : Ngy cng c nhiu ng dng khc nhau, cc yu cu khc nhau v c tnh lu lng c trin khai, ng thi ngi s dng cng yu cu cht lng dch v ngy cng cao hn. Cc ng dng a phng tin ngy cng xut hin nhiu. - Cc ng dng a phng tin ngy cng xut hin nhiu : Mng IP phi c kh nng h tr khng ch n dch v m cn h tr a dch v ca nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau t thoi, s liu n video. Ti u ha hiu sut s dng mng v ti nguyn mng. - Ti u ha hiu sut s dng mng v ti nguyn mng : m bo hiu qu s dng v u t. Ti nguyn mng s c d tr cho lu lng c u tin cao hn, phn cn li s dnh cho s liu best effort. Cung cp dch v tt nht. - Cung cp dch v tt nht : M hnh IntServ cho php nh cung cp mng a ra nhng dch v tt nht, khc bit vi cc i th cnh tranh khc.

Hnh 2.2: M hnh mng IntServ. M hnh IntServ c IETF gii thiu vo gia thp nin 90 vi mc ch h tr cht lng dch v t u cui ti u cui. Cc ng dng nhn c bng thng ng yu cu v truyn i trong mng vi tr cho php.

Hnh 2.3: M hnh dch v IntServ. Mt s thnh phn trong m hnh dch v 2.3 nh sau : Giao thc thit lp Setup : Cho php cc my ch v cc router d tr ng ti nguyn mng x l cc yu cu ca cc lung lu lng ring. RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) l mt trong nhng giao thc . c tnh lung : Xc nh cht lng dch v QoS s cung cp cho cc lung xc nh, lung y c nh ngha nh mt lung gi t ngun n ch c cng yu cu v QoS nh bng tn ti thiu m mng bt buc phi cung cp m bo QoS cho cc lung yu cu. iu khin lu lng : Trong cc thit b mng ( my ch, rourter, chuyn mch ) c thnh phn iu khin v qun l ti nguyn mng cn thit h tr QoS theo yu cu. Cc thnh phn iu khin lu lng ny c th c khai bo bi giao thc bo hiu RSVP hay nhn cng. Thnh phn iu khin lu lng bao gm: - iu khin chp nhn : Xc nh cc thit b mng c kh nng h tr QoS theo yu cu hay khng. - Thit b phn lp (Classifier) : Nhn dng v la chn lp dch v trn ni dung ca mt s trng nht nh trong mo u gi. - Thit b lp lch v phn phi (Scheduler) : Cung cp cc mc cht lng dch v QoS knh u ra ca thit b. Cc mc QoS cung cp bi IntServ gm : - Dch v m bo GS ( Guaranteed Service ) GS cung cp cc dch v cht lng cao nh : Dnh ring bng thng, gii hn tr ti a v khng b mt gi tin trong hng i. Cc ng dng c th n: Hi ngh truyn hnh cht lng cao, thanh ton ti chnh thi gian thc,. - Dch v kim sot ti CL ( Controlled Load ) CL khng m bo v bng tn hay tr, nhng vi cc Best-effort im khng gim cht lng mt cch ng k khi ti mng tng ln. Dich v ny ph hp cho cc ng dng khng nhy cm lm vi tr hay mt gi nh truyn hnh multicast audio/video cht lng trung bnh.

2.4 M hnh DiffServ

Vic a ra m hnh IntServ c v nh gii quyt c nhiu vn lin quan n QoS trong mng IP. Tuy nhin trong thc t m hnh ny khng m bo c QoS xuyn sut (end to

end). c nhiu c gng nhm thay i iu ny nhm t mt mc QoS cao hn cho mng IP, v mt trong nhng c gng l s ra i ca DiffServ (xem hnh 2.3). DiffServ s dng vic nh du gi v xp hng theo loi h tr dch v u tin qua mng IP. Hin ti IETF c mt nhm nghin cu DiffServ a ra cc khuyn co RFC v DiffServ. Nguyn tc c bn ca DiffServ nh sau : - Phn loi v nh du cc gi ring bit ti bin ca mng vo cc lp dch v. Vic phn loi c th da trn nhiu cch thc nh sa dng lu lng, loi b gi tin, v cui cng l nh du trng DS (DiffServ) trong mo u gi tin ch th lp dch v cho gi tin. - iu chnh lu lng ny ti bin mng. DS l m hnh c s phn bit dch v trong mng c nhiu ng dng khc nhau, bao gm c lu lng thi gian thc c th c p ng mc dch v ca chng trong khi vn c kh nng m rng cc hot ng trong mng IP ln. Kh nng m rng c th t c bng: Chia nh lu lng ra thnh nhiu lp khc nhau. nh x nhiu ng dng vo trong cc lp dch v ny trn bin mng. Chc nng nh x ny c gi l phn loi (classification) v iu ho (conditioning) lu lng. - Cung cp cc x l c nh cho mi lp dch v ti mi hop (c gi l Per-hop behaviorPHB) tng ng vi cc yu cu QoS ca n). PHB bao gm hng i, phn lch, v cc c ch loi b gi tin.

Hnh 2.4 : S khi kin trc DiffServ. 2.4.1 Trng DS ca DiffServ Trng DS l trng c qu trnh iu ho v phn loi lu lng s dng ti bin mng m ho gi tr DSCP. Gi tr ny c cc router DiffServ s dng ti mi hop la chn PHB thch hp cho mi gi tin. DSCP l gi tr 6 bit, c mang trong trng ToS ca mo u gi tin. Vi 6 bit c th to ra n 64 lp dch v. Tuy nhin, trong thc t ch c mt s lp dch v c trin khai. Gi tr IP Precedence (t c t 3 bit c trng s ln nht trong trng ToS) c th c nh x n trng DSCP, va vn vi cc bit trong trng ny. Tp hp cc gi tin c cng gi tr DSCP, v di chuyn qua mng theo cng mt hng c gi l tp hp hnh vi (Behavior Aggregate - BA). PHB s thc hin cc chc nng ca n (hng i, phn lch, nh rt) cho bt k gi tin no thuc v mt BA.

2.4.2 Per-hop Behavior trong Diff Serv C 4 PHB quan trng trong khi trin khai DiffServ l: Default PHB (PHB mc nh): T ng ng vi tin trnh chuyn tip gi tin best-effort, n l mc nh trn tt c cc router. N ch n gin phn phi cng nhiu gi tin cng tt. PHB ny khng c s cam kt v cht lng dch v cho gi tin. Cc gi tin c nh x n PHB ny s c gi tr DSCP l 0. Class selector PHB (PHB la chn theo lp): Trong mt vi trin khai IP QoS, gi tr IP Precedence thng c s dng v tnh n gin v d s dng ca n. Do , cho tng thch vi cc gi tr Precedence, cc gi tr DSCP c nh ngha di dng xxx000 (trong x c th l 0 hay 1). Cc gi tr c gi l class selector codepoint. Gi tr mc nh l 0. PHB kt hp vi mt class selector codepoint c gi l Class selector PHB. Cc PHB ny s c cng kiu chuyn tip nh cc node s dng gi tr IP Precedence. V d, cc gi tin c gi tr DSCP l 101000 (IP Precedence l 101) s c u tin chuyn tip ln hn cc gi tin c gi tr DSCP l 011000 (IP Precedence 011). Expedited Forwaring PHB (PHB chuyn tip u tin nht EF PHB): L PHB p ng cho gi tin cc dch v c vic mt gi tin thp (low - loss), tr thp (low - delay), jitter thp (low - jitter). EF PHB m bo rng lu lng ca n c phc v tc t nht l bng vi tc dch v cam kt.Cc ng dng nh VoIP, video, thng mi in t c s dng PHB ny. Bt k lu lng no vt qa hp ng lu lng s b hu b. Gi tr DSCP (xem hnh 2.4) cho EF l 101110. Assured forwarding PHB (PHB chuyn tip c m bo AF PHB): y l cng c c s dng a ra cc mc dch v m bo chuyn tip cho gi tin ca ngi dng. C tt c 4 lp AF. Trong mi lp AF, mt gi tin c ng k mt trong 3 mc u tin nh rt, tc l gi tin c 3 gi tr u tin nh rt khc nhau trong cng mt lp dch v. Mi PHB s tng ng vi mt lp khc nhau v c gi l AFij, trong i l lp AF, v j l u tin nh rt. Mi lp AF c ch nh vi s lng ngun ti nguyn nht nh ph thuc vo hp ng mc dch v SLA (Service Level Agreement) ca khch hng, gm c bng thng v khng gian b m. Vic chuyn tip c thc hin c lp dc mi lp AF.

