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Answers are provided below each question 1. Chemical digestion of food involves: A. condensation reactions in the small intestine B. Enzymatic conversion of monosaccharides to polysaccharides in the small intestine C. hydrolysis reactions in the large intestine (colon) D. hydrolysis reactions in the small intestine E. two of the above.
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2. Human dentition can be defined as being: A. B. C. D. E. heterodont homodont diphyodont monophyodont two of the preceding.
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3. The gall bladder: A. B. C. D. E. produces bile is attached to the pancreas stores bile produces gastrin two of the preceding.
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A. B. C. D. E.
opening between the esophagus and the pharynx junction between the esophagus and stomach region where the esophagus joins the larynx site where the esophagus passes through the diaphram location where skeletal and smooth muscles merge.
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5. A patient who has undergone gastrectomy (=removal of the stomach) may suffer from: A. B. C. D. E. cirrhosis of the liver pernicious anemia duodenal ulcer salmonella inability to digest fats.
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6. The organs of taste are called: A. B. C. D. E. papillae taste pores hair cells taste buds none of the preceding.
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7. Blood is drained from the liver by the: A. B. C. D. E. hepatic artery and hepatic vein efferent lymphatic vessels hepatic portal vein and hepatic veins hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein hepatic veins.
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8. The conversion of amino acids to glucose is an example of: A. B. C. D. E. glycogenolysis beta oxidation gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycolysis.
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MATCHING: Select the one correct answer: (Items A through E may be used more than once.) A) B) C) D) E) Large intestine pancreas stomach small intestine esophagus
9. Villi are present in this structure 10. Enterokinase is secreted by cells in this structure 11. Peyer's patches are present in the wall 12. Rugae may be present on the luminal surface 13. Sucrase, lactase and maltase are produced by cells in this structure 14. Haustra are typical features of this structure 15. Opens into the laryngopharynx 16. Pepsinogen is produced by cells in this structure 17. Contains the islets of Langerhans 18. The cardia and fundus are regions of this structure 19. Parietal and chief cells are present in the walls 20. The jejunum is part of this structure 21. Aminopeptidase is produced by cells in this structure 22. Lipase is produced by cells in this structure 23. Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease are produced in this structure 24. Taeniae coli are present in this structure
25. Contains skeletal (striated) and visceral (smooth ) muscle in the wall.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the best answer. 26. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? A. B. C. D. E. synthesis of blood proteins secretion of digestive enzyme detoxification of certain substances production of urea gluconeogenesis.
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27. The dentin in the crown of a tooth is coved by: A. B. C. D. E. cementum periodontal membrane connective tissue fibers in the pulp enamel odontoblasts.
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28. Pancreatic cells: A. B. C. D. E. produce glucagon secrete mucus into the duodenum are located in the mediastinum secrete insulin into the pancreatic two of the above
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A. B. C. D. E.
MATCHING: Match the food category with the appropriate enzyme. (Items A through D may be used more than once.) A) B) C) D) Carbohydrate digestion protein digestion Iipid digestion nucleic acid digestion. Amylase Trypsin Aminopeptidase Lipase Ribonuclease Pepsin. Maltase Chymotrypsin Lactase Sucrase Deoxyribonuclease.
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the best answer. 41. Which of the following is not a fat-soluable vitamin? A. vitamin A B. vitamin E C. vitamin D
D. vitamin C E. vitamin K
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42. During stress such as fasting or strenuous exercise, the anterior pituitary releases: A. B. C. D. E. ACTH oxytocin FSH ADH LH
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43. Which of the following hormones can produce hyperglycemia? A. B. C. D. E. PTH growth hormone ADH prolactin TSH.
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44. Calcitonin inhibits: A. B. C. D. E. osteoclast activity thyroid activity mammary gland activity pancreatic activity osteoblast activity.
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A. B. C. D. E.
46. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to: A. B. C. D. E. low levels of plasma calcium low levels of plasma sodium high levels of plasma sodium high levels of plasma calcium none of the preceding.
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47. Vitamin D is converted into a hormone that participates in the regulation of: A. B. C. D. E. sodium balance calcium balance chloride balance water balance answers A and C.
