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APAStyleCitationGuide

Thishandoutisbasedonthe6theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological Association(APA),butisnotacomprehensiveguide.ForallrulesandrequirementsofAPAcitations, pleaseconsultthe6theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation. APArequiresthatinformationbecitedin2differentwayswithinthetextandinareferencelistatthe endofthepaper.Thereferencelistshouldbeonanewpage,doublespaced,andusethehanging indentmethod(alllinesafterthefirstoneareindented).Seealso: PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thed.Washington,DC: AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,2010. ConciseRulesofAPAStyle,6thed.Washington,DC:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,2010. CITATIONSINTHETEXT: APAusestheauthordatemethodofcitation.Thelastnameoftheauthorandthedateofpublication areinsertedinthetextintheappropriateplace. Whenreferencingorsummarizingasource,providetheauthorandyear.Whenquotingorsummarizing aparticularpassage,includethespecificpageorparagraphnumber,aswell. Whenquotinginyourpaper,ifadirectquoteislessthan40words,incorporateitintoyourtextanduse quotationmarks.Ifadirectquoteismorethan40words,makethequotationafreestandingindented blockoftextandDONOTusequotationmarks. Oneworkbyoneauthor: Inonedevelopmentalstudy(Smith,1990),childrenlearned... OR InthestudybySmith(1990),primaryschoolchildren... OR In1990,Smithsstudyofprimaryschoolchildren Worksbymultipleauthors: Whenaworkhas2authorscitebothnameseverytimeyoureferencetheworkinthetext.Whenawork hasthreetofiveauthorscitealltheauthornamesthefirsttimethereferenceoccursandthen subsequentlyincludeonlythefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.For6ormoreauthors,citeonlythenameof thefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.andtheyear.Forexample: Firstcitation:Masserton,Slonowski,andSlowinski(1989)statethat... Subsequentcitations:Massertonetal.(1989)statethat... Worksbynoidentifiedauthor: Whenaresourcehasnonamedauthor,citethefirstfewwordsofthereferenceentry(usuallythetitle). Usedoublequotationmarksaroundthetitleofanarticle,chapter,orWebpage.Italicizethetitleofa periodical,book,brochure,orreport.Forexample: Thesiteseemedtoindicatesupportforhomeopathicdrugs(MedicalMiracles,2009). Thebrochurearguesforhomeschooling(EducationReform,2007). Treatreferencetolegalmaterialssuchascourtcases,statutes,andlegislationlikeworks withnoauthor.

Twoormoreworksinthesameparentheticalcitation: Citationsoftwoormoreworksinthesameparenthesesshouldbelistedintheordertheyappearinthe referencelist(i.e.,alphabetically,thenchronologically). Severalstudies(Jones&Powell,1993;Peterson,1995,1998;Smith,1990)suggestthat... Specificpartsofasource Alwaysgivethepagenumberforquotationsortoindicateinformationfromaspecifictable,chart, chapter,graph,orpage.Thewordpageisabbreviatedbutnotchapter.Forexample: ThepaintingwasassumedtobebyMatisse(Powell,1989,Chapter6),butlateranalysisshowed ittobeaforgery(Murphy,1999,p.85). If,asintheinstanceofonlinematerial,thesourcehasneithervisibleparagraphnorpagenumbers,cite theheadingandthenumberoftheparagraphfollowingit.Thisallowsthereadertolocatethetextin thesource.Forexample: Thepatientwrotethatshewasunimpressedbythedoctorsbedsidemanner(Smith,2006, HospitalExperiencessection,para.2). CITATIONSINAREFERENCELIST: Ingeneral,referencesshouldcontaintheauthorname,publicationdate,title,andpublication information.Includetheissuenumberifthejournalispaginatedbyissue. ForinformationobtainedelectronicallyoronlineincludetheDOI: DOIauniquealphanumericstringassignedtoidentifycontentandprovideapersistentlinktoits locationontheinternet.TheDOIistypicallylocatedonthefirstpageoftheelectronicjournalarticle nearthecopyrightnotice.WhenaDOIisusedinyourcitation,nootherretrievalinformationisneeded. UsethisformatfortheDOIinreferences:doi:xxxxxxx IfnoDOIhasbeenassignedtothecontent,providethehomepageURLofthejournalorofthebookor reportpublisher.DonotinsertahyphenifyouneedtobreakaURLacrosslines;donotaddaperiod afteraURL,topreventtheimpressionthattheperiodispartoftheURL. Ingeneral,itisnotnecessarytoincludedatabaseinformation.Donotincluderetrievaldatesunlessthe sourcematerialhaschangedovertime. Book: Strunk,W.,Jr.,&White,E.B.(1979).Theguidetoeverythingandthensomemorestuff.New York,NY:Macmillan. Gregory,G.,&Parry,T.(2006).Designingbraincompatiblelearning(3rded.).ThousandOaks, CA:Corwin. ChapterofaBook: Bergquist,J.M.(1992).GermanAmericans.InJ.D.Buenker&L.A.Ratner(Eds.), MulticulturalismintheUnitedStates:Acomparativeguidetoacculturationandethnicity (pp.5376).NewYork,NY:Greenwood. JournalArticlewithDOI: Paivio,A.(1975).Perceptualcomparisonsthroughthemind'seye.Memory&Cognition,3,635 647.doi:10.1037/02786133.24.2.225

