Section 13.

6
C13S06.001: If w = 3x2 + 4xy 2y 3 , then dw = (6x + 4y) dx + (4x 6y 2 ) dy.
C13S06.002: If w = exp(x2 y 2 ), then dw = 2x exp(x2 y 2 ) dx 2y exp(x2 y 2 ) dy.
C13S06.003: If w =


1 + x2 + y 2 , then

x
y
x dx + y dy
dw = 
dx + 
dy = 
.
1 + x2 + y 2
1 + x2 + y 2
1 + x2 + y 2
C13S06.004: If w = xy ex+y , then dw = y(x + 1)ex+y dx + x(y + 1)ex+y dy.
 
x
y dx x dy
C13S06.005: If w(x, y) = arctan
, then dw =
.
y
x2 + y 2
C13S06.006: If w = xz 2 yx2 + zy 2 , then dw = (z 2 2xy) dx + (2yz x2 ) dy + (y 2 + 2xz) dz.
C13S06.007: If w = ln(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ), then
dw =

x2

2x dx
2y dy
2z dz
2x dx + 2y dy + 2z dz
+ 2
+ 2
=
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
+y +z
x +y +z
x +y +z
x2 + y 2 + z 2

C13S06.008: If w = sin xyz, then dw = yz cos xyz dx + xz cos xyz dy + xy cos xyz dz.
C13S06.009: If w = x tan yz, then dw = tan yz dx + xz sec2 yz dy + xy sec2 yz dz.
C13S06.010: If w = xyeuv , then dw = yeuv dx + xeuv dy + xyv euv du + xyueuv dv.
C13S06.011: If w = exyz , then dw = yz exyz dx xz exyz dy xy exyz dz.
C13S06.012: If w = ln(1 + rs), then
dw =

s dr
r ds
s dr + r ds
+
=
.
1 + rs 1 + rs
1 + rs

C13S06.013: If w = u2 exp(v 2 ), then dw = 2u exp(v 2 ) du 2u2 v exp(v 2 ) dv.

s+t
, then
st

C13S06.014: If w =

dw =

C13S06.015: If w =
dw = 

2t ds
2s dt
2s dt 2t ds
+
=
.
(s t)2
(s t)2
(s t)2


x2 + y 2 + z 2 , then
x dx

x2

y2

z2

+

y dy
x2

y2

z2

z dz
x dx + y dy + z dz
+
= 
.
2
2
2
x +y +z
x2 + y 2 + z 2

C13S06.016: If w = pqr exp(p2 q 2 r2 ), then

1

dw = (qr 2p2 qr) exp(p2 q 2 r2 ) dp

+ (pr 2pq 2 r) exp(p2 q 2 r2 ) dq + (pq 2pqr2 ) exp(p2 q 2 r2 ) dr.
C13S06.017: If w = f (x, y) =


x2 + y 2 , then
x dx + y dy
dw = 
.
x2 + y 2

Choose x = 3, y = 4, dx = 0.03, and dy = 0.04. Then

3 (0.03) + 4 (0.04)
2507

=
= 5.014.
2
2
500
3 +4

f (2.97, 4.04) f (3, 4) +

Compare with the true value of

f (2.97, 4.04) =

C13S06.018: If w = f (x, y) =

10057
5.014229751417.
20


x2 y 2 , then
x dx

dw = 

x2

y2

y dy
x2

y2

x dx y dy
= 
.
x2 y 2

Choose x = 13, y = 5, dx = 0.2, and dy = 0.1. Then

f (13.2, 4.9) f (13, 5) +

13 (0.2) + 5 (0.1)
1471
31

=
12.258333333333.
= 12 +
2
2
120
120
13 5

Compare with the true value of

f (13.2, 4.9) =

C13S06.019: If w = f (x, y) =

15023
12.256834827964.
10

1
, then
1+x+y
dw =

dx + dy
.
(1 + x + y)2

Choose x = 3, y = 6, dx = 0.02, and dy = 0.05. Then

f (3.02, 6.05) f (3, 6)