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48. Glucocorticoids are secreted from cells in the: A. B. C. D. E. pancreas Iiver adrenal medulla placenta none of the preceding.
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49. Hypothyroidism during prenatal development and the first two years after birth may result in A. B. C. D. E. goiter cretinism albinism myxydema all of the preceding.
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50. If an incision had to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, which tunic (or layer) would be cut first? A. B. C. D. mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa.
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51. The kidneys and most of the pancreas are considered to be: A. B. C. D. E. antiperitoneal retroperitoneal medioperitoneal mesoperitoneal paraperitoneal.
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TRUE OR FALSE: True = A, False = B 52. The optimal pH for pepsin is about 2.0 53. The muscularis mucosae is composed of smooth muscle fibers 54. The facial cranial nerve innervates the posterior one-third of the tongue
55. Another term for canine teeth is bicuspid teeth 56. The GI tract is innervated by the ANS 57. Each small intestinal microvillus contains a Iymphatic vessel called a lacteal 58. Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
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MATCHING. What type of epithelium forms the luminal lining of the following structures? (Note: Items A through E may be used more than once.) A) B) C) D) E) Simple squamous epithelium stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium stratified, nonkeratinized squamous epithelium pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium. Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Nasal vestibule Nasal cavity Trachea Respiratory alveoli.
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66. a. b. c. d.
The site of production of cholecystokinin and secretin is the: Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Large Intestine
67. If the tight junctions connecting intestinal epithelial cells were removed, the efficiency of nutrient absorption would _____________.
68. a. b. c. d. e.
Alkaline mucous glands are found in the submucosa of the: Ileum Jejunum Duodenum Cardiac region of the stomach a and b
69. The _______________________ anchors the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.
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70. True or False Bile and blood flow in opposite directions in the classical liver lobule.
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71. a. b. c. d.
Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Production of bile Detoxification of drugs Storage of glucose Storage of Vitamin C
72. a. b. c. d.
The gallbladder: Produces bile Is attached to the pancreas Stores and concentrates bile Produces cholecystokinin
73. The small fat-filled appendages of visceral peritoneum that hang from the surface of the large intestine are known as _______________.
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74.
75. a. b. c. d.
The majority of the absorption of digested nutrients occurs in the: Stomach Ileum Jejunum Cecum
76. a. b. c. d. e.
Which of the following sphincters is under voluntary control? Pyloric Cardiac Sphincter of Oddi Internal anal External anal
77. large a. b. c. d.
High doses of antibiotics can destroy the bacterial flora of the intestine. This can result in impaired: Absorption of protein Blood coagulation Bone resorption Respiratory control
78. Look at the following layers of the alimentary canal. Arrange them from closest to the lumen to farthest from the lumen. 1. Serosa
79. During exercise, the percentage of the cardiac output received by the digestive organs will ______________.
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80. canal . a. b. c.
Which structure thickens in certain regions of the alimentary in order to act as a sphincter? Circular layer of the muscularis mucosae Longituidnal layer of the muscularis mucosae Circular layer of the muscularis externa Longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
81.
82. The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is separated from the posterior 1/3 by the __________________.
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83. . a. b. c.
The 3 extrinsic salivary glands are the: Parotid, sublingual, and ethmoidal Parotid, buccal, and submaxillary Parotid, submandibular, and buccal Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
84.
. a. b. c. d.
Adult incisors lack dentin Adult incisors lack enamel Adult premolars lack cementum Adult premolars lack enamel None of the above
85. At the junction between the esophagus and the stomach, the epithelial lining changes abruptly from __________________ to _________________. . Nonkeratinized stratified squamous; simple columnar a. Simple columnar; nonkeratinized stratified squamous b. Nonkeratinized simple squamous; stratified columnar c. Stratified columnar; nonkeratinized simple squamous
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87. The entire convex lateral surface of the stomach is the ____________.
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88. . a. b. c.
