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Chapter 1 Notes:

Soundscape The characteristic sounds of a particular place, both human and non-human. World Music - a new category of popular, mass-mediated music based on a mix or fusion of elements associated with one or more musical cultures, a music with a market niche of its own Composed Written Music Improvised Made up on spot Biophony (Acoustic Ecology) the combined voices of living things. Learned - differentiate a peoples cultural inheritance from what is passed along biologically in their genes: nurture, rather than nature. Music-Culture- a groups total involvement with music: ideas, actions, institutions, material objectseverything that has to do with music. (page 3 for explanation) Rosa Macedonian Village - traditional Rosans have no general equivalent to the English music. They divide the range of sound between two categories: pesni, songs, and muzika, instrumental music. Ghina Egyptian word for Music with singing Musiqa Egyptia word for music with instruments. Music - music is sound that is humanly patterned or organized Rhythm Movement of music through time, often sounds in a related span of time, usually a succession of events. Metrical Rhythm - If we measure the time-relations between the sounds and find a pattern of regular recurrence Sollukattu spoken syllable that imitates the sound of the drum stroke. Polyrhythm - This simulta-neous occurrence of several rhythms with what we can perceive as a shifting downbeat Free rhythm non-metrical music. Polymeter - the simultaneous presence of two different metrical systems Metric Steady even beat (usually) Non-metric unsteady or undiscernable beat Plucked Played by plucking the strings Bowed Played by a bow rubbing the strings Melody The tune. Part usually sung along with or whistled to. A succession of pitches. Many variations on melodic approaches. The part that goes up and down. Scales, modes, ornamentation. Pitch How high or low a sound is Timbre Tone Quality, caused by the characteristic ways different voices and musical instruments vibrate. Volume How melodies increase and decrease in loudness. Emphasis How major tones of the melody are approached. Decorative Tones Ornaments Another way to emphasize a point in a melody by playing WITH tones instead of just playing tones. Intervals distance between pitches Octave - (the solfe`ge interval between one do and another)

Raga - an organized melodic matrix inside of which the South Indian singer or musician improvises melodically in performance. Harmony Support music, vertical tones, and chords. A part different from the melody, at the same time. Chords Simultaneously sounding tones. Texture - describe how melody and harmony interact in various musics throughout the world. Monophonic when the musical texture consists of a single melody only (sing by self or same melody in unison). Drone An unchanging tone or group of tones sounding continuously, against which the melody moves. Heterophonic When two or more voices elaborate the same melody in different ways at roughly the same time. Polyphonic when two or more distinct melodies are combined. Ex. New Orleans Style Jazz from first few decades of the twentieth century. Homophonic - When two or more voices are combined in such a way that one dominates and any others seem to be accompanying the dominant voice. Or what most people say when they hear a harmony (accompaniment). Phrases Combination of sounds. Form Organization of a piece of music. Verse-chorus-verse. A-B-A. Affect Musics power to move and place affective experience at the center of the model. Musical Analysis - breaking music down into its component parts of mode, motif, melody, rhythm, meter, section, and so forth, and determining how the parts operate together to make the whole. Community is the group that carries on the traditions and norms, the social processes and activities, and the ideas of performance. Aesthetic - concerned with ideas of beauty, pleasure, enjoyment, form, and affect. Repertory is a stock of music that is ready to be performed. Consisting of six basic parts: style, genres, texts, composition, transmission, and movement). Style - includes everything related to the organization of musical sound itself: pitch elements (scale, melody, harmony, tuning systems), time elements (rhythm, meter), timbre elements (voice quality, instrumental tone color), and sound intensity (loudness/softness). Genres are the named, standard units of the repertory, such as song and its various subdivisions or the many types of instrumental music and dances. Text The words or lyrics to a song. Material Culture refers to the material objects that people in a culture produce. Call and Response A back and forth dialogue in many musics. Timbre The tone quality (not good or bad) of sounds; the reason that a violin and a trumpet sound different. Sound Sound waves caused by vibration. Instrument produces a vibration which is carried through the air to the ear. Participatory When the form is simple and repetitive, it enables participation Presentational Something for us to observe rather than participate in, we look for things to relate Instrument Classifications

Aerophone primary sound caused by a column of air vibrating. Blow into these instruments usually. Ex. Flute Membranophone Primary sound produced by a vibrating membrane (skin, drum head). Almost always these are drums. Ex. Bongos, Kaganu, Axatse (Similar to Shaker), Gankogui (kind of like double cowbell) Idiophone Primary sound caused by the body of the instrument vibrating. Ex. African Shaker (beads strike the gourd) Chordophone - Primary sound produced by a vibrating string. Lute has a body AND a neck (guitar). Ex. Violin, Bass, Cora Zither No neck, just a body. Ex. Dosclemer or Harp