0.02 + 0.05
1
7
993
=

=
= 0.0993.
(1 + 3 + 6)2
10 10000
10000

Compare with the true value of

f (3.02, 6.05) =

C13S06.020: If w = f (x, y, z) =

100
0.0993048659384310.
1007


xyz , then
dw =

yz dx + xz dy + xy dz

.
2 xyz
2

Choose x = 1, y = 3, z = 3, dx = 0.1, dy = 0.1, and dz = 0.1. Then

f (0.9, 2.9, 3.1) f (1, 3, 3) +

9 (0.1) 3 (0.1) + 3 (0.1)

57
3

=
= 2.85.
=3
20
20
2 9

Compare with the true value of

3 8990
f (0.9, 2.9, 3.1) =
2.8444683158720541.
100
C13S06.021: If w = f (x, y, z) =


x2 + y 2 + z 2 , then
dw =

x dx + y dy + z dz

.
x2 + y 2 + z 2

Choose x = 3, y = 4, z = 12, dx = 0.03, dy = 0.04, and dz = 0.05. Then

f (3.03, 3.96, 12.05) f (3, 4, 12) +
= 13 +

3 (0.03) 4 (0.04) + 12 (0.05)

32 + 42 + 122

16953
53
=
13.040769230769.
1300
1300

Compare with the true value of

f (3.03, 3.96, 12.05) =

C13S06.022: If w = f (x, y, z) =

68026
13.040897208398.
20

xyz
, then Mathematica 3.0 can nd the linear approximation to
x+y+z

f (1.98, 3.03, 4.97) as follows:

f[x , y , z ] := xyz/(x + y + z)
D[f[x,y,z], x]dx + D[f[x,y,z], y]dy + D[f[x,y,z], z]dz // Together
(yz 2 + y 2 z) dx + (xz 2 + x2 z) dy + (xy 2 + x2 y) dz
(x + y + z)2
{ x 2, y 3, z 5, dx -2/100, dy 3/100, dz -3/100 }

% /.

3
250

f[2, 3, 5]
3
Then we add the last two results:
% + %%
747
250
N[ %, 20 ]
3

2.9880000000000000000
Now we compare the approximation with the true value:
f[ 198/100, 303/100, 497/100 ]
14908509
4990000
N[ %, 20 ]
2.9876771543086172345
C13S06.023: If w = f (x, y, z) = exyz , then
dw = exyz (yz dx + xz dy + xy dz).
Take x = 1, y = 0, z = 2, dx = 0.02, dy = 0.03, and dz = 0.02. Then
f (1.02, 0.03, 2.02) f (1, 0, 2) e0 (0 2 (0.03) + 0) = 1 +

3
= 1.06.
50

Compare with the exact value, which is


f (1.02, 0.03, 2.02) = exp

15453
250000


1.0637623386083891.

C13S06.024: If w = f (x, y) = (x y) cos 2xy, then

dw = [cos(2xy) 2y(x y) sin(2xy)] dx [cos(2xy) + 2x(x y) sin(2xy)] dy.
Take x = 1, y = 0.5, dx = 0.1, and dy = 0.1. Then
1 1
7
f (1.1, 0.4) f (1, 0.5) + (1) (0.1) (1) (0.1) = =
= 0.7.
2 5
10
Compare with the exactly value, which is
7
f (1.1, 0.4) =
cos
10
C13S06.025: If w = f (x, y) =

22
25


0.6508435401217760.

2
y , then

x + y
x + y


dw =
dx +
dy.
x
y
x +

Take x = 16, y = 100, dx = 1, and dy = 1. Then

f (15, 99) f (16, 100) +

4 + 10
4 + 10
49
1911
(1) +
(1) = 196
=
= 191.1.
4
10
10
10

By comparison, the exact value is

f (15, 99) =

15 +

2
99
4

191.0713954719907741.