Histologically, the stomach wall is unique because it contains: No lamina propria 1 extra layer in its muscularis mucosae 1 extra layer in its muscularis externa An adventitia in addition to a double-membraned serosa
89. The gastric gland cell whose absence could lead to pernicious anemia is the:
. a. b. c. d.
Chief cell Goblet cell Mucous neck cell Parietal cell Enteroendocrine cell
90. The layer of the digestive tube wall which contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodules, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the: . Mucosa a. Submucosa b. Muscularis Externa c. Serosa
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91. . a. b. c.
Tooth structure includes: The dentin, which is the hardest substance in the body A root covered in enamel A thin periodontal ligament which holds the tooth in place Pulp, an avascular connective tissue filling the hollow cavity of the tooth
92. . a. b. c. d.
Chemical digestion occurs in: Oral Cavity Esophagus Stomach Pharynx 2 of the above
93.
94. . a. b. c.
Which of the following is NOT true of saliva? It cleanses the mouth It typically contains IgE antibodies It moistens food and aids in the compaction of the bolus It dissolves food chemicals
95. The sheets of peritoneal membrane that holds the digestive tract in place are called ___________________.
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96. . a. b. c. d.
The entry of bile into the duodenum is controlled by the: Liver sinusoids Common pancreatic duct Pyloric sphincter Cardiac sphincter None of the above
97. . a. b. c. d.
Paneth cells: Are more common in the esophagus than in the jejunum Are essential for bile synthesis Secrete antibacterial enzymes Do not have nuclei None of the above
98. A baby is admitted into the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the pyloric sphincter is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates: . Acidosis a. Leukocytosis b. Alkalosis c. An excessively low pH d. Excessive proteinuria
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99. True or False: The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
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100. The fusion of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct forms the ______________.
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101. Increasing the surface area of its mucosal lining enhances the absoprtive effectiveness of the small intestine. Which of the following accomplishes this task? . Plicae circulares a. Intestinal villi b. Microvilli c. All of the above d. 2 of the above
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102. True or False: The number of mucosal cells bearing microvilli increases as you proceed from the cecum to the sigmoid colon.
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103. Which of the following gastric cell types synthesizes and releases gastin, histamine, cholecystokinin, and serotonin? . Enteroendocrine cells a. Parietal cells b. Zymogenic cells c. Paneth cells d. Mucous neck cells
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104. . a. b. c.
A major function of the large intestine is to: Secrete digestive enzymes Remove waste materials Regulate the release of bile Secrete water in order to regulate blood volume
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
. a. b. c.
Bacteria have a tendency to accumulate within it. It typically contains lymphocytes It typically contains MALT It typically contains almost no capillaries
111. . a. b. c. d.
What distinguishes the rectum from the colon? The lack of microvilli The lack of teniae coli The lack of villi All of the above 2 of the above
112. The sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum is the __________.
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113. Before blood carrying the products of protein digestion reaches the heart, it must first pass through capillary networks in the ___________.
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114. Cancer chemotherapy will ___________ the rate of renewal of the intestinal lining.
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115. Paneth cells are responsible for the production of which of the following? . Gastrin a. Secretin b. Lysozyme c. Amylase
d. Lipase
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116. . a. b. c. d.
Which of the following is not produced by an enteroendocrine cell? Pepsin Cholecystokinin Gastrin Secretin 2 of the above
117. Which of the following would not be seen in a section of the soft palate? . A stratified epithelium a. Blood vessels b. Bone c. Muscle d. 2 of the above
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118. . a. b. c. d.
Which of the following does not produce digestive enzymes? Pancreas Small Intestine Salivary glands Stomach Liver
119. . a. b. c. d.
Which of the following cell types is NOT present in the stomach? Mucous neck cells Chief cells Parietal cells Epithelial cells Alpha cells
120. . a. b. c. d.
Which of the following is NOT produced by the exocrine pancreas? Amylase Carboxypeptidase Trypsinogen Pepsinogen Chymotrypsinogen
121. Which of the following is the central component of the classical liver lobule? . Bile canaliculus a. Hepatic artery b. Central vein c. Portal vein d. Portal space
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122. Which of the following statements concerning the classical liver lobule is true? . Portal triads are at the center of the lobule a. Blood flows from the center to the periphery of this lobule b. Bile flows from the center to the periphery of this lobule c. All of the above d. 2 of the above
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123. . a. b. c. d.