Hnh 2.5: M t cu trc bit trong trng DSCP V c 4 lp nn cc lp c th l AF1y, AF2y, AF3y, AF4y. Trong mi lp Afx, c n 3 gi tr u tin nh rt. Nu c nghn xy ra trong mng Diff-serv trn mt kt ni no , cc gi tin thuc v lp AF no s b nh rt. u tin nh rt ca cc gi tin l nh sau: dp(AFx1)<=dp(AFx2)<=dp(AFx3)<=dp(AFx4), trong dp(AFxy) l xc sut m cc gi tin ca lp Afxy b nh rt. V d, AF23 s b nh rt trc AF22, AF22 s b nh rt trc AF21. Lp AFx c

th c biu din bng gi tr DSCP xyzab0, trong xyz l 001, 010, 011, 100 v ab l bit u tin nh rt. DSCP in Binary 000000 001000 001010 001100 001110 010000 010010 010100 010110 011000 011010 011100 011110 100000 100010 100100 100110 101000 101110 110000 111000 DSCP in Decimal 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 46 48 56 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 Precedence PHB Default CS1 AF11 AF12 AF13 CS2 AF21 AF22 AF23 CS3 AF31 AF32 AF33 CS4 AF41 AF42 AF43 CS5 EF CS6 CS7

Bng 2.3: Gi tr IP Precedence v DSCP trong cc PH 2.4.3 Cc c ch DiffServ: Hai chc nng ny c thc hin ti bin mng gia khch hng v nh cung cp dch v hoc gia hai mng nh cung cp dch v vi nhau. N c p t trn mi gi tin i vo v dng nhn din lu lng vi nhiu dch v khc nhau (phn loi), sau p t gi tr DS

(DiffServ) cho mi lu lng (iu ho). R rng, chnh sch phn loi v iu ho lu lng p ng yu cu ca khch hng cc cc lp dch v do nh cung cp a ra. Hnh di m t s khi c ch phn loi v iu ha lu lng.

Hnh 2.6: S c ch phn loi v iu ho n lu lng 2.4.4 u nhc im ca m hnh DiffServ: Vi nguyn tc ny, Diffserv c nhiu li th hn so vi IntServ: - Khng yu cu bo hiu cho tng lung. - Dch v u tin c th p dng cho mt s lung ring bit cng mt lp dch v. iu ny cho php nh cung cp dch v d dng phn phi mt s mc dch v khc nhau cho khch hng cho nhu cu. - Khng yu cu thay i ti cc my ch hay cc ng dng h tr dch v u tin. y l nhim v ca thit b bin. - H tr rt tt dch v VPN (Virtual Private Network). Tuy nhin c th nhn thy DiffServ cn vt qua mt s vn nh: - Khng c kh nng cung cp bng tn v tr m bo nh GS ca IntServ hay ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). - Thit b bin vn yu cu b Classifier cht lng cao cho tng gi ging nh trong m hnh IntServ. - Vn qun l trng thi Classifier ca mt s lng ln cc thit b bin l mt vn khng nh cn quan tm. - Chnh sch khuyn khch khch hng trn c s gi cc cho dch v cung cp cng nh hng n gi tr ca DiffServ.

2.5 So snh Inter-Serv v Diff-Serv

Trong mt mng s dng QoS, chng ta c th khng cn dng n IntServ hay DiffServ m mng vn chy bnh thng, tuy nhin nu c ng dng DiffServ hay IntServ vo th s cho kt qua tt hn nhiu, v c th m bo cht lng dch v cao hn. DiffServ ra i khc phc cc khuyt im ca IntServ, gia chng c nhng s khc nhau:

DiffServ

IntServ

Khng dng bt k giao thc bo hiu no Dng giao thc bo hiu RSVP dnh trc dnh trc bng thng mng, do vy bng thng mng, do s tn ti nguyn tit kim c bng thng mng. mng v ch. C th s dng cho mng ln v c mng Ch c th s dng cho mng c nh vi s nh vi s lu lng rt ln lng lu lng nh t tn ti nguyn mng Xt u tin gi trn tng chn Tn nhiu ti nguyn mng Khi to mt knh truyn trc khi truyn

Kh nng m rng mng cao v phc v Kh nng m rng mng thp v phc v t a dch v dch v.

2.6 Phn loi v nh du

QoS l kh nng cung cp cc mc x l khc nhau hng n cc lp lu lng ring. Trc khi cc ng dng hay cc k thut QoS c p dng, lu lng phi c nhn bit v sp xp vo trong cc lp khc nhau. Thit b mng s dng s phn loi nhn bit lu lng theo cc lp ring bit. Sau khi lu lng mng c sp xp, vic nh du c thc hin bng cch gn th cho cc gi ring bit cc thit b mng khc c th thc hin cc chc nng QoS cho cc gi khi chng di chuyn thng qua mng. 2.6.1. Phn loi(classification) - Phn loi c thc hin nhn dng lu lng v phn chia lu lng thnh cc lp khc nhau. phn loi gi, ta dng b m t lu lng phn chia cc gi trong phm vi cc nhm ring bit nh ngha cc gi . Mt s b m t c trng dng phn loi gi bao gm: b giao tip ng vo, u tin IP (IP Precedence), DSCP, a ch ngun hay a ch ch v cc ng dng. Sau khi gi c nh danh, chng c kh nng c tin hnh cc chc nng QoS trn mng. - Vi vic s dng phn loi gi, nh qun tr mng c th phn vng lu lng mng thnh nhiu mc u tin hay nhiu lp dch v. Khi b c t lu lng c s dng phn loi, lu lng ngun ng tham gia tho thun cc gii hn v mng s thc hin cc gii hn vi vic m bo v cht lng dch v. Cc k thut cht lng dch v khc nh gim st lu lng, nn dng lu lng v k thut hng i s dng b m t lu lng m bo gi ng tho thun. Vic phn loi nn c t bin mng. Phn loi l vic cc gi tin s c a vo nhng hng i khc nhau mi khi ti router, IOS ca router bng cch ny hay cch khc phi phn bit c cc gi tin khc nhau vi u tin khc nhau a vo cc hng i thch hp, n phi bit c gi tin no c RTP (Real time protocol) headers shape (nh hng) cho gi tin nhm cung cp bng thng cho lu lng l voice. IOS phi phn bit c u l VoIP v u l data, lm iu ny th n phi s dng Phn Loi (Classification). c th phn loi c gi tin, thng thng phi kim tra mt s trng trong headers, sau khi phn loi, mt QoS tool s a gi tin vo hng i thch hp, hu ht s phn loi nhm phn bit u l gi tin VoIP v u l gi tin khng phi VoIP.

2.6.2. nh du(marking) - Hot ng nh du cho php cc thit b mng phn loi gi hay khung (frame) da vo b m t lu lng c trng. Mt s b m t lu lng c s dng nh du gi nh: lp dch v (CoS), DSCP, u tin IP, nhm QoS, chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS). Vic nh du c s dng thit lp thng tin trong tiu gi lp 2 hay lp 3. - Vic nh du gi hay khung cng vi vic phn loi cho php thit b mng d dng phn bit cc gi hay khung c nh du. nh du l yu t hu dng v n cho php thit b mng d dng nhn dng cc gi hay khung theo cc lp c trng. Khi k thut QoS c th ng dng tng thch m bo s ng n vi cc chnh sch qun tr QoS. nh du l mt k thut dng to ra s phn bit gia cc gi tin ca cc loi d liu khc nhau trong khi thc hin QoS, vic nh du s thc hin trn cc mt s trng c trong gi tin nh IP precedent, DSCP, EXP, QoS group, QoS discard. Vic nh du thng c thc hin sau khi gi tin c phn loi, Sau khi phn loi gi tin ta s nh du vo gi tin mt gi tr, c th l gi tr IP precedent, DSCP hay EXP Cc gi tr c nh du s c dng phn loi gi tin chn tip theo v thc hin QoS.

Chng 3: KT HP DIFFSERV V MPLS

3.1 Gii thiu
MPLS v DiffServ c nhng im kh tng ng. C 2 kiu u tp hp cc lu lng ti bin v x l ti li, chng u c kh nng m rng. MPLS a ra mt s li th phc v cc nh cung cp mng. Tuy nhin n khng c kh nng cung cp cc cp dch v phn bit trn cng 1 lung lu lng. Do , MPLS v DiffServ l s kt hp hon ho, chng c th kt hp khai thc im mnh ca mi cng ngh, ng thi khc phc nhng im yu ca nhau. S kt hp gia MPLS v DiffServ nhm mc ch ln nht l kh thi cht lng dch v imim.