C13S06.026: If w = f (x, y, z) = x1/2 y 1/3 z 1/4 , then

dw =

y 1/3 z 1/4
x1/2 z 1/4
x1/2 y 1/3
dx +
dy +
dz.
1/2
2/3
2x
3y
4z 3/4

Take x = 25, y = 27, z = 16, dx = 1, dy = 1, and dz = 1. Then

f (26, 28, 17) f (25, 27, 16) +

34 54 53
6217
135817
+
+
= 30 +
=
31.4391203703703704.
25 39 48
4320
4320

For comparison, the true value is

f (26, 28, 17) = 27/6 71/3 131/2 171/4 31.4401721089687491.
C13S06.027: If w = f (x, y) = exp(x2 y 2 ), then
dw = 2x exp(x2 y 2 ) dx 2y exp(x2 y 2 ) dy.
Take x = 1, y = 1, dx = 0.1, and dy = 0.1. Then
f (1.1, 0.9) f (1, 1) + 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1) = 1 +

2
7
= = 1.4.
5
5

Compare with the true value, which is

f (1.1, 0.9) = e2/5 1.4918246976412703.

C13S06.028: If w = f (x, y) =

x1/3
, then
y 1/5

dw =

1
3x2/3 y 1/5

dx

x1/3
5y dx 3x dy
dy =
.
5y 6/5
15x2/3 y 6/5

Take x = 27, y = 32, dx = 2, and dy = 2. Then

f (25, 30) f (27, 32) +

160 (2) 81 (2)

3
79
6401
=
=
1.4817129629629630.
15 9 64
2 4320
4320

For purposes of comparison, the true value is

f (25, 30) =

C13S06.029: If w = f (x, y, z) =

57/15
1.4810023646720941.
61/5


x2 + y 2 + z 2 , then
dw =

x dx + y dy + z dz

.
x2 + y 2 + z 2

Take x = 3, y = 4, z = 12, dx = 0.1, dy = 0.2, and dz = 0.3. Then

f (3.1, 4.2, 11.7) f (3, 4, 12) +

0.3 + 0.8 3.6

5
333
= 13
=
12.8076923076923077.
13
26
26

The true value is

5


f (3.1, 4.2, 11.7) =

16414
12.8117133904876283.
10

C13S06.030: If w = f (x, y, z) = (x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 )1/3 , then

dw =

2x dx + 4y dy + 4z dz
.
3(x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 )2/3

Take x = y = z = 5, dx = 0.1, dy = 0.2, and dz = 0.3. Then

f (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) f (5, 5, 5) +

10 (0.1) + 20 (0.2) + 20 (0.3)

386
11
=
5.1466666666666667.
=5+
75
75
3(25 + 50 + 50)2/3

For comparison purposes, the true value is


f (5.1, 5.2, 5.3) =

13627
100

1/3
5.1459640985125985.

C13S06.031: Given: The point Q(1, 2) on the curve f (x, y) = 0, where f (x, y) = 2x3 + 2y 3 9xy. Then
df = (6x2 9y) dx + (6y 2 9x) dy = 0.
Choose x = 1, y = 2, and dx = 0.1. Then
(6 18)
dy =

1
+ (24 9) dy = 0;
10

1 12
12
2

=
=
= 0.08.
15 10
150
25

So the point P on the curve f (x, y) = 0 near Q and with x-coordinate 1.1 has y-coordinate
y 2+

2
52
=
= 2.08.
25
25

The true value of the y-coordinate is approximately 2.0757642703016864.

C13S06.032: Given: The point Q(2, 4) on the curve f (x, y) = 0, where f (x, y) = 4x4 + 4y 4 17x2 y 2 .
Then
df = (16x3 34xy 2 ) dx + (16y 3 34x2 y) dy = 0.
Choose x = 2, y = 4, and dy = 0.1. Then
(128 1088) dx + (1024 544)(0.1) = 0;
960 dx 48 = 0;
dx =

1
= 0.05.
20

So the point P on the curve f (x, y) = 0 near Q and having y-coordinate 3.9 therefore has x-coordinate
x 2 0.05 = 1.95. By some coincidence, the error in this approximation is zero: The point P (3.9, 1.95)
does lie on the curve f (x, y) = 0.
6