Chapter 2 Notes:
Vocables nonlexical or meaningless syllables Powwows contemporary ceremonial and spiritual gatherings featuring food, singing, and dancing Membranophone Frame Drums Shallow Frame One Head Barrel Drums Hollow Log or Bass Drum Body Two Heads Water Drums Pottery body (Navajo) (Clay pot eight or ten inches) Apache make using large iron pot Iroquois and the Chippewas in eastern use hollowed-out log or wooden keg Filled with water to alter pitch Common in Native American Church, Peyote Ceremony Idiophones Gourds, Tree Bark, Carved Wood, Animal Hooves or Horns, Turtle Shell, Sea Shells, Pottery, Tin Cans, Spider Nests Aerophones Flutes, usually six holes, not based on traditional western or European scales Flageolets - end-blown wind instruments like the recorder except that two of the holes are in the back and closed with the thumbs Chordophones Fiddles, rare, Apache, Eskimo One stringed fiddles, played without voice Sioux Grass Dance Song (CD 1, Track 3) Metric, big melodic leaps, drum accompaniment, stereotypical Indian sound. Traditionally, braids of grass worn at waist to symbolize slain enemies, other adornments include bells

Originated by Omaha Indians Style of singing: strained falsetto with lower chest voice, vocables Plains Style Singing Zuni Lullaby (CD 1, Track 4) Recorded 1950, Non-metric; Simple, repetitive two-note melody; uses actual text not vocables. Translation on page 39 Gadasjot (Iroquois Quiver Dance Song 1941) (CD 1, Track 5) Also known as Warriors Stomp Dance Song form line imitating leaders around the longhouse (meeting house) Call and Response Rare in most Native American Music (call uses text pg 42, response uses vocable) Style of singing more relaxed than plains singing (Sioux Grass Dance Song) Usually takes place in a longhouse a meetinghouse with a stove at each end of the hall abd benches along the sides. The two types of instruments most common to Native American music are: Membranophones and Idiophones. There is not much diversity in Native American Music: FALSE Music of the Navajo Navajo reservation in South West Desert All Part of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico (25,000 sq. mi.) cultural description on pages 49-53 Navajo Yeibichai Song (CD 1, Track 6) To make sick one well, costumes and dance Gods-their-grandfathers- bring ancestral spirits (similar to Shona) Style of singing low to very high (falsetto) (note rattles as accomp) Vocables no set meaning but recognizable as yeibichi Nightway Ceremony - Entire ritual very complex! Sandpainting, dancing, chanting. Page 48. The government agency in charge of Native American issues in the USA is the Bureau of India Affairs. The term yeibichai means gods-their-grandfathers. (True) Traditional and Contemporary Music: Utilize country, elements of pop, classical, traditional Folsom Prison Blues (CD 1, Track 7) Country music, very popular with Indian people especially in the west Johnny Cash covered by The Fenders an all Navajo Country band from Thoreau, New Mexico Metric, composed Drums, bass, steel guitar Navajo Circle Dance Shizhanee (CD 1, Track 8) Is a Ndaa (war dance) song Example of traditional popular music, page 53 Use of vocables some actual text as well Dance is ceremonial but offers courtship opportunities and serves as a social dance Song suggest women drink too much and chase after men but ironic because its opposite. Style of singing not as high as yeibichai, nasal tone

Triple meter, part of enemyway ceremony a type of spiritual cleansing page 56-59 (Ghost Dance maybe) Navajo ranges and other buildings feature some sort of circular floor plan because the Navajo ceremony requires such a plan. Classical Music of the Navajos NOTE: Not responsible for (CD 1, Track 9) Navajo Sacred Prayer (Navajo Shootingway Ceremony) NOTE: Story of Frank Mitchell is good insight into Navajo Culture pgs 63-68, shows the aspects of Navajo life such as repetitive narrative style, importance of women, traveling about, Navajo practicality, speech and leadership, and Navajo humor. Native American Church Predominant religions in Navajo Culture are Christianity, Native American Church N.A.C roots in ancient Mexico N.A.C came to Navajo in 1930s Often held in large Plains indian teepee Use a water drum and rattle to accompany singing Peyote (hallucinogen) is a sacrament, legal (Small pieces of a cactus) Hymn of the Native American Chrch (CD 1, Track 10) (Peyote Song) Vocal, water drum and rattle Narrow melodic range Metric Peyote Style Clinging to a Saving Hand (CD 1, Track 11) Christian Hymn, country music feel, metric, composed, electric guitar, drums, bass, no traditional elements. Mother Earth (CD 1, Track 12) Recorded 1989, Artist Sharon Burch, New Song Navajo text pg 78, guitar, vocal, metric, composed, in folk-like contemporary style. Proud Earth (CD 1, Track 13) Mormon and Navajo influences, use of drum, vocables and narrow melody fit Indian style, contemporary production, orchestra, narration, metric, composed, many instruments, text on page 79 Origins (CD 1, Track 14) Flute, synth, improvisatory, non-metric, Carlos Nakai huge success, orchestras, honorary degrees, many albums. Native American Flute Revival has become popular in many circles. More Popular Music Heartbeat Red Thunder (1995). Rock style uses rattles, drum, flute, has some Indian sounding melodies in strings. Lyrics are about general Native American Struggles. Contemporary Native American music has completed rejected any outside influences. (False)

Chapter 3 Notes:
African Continent has two broad zones: Maghrib, north of the Sahara, and the sub-Saharan Africa.