Intrinsic factor is produced by which of the following cells? Chief cells Paneth cells Enteroendocrine cells Parietal cells Mucous neck cells
124. Which of the following is a major product of serous salivary gland secretion? . Pepsinogen a. Carboxypeptidase b. Trypsin c. Nuclease d. Lysozyme
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125. Which of the following induces contraction of gallbladder smooth muscle? . Secretin a. Cholecystokinin b. Serotonin c. Gastrin d. Somatostatin
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126. . a. b. c. d.
Which of the following is not a component of gastric juice? Hydrochloric acid Mucus Pepsin Amylase Water
127. . a. b. c.
Which of the following is true of the liver? Hepatocytes synthesize many of the blood proteins such as albumin and antibodies Hepatocytes synthesize 80% of the bile in the body with the other 20% coming from the pancreas The liver receives more nutrient-rich blood than oxygen-rich blood The liver is the 2nd largest gland in the body
128. . a. b. c. d.
Pepsinogen is synthesized and released by which of the following? Parietal cells Enteroendrocrine cells Paneth cells Chief cells Pancreatic acinar cells
129. Which of the following pairs of hormones are mainly involved in controlling pancreatic exocrine secretions? . Insulin and glucagon a. Cholecystokinin and secretin b. Somatostatin and gastrin c. Motilin and serotonin d. Glucagon and somatostatin
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130. Which of the following organs does not have both endocrine and exocrine function? . Stomach a. Small Intestine b. Gallbladder c. Liver d. Pancreas
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131. Which of the following cell types would not be found in lamina propria of a villus? . Endothelial cell a. Smooth muscle cell b. Lymphocyte c. Plasma cell d. Goblet cell
132. . a. b. c.
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to: Carry toxins to the venous system for disposal thru the urinary tract Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage Hormone distribution Transfer bile to the liver from the pancreas
133. . a. b. c.
Which of the following is true? There are 27 primary teeth, none of which are molars There are 24 primary teeth and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months There are 20 primary teeth and most children have all of them by 24 months of age There are 32 primary teeth
134. . a. b. c. d.
Peristaltic waves are: Segmental regions of the GI tract Churning movements of the GI tract Pendular movements of the GI tract Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another Circular contractions of the GI tract muscularis mucosae
135. If you eat a meal of french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk, which of the following glands would secrete the most enzymes that would be involved in digesting all this food? . Liver a. Exocrine pancreas b. Endocrine pancreas c. Ileum
d. Buccal Glands
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136. . a. b. c. d.
Which of the following is true of the small intestine? Site of carbohydrate and protein but NOT fat digestion Site of the majority of water absorption in the GI tract First site of protein hydrolysis All of the above None of the above
137. If you compared the blood entering the liver and the blood leaving the liver, you find that: . Blood leaving the liver has more glucose a. Blood leaving the liver contains more oxygen b. Blood leaving the liver contains fewer amino acids c. Blood leaving the liver contains more toxins and less carbon dioxide
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138. Chemical digestion reduces large molecules to simpler compounds by the process of: . Mastication a. Dehydration synthesis b. Metabolism c. Anabolism d. Catabolism
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139. . a. b. c. d.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the colon? Lacks villi Contains teniae coli Longer than the small intestine Contains a submucosa Contains fat filled appendages of unknown function
140. . a. b. c. d.
Digestive processes in the large intestine include: Mass peristalsis Absorption of some vitamins and electrolytes Elimination of cellulose-based material All of the above 2 of the above
141. . a. b. c.
protein molecule will be hydrolyzed by enzymes secreted from the: Mouth, stomach, small intesine, liver Stomach, pancreas, small intestine Stomach, small intestine, liver Mouth, pancreas, colon
142. . a. b. c.
Carbohydrates are acted on by: Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and enterokinase Amylase, maltase, and sucrase Lipase Hexokinase, pepsin, and amylase
143. . a. b. c. d.