C13S06.033: Suppose that the base of the rectangle has length x and that its height is y. Then its area is
w = f (x, y) = xy, and dw = y dx + x dy. Choose x = 10, y = 15, dx = 0.1, and dy = 0.1. Then dw = 2.5;
this is the estimate of the maximum error in computing the area of the rectangle. The actual maximum
error possible is f (10.1, 15.1) f (10, 15) = 2.51.
C13S06.034: Part (a): The volume of the cylinder is w = f (r, h) = r2 h, so that
dw = 2rh dr + r2 dh.
Choose r = 3, h = 9, and dr = dh = 0.1. Then
dw = 54 (0.1) + 9 (0.1) =

63
19.7920337176156974
10

is the estimate of the maximum error in computing the volume of the cylinder. The actual maximum error
possible is
f (3.1, 9.1) f (3, 9) =

6451
20.2664142083077562.
1000

Part (b): The surface area of the cylinder is w = f (r, h) = 2rh + 2r2 , and thus
dw = (2h + 4r) dr + 2r dh.
Choose r = 3, h = 9, and dr = dh = 0.1. Then
dw = (2 9 + 4 3) (0.1) + 2 3 (0.1) =

18
11.3097335529232557
5

is the estimate of the maximum error in computing the surface area of the cylinder. The actual maximum
error possible is
91
= 11.4353972590668474.
25

f (3.1, 9.1) f (3, 9) =

C13S06.035: The volume of the cone is given by
w = f (r, h) =

2
r h,
3

so that

dw =

rh dr + r2 dh.
3
3

Choose r = 5, h = 10, and dr = dh = 0.1. Then

dw =

2
25

5 10 (0.1) + 52 (0.1) =
13.0899693899574718
3
3
6

is an estimate of the maximum error in measuring the volume of the cylinder. The true value of the maximum
error is
f (5.1, 10.1) f (5, 10) =

12701
13.3004560977479880.
3000

C13S06.036: If the dimensions of the box are x by y by z, then its total surface is w = f (x, y, z) =
2xy + 2xz + 2yz, and so
dw = 2(y + z) dx + 2(x + z) dy + 2(x + y) dz.
Choose x = 10, y = 15, z = 20, and dx = dy = dz = 0.1. Then
7

dw = (70 + 60 + 50) (0.1) = 18

is an estimate of the maximum error in measuring the total surface area of the box. The true value of the
maximum error is
f (10.1, 15.1, 20.1) f (10, 15, 20) =

903
= 18.06.
50

C13S06.037: If the sides of the eld are x and y and the angle between them is , then the area of the
eld is given by
w = f (x, y, ) =

1
xy sin ,
2

so that
dw =

1
1
1
y sin dx + x sin dy + xy cos d.
2
2
2

If x = 500, y = 700, = /6, dx = dy = 1, and d = /720, then

dw = 350

1
3
1
1

4375 3
1 + 250 1 + 500 700

= 300 +
961.2810182103919247
2
2
2
2
720
36

(in square feet) is an estimate of the maximum error in computing the area of the eld. The true value of
the maximum error is
f (501, 701, (/6) + (/720)) f (500, 700, /6) 962.9622561829376760
(in square feet). The former amounts to approximately 0.0220679756246646 acres (there are 43560 square
feet in one acre).
C13S06.038: We begin with the equation
V (T, p) =

82.06T
,
p

for which

dV =

4103(p dT T dp)
.
50p2

When p = 5, dp = 0.1, T = 300, and dT = 20, we nd that

dV =

4103(5 (20) 300 (0.1))

28721
=
= 229.768.
50 25
125

The actual change in the volume is

V (280, 4.9) V (300, 5) =

8206
234.4571428571428571.
35

C13S06.039: The period T of a pendulum of length L is given (approximately) by

 1/2
L
T = 2
,
g

for which

dT =

If L = 2, dL = 1/12, g = 32, and dg = 0.2, then

8

 g 1/2 g dL L dg

.
L
g2

dT =

17
0.0278161849536596.
1920

The true value of the increase in the period is

T (2 + 1/12, 32.2) T (2, 32) 0.0274043631738259.
C13S06.040: Given
 1/2
L
T = 2
,
g
we compute
dT = 2

1
2

 1/2
g dL L dg
 g 1/2
L

= 2
(g dL L dg).
2
g
g
g L

Therefore
dT
1  g 1/2  g 1/2
=
2
(g dL L dg)
T
2 L
g L
1 g 1
1
1
= 2 (g dL L dg) =
(g dL L dg) =
2 L g
2gL
2

dL
dg

L
g


.