3.2 S kt hp gia MPLS v DiffServ

DiffServ hay MPLS c th c s dng a ra mt s dch v vi QoS khc nhau. Bt k s nh tuyn no c th c s dng trong mng DiffServ v cc cp dch v khc nhau ty vo mi khch hng, n ph thuc vo cc im m (code point) khc nhau c gn vo cc gi tin ti cc nt DiffServ. Cc mng MPLS c th c cu hnh a ra cc cht lng dch v khc nhau n cc ng dn khc nhau xuyn sut qua mng. Nu c hai cng ngh c kt hp, khi cc xut dch v DiffServ chun ha c a ra v MPLS c th d dng iu khin theo cch m cc dch v ny thc thi. Vic iu khin ny c ngha l cc dch v c xut s c phc v theo cc thng s QoS c nh ngha trc . 3.2.1 DiffServ h tr MPLS - MPLS ch phc v cho cc dch v lp 3 v khng nh ngha mt kin trc QoS mi. V th DiffServ c th h tr cho MPLS bng cch cung cp kin trc QoS cho cc mng MPLS - MPLS l c ch kt ni c hng, khi c s dng trong cc mng ng trc, n c th c nng cp cho cc vn m rng, c bit vi RSVP-TE. Vic kt hp MPLS v DiffServ nng cp cc mng khng m bo iu kin trn mi lung trong cc router li. Ch c iu kin trn mi LSP mi c m bo. Nu khng s dng DiffServ m s dung IntServ trong mng MPLS (khi c ngh trong bn d tho mi) th ch tn ph m bo iu kin trn mi lung v trn mi LSP. Vi vic t hp LSP c th lm gim s lng LSP - DiffServ c th cung cp cc dch v khc nhau trn mi lung lu lng. - Lc lu lng hp nht ca DiffServ khng ch lm gim ph tn iu kin lung m cn tng kh nng thc thi ca MPLS trong vic gim bt s nhn c qun l. 3.2.2MPLS h tr DiffServ - Khi cc li kt ni xy ra, c tnh ti nh tuyn nhanh ca MPLS c th h tr MPLS trong vic m bo cht lng dch v. D nhin vic cc ng kt ni b t lin kt th khng xy ra thng xuyn hng ngy trong cc mng ng trc - MPLS cung cp k thut lu lng cho DiffServ. C th hnh dung cc ng dn khc nhau cho cc nhm PHBs khc nhau, ln chim ti nguyn hay cc cp bo v khc nhau cho cc PHBs khc nhau.. Khi mun s dng DiffServ trong mng khng ng nht v cc mi trng lp kt ni, v d nh trong cc mng ATM th MPLS vn l s la chn hng u

3.3 DiffServ trong MPLS

3.3.1 Trng Different service vi gi tin IP Nh ta bit, trong mng IP, cc gi tin sau khi n lp 3 trong m hnh OSI s c ng gi vi mt header cha thng tin giao thc ti mi lp trong m hnh OSI. Mi lp ch lin lc vi thng tin ca ring n c trong header trn thit b nhn. Header thng c gn trc trng d liu ca gi tin IP. Cc trng thng tin trong IP header c cu trc nh sau:

Hnh 2.7 : Cu trc ca trng header IP Trong header IP ny, byte TOS c lin quan vi QoS trong MPLS. Hnh di y cho thy trng TOS c phn chia nh th no:

Hnh 2.8 : Cu trc trng ToS Byte ToS c tt c 6 bit cho trng DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point). Trong , 3 bit u tin ca trng ByteToS l cc bit Precedence, 4 bit tip theo l cc bit ToS. Hnh sau y trnh by byte ToS ca header IP m RFC 2474 nh ngha:

Hnh 2.9: Cu trc trng ToS

Hai loi ca cc lp chuyn tip trong m hnh DiffServ c xc nh: chuyn tip nhanh (EF) v chuyn tip m bo (AF). EF c tn tht thp, tr thp, jitter thp, m bo bng thng, dch v u cui n u cui (end to end) thng qua mt min DiffServ. AF xc nh cc dch v m bo chuyn tip khc nhau trong mt min DiffServ . C 4 lp AF mi lp ng vi 3 u tin th ri gi tin. Lp AF c c php l AFij trong lp i chy t 1-4 v j l t 1-3 dnh cho mc u tin th ri gi tin. Ba bit u tin ca trng DSCP su-bit xc nh cc lp, hai bit tip theo xc nh th t u tin th ri, v cc bit cui cng c dnh ring. u tin th ri gi tin trong mt lp cng cao th gi tin c xc sut th ri cng ln, so vi cc gi khc vi th t u tin gim thp hn khi c xy ra tc nghn. Bn lp dnh cho lu lng, v ba cp dnh cho u tin th ri gi tin. Bng 2.5: Mc u tin th ri gi tin cho mi lp.

V d AF23, biu th lp l 2 v mc u tin th ri gi tin l 3. Bng sau cho thy cc gi tr c ngh cho bn lp m bo chuyn tip. Cc gi tr khuyn co dnh cho 4 lp AF v 3 mc u tin th ri gi tin ng vi 4 lp AF :

Bng 2.4: Bng class v Precedence. Nu chng ta ang s dng EF, th trng DiffServ c ngh l 101.110 (dng thp phn l 46). Cc lp mc nh l 0 hoc 000000 trong h nh phn.

3.3.2 Trng Different service vi gi tin MPLS Thng tin QoS trong mng MPLS s dng 3 bit EXP trong cu trc MPLS:

Hnh 2.10: Cu trc nhn. nh ngha ban u ca header MPLS th 3 bit EXP dng cho mc ch th nghim. Trong mng MPLS th n c s dng h tr DiffServ . Nhng bit gip xc nh cc hnh vi QoS m mt nt mng cung cp cho gi tin. N tng ng vi trng DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) trong mng IP. Cc bit EXP thng c dng mang tt c cc thng tin m ha trong trng DSCP IP. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, cc bit EXP c s dng ring m ha mc u tin th ri gi tin Nu chng ta s dng 3 bit EXP ny cho mc ch QoS th ng chuyn mch nhn (LSP) c gi l E-LSP , c ngha l cc router chuyn nhn (LSR) s s dng cc bit EXP ny lp lch cho cc gi tin v quyt nh mc u tin th ri gi tin. Tuy nhin khi s dng MPLS , chng ta c nhng la chn khc i vi gi tin c gn nhn. Mt LSP l mt ng dn bo hiu xuyn qua mng gia hai router , chng ta s dng nhn trn cng ca gi tin bao hm mt phn QoS cho cc gi tin . Tuy nhin, sau chng ta cn phi c mt nhn trn mi lp cho mi lung lu lng gia hai im u cui ca ng chuyn mch nhn (LSP). Do , giao thc bo hiu phi c kh nng bo hiu mt nhn khc cho cng mt LSP. Mt LSP nh vy c gi l L-LSP. C ngha l n ch th rng nhn nm gi hon ton mt phn thng tin ca QoS. Vi L-LSP th cc bit EXP cng nm gi mt phn QoS nhng ch duy nht cho mc u tin th ri gi tin, ch khng phi l ch nh lp dch v. Nh vy vi vic nh x theo E-LSP th 6 bit ca trng DSCP s nh x sang trng EXP 3 bit. Do chng ta ch c 8 (23) lp dng phn loi dch v. Trong khi , vi cc nh x L-LSP th nhn ca gi tin khng ch ng vai tr l gi tr chuyn mch m cn thc hin QoS, cn trng EXP c s dng cho cc chnh sch th ri gi tin. Mi LSP ring bit c th c thit lp cho mi PHB (per hop behavior). Vi nhng LSP nh vy, PSC (PHB Schedule) c bo hiu tng minh ti ln thit lp nhn, sau LSR c th suy ra t gi tr nhn PSC c p t cho gi tin. Trng EXP ch c s dng khi p t gi tr u tin nh rt cho gi tin. Phng php ny c gi l Label-only-infered-PSC LSP, hay cn gi l L _LSP v PSC c th c suy ra t gi tr nhn m khng cn bt k thng tin no khc (bt chp gi tr trng EXP). Khi mt LSR y mt gi tin gn nhn th n ch cn tm kim nhn trn cng trong bng chuyn tip nhn (LFIB) quyt nh ni cn y gi tin n. iu ny cng ng trong hnh x QoS ca router. LSR ch cn nhn vo cc bit EXP ca nhn tin xc nh hnh x th no vi gi tin ny. C ngha l thuc tnh ca QoS l nh du lu lng, qun l tc nghn hoc trnh s tc nghn cng nh cc tnh trng lu lng. Chng ta s dng LLQ (low-latency queuing) , CBWFQ (class-based weighted fair queuing) v WRED (weight random early detection), theo di v nh hnh thc hin vn trn cho gi tin IP.