Select the correct enzyme-substrate combination. Amylase - starch Chymotrypsin - fat Nuclease - nuclei Lipase - disaccharides 2 of the above are correct
144.
Which of the following is true of electrolyte absorption? . Sodium ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid uptake
a. Potassium can diffuse through the intestinal epithelium b. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption c. All of the above
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145. The bonelike material that underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth is the _____________________.
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146. Chief cells in children secrete an enzyme that curdles milk. That enzyme is: . Chymotrypsin a. Pepsinogen b. Pepsin c. Lactin d. Rennin
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147.
148. Contributors of enzymes to the digestive tract lumen include all of the following EXCEPT: . Parotid glands a. Stomach b. Liver c. Pancreas d. Small Intestine
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149. Each of the following statements about Brunner's glands is correct EXCEPT: . They are a characteristic component of the duodenal wall
a. They produce a serous secretion rich in digestive enzymes b. They lie in the submucosal layer c. They empty their secretions into the crypts of Lieberkuhn
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150. . a. b. c. d.
The wall of the stomach: Is covered on its outer surface by simple squamous epithelium Is thrown into temporary folds called rugae when the stomach is empty Is covered on its inner surface by a simple columnar epithelium Has 3 layers of smooth muscle in its muscularis externa All of the above
151. . a. b. c. d. e.
Saliva contains: Amylase Mucus Immunoglobulins Lysozyme All of the above Only a and b
152. . a. b. c. d.
Within the connective tissue of a portal triad, one might find a: Branch of the hepatic artery Bile duct Branch of the hepatic portal vein Lymphatic vessel All of the above
153.
Both exocrine and endocrine functions are performed by the: . Pancreas a. Liver
FOR THE NEXT 6 QUESTIONS, use the following 4 choices. Each may be used once, more than once, or not at all. e. f. g. h. 154. Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery Both a and b Neither a nor b Contain(s) blood richest in nutrients
155.
156. Contain(s) blood richest in the breakdown products of red blood cell destruction
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157.
158.
159.
160. As a sympathetic antagonist is injected iv, intestinal motility and secretion will __________________.
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165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170. . a. b. c.
Most of the water you drink is absorbed in the: Colon Jejunum Stomach Kidney
171. . a. b. c.
What organ produces the enzyme trypsin? Gallbladder Liver Pancreas Spleen
172. rate? . a. b. c. d.
In which test tube would protein digestion occur at the highest Tube Tube Tube Tube Tube containing containing containing containing containing pepsinogen and salivary amylase pepsinogen HCl HCl and intestinal amylase HCl and pepsinogen
173) Which gastrointestinal layer is characterized by having tough, fibrous connective tissue? A)mucosa B)submucosa C)muscle D)serosa
174) Which intestinal layer accounts for the action of the peristaltic waves? A)serosa B)muscularis C)submucosa D)mucous
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175) The alimentary tube is around _____ meters long. A)2 B)4 C)6 D)9
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176) The _____ nervous system division usually stimulates and promotes digestion. A)somatic B)sympathetic C)central D)parasympathetic
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177) The processes of chewing are referred to as _____. A)churning B)mastication C)peristalsis D)deglutition
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178) The frenulum is the membrane attached to the inferior surface of the _____. A)tongue B)stomach C)lips D)liver
179) The following are true of the tongue except which one? A)contains skeletal muscle B)attaches to hyoid bone C)attaches to temporal bone D)contains papillae
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180) The following areas contain tonsils except which one? A)around the frenulum B)oropharynx C)nasopharynx D)root of tongue
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181) Which lymphatic areas are most commonly the site of inflammation? A)Peyer's patches B)palatine tonsils C)lingual tonsils D)adenoids
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182) How many teeth will be produced in an average lifetime? A)20 B)32 C)30 D)52
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183) The term wisdom tooth refers to the _____ tooth. A)incisor B)third molar C)second bicuspid D)first cuspid
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184) The portion of a tooth which lies within the mandible socket is called the _____. A)dentin B)crown C)root D)cementum
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185) Which part of a tooth most closely resembles bone tissue? A)enamel B)cementum C)dentin D)Gingiva
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186) Which muscles constrict to prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing? A)superior constrictor B)middle constrictor C)inferior constrictor D)esophageal
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187) A hiatal hernia is a weakness in the _____ muscle, which allows a portion of the digestive tract to enter the thoracic cavity. A)diaphragm B)stomach C)intestinal D)thoracic wall