Interlocking parts many parts designed to fit together to sound like one part, characteristic of many music-cultures, especially: Africa, Indonesia Participational Music Group activities, ceremony, war, multi-media approach etc., Ex. Postal Workers cd 1:1, interlocking parts, Group, Work Music Postal Workers (CD 1, Track 1) Duple meter, a major scale, and harmony Polyrhythm, repetition, and improvisation Cantillation Chanting religious texts Enculturation the process of learning ones culture gradually through childhood Agbekor literally means clear life a type of war dance Agbekor Demo (CD 1, Track 16) Music and Dance of EWE PEOPLE (pgs 91-110) Gankogui Idiophone iron bell or gong (recurring musical phrase) Axatse Idiophone dried gourd, about size of cantaloupe, covered with net strung with seeds Kaganu Membraphone High pitch and dry timbre, drum, LEAD DRUM Kidi - Membraphone - Support Drum Kloboto Membraphone Master Drum Totodzi Membraphone Master Drum Ternary beat three quicker units within each Agbekor (CD 1, Track 15) (pgs 91-110) Music and Dance of EWE Used to be used before or after war, now more cultural music Ewe people now in Ghana and Togo, Originally war music-now cultural heritage, specialist music, ensemble: membranophones, idiophones, voices, Listen to the bell Three slow-paced songs (0-2:52) People should prepare for arrival of Agbekor Procession, Urges Manyo and his warrors to be cunning., celebrate the singers power. One Free Rhythm Song (3:02-4:20) Compares groups power to power of ocean Fast-Paced Song (4:27-5:32) Celebrates heroic passion Interlocking Parts with the drums and idiophones in the ensemble Mande Gambia/Senegal (West Africa) Jali Special Performer Jali tells stories, keep histories, musician, and historically very important, royal entertainers Muddah praise singers, receive alms for lauding the prophet muhammad Instruments of Mande Kora 21 ring bridge-harp chordopone Xylophone (balo)-idiophone Voice Plucked long-necked lute (konting, ngoni, or guitar) Lambango (CD 1, Track 17) Kora has repeated part as accompaniment (harp) 3 Performers Singer uses chant/speech as well as sings. Song is about 3 famous 20th C. Gambian leaders. (Text pages 116-118) Non-metric, composed/improvised

Dagomba (Ghana) Lunsi (Lunga, singular)-Special performers like Jali of Mande people Gung-gong, a cylindrical, carved drum with a snare on each of its two heads Use voice and Talking Drums Lunga lead drum (membranophone) Nag Biegu (CD 1, Track 18) (A Praise Name Dance) Luna Lunga talking drum Call and response (drums) Praises king of late 1800s Verse-chorus form, 2 different sections Listen for catchy drum hook Metric Shona Zimbabwe Between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers Previously British run named Rhodesia Mbira Idiophone Thumb piano kaleidophonic sound Set of long thin keys made of metal or plant material Sound board with bridge that holds keys Resonator to shape and amplify sound of plucked keys Jingles that buzz rhythmically when keys are plucked Longer Bass keys (Low Notes) at center of board Shorter treble keys toward edges (High Notes) Wood box with many metal spines Used in spiritual ceremonies Chuning overall sound and tuning Nhemamusas (CD 1, Track 19) One of oldest-most important pieces Metric, polyrhythms, interlocking parts (kushaura, kutsinhira) Ceremonial-calls spirits Various plucking patterns Thomas Mapfumo and the Blacks Unlimited Genre Chimurenga (words means struggle) Protest music Certain artists and songs banned by government Lyrics have code words-hidden meanings Nyarai (CD 1, Track 20) Played by Mapfumo and Blacks Unlimited Genre - Chimurenga Western pop influences-drums, guitar, keyboards Metric, composed with improvised parts Interplay of guitar and bass reflect mbira music. Lyrics praise those who struggle for freedom Text pages 136-137

BAAKA Central African Republic Forest People Pygmie what non-Africans call Forest People because of their physical size Traditionally semi-nomadic hunter gatherers Read text comments on history and primitivism pages 138-139 Music is inclusive, non-specialist, participatory Makala (CD 1, Track 21) (A Mabo Event Song) Performance Event Drums, Sticks, Hand-Claps, Many Voices, Yoddle Voices layered interlocking parts Vocables vocal sounds with no meaning nonsense words little text (pg 137) Metric, mostly improvised Influence on Western Pop/Jazz All African Music has drums (false)? The traditional Shona homeland was known as Zimbabwe before becoming Rhodesia (false)? A traditional Shona instrument associated with spirituality is the (A. Mbira) BaAka music is primitive and uncivilized (False).

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