JournalArticlewithoutDOI(whenDOIisnotavailable): Becker,L.J.,&Seligman,C.(1981).Welcometotheenergycrisis.JournalofSocialIssues,37,17. Hamfi,A.G.(1981).Thefunnynatureofdogs.EjournalofAppliedPsychology,2,3848. Retrievedfromhttp://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo OnlineNewspaperArticles: Becker,E.(2001,August27).Prairiefarmersreapconservation'srewards.TheNewYorkTimes. Retrievedfromhttp://www.nytimes.com EncyclopediaArticles: Brislin,R.W.(1984).Crossculturalpsychology.InR.J.Corsini(Ed.),Encyclopediaofpsychology (Vol.1,pp.319327).NewYork,NY:Wiley. Developmentalgenetics.(2005).InCambridgeencyclopediaofchilddevelopment.Retrieved fromhttp://0 www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entry/cupchilddev/developmenta l_genetics TechnicalandResearchReports(oftenwithcorporateauthors): HersheyFoodsCorporation.(2001,March15).2001AnnualReport.Retrievedfrom http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/2000/index.htm BookReviews: DentRead,C.,&ZukowGoldring,P.(2001).Ismodelingknowing?[Reviewofthebook Modelsofcognitivedevelopment,byK.Richardson].AmericanJournalofPsychology,114,126 133. NOTE:ForarticlesthathaveaDOI,seeJournalArticlewithDOIexample. DataSets: SimmonsMarketResearchBureau.(2000).Simmonsnationalconsumersurvey[Datafile]. NewYork,NY:Author. ReprintfromAnotherSource: Citationinthetext: (Newton,1998/1999). ReferenceListCitation: Newton,W.(1999).ReturntoMars.InC.Mari(Ed.),SpaceExploration(pp.3241).NewYork, NY:H.W.Wilson.(ReprintedfromNationalGeographic,pp.226,August1998).

APAStyle:AvoidingBiasinLanguage
Sensitivitytolabels.Apersoninaclinicalstudyshouldbecalleda"patient,"nota"case."Avoid equatingpeoplewiththeirconditions,forexample,donotsay"schizophrenics,"say"peoplediagnosed withschizophrenia."Usetheterm"sexualorientation,"not"sexualpreference."Thephrase"gaymen andlesbians"iscurrentlypreferredtotheterm"homosexuals."Torefertoallpeoplewhoarenot heterosexual,themanualsuggests"lesbians,gaymen,andbisexualwomenandmen"(seeAPA,2001,p. 67). Donotcharacterizepeopleasvictims(e.g.,a"strokevictim"),useadescriptivetermsuchas"people whohavehadastroke."Avoidtheterms"challenged"and"special"unlessthepopulationreferredto prefersthisterminology(e.g.,SpecialOlympics).Asarule,usethephrase"peoplewith_______"(for example,"peoplewithAIDS,"notAIDS"sufferers"or"victims"). Avoidgenderstereotypes.Forexample,themanualsuggestsreplacing"AnAmericanboy'sinfatuation withfootball"with"AnAmericanchild'sinfatuationwithfootball"(seeAPA,p.66). Theterm"gender"referstocultureandshouldbeusedwhenreferringtomenandwomenas socialgroups,asinthisexamplefromthePublicationManual:"sexualorientationratherthan genderaccountedformostofthevarianceintheresults;mostgaymenandlesbianswereforit, mostheterosexualmenandwomenwereagainstit"(APA,2001,p.63). Theterm"sex"referstobiologyandshouldbeusedwhenbiologicaldistinctionsareemphasized, forexample,"sexdifferencesinhormoneproduction."

Anethniclabelcanbeperceivedasaslurifnotmanagedcorrectly.Forexample,personsof acknowledgedSpanishheritageintheNewWorldmaypreferChicano(Chicana),Hispanic,Latino, Mexican,MexicanAmerican,andsoon.Historically,thereareno"AmericanIndians,"onlymembersof specificnations,tribes,villages,andbands.ThetermNativeAmericanisinclusiveofAmericanIndians, PacificIslanders,andAlaskanNatives.Specificgroupnamesaremoreinformative,suchasHopior Lakota. Color.CapitalizeBlackandWhitewhenthewordsareusedaspropernounstorefertosocial groups.Donotusecolorwordsforotherethnicgroups.Inracialreferences,themanualsimply recommendsthatwerespectcurrentusage.Currentlyboththeterms"Black"and"African American"arewidelyaccepted,while"Negro"and"AfroAmerican"arenot.Thesethings change,sousecommonsense. Hispanic.ThetermsHispanic,Latino,andChicanoarepreferredbydifferentgroups.Thesafest procedureisusegeographicalreferences;use"CubanAmerican"ifreferringtopeoplefrom Cuba. Asian.ThetermAsianAmericanispreferabletoOriental,andagainthemanualrecommends beingspecificaboutcountryoforigin,whenthisisknown(forexample,ChineseorVietnamese). ThemanualspecifiesthathyphensshouldnotbeusedinmultiwordnamessuchasAsian AmericanorAfricanAmerican.