1
(v0 )2 sin 2, we rst compute
32

1 
dR =
v0 sin 2 dv0 + (v0 )2 cos 2 d .
16

C13S06.041: Given: R(v0 , ) =

Substitution of v0 = 400, dv0 = 10, = /6, and d = /180 yields

250
dR = 125 3 +
303.7728135458261405
9
as an estimate of the increase in the range. The true value of the increase is

42025
R(410, (/6) + (/180)) R(400, /6) = 2500 3 +
sin
8

31
90


308.1070548148573585.

C13S06.042: Given
S=

k
,
wh3

we rst compute
k
3k
k
dS = 2 3 dw
dh = 3
w h
wh4
wh

1
3
dw +
dh
w
h


= S


1
3
dw +
dh .
w
h

If S = 1 when w = 2 and h = 4, then

1=

k
,
2 64

so that k = 128;
9

thus S =

128
.
wh3

(1)

To approximate the sag when w = 2.1 and h = 4.1, we take w = 2, h = 4, and dw = dh = 0.1 in Eq. (1) to
nd that


1
3
dS = 1
(0.1) + (0.1) = 0.05 0.075 = 0.125,
2
4
and thus the sag will be approximately 1 0.125 = 0.875 (inches). The true value is
S(2.1, 4.1) =

128
0.88438039
(2.1) (4.1)3

inches.
C13S06.043: Part (a): If (x, y) (0, 0) along the line y = x, then
lim

f (x, y) = lim f (x, x) = lim 1 = 1.

x0

(x,y)(0,0)

x0

But if (x, y) (0, 0) along the line y = 0, then

lim

f (x, y) = lim f (x, 0) = lim 0 = 0.

x0

(x,y)(0,0)

x0

Therefore f is not continuous at (0, 0).

Part (b): We compute the partial derivatives of f at (0, 0) by the denition:
fx (0, 0) = lim

f (0 + h, 0) f (0, 0)
f (h, 0)
0
= lim
= lim
= 0;
h0
h0 h
h
h

fy (0, 0) = lim

f (0, 0 + k) f (0, 0)
f (0, k)
0
= lim
= lim
= 0.
k0
k0 k
k
k

h0

k0

Therefore both fx and fy exist at (0, 0) but f is not continuous at (0, 0).

3
C13S06.044: The function f (x, y) = x1/3 + y 1/3 is continuous everywhere because it is the composition
of the sum of continuous functions. At the origin we compute its partial derivative with respect to x as
follows:
 1/3 3
h
f (0 + h, 0) f (0, 0)
fx (0, 0) = lim
= lim
= 1;
h0
h0
h
h
similarly, fy (0, 0) = 1. So only the plane z = x + y can approximate the graph of f at and near (0, 0). But
the line L1 in the vertical plane y = x, through (0, 0, 0), and tangent to the graph of f has slope
lim

x0

f (x, x) f (0, 0)

= 4 2,
x 2

whereas the
line L2 in the vertical plane y = x, through (0, 0, 0), and tangent to the graph of z = x + y
has slope 2 . Because no plane through (0, 0, 0) approximates the graph of f accurately near (0, 0), the
function f is not dierentiable at (0, 0).
C13S06.045: Given:
f (x, y) = y 2 + x2 sin
10

1
x

if x = 0; f (0, y) = y 2 . Then
fx (0, 0) = lim

h0

f (h, 0) f (0, 0)
1 2
1
1
= lim
h sin = lim h sin = 0
h0 h
h
h h0
h

and
fy (0, 0) = lim

k0

f (0, k) f (0, 0)
k2
= lim
= lim k = 0.
k0 k
k0
k

Therefore the linear approximation to f at (0, 0) can only