3.4 Cc k thut lu lng trong MPLS.

3.4.1 Phng php loi b ngu nhin (RED) RED (Random Early Detection) c tm ra bi Sally Floyd v Van Jacobson vo u nhng nm 90 ca thp k 20. RED l mt phng thc bo hiu tc nghn. RED iu khin c hng i trung bnh bng cch bo hiu cho 1 trm gim tc hay ngng truyn d liu thng qua vic loi b mt phn lu lng ca trm . Khi qu trnh tc nghn xy ra RED bt u lm rt gi ti tc m c thit lp trn giao din . Khi hng i trung bnh vt qu gii hn (min) th qu trnh rt gi bt u xy ra. Tc mt gi tng tuyn tnh vi tc tng ca hng i v n tng cho ti khi t ti ngng ti a (max). Khi vt qu ngng ny tt c cc gi s b rt. Gi tr nghng ti thiu nn gn ln tn dng ti a lin kt. Khi gi tr ny t qu nh c th pht sinh rt gi khng cn thit. 3.4.2 Phng php loi b cn bng ngu nhin (WRED): Thut ton RED khng phi lc no cng m bo cho cc lung chia s bng thng mt cch cn i nhau. Trong thc t, RED khng u tin i vi cc lung TCP tc thp. iu ny l bi v RED b ngu nhin cc gi khi ngng b vt qu. WRED (Weighted Random Early Detection) l phng php trnh tc nghn da trn vic t hp cc thuc tnh ca thut ton RED v u tin IP. WRED c th la chn loi b lu lng c mc u tin thp khi trn giao din bt u xy ra qu trnh tc nghn v cung cp cc c tnh tiu chun khc nhau cho cc lp dch v khc nhau. Vi cc giao din c cu hnh s dng c tnh giao thc dnh sn ti nguyn (RSVP), khi qu trnh nghn xy ra WRED u tin cc lung RSVP hn l cc lung d liu khc trong qu trnh loi b gi trnh tc nghn. Cng ging nh RED trong c ch ca mnh WRED loi b gi mt cch ngu nhin, t thng bo ti trm gc gim tc truyn dn. Nu trm gc s dng TCP, n s lm gim tc ca chnh cc gi cho ti khi tt c cc gi c th n c ch. WRED lm rt gi da trn gi tr u tin IP c gn cho mi gi. Cc gi c gi tr u tin thp hn c kh nng b lm rt cao. C ch lm vic ca WRED c minh trong hnh sau:

Hnh 2.11: C ch hot ng ca WRED

3.5 iu khin tc nghn bng k thut hng i

Vic iu khin tc nghn i hi xy dng cc c ch hng i, cc gi tin s c tch t ti giao din to thnh hng i v c gi i ngay khi c th. Th t cc gi tin c gi i ty theo gi tr u tin ca chng v phng thc x l hng i c cu hnh trn cng giao din. Ni cch khc hng i trn router l cn thit iu chnh s bng n khi tc gi n ln hn tc gi xut pht v mt trong 2 l do sau: - Giao din u vo nhanh hn giao din u ra. - Giao din u ra thu nhn cc gi n t nhiu giao din khc nhau. Lc u tin thc hin hng i ch s dng mt chin lc n FIFO. Sau nhiu c ch hng i c a vo phc v khi nhng yu cu c th cn cc router phn bit gia cc gi c quan trng khc nhau. Hng i c chia ra lm 2 thnh phn: - H thng hng i phn cng (hardware queue): Vn dng theo chin lc FIFO, cn thit cho giao din chuyn pht tng gi mt. Hng i phn cng thnh thong cng c bit n nh l transmit queue hay TxQ. - H thng Hng i phn mm (Software queue) sp xp cc gi trong hardware queue da trn c s cc yu cu QoS. Trong k thut QoS c 4 loi c ch hng i c s dng, mi mt c ch c cc nguyn tc sp xp hng i v x l tc nghn khc nhau: + FIFO (First In First Out). + WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing). + CQ (Custom Queuing). + PQ (Priority Queuing). 3.5.1 Hng i vo trc ra trc (FIFO) i vi cc mng n gin hng i dng FIFO (First In First Out) thng c p dng, n khng i hi cc khi nim v quyn u tin hay phn loi lu lng. C ch thc hin ca FIFO l: Vo trc ra trc. u im: - n gin v nhanh. - H tr trn tt c cc thit b. - H tr tt c cc ng chuyn mch (switching paths). - H tr tt c cc phin bn phn mm. Nhc im: - FIFO khng cp bng thng cn bng gia cc lung. Mt vi lung nhn c bng thng nhiu hn bi v chng s dng cc gi ln hn hoc gi nhiu gi hn. - FIFO cc k khng cn bng khi mt lung ln tranh chp vi mt lung nh (fragile flow). Lung ln gi mt s lng ln cc gi v khi trn hng i s c nhiu gi trong b drop. Lung nh gi mt s lng gi va phi v hu ht chng b drop bi v hng i lun b y do lung ln. Loi quan h ny c gi l Starvation (s thiu ht).

3.5.2 Hng i tun t (CQ) CQ (Custom Queuing) thc hin phc v cc hng i theo c ch tun t, n thc hin truyn phn trm lu lng trn mi hng i trc khi chuyn n hng i k tip bi vy n c kh nng m bo cho mt vi mc dch v hay ton b lu lng c truyn ti. C ch hot ng: Hng i CQ cho php ngi s dng (user) nh ra phn trm bng thng kh dng cho mt dch v c bit no . Ngha l CQ cho php ngi dng ch nh s lng byte xc nh t hng i s c gi i da trn c s tc giao tip v phn trm lu lng c cu hnh. CQ cng cho php ngi dng ch nh s lng ti a cc gi c sp xp trong hng i v c th nh ngha ln ti 17 hng i, trong hng i s 0 c dng cho hng i ca h thng, hng i h thng c th t u tin cao nht, hng i ny l rng trc khi c bt k hng i d liu no c tham gia x l, n mang cc thng tin bo hiu v cc thng ip ca h thng. u im: -m bo thng lng cho cc lp lu lng (trnh s thiu ht gia cc lp lu lng). -H tr trn hu ht cc platform. -H tr trong hu ht cc phin bn phn mm (Cisco IOS version 10.0 tr ln). Nhc im: -Cu hnh bng tay ti mi hop. -Cp bng thng khng chnh xc. - jitter cao do thc thi s sp xp. 3.5.3 Hng i u tin (PQ): PQ (Priority Queuing) thng c s dng trong cc ng dng u tin mt loi lu lng, tuy nhin n cng c th m rng vi tt c cc loi dch v khc. i vi PQ cc hng i c th t u tin thp c th pht sinh nh hng bt li, chng c th khng bao gi c gi i nu nh bng thng truyn ti b gii hn hay tc truyn dn khng p ng c dung lng cc dng lu lng c gi ti. C ch hot ng: Trong qa trnh truyn dn cc gi s c phn loi thnh 4 mc (cao, thng thng, trung bnh v thp) da trn cc tiu chun ca ngi qun l, sau chng s c sp xp vo cc hng i trn c s cc mc u tin. C ch lm vic ca PQ c m t theo hnh v:

Hnh 2.12: C ch hot ng ca PQ u im: - Cho tr truyn thp i vi cc gi c u tin cao. - H tr hu ht trn cc thit b. - H tr trong hu ht cc phin bn phn mm (Cisco IOS 10.0 tr ln). Nhc im: - Cu hnh phn lp bng tay trn cc hop. - S thiu ht ca mc u tin thp nu mc u tin cao b nghn. 3.5.4 Hng i cn bng trng s (WFQ): WFQ l k thut hng i mc nh trong router Cisco, n khc vi cc hng i PQ v FIFO cc im sau: - N khng cho php cu hnh phn loi, WFQ phn loi gi tin theo flow, mt flow bao gm nhiu gi tin c cng ch n v cng ngun, cng port ch v port ngun. S khng c cu hnh no r rang cho n. - Tnh nng lp lch: WFQ da vo flow, do vy nhng flow no c u tin cao hn th s c pht trc. - Mi flow l mt hng i, v vy s hng i trong WFQ c th ln ti 4096 hng i ln hn rt nhiu so vi PQ hay FIFO. Vi WFQ ta c ti a l 4096 hng i trong 1 interface ca router, s hng i ny cng chnh l s flow chy vo router. V d: ta c 5 flow l Voice, 2 kt ni HTTP, 2 kt ni FTP th khi ta s c 5 hng i trong router, nh vy s hng i thay i theo s flow, chng khng c nh nh trong cc k thut khc Hot ng ca WFQ nh sau:

