Statistics Assignment 2012

To
Dr. Sarah Shahid
Lecturer Applied Statistics and Analysis
Imperial College of Business Studies
Lahore, Pakistan

Dear Madam,
Here is my term report on the smoking awareness among the people of Pakistan. It is
estimated that 56% of men and 20% of women smoke. This is an alarming high figure. It is also
seen that 85% of smokers develop this lethal habit from their teenage years. The Ministry of
Health has repeatedly warned against the ill effects of smoking. It even went as far as to publish
its warning on each and every pack of cigarette and banning tobacco adverts. Despite of these
measure, the number of smokers continue to rise each year.
Through this report I have covered aspects like how many people some, their age group,
the frequency and the amount of money sent on cigarettes and how many people are actually
aware of the ill-effects of this deadly habit. I have tried to use statistics to understand the
extent of smoking in Pakistan and I have used the SPSS software to aid me in my research.
Thank you for taking time to read my report.

Yours truly
Foad Ahmed (A113101)
MBA (executive) student
Imperial College
Lahore, Pakistan
Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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Statistics Assignment 2012

Table of Contents
1.

Questionnaires for the report ............................................................................................................... 3

2.

Variable view......................................................................................................................................... 4

3.

Data view .............................................................................................................................................. 5

4.

Co-relation Test..................................................................................................................................... 6

5.

The T-Test.............................................................................................................................................. 7

6.

One way ANOVA ................................................................................................................................... 8

One way .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Post Hoc Test ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Homogenous Subsets ............................................................................................................................. 10

7.

Graphs ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Bar Graph ................................................................................................................................................ 12
Pie Chart .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Histogram ................................................................................................................................................ 14

8.

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 16

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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Statistics Assignment 2012

1. Questionnaires for the report
In order to gather the data for my research I prepared a form and then distributed it to my
respondents. The following are the questions included in my questionnaires. I collected the data
from a group of 30 smokers.

Q.1 Age of the respondents

Q.2 Monthly income
Q.3 Do they smoke regularly
Q.4 How much do they spend on cigarettes
Q.5 What type of cigarette do they prefer?
Q.6 Are they aware of the harmful effects of smoking?
Q.7 Have they tried to quit smoking?
Q.8 Would they advice their kids against smoking?

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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Statistics Assignment 2012

2. Variable view

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3. Data view

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4. Co-relation Test

Correlations
Monthly
expenditure on
Monthly Income
Monthly Income

Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Monthly expenditure on

Pearson Correlation

cigarettes

Sig. (2-tailed)
N

cigarettes
.890

**

.000
30

30

**

.890

.000
30

30

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

The aim of this test was to verify if there exists a co relation between the monthly income of the
respondent and their monthly expenditure on cigarettes. The test revealed that there is a definitive
significance at 0.01.

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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5. The T-Test

Group Statistics
Do you smoke
occasionally?
Monthly expenditure on
cigarettes

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

No

14

2342.86

1463.775

391.210

Yes

16

2425.00

1244.454

311.114

dimension1

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the

Sig.
(2F
Monthly

Equal

expenditure

variances

on cigarettes

assumed
Equal
variances not

.606

Sig.
.443

df
-

Mean

Std. Error

tailed) Difference Difference

28

.869

-82.143

494.312

.166

- 25.725
.164

Difference
Lower

Upper
- 930.410

1094.695

.871

-82.143

499.837

- 945.821
1110.107

assumed

The T-test reveals that there is no significance between ones monthly expenditure on cigarettes
and their frequency of smoking.

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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Statistics Assignment 2012

6. One way ANOVA

One way
ANOVA
Sum of Squares
Do you smoke regularly?

Between Groups

df

Mean Square

.994

.497

Within Groups

6.472

27

.240

Total

7.467

29

.994

.497

Within Groups

6.472

27

.240

Total

7.467

29

.272

.136
.223

Do you smoke occasionally? Between Groups

Do you know smoking is

Between Groups

bad for health?

Within Groups

6.028

27

Total

6.300

29

.144

.072
.267

Have you tried to quit

Between Groups

smoking?

Within Groups

7.222

27

Total

7.367

29

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

Sig.

2.074

.145

2.074

.145

.610

.551

.270

.765

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Statistics Assignment 2012

Post Hoc Test

Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable

(I) Type of

(J) Type of

cigarette

cigarette

Do you smoke

Lights

regularly?

95% Confidence
Interval

Mean
Difference

Std.

(I-J)

Error

Sig.