Indigenous.SomepeoplefromnorthernCanada,Alaska,easternSiberia,andGreenlandoften (butnotalways!)preferInuk(singular)andInuit(plural)to"Eskimo."ButsomeAlaskanatives arenonInuitpeoplewhoprefertobecalledEskimo,whileothersareAthabaskansofanentirely differentheritage.Difficultymaybeavoidedbyusinggeographicalreferences.Forexample,in placeof"Eskimo"or"Inuit"onecoulduse"indigenouspeoplefromnorthernCanada,northern Alaska,easternSiberia,andGreenland."

Age.Inreferringtoage,bespecificaboutageranges;avoidopenendeddefinitionslike"under16"or "over65."Avoidthetermelderly.Olderpersonispreferred.TheAMA(AmericanMedicalAssociation) ManualofStyle(1997,p.263)usesthesedefinitions: DONOTuse... Whenyoucanuse... geographicallabels(e.g.,MexicanAmericansiffromMexico) "menandwomen" "gaymenandlesbians" "peoplewithdepression" Neonatesornewbornsarepersonsfrombirthto1monthofage. Infantsarechildren[sic]aged1monthto1year. Childrenarepersonsaged1to12years....Theymayalsobereferredtoasboysorgirls. Adolescentsarepersonsaged13through17years;alsoteenagers,adolescentboys,or adolescentgirls. Adultsarepersonsover18yearsandarereferredtoasmenorwomen.

ethniclabels(e.g.,Hispanic)

"men"(referringtoalladults) "homosexuals" "depressives"

Ingeneral,callpeoplewhattheywanttobecalled,anddonotcontrastonegroupofpeople withanothergroupcalled"normal."Write"wecomparedpeoplewithautismtopeoplewithout autism"not"wecontrastedautisticstonormals."

APAStyle:WritingTips
A. Typing 1. Yourpapersmustbetypedorprintedonacomputer. 2. Setthetypewriterorwordprocessortodoublespaceandkeepittherethroughouttheentire manuscript. 3. Useoneinchmarginsontheleft,right,top,andbottomofthepage.Thesemarginsarewidein ordertoleaveroomforreviewer'scomments. 4. Usenormalparagraphsinwhichthefirstlineisindentedfivecharactersforallparagraphsinthe manuscriptexcepttheabstract,blockquotes,titlesandheadings,subheadings,references, tabletitles,notes,andfigurecaptions. 5. Usea12pointfont.Inotherwords,thereshouldbe10typedcharactersperinch. 6. Singlespaceaftersentenceterminators(i.e.,'.','?','!'). 7. Capitalizethefirstletterfollowingacoloniftheclausefollowingthecolonisacomplete sentence. 8. Makesurethetextisleftalignedandnotjustified.Withleftalignedtext,theleftmarginformsa straightlineandtherightmarginisragged.Donothyphenate(split)wordsattheendofaline. 9. Finally,juststapleorclipthefinishedproduct(donotbotherwithfancyfolders,etc.). B. WritinginGeneral 1. Youmustusecompletesentences. 2. Thefirstsentenceofaparagraphmustbeindependent(abletostandonitsown).Forexample considerWhilethesestudiesareimportant,thereis...Thissentencewouldbecorrectinthe middleofaparagraph,butasthefirstsentence,itshouldmoreappropriatelyread,While studiesoftheeffectsofwhateveronwhateverelseareimportant,thereis... 3. Trynottouseslang(e.g.,...putadamperon...). 4. Donotusecontractions.Thatis,insteadofit's,useitis. 5. Ifyouaredoubtfulaboutthespellingofaword,donotguess.Lookupthecorrectspelling. Proofreadthecopythatyousubmitanddocorrectminortypographicalerrors,formatting, spelling,oreventhewording,withapencil. C. StyleDetailsinGeneral 1. Assumeyouarewritingthepaperforsubmissiontoascientificjournal. 2. AlotoftheformattingdetailscanbelearnedbycarefullymodelinganotherAPAjournal articleAvoidexcessiveuseofthetermsI,me,andmy,aswellasthephrasepersonallyspeaking... 3. Avoidtheuseofsexistlanguage.Forexample,consistentlyreferringtoapersonas ahimorhewhenitisjustaslikelyforthepersontobeasheoraher,issexist.However, using(s)heorhim/herallofthetimecanalsobeawkward.Ifyouphraseitright,youcanoften usethewordpersoninstead. 4. Avoidusing'emptywords'orwordswhichservenopurpose.Forexample,IntheSmith(1990) studyitwasfoundthat...shouldreadmorelikeSmith(1990)foundthat... 5. Generallyspeaking,usepasttenseintheabstract,introduction,andmethod.Resultsand discussionsectionscanbeinthepresenttense. 6. Getfriendstoreadit.Iftheycannotunderstandit,thenitneedswork.Ifyoucannotgetafriend toreadit,thentrytoreadityourselfmakingbelievethatyouarenaive.

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