Hnh 2.13: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca WFQ. + Khi gi tin vo interface, n s c phn loi thnh cc flow theo 5 thng s: - IP source - IP destination - Port source - Port destination - Giao thc lp 4 n s dng l g (TCP hay UDP) WFQ da vo cc trng nh DSCP, ToS phn loi gi tin v a n vo cc hng i khc nhau. Nhng gi tin c IP precedent hay DSCP cao hn s c mc u tin cao hn. Hai vn quan trng trong WFQ l : - i x cng bng vi tt c cc flow ang tn ti : Gi s ta c bng thng l 128 kbps v c 10 hng i ang tn ti, mi hng i s nhn c bng thng l 12.8 kbps. Nu s hng i l 100 th mi hng i s nhn bng thng l 1.28 kbps. Mt vn tn ti y l s qu cng bng ca WFQ, gi - S trong s 10 hng i trn hng i th 1 cn bng thng l 5 kbps v hng i th 2 cn bng thng l 30 kbps, nhng v WFQ ch cp bng thng cho mi hng i l 12.8 kbps, nh vy hng i th 1 d bng thng n s lun c phc v tt nht, ngha l low delay, low jitter, low loss v s gi tin trong hng i ca n lc no cng rt t. Vi hng i th 2 thiu bng thng v vy delay, jitter v loss ca n s rt ln. - Cung cp thm bng thng cho nhng flow c mc u tin cao hn (higher IP precedent hay higher DSCP) : Vn vi gi s trn 128 kbps cho 10 flow. By gi gi s c 5 flow vi IP precedent bng 0, v 5 flow vi IP precedent bng 1, 5 flow IP precedent 1 c mc u tin cao hn 5 flow IP precedent 0 theo t s bng thng phn phi l 2:1, flow IP precedent 1 s nhn bng thng l 17 kbps gp i flow IP precedent 0 l 8.5 kbps, cch tnh t s ny nh sau: BW cho IP precedent 1 1+1 2 = = BW cho IP precedent 0 0+1 1 + Sau khi c phn loi gi tin s c tnh gi tr SN (Sequence number) nh sau: SN = SN (trc ) + Weight*length

SN : Sequence number Weight : trng s ca gi tin , Weight=32384 / (IP_Precedence+1) Length : Chiu di gi tin Bng gi tr ca Weight:

Bng 2.5: Bng gi tr Weight V d: Vi gi tin c SN trc l 0, chiu di l 1500 byte v precedent l 0 ta s tnh SN nh sau: SN = 0 + 1500*32384 = 48576000 Sau quyt nh c drop gi tin hay khng da vo 2 thng s (cn gi l Tail drop): Hold-queue: Nu gi tin l ny l gi m lm vt mc hold-queue (tng s gi tin trong tt c cc hng i) th n s b drop.

CDT: (Congestion discard threshold) l s gi tin ti a trong mt hng i, gi tr ny c th cu hnh cho php t 1 n 4096. + Tip theo cc gi tin nu khng b drop s a vo hng i v ch pht i + Khi nm trong hng i cc gi tin s c lp lch (scheduler logic), qu trnh lp lch da vo SN ca gi tin, precedent v volume (S gi tin ang c trong mt hng i). Nhng gi tin c SN cng nh, precedent cng ln, v volume cng nh s c chn forward trc. Th t u tin nh sau: u tin l SN, sau l precedent, v cui cng l volume.

3.5.5 Hng i cn bng trng s phn loi lu lng (FBWFQ) Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) l k thut hng i ra i sau WFQ, n ging vi WFQ ch: Cho php s dng WFQ ngay bn trong mt hng i ca n, nhng khc vi WFQ ch: CBWFQ s dng Class phn loi cn WFQ s dng flow. CBWFQ c th cu hnh bng thng thc s cho mt hng i.

Hnh 2.14: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca CBWFQ T tri sang phi: 1. CBWFQ phn loi gi tin bng ACLs, MPLS EXP, Port. 2. Quyt nh drop gi tin bng cc k thut Tail drop hoc WRED 3. S hng i ti a l 64 v chiu di hng i ti a l 64, cc gi tr ny l mc nh ta c th set ty theo mun. 4. Bn trong mi hng i ta c th dng FIFO hoc WFQ. Ch : WRED l k thut hng i dng chng nghn, n tt cho mt s loi d liu nhng cng khng tt cho cc d liu nh Voice hay Video v cc d liu ny cn khng b rt trong mi trng hp. CBWFQ vt tri hn cc hng i WFQ ch: N phn loi gi tin theo Class ch khng theo flow, nh vy d dng cho ta thit k hn.

3.6 Hnh vi ca router vi gi tin QoS ca mng MPLS:

i vi router Cisco, hnh vi mc nh khi p mt hoc nhiu nhn ln trn mt gi tin, IP th n s sao chp gi tr precedence trong trng DSCP sang cc bit EXP ca tt c cc nhn c p vo gi tin. Tuy nhin nu s dng 6 bit ca trng DSCP th ch c 3 bit u tin ca trng DSCP l c sao chp sang cc bit EXP ca cc nhn. iu ny dn ti quy lut QoS MPLS u tin nh sau: Quy tc 1: Theo mc nh, cc bit u tin trc (precedence) hay l 3 bit u tin ca trng DSCP trong header IP l c sao chp sang cc bit EXP ca tt c cc nhn m c p vo gi tin ti router li vo ca mng MPLS. i vi vic y gi tin i th chng ta cn phi phn bit hai trng hp : trao i mt nhn v p mt (hoc nhiu) nhn ln mt (hoc nhiu) nhn khc. Trong trng hp trao i mt nhn vo vi mt nhn ra trn router chuyn nhn th cc bit EXP s c sao chp t nhn vo n nhn ra. iu ny cng tng t i vi trng hp trao i mt nhn v p mt hoc nhiu nhn ln trn gi tin. Khi gi tr ca cc bit EXP c sao chp t nhn vo n cc nhn ra

sau khi c trao i v cng nh ti cc nhn c chp ln (push) trn nhn c trao i . Tuy nhin trong trng hp g b nhn (popped) th li khc. Khi router y mt gi tin i v n thc hin mt hnh ng g b nhn th gi tr EXP khng c sao chp sang nhn bn di nhn g b hoc ti trng precedence IP (trng hp gi tin IP thc th). C ngha l cc bit EXP ca nhn nm bn di nhn g b hoc trng precedence/DSCP ca gi tin IP vn khng b thay i. iu ny dn ti quy lut 2 , 3 v 4. Quy tc 2: Cc bit EXP ca nhn vo nm trn cng c sao chp sang nhn ra c trao i v sang c cc nhn m c push ln trn nhn . Quy tc 3: cc bit EXP ca nhn vo trn cng khng c sao chp sang nhn nm di nhn b g b khi nhn vo c sao chp. Quy tc 4: Cc bit EXP ca nhn vo trn cng khng c sao chp sang cc bit precedence hoc cc bit DSCP khi chng nhn b loi b hon ton khi gi tin IP Khi s dng MQC thay i QoS ca gi tin c gn nhn th ch nhng nhn trn cng v cc nhn c push ln mi nhn cc gi tr mi cho cc bit EXP , cn cc nhn nm bn di nhn trn cng trong chng nhn th khng nhn cc gi tr mi cho cc bit EXP. iu ny dn ti quy lut 5. Quy tc 5: khi thay i gi tr cc bit EXP thng qua cu hnh bng MQC th gi tr ca cc bit EXP trong nhn khc vi nhn trn cng nhn c trao i hoc nhn c dn vo v cc bit precedence hoc cc bit DSCP trong header ca gi tin IP vn khng b thay i.

3.7 Cc c ch ng hm
Quy tc 4 to ra mt hnh vi th v l bt chp gi tr EXP MPLS b thay i ti router chuyn nhn u vo v bt k router chuyn nhn khc b thay i nh th no th gi tr cng khng c sao chp sang gi tin IP sau khi b g b hon ton nhn ti router u ra ca mng MPLS. Trong thc t i ny cho php nh iu hnh mng MPLS mang thng tin QoS ca gi tin IP i xuyn sut qua mng MPLS mt cch trong sut. Bt k cc bit EXP c thay i bao nhiu ln, theo mc nh, th cc bit precedence hoc DSCP ca gi tin IP cng khng b thay i tc l c bo tn. Gi tr ca cc bit ny ti router chuyn nhn u ra ging vi gi tr khi n i vo mng MPLS. C ngha l mt ng hm cho mt gi tin c thit lp. C 3 ch ng hm l : pipe model , short pipe model , uniform model. 3 ch ny ch phn bit ti router chuyn nhn u ra , cn cc router B (router nh cung cp dch v) khng lin quan n ch ny.

Hnh 2.15: C ch ng hm.

Hot ng chung ca cc m hnh ng hm DiffServ MPLS. Thng tin DiffServ Tunneled l QoS ca gi tin c gn nhn hoc l cc bit precedence/DSCP ca gi tin IP m i vo router chuyn nhn u vo ca mng MPLS. Cn thng tin DiffServ LSP (ca ng chuyn nhn) l QoS (l gi tr bit EXP) ca cc gi tin MPLS m c truyn i trn LSP t LSR vo ti LSR ra. Thng tin DiffServ Tunneled l thng tin cn phi c truyn i thng sut trong mng MPLS. Cn thng tin DiffServ LSP l thng tin m cc router chuyn nhn trong mng MPLS s dng khi y gi tin c gn nhn i. 3.7.1 Pipe model Trong m hnh ny cc quy lut sau c p dng : Thng tin DiffServ LSP khng cn thit s c nhn t thng tin DiffServ Tunneled trn LSR u vo. Khi router trn LSR trung gian (router Provider) th thng tin DiffServ LSP ca nhn ra l c nhn t ci thng tin DiffServ Tunneled ca nhn vo.