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188) The _____ part of the stomach is the area that is connected to the esophagus. A)cardiac B)pyloric C)Fundus D)body
189) The _____ prevents food from entering the small intestine. A)cardiac sphincter B)pyloric valve C)ileo-colic valve D)sphincter of Oddi
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190) Gastric enzymes are secreted by the _____ cells. A)chief B)goblet C)parietal D)oxyntic
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191) Proteins are digested or broken down by the _____ in the stomach. A)pepsinogen B)pepsin C)hydrochloric acid D)lipase
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192) Parasympathetic stomach impulses cause all of the following except which one? A)secretion of somatostatin B)inhibition of somatostatin C)secretion of gastrin D)promotes histamine
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193) Gastrin secretion will stop when the stomach pH reaches _____. A)7.0 B)4.5 C)1.5 D)3.0
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194) The alkaline tide occurs when _____ is/are secreted into the blood. A)HCl B)H+ C)bicarbonate ions D)phosphate ions
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195) What is the stimulus for cholecystokinin release? A)chyme B)lipids C)protein D)gastrin
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196) What blocks pancreatic secretions from entering the duodenum? A)pyloric valve B)sphincter of Oddi C)the common bile duct D)cholecystokinin secretion
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197) Which of the following triggers the formation of the others? A)trypsin B)enterokinase C)carboxypeptidase D)chymotrypsin
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198) Pancreatitis is mainly the result of _____ activity. A)bile B)bacterial C)carboxypeptidase D)trypsin
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200) Secretin from the duodenum causes the pancreas to produce secretions rich in _____. A)proteolytic enzymes B)amylase C)lipase D)bicarbonate
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202) The hormone that causes the pancreas to secrete an enzyme rich fluid is _____. A)cholecystokinin B)secretin C)enterogastrone D)enterocrinin
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203) Which organ has the most metabolically active cells? A)pancreas B)liver C)stomach D)small intestine
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205) Ferritin is a globular protein that transports and stores ______ in the liver and blood. A)glycogen B)lipids C)vitamin B12 D)iron
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206) Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver? A)C B)D C)B12 D)A
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207) The liver stores ______ for energy. A)nucleic acids B)glycogen C)glucose D)vitamins
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208) Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver? A)glycogen storage B)detoxification C)synthesis of clotting proteins D)erythropoiesis
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210) The liver contains special blood channels termed _____. A)sinusoids
211) The falciform ligament separates the right from _____ lobe. A)quadrate B)left C)caudate D)pancreatic
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212) Which organ produces and secretes bile? A)liver B)gallbladder C)pancreas D)duodenum
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213) The Kupffer cells are phagocytic cells found in the _____. A)gallbladder B)pancreas C)intestine D)liver
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214) The buildup of bile pigment in tissues that can be caused by gallstones is _____. A)hyperbilirubinemia B)obstructive jaundice C)hepatitis D)hepatocellular jaundice
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215) Which of the following are liver waste products? A)bilirubin B)bile salts
C)cholesterol D)electrolytes
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216) The _____ duct directly receives the fluids from the gallbladder. A)cystic B)common bile C)hepatic D)common hepatic
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217) The common bile duct is formed by the merger of the hepatic and _____ ducts. A)common hepatic B)cystic C)pancreatic D)Santorini
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218) The ampulla of Vater is the area that joins the common bile duct to the _____ duct. A)hepatic B)pancreatic C)cystic D)common hepatic
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219) Gallbladder stones are medically referred to as a _____ condition. A)cholecystitis B)cholecystectomy C)cholelithiasis D)cholesterol calculi
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220) Bile facilitates digestion by causing the _____ of fats. A)hydrolysis B)digestion
C)catalysis D)emulsification
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221) Bile salts combine with fatty acids to form complexes called _____ that facilitate absorption. A)chylomicrons B)micelles C)globules D)lipoproteins
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222) Which of these is a water soluble vitamin? A)D B)C C)E D)K
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223) Which of the following acts to inhibit acid production? A)secretin B)somatostatin C)cholecystokinin D)gastrin
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224) Which area has the greatest amount of enzyme activity? A)duodenum B)colon C)jejunum D)ileum