Lower

Upper

Bound

Bound

Regular

-.111

.231

.881

-.68

.46

Menthol

.306

.216

.347

-.23

.84

Lights

.111

.231

.881

-.46

.68

Menthol

.417

.216

.150

-.12

.95

Lights

-.306

.216

.347

-.84

.23

Regular

-.417

.216

.150

-.95

.12

Regular

.111

.231

.881

-.46

.68

Menthol

-.306

.216

.347

-.84

.23

Lights

-.111

.231

.881

-.68

.46

Menthol

-.417

.216

.150

-.95

.12

Lights

.306

.216

.347

-.23

.84

Regular

.417

.216

.150

-.12

.95

Regular

-.222

.223

.585

-.77

.33

Menthol

-.194

.208

.624

-.71

.32

Lights

.222

.223

.585

-.33

.77

Menthol

.028

.208

.990

-.49

.54

Lights

.194

.208

.624

-.32

.71

Regular

-.028

.208

.990

-.54

.49

Regular

-.111

.244

.892

-.72

.49

Menthol

.056

.228

.968

-.51

.62

Lights

.111

.244

.892

-.49

.72

Menthol

.167

.228

.748

-.40

.73

Lights

-.056

.228

.968

-.62

.51

Regular

-.167

.228

.748

-.73

.40

dimension3

Regular
dimension2

dimension3

Menthol
dimension3

Do you smoke

Lights

occasionally?

dimension3

Regular
dimension2

dimension3

Menthol
dimension3

Do you know

Lights

smoking is bad for

dimension3

health?

Regular
dimension2

dimension3

Menthol
dimension3

Have you tried to

Lights

quit smoking?

dimension3

Regular
dimension2

dimension3

Menthol
dimension3

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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Statistics Assignment 2012

Homogenous Subsets

Do you smoke regularly?

Tukey HSD

a,b

Type of cigarette

Subset for
alpha = 0.05
N

Menthol

1
12

.25

Lights

.56

Regular

.67

dimension1

Sig.

.162

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.818.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic
mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error
levels are not guaranteed.

Do you smoke occasionally?

Tukey HSD

a,b

Type of cigarette

Subset for
alpha = 0.05
N

Regular

.33

Lights

.44

12

.75

dimension1

Menthol
Sig.

.162

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.818.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic
mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error
levels are not guaranteed.

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Do you know smoking is bad for health?

Tukey HSD

a,b

Type of cigarette

Subset for
alpha = 0.05
N

Lights

1
9

.56

Menthol

12

.75

Regular

.78

dimension1

Sig.

.557

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.818.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic
mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error
levels are not guaranteed.

Have you tried to quit smoking?

Tukey HSD

a,b

Type of cigarette

Subset for
alpha = 0.05
N

Menthol

1
12

.50

Lights

.56

Regular

.67

dimension1

Sig.

.757

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are

displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.818.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic
mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error
levels are not guaranteed.

The degree of freedom here is 29 (N-1).

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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Statistics Assignment 2012

7. Graphs
Bar Graph
Below is a bar graph showing the gender of respondents.
Statistics
Gender of Respondent
N

Valid

30

Missing

Gender of Respondent
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

Female

11

36.7

36.7

36.7

Male

19

63.3

63.3

100.0

Total

30

100.0

100.0

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Statistics Assignment 2012

Pie Chart
We can see a pie chart representing the type of cigarette (namely, light, regular or menthol) that was
preferred by the group.

Statistics
Type of cigarette
N

Valid

30

Missing

Type of cigarette
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

Lights

30.0

30.0

30.0

Regular

30.0

30.0

60.0

Menthol

12

40.0

40.0

100.0

Total

30

100.0

100.0

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Statistics Assignment 2012

Histogram

Statistics
Monthly expenditure on
cigarettes
N

Valid

30

Missing

Monthly expenditure on cigarettes

Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

500

6.7

6.7

6.7

700

3.3

3.3

10.0

800

3.3

3.3

13.3

1000

6.7

6.7

20.0

1300

3.3

3.3

23.3

1400

6.7

6.7

30.0

1500

3.3

3.3

33.3

1700

6.7

6.7

40.0

1800

3.3

3.3

43.3

1900

3.3

3.3

46.7

2000

3.3

3.3

50.0

2500

10.0

10.0

60.0

2600

3.3

3.3

63.3

2700

3.3

3.3

66.7

3000

3.3

3.3

70.0

3200

3.3

3.3

73.3

3500

6.7

6.7

80.0

4000

10.0

10.0

90.0

4400

3.3

3.3

93.3

5000

6.7

6.7

100.0

Total

30

100.0

100.0

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Statistics Assignment 2012

The above histogram is used to illustrate the varying monthly expenditure that the respondents
said to have incurred on buying cigarettes.

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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Statistics Assignment 2012

8. Conclusion
Our tests have revealed that many smokers are aware of the adverse effects of smoking and most of
them have tried to kick this habit out. But despite this we can see a steady increase in the number of
smokers and their expenditure on cigarettes. This is a very alarming revelation and it means that the
Government should enforce more strict anti smoking laws, like increasing duty/tax on cigarettes and
setting minimum price per cigarettes (so that we dont have 20 pack cigarettes selling as low as rs.20).
Also we need to increase the awareness about ill effects of smoking to the youth so that they are better
educated about the subject.

Foad Ahmed (A113101)

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