Trn LSR ra s hnh x ca vic y gi tin da vo thng tin DiffServ LSP, v thng tin DiffServ LSP khng lan truyn ti thng tin trn DiffServ Tunneled. S hnh x ca vic y gi tin i c ngha l : phn loi gi tin cho hnh vi lp lch hoc l loi b gi tin ti giao tip u ra. Hnh vi c x ny ca cc gi tin IP da vo cc bit precedence/DSCP trong header IP, hnh vi ny c gi l PHB (per-hop behavior) , chng sau ci hnh vi ny da vo cc bit EXP cng c gi l PHB MPLS chng sau. Do cc quy lut cho m hnh pipe model by gi s chuyn thnh nh sau: Cc bit EXP c th c sao chp t cc bit precedence IP hoc c thit lp thng qua cc LSR vo . Trn router P , cc bit EXP s c lan truyn t nhn vo ti nhn ra . Trn LSR u ra , vic hnh x y gi tin da vo PHB MPLS (tc l cc bit EXP) v cc bit EXP khng lan truyn sang precedence IP.

3.7.2Short pipe model M hnh ny tng t m hnh trn nhng c mt s khc nhau, s hnh x y gi tin trn LSR u ra l khc i vi m hnh short pipe. Do trng hp th 3 trong pipe model s tr thnh nh sau: trn LSR u ra, s hnh x y gi tin da vo thng tin Tunned DiffServ v thng tin DiffServ LSP khng c lan truyn sang thng tin Tunned DiffServ. Nu mng MPLS nhn mt gi tin IP trn router u vo th trng hp th 3 li tr thnh nh sau: Trn LSR u ra, s hnh s y gi tin da vo PHB IP v cc bit EXP khng lan truyn sang precedence IP. 3.7.3 Uniform model: M hnh ny khc vi hai m hnh trc. trong m hnh ny p dng cc quy tc sau: Thng tin DiffServ LSP phi c nhn t thng tin Tunned DiffServ trn LSR vo. Trn router P thng tin DiffServ LSP ca nhn ra c nhn t thng tin DiffServ LSP ca nhn vo. Trn LSR ra thng tin DiffServ LSP phi lan truyn sang thng tin Tunned DiffServ.

Chng ta c th thay i EXP ca nhn trn cng bng cch cu hnh QMC ti bt k LSR no trong m my MPLS. Cu hnh ny ch thay i thng tin QoS u ra hoc thng tin DiffServ LSP v s thay i ny khng truyn sang Tunned DiffServ. Trong pipe model v short pipe model trn LSR u ra. Tuy nhin s thay i ny li lan truyn sang LSR u ra khi s dng uniform model. S thun li ca uniform model l ch c duy nht mt thng tin DiffServ cho mt gi tin. Thng tin ny c m ha nhn trn cng. S thun li ca short pipe model v pipe model l nhng thng tin tunnel DiffServ ban u c lu gi li, c ngha l n khng b thay i. Khi m khch hng kt ni ti mng MPLS , th ci thng tin QoS ca h c to ng hm mt cch trong sut xuyn qua mng MPLS , c ngha l thng tin ca QoS ca khch hng v thng tin QoS ca mng MPLS l khc nhau.

Sau y l v d minh ha cho 3 m hnh trn:

Hnh 2.16: Ba m hnh ng hm. 3.7.4 Recoloring the packet: Mng MPLS c th gp phi tnh trng tc nghn, do , cc nh iu hnh c th mun khi phc li mt s gi tin. Vic khi phc ny c ngha l cu hnh router thay i thng tin LSP DiffServ ca cc gi tin trn bt k LSR no. Trong thc t, cc nhn trn cng c nh mt gi tr mi cho cc bit EXP. iu ny c cho php, nhng chc chn rng thay i ny trong QoS c lan truyn khi mt nhn b lt ra. Mt nhn s b lt ra khi s dng gi tr NULL ngm nh cho PHP. PHP khng ch xy ra ti cc LSR u ra ca mng MPLS. Mt nhn cng c th c g b ti router LSR u ra ca mt ng hm TE, m khng nht thit phi l LSR u ra ca mng MPLS. Trong trng hp g b mt nhn ti LSR, chng ta c th cu hnh qosgroup truyn b cc thng tin QoS. Chng ta cn lm iu ny cho c ba m hnh nu hot ng bc nhn l trn mt LSR trung gian.

Hnh 3.14: Khi phc gi tin trong mng VPN MPLS cho m hnh Pipe v Short Pipe. Ngoi ra i vi uniform model , phi m bo rng ti router chuyn nhn u ra (LSR) chng ta phi sao chp thng tin QoS sang gi tin c gn nhn hoc l gi tin IP khi n i ra khi router chuyn nhn u ra.

Hnh 3.15: Khi phc mt gi tin trong mng VPN MPLS i vi uniform model.

Chng 4: CHNG TRNH V KT QU M PHNG S KT HP GIA DIFFSERV V MPLS

M ng ip M ng M PLS OSPF 2008
CE1
10.10.10 .0/30

Mng M PLS

M ng ip

PE 1 S0/1
S0/0

P1

10.10.10 .8/30

PE 2 S0/1
S0/0

CE 2

.1
S0/0

.2

.9 S0/1

.10
S0/0

S0/0

.5

.6

.13

.14

10 .10.10.4/30 192 .168 .1.101 /32 192 .168 .1.102 /32 192 .168 .1.103 /32

10.10 .10.12/30 192 .168 .1.104 /32 192 .168 .1.105 /32

E-BG P AS 65001

I-BGP AS 65000

E-BGP AS 65002

Cu hnh theo Uniform mode

y do thi gian c hn nn nhm ch cu hnh cho 2 loi d liu Voice, HTTP Loi d liu Vi gi tin Voice i vo ta s Set gi tr Voice (Mc u tin cao nht) DSCP l 46 (EF) v EXP l 5, Class Voice-EXP s match vi EXP 5, Voice nhn BW l 1M Vi gi tin i vo (EXP=5)ta s match vi Class Voice-EXP, Set qosgroup vi gi tr l 5 ng vi EXP tng ng v cp BW l 1M, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP Vi gi tin i vo (DSCP=5)ta s match vi Class Voice-dscp, Set qos-group vi gi tr l 5 ng vi dscp tng ng v cp BW l 1M, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP PE1 P1 PE2

Vi gi tin HTTP i vo ta s Set gi tr DSCP l 26 (AF31) v EXP l 3, Class HTTP-EXP s HTTP match vi EXP 3,

Vi gi tin i vo (EXP= 3)ta s match vi Class HTTP-EXP, Set qos-group tng ng, cp BW l 15% tng BW, p dng k thut

Vi gi tin i vo (DSCP=3)ta s match vi Class HTTP-dscp, l 3 ng vi DSCP tng ng, cp BW l 15% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP

vi gi tr l 3 ng vi EXP Set qos-group vi gi tr

HTTP nhn BW l 40% hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP v k thut WRED

CU HNH DIFFSERV MPLS A .CU HNH C BN MPLS

Router CE1: CE1(config)#interface Loopback0 CE1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.101 255.255.255.255 CE1(config-if)#no shut CE1(config)#interface Serial0/0 CE1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.252 CE1(config-if)#no shut CE1(config)#router bgp 65001 CE1(config-router)#redistribute connected CE1(config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.2 remote-as 65000 Router PE1: PE1(config)#ip cef PE1(config)#mpls label protocol ldp PE1(config)#interface Loopback0 PE1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.102 255.255.255.255 PE1(config-if)#no shut PE1(config)#interface Serial0/0 ///interface giao tip vi CE1 PE1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.252 PE1(config-if)#no shut PE1(config)#interface Serial0/1 ///interface giao tip vi P1

PE1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.5 255.255.255.252 PE1(config-if)#mpls ip PE1(config)#router ospf 2008 PE1(config-router)# network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 PE1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.102 0.0.0.0 area 0 PE1(config)# router bgp 65000 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 10.10.10.1 remote-as 65001 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.104 remote-as 65000 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.104 update-source Loopback0 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.104 next-hop-self Router P1: P1(config)#ip cef P1(config)#mpls label protocol ldp P1(config)#interface Loopback0 P1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.103 255.255.255.255 P1(config-if)#no shut P1(config)#interface Serial0/0 P1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.6 255.255.255.252 P1(config-if)#mpls ip P1(config-if)#no shut P1(config)#interface Serial0/1 P1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.9 255.255.255.252 P1(config-if)#mpls ip P1(config-if)#no shut P1(config)#router ospf 2008 P1(config-router)#network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 P1(config-router)#network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0 P1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.103 0.0.0.0 area 0 Router PE2: PE2(config)#ip cef PE2(config)#mpls label protocol ldp PE2(config)#interface Loopback0 PE2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.104 255.255.255.255 PE2(config-if)#no shut PE2(config)#interface Serial0/0 ///interface giao tip vi P2 PE2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.252 PE2(config-if)#mpls ip PE2(config-if)#no shut PE2(config)#interface Serial0/1 ///interface giao tip vi CE2 PE2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.13 255.255.255.252 PE2(config-if)#no shut PE2(config)#router ospf 2008 PE2(config-router)#network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0