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225) The shortest section of the intestines is the _____. A)colon B)duodenum C)ileum
D)jejunum
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226) The membrane that hangs like an apron over the intestines is the _____. A)mesentery B)visceral peritoneum C)parietal peritoneum D)greater omentum
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227) The finger-like extensions inside the small intestine are called _____ and increase the surface area. A)microvilli B)villi C)lacteals D)lumens
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228) The _____ are vessels that project into the villi and absorb fatty substances. A)lacteals B)lymphatics C)veins D)arteries
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229) The following belong together except which one? A)small intestine B)large intestine C)plicae circulares D)crypts of Lieberkuhn
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230) Which of these does not belong with the others? A)lipase B)sucrase C)maltase
D)lactase
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231) Which is the only area that can digest a double sugar? A)jejunum B)stomach C)duodenum D)pancreas
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232) Amylase could be found in all of these areas except which one? A)mouth B)stomach C)duodenum D)pancreas
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233) Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the _____. A)colon B)duodenum C)jejunum D)ileum
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234) Fatty acids and glycerol are released when _____ are broken down by liver or muscle cells. A)micelles B)chylomicrons C)lacteals D)lipoproteins
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235) Which of the following is not readily absorbed in the small intestine? A)Na+ B)ClC)K+ D)Mg2+
236) The ileocecal valve prevents chyme from entering the _____. A)large intestine B)small intestine C)stomach D)duodenum
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237) A peristaltic rush which results in a failure to absorb enough colon water results in _____. A)constipation B)diarrhea C)cramps D)flatus
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238) The _____________ layer of the alimentary canal contains loose connective tissue, glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves. A)mucosa B)submucosa C)muscular layer D)serosa
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239) Activities of the digestive system are generally increased by _________________ nervous stimulation. A)sympathetic B)parasympathetic C)somatic D)autonomic
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240) The purpose of the soft palate is to __________________. A)house extra taste buds B)sense temperature of food before it is swallowed C)produce saliva and enzymatic secretions
241) Compared to the others listed below, which type of tooth is more likely to be involved in grinding food? A)incisor B)cuspid C)premolar D)molar
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242) What mouth part helps to mix food with saliva, moves food toward the pharynx for swallowing, and houses taste receptor cells? A)lips B)palate C)tongue D)cheeks
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243) Which salivary glands produce the most viscous saliva with lots of mucus? A)sublingual glands B)submandibular glands C)parotid glands D)serous cells
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244) What initiates the swallowing reflex? A)fear of choking on food B)the tongue rolling the bolus to the pharynx C)sensory receptors detecting the bolus in the pharynx D)secretion of saliva at the thought of food
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245) The main part of the stomach is the _______________ of the stomach. A)cardiac region B)fundic region C)body
D)pyloric region
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246) Intrinsic factor is secreted by which cells of the gastric glands? A)mucous cells B)chief cells C)peptic cells D)parietal cells
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247) During which stage of gastric secretion do gastric glands actually begin secreting gastric juice? A)cephalic phase B)gastric phase C)intestinal phase D)enterogastric reflex
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248) The pancreas secretes enzymes that enter the small intestine and chemically digest chyme. Choose the enzyme(s) that break(s) down fats. A)carboxypeptidase B)pancreatic lipase C)trypsinogen D)pancreatic amylase
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249) What hormone does the small intestine release in response to acidic chyme? A)cholecystokinin B)secretin C)digestin D)gastrin
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250) What is the primary purpose of the liver in aiding digestion? A)produces digestive enzymes B)produces alkaline solution to neutralize stomach acidity
C)produces bile to emulsify fats in the small intestine D)produces substances that aid the large intestine in water absorption
c
251) How are the components of fats absorbed in the small intestine? A)Specific receptor proteins carry fatty acids across the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. B)Fatty acids are transported by active transport to the bloodstream. C)Components of lipids diffuse through small intestinal cell membranes, are reconstructed in the cells, then carried off by lacteals as chylomicrons. D)Components of lipids diffuse through small intestinal cell membranes and into the bloodstream where they are carried to the liver for processing.