PE2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.104 0.0.0.0 area 0 PE2(config)#router bgp 65000 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.14 remote-as 65002 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 remote-as 65000 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 update-source Loopback0 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 next-hop-self Router CE2: CE2(config)#interface Loopback0 CE2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.105 255.255.255.255 CE2(config-if)#no shut CE2(config)#interface Serial0/0 CE2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.14 255.255.255.252 CE2(config-if)#no shut CE2(config)#router bgp 65002 CE2(config-router)#redistribute connected CE2(config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.17 remote-as 65000

B. CU HNH DIFFSERV MPLS UNIFORM MODE

1.ROUTER PE1 1.1To ACLs: PE1(config)#access-list 101 permit udp any any range 16384 32768 PE1(config)#access-list 102 permit tcp any any eq www 1.2 To Class match vi ACLs: PE1(config)#class-map Voice PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 101 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map HTTP PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 102 PE1(config-cmap)#exit 1.3 To Class match vi ip DSCP PE1(config)#class-map Voice-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 46 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map HTTP-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 26 PE1(config-cmap)#exit ///ACL cho Voice ///ACL cho HTTP (www)

1.4 To policy SET ip DSCP cho gi tin v ng thi SET EXP: PE1(config)#policy-map SET-DSCP-EXP SET ip DSCP: PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 46 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 26 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** SET EXP: PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 5 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 3 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit 1.5 To Class match vi EXP: PE1(config)#class-map Voice-EXP PE1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 5 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map HTTP-EXP PE1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 3 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** 1.6 To policy cho gi tin ng ra: PE1(config)#policy-map OUTPUT **** PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#priority 1000000 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 40

///Mc u tin cao nht

PE1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** 1.7 p cc policy vo cc interface: PE1(config)#interface s0/0 ///Giao tip vi CE1 PE1(config-if)#service-policy input SET-DSCP-EXP **** PE1(config)#interface s0/1 ///Giao tip vi P1 PE1(config-if)# service-policy output OUTPUT 3.ROUTER P1: 3.1 To Class match vi EXP: P1(config)#class-map Voice-EXP P1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 5 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** P1(config)#class-map HTTP-EXP P1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 3 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** 3.2 To policy SET qos-group ng vo: P1(config)#policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP **** P1(config-pmap)#class Voice-EXP P1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group mpls experimental topmost P1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** P1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-EXP P1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group mpls experimental topmost P1(config-pmap-c)#exit 3.3 To Class match vi cc qos-group: P1(config)#class-map Voice-group P1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 5 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** P1(config)#class-map HTTP-group P1(config-cmap)# match qos-group 3 P1(config-cmap)#exit 3.4 To policy cho gi tin ng ra:

P1(config)#policy-map OUTPUT **** P1(config-pmap)#class Voice-group P1(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group P1(config-pmap-c)#priority 1000000 P1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** P1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-group P1(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group P1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 40 P1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect P1(config-pmap-c)#exit 3.5 p cc policy vo cc interface: P1(config)#interface s0/0 P1(config-if)#service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP P1(config)#interface s0/1 P1(config-if)# service-policy output OUTPUT 4.ROUTER PE2: 4.1 To Class match vi DSCP: PE2(config)#class-map Voice-dscp PE2(config-cmap)#match dscp 5 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** PE2(config)#class-map HTTP-dscp PE2(config-cmap)#match dscp 3 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** 4.2 To policy SET qos-group ng vo: PE2(config)#policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP **** PE2(config-pmap)#class Voice-dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE2(config-pmap)#class HTTP-dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit 4.3 To Class match vi cc qos-group: ///Giao tip vi PE1 ///Giao tip vi PE2

PE2(config)#class-map Voice-group PE2(config-cmap)#match qos-group 5 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** PE2(config)#class-map HTTP-group PE2(config-cmap)# match qos-group 3 PE2(config-cmap)#exit 4.4 To policy cho gi tin ng ra: PE2(config)#policy-map OUTPUT **** PE2(config-pmap)#class Voice-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#priority 1000000 PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE2(config-pmap)#class HTTP-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 40 PE2(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit 4.5 p cc policy vo cc interface: PE2(config)#interface s0/0 PE2(config-if)#service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP PE2(config)#interface s0/1 PE2(config-if)# service-policy output OUTPUT ///Giao tip vi P1 ///Giao tip vi CE2

C.CCH VERIFY CC CU HNH:

Phn ny khi lm em s lm theo cc bc nh sau Dng cc lnh SHOW xem cu hnh: 1.show ip cef 2. show mpls ldp bindings 3. show mpls ip binding 4. show mpls forwarding-table 5. show mpls ldp neighbor 6. show mpls forwarding-table 7.show ip route 8.show policy-map interface s0/0 9.show policy-map policy name 10.show ip route **** Dng ping v traceroute 1.traceroute IP-number

2.ping IP-number

D. TH TI THEO DCH V
Ta s th ti vi cc loi traffic: Voice, HTTP c bm vo mng. + Dng phn mm D-ITG v show trn router Bc 1: u tin cu hnh mng c bn khng dng DiffServ MPLS: (Mng IP) Mt my tnh kt ni vo router CE1 gi l PC1, mt my kt ni vo router CE2 gi l PC2. Trn PC2 dng phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l server bm traffic vo mng n PC1, PC1 ci phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l Client nhn dng traffic va bm. Sau khi bm xong ta s xem mc rt gi tin, delay, jitter bng cch show trn cc router. Bc 2: Cu hnh mng thnh mng DiffServ MPLS (nh trn) Mt my tnh kt ni vo router CE1 gi l PC1, mt my kt ni vo router CE2 gi l PC2. Trn PC2 dng phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l server bm traffic vo mng n PC1, PC1 ci phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l Client nhn dng traffic va bm. Sau khi bm xong ta s xem mc rt gi tin, delay, jitter bng cch show trn cc router. Bc 3: So Snh kt qu 2 bc trn v rt ra kt lun cht lng ca hai mng..

SHOW CU HNH
Router CE1: CE1#show run Building configuration... Current configuration : 987 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname CE1 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ! ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100 ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.101 255.255.255.255 !

interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 ! router bgp 65001 no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes redistribute connected neighbor 10.10.10.2 remote-as 65000 no auto-summary ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless ! end Router PE1: Building configuration... Current configuration : 3061 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname PE1 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ! ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100 mpls label protocol ldp ! class-map match-all best-effort-dscp match ip dscp default class-map match-all HTTP match access-group 102 class-map match-all HTTP-dscp

match ip dscp af31 class-map match-all Voice-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 5 match ip dscp af23 class-map match-all Voice match access-group 101 class-map match-all HTTP-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 3 class-map match-all Voice-dscp match ip dscp ef ! policy-map SET-DSCP-EXP class Voice set ip dscp ef class HTTP set ip dscp af31 class Voice-dscp set mpls experimental topmost 5 class HTTP-dscp set mpls experimental topmost 3 policy-map OUTPUT class Voice-EXP priority 511 class HTTP-EXP bandwidth percent 20 random-detect ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.102 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 service-policy input SET-DSCP-EXP ! interface Serial0/1 ip address 10.10.10.5 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0 service-policy output OUTPUT ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 !

interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! router ospf 2008 log-adjacency-changes network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.168.1.102 0.0.0.0 area 0 ! router bgp 65000 no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes neighbor 10.10.10.1 remote-as 65001 neighbor 192.168.1.104 remote-as 65000 neighbor 192.168.1.104 update-source Loopback0 neighbor 192.168.1.104 next-hop-self no auto-summary ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless ! access-list 101 permit udp any any range 16384 32768 access-list 102 permit tcp any any eq www access-list 103 permit ip any any ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end Router P Building configuration... Current configuration : 2214 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname P !

boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100 mpls label protocol ldp ! class-map match-all Voice-group match qos-group 5 class-map match-all Voice-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 5 class-map match-all HTTP-group match qos-group 3 class-map match-all HTTP-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 3 ! policy-map OUTPUT class Voice-group priority 511 set dscp qos-group class HTTP-group bandwidth percent 20 random-detect set dscp qos-group policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP class Voice-EXP set qos-group mpls experimental topmost class HTTP-EXP set qos-group mpls experimental topmost ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.103 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.6 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0 service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP ! interface Serial0/1 ip address 10.10.10.9 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0

service-policy output OUTPUT ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! router ospf 2008 log-adjacency-changes network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.168.1.103 0.0.0.0 area 0 ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end Router PE2 PE2#show run Building configuration... Current configuration : 2304 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname PE2 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! no aaa new-model

ip subnet-zero ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100 mpls label protocol ldp ! class-map match-all Voice-group match qos-group 5 class-map match-all HTTP-dscp match dscp 3 class-map match-all HTTP-group match qos-group 3 class-map match-all Voice-dscp match dscp 5 ! policy-map OUTPUT class Voice-group priority percent 33 set dscp qos-group class HTTP-group bandwidth percent 20 random-detect dscp-based set dscp qos-group policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP class Voice-dscp set qos-group dscp class HTTP-dscp set qos-group dscp ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.104 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0 service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP ! interface Serial0/1 ip address 10.10.10.13 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 service-policy output OUTPUT ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address

shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! router ospf 2008 log-adjacency-changes network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.10.12 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.168.1.104 0.0.0.0 area 0 ! router bgp 65000 no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes neighbor 10.10.10.14 remote-as 65002 neighbor 192.168.1.102 remote-as 65000 neighbor 192.168.1.102 update-source Loopback0 neighbor 192.168.1.102 next-hop-self no auto-summary ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! End Router CE2: CE2#show run Building configuration... Current configuration : 1004 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname CE2

! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100 ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.105 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.14 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 no fair-queue ! interface Serial0/1 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface FastEthernet1/0 no ip address duplex auto speed auto ! router bgp 65002 no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes redistribute connected neighbor 10.10.10.13 remote-as 65000 no auto-summary ! ip http server

no ip http secure-server ip classless ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end

VERIFY CC CU HNH
Trn router CE1 CE1#ping 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.105, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 192/243/304 ms CE1#traceroute 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 192.168.1.105 1 10.10.10.2 48 msec 16 msec 52 msec 2 10.10.10.6 272 msec 180 msec 232 msec 3 10.10.10.10 176 msec 224 msec 216 msec 4 10.10.10.14 [AS 65002] 340 msec 192 msec * CE1#ping 10.10.10.10 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.10, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) CE1#ping 10.10.10.13 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.13, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 108/184/240 ms CE1#ping 10.10.10.14 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.14, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 212/255/276 ms Trn router PE1 PE1#ping 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.105, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) PE1#ping 192.168.1.104 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.104, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 88/132/152 ms PE1#ping 192.168.1.103 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.103, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/59/100 ms PE1#ping 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 36/68/104 ms PE1#show mpls forwarding-table Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop tag tag or VC or Tunnel Id switched interface 16 Pop tag 10.10.10.8/30 0 Se0/1 point2point 17 17 10.10.10.12/30 0 Se0/1 point2point 18 Pop tag 192.168.1.103/32 0 Se0/1 point2point 19 19 192.168.1.104/32 0 Se0/1 point2point PE1#show mpls ldp bindings tib entry: 10.10.10.0/30, rev 2 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 16 tib entry: 10.10.10.4/30, rev 4 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.8/30, rev 8 local binding: tag: 16 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.12/30, rev 10 local binding: tag: 17 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 17 tib entry: 192.168.1.102/32, rev 6 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 18 tib entry: 192.168.1.103/32, rev 12 local binding: tag: 18 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 192.168.1.104/32, rev 14 local binding: tag: 19

remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 19 Trn router P P#ping 192.168.1.106 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.106, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) P#ping 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) P#ping 192.168.1.102 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.102, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 48/63/92 ms P#show mpls forwarding-table Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop tag tag or VC or Tunnel Id switched interface 16 Pop tag 10.10.10.0/30 2896 Se0/0 point2point 17 Pop tag 10.10.10.12/30 1560 Se0/1 point2point 18 Pop tag 192.168.1.102/32 6657 Se0/0 point2point 19 Pop tag 192.168.1.104/32 8799 Se0/1 point2point Trn router PE2: PE2#ping 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.105, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/78/128 ms PE2#ping 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) PE2#show mpls forwarding-table Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop tag tag or VC or Tunnel Id switched interface 16 16 10.10.10.0/30 0 Se0/0 point2point 17 Pop tag 10.10.10.4/30 0 Se0/0 point2point 18 18 192.168.1.102/32 0 Se0/0 point2point 19 Pop tag 192.168.1.103/32 0 Se0/0 point2point PE2#show mpls ldp bindings tib entry: 10.10.10.0/30, rev 8 local binding: tag: 16

remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 16 tib entry: 10.10.10.4/30, rev 10 local binding: tag: 17 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.8/30, rev 2 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.12/30, rev 4 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 17 tib entry: 192.168.1.102/32, rev 12 local binding: tag: 18 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 18 tib entry: 192.168.1.103/32, rev 14 local binding: tag: 19 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 192.168.1.104/32, rev 6 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 19 Trn router CE2 CE2#ping 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 216/242/284 ms CE2#traceroute 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 192.168.1.101 1 10.10.10.13 76 msec 8 msec 56 msec 2 10.10.10.9 224 msec 144 msec 240 msec 3 10.10.10.5 204 msec 156 msec 112 msec 4 10.10.10.1 [AS 65001] 280 msec 228 msec * CE2#ping 192.168.1.104 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.104, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)

VERIFY TNH NNG QoS

1. Gi 1 lung Voice port 30000 v 1 lung udp port 50: Voice port 30000 s c gi trc sau ti udp port 50:

V s gi tin voice nhn c nhiu hn: Flow number: 2 From 192.168.2.2:30000 To 192.168.3.2:30000 ---------------------------------------------------------Total time = 19.381000 s Total packets = 1000 Minimum delay = 20.787000 s Maximum delay = 30.235000 s Average delay = 26.738128 s Average jitter = 0.019012 s Delay standard deviation = 2.613705 s Bytes received = 92000 Average bitrate = 37.975337 Kbit/s Average packet rate = 51.596925 pkt/s Packets dropped = 0 (0.00 %) Flow number: 1 From 192.168.2.2:50 To 192.168.3.2:50 ---------------------------------------------------------Total time = 19.861000 s Total packets = 8

Minimum delay = 20.697000 s Maximum delay = 40.488000 s Average delay = 23.246375 s Average jitter = 2.830143 s Delay standard deviation = 6.516830 s Bytes received = 736 Average bitrate = 0.296460 Kbit/s Average packet rate = 0.402799 pkt/s Packets dropped = 0 (0.00 %) 2. Gi 2 lung TCP (FTP port 21 v smtp port 25): Chng s gi xen k nhau

V s gi tin nhn c l nh nhau: Flow number: 2 From 192.168.2.2:21 To 192.168.3.2:21

---------------------------------------------------------Total time = 10.230000 s Total packets = 268 Minimum delay = 20.814000 s Maximum delay = 21.332000 s Average delay = 21.132160 s Average jitter = 0.038865 s Delay standard deviation = 0.093270 s Bytes received = 137216 Average bitrate = 107.304790 Kbit/s Average packet rate = 26.197458 pkt/s Packets dropped = 0 (0.00 %) Flow number: 3 From 192.168.2.2:25 To 192.168.3.2:25 ---------------------------------------------------------Total time = 9.671000 s Total packets = 250 Minimum delay = 20.817000 s Maximum delay = 21.388000 s Average delay = 21.133844 s Average jitter = 0.037458 s Delay standard deviation = 0.093695 s Bytes received = 128000 Average bitrate = 105.883569 Kbit/s Average packet rate = 25.850481 pkt/s Packets dropped = 0 (0.00 %).

Kt lun v hng pht trin

Cng vi lch s pht trin ca con ngi khng th khng k n lch s pht trin ca mng Internet. S bng n ca cc dch v gi tr gia tng ha hn mt tng lai pht trin

mnh m cho h thng mng vi cc dch v thi gian thc, bng thng rng nh VoIP, truyn hnh hi ngh v cc dch v truyn ti d liu nh FTP, HTTP. Nh vy vic m bo cht lng cho cc dch v l rt cn thit v l thch thc t ra cho cc nh cung cp dch v. Trong n ny nu bt c nhng u im ca DiffServ trong vic u tin m bo cht lng cho nhng hp ng k kt. Nhng nhc im ln nht ca DiffServ l khng h tr k thut lu lng khi c s c li ng kt ni xy ra. Vic s dng k thut lu lng v cc c ch khi phc trong MPLS khc phc c nhc im . S kt hp DiffServ v MPLS khai thc c u im ca DiffServ v k thut lu lng ca MPLS, m bo cht lng dch v trong mng. Vi nhng hn ch v kin thc v cng nh thi gian, trong n ny khng th nu bt ht c cc kha cnh ca s kt hp DiffServ v MPLS. Do , trong n c nhng gii hn nh sau: Ch nu bt c u v nhc im ca DiffServ m khng i su vo phn tch v thc hin thm mt vi bin php khc phc nhc im ca n. MPLS khng i su vo cch thc hot ng nh thit lp LSP, gn v g nhn m ch tp trung vo k thut lu lng v cc c ch khi phc Do tnh phc tp ca DiffServ, MPLS v chng trnh GNS3 m ch m phng c nhng kha cnh cn dn chng. Vi nhng nhc im , nu c iu kin trong tng lai em s i su khai thc cc tnh nng ca DiffServ v p dng n vo cng ngh GMPLS ngy cng nng cao cht lng dch v trong mng.