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252) What is the primary function of the large intestine? A)to complete the absorption of most nutrients B)to house gas-producing bacteria C)to rid the body of toxins D)to compact, store, and eliminate feces
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253) Where does the greatest amount of digestion occur? A)small intestine B)stomach C)large intestine D)liver
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254) Which term does not belong with the others? A)teeth B)mastication C)esophagus D)tongue
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255) Which gland is closest to the joint between the mandible and temporal
256) The portion of a tooth below the gums is the _____. A)dentin B)crown C)root D)pulp
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257) The enzyme salivary amylase begins to digest which molecules? A)proteins B)carbohydrates C)lipids D)nucleic acids
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258) Where are the palatine tonsils located? A)larynx B)pharynx C)trachea D)esophagus
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259) The surface area of the stomach is enhanced by the presence of folds called _____. A)rugae B)villi C)microvilli D)plicae
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261) What normally holds the intestines in position within the abdominal cavity? A)mesentery B)gravity C)adipose D)stomach muscles
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262) The pancreatic duct connects to what part of the digestive tube? A)jejunum B)liver C)ileum D)duodenum
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263) Which of these does not directly promote the hydrolysis of food? A)villi B)microvilli C)submucosa D)mucosa
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264) The outer layer of the intestines is the ____ A)mucosa B)serosa C)submucosa D)muscularis
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266) The appendix is attached to which of the following structures? A)transverse colon B)descending colon C)ascending colon D)cecum
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267) Which of these vitamins is formed by bacteria in the colon? A)C B)D C)B6 D)K
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268) The area called the vermiform appendix apparently serves no digestive function in humans. A)True B)False
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269) The descending colon usually lies on the left abdominal wall area. A)True B)False
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270) The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control. A)True B)False
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271) The Valsalva maneuver or defecation reflex, can aid defecation but could
272) The visceral peritoneum is a fibrous membrane, which wraps around the outer layer of the intestines. A)True B)False
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273) The mucous cells of the salivary glands secrete amylase which facilitates digestion of starches. A)True B)False
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274) Stensen's duct conveys saliva from the submandibular gland into the oral cavity. A)True B)False
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275) During swallowing, the soft palate is moved upward and the epiglottis is tilted downward. A)True B)False
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276) Gastric intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. A)True B)False
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277) Emetics cause the vomiting center in the hypothalamus to propel food by contracting stomach muscles. A)True
B)False
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278) The enterogastric reflex normally inhibits the further contraction of the stomach as the duodenum fills. A)True B)False
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279) Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects digestion as well as respiration. A)True B)False
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280) The portal veins drain blood from the liver and convey it to the inferior vena cava. A)True B)False
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281) The liver has the ability to convert carbohydrates into amino acids. A)True B)False
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282) Hepatitis can be caused by viruses such as hepatitis A which can be transmitted by contaminated food. A)True B)False
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283) Hepatitis is an infection of the liver most commonly caused by hepatitis A viruses. A)True B)False
284) Hemolytic jaundice is a disease involving an excess production of erythrocytes. A)True B)False
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285) Without a gallbladder, a person will develop vitamin and lipid deficiencies because of the lack of bile. A)True B)False
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286) In the condition of lactose intolerance, the person develops problems because of the rapid digestion of lactose. A)True B)False
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287) Chylomicrons are lipoprotein aggregates that are absorbed into the intestinal villi. A)True B)False
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288) The digestive system functions to provide cells with proper amounts of proteins, carbohydrate or fats. A)True B)False
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289) The so-called wisdom teeth are actually the four last molars. A)True B)False
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290) The pyloric sphincter acts to prevent food from leaving the small intestine. A)True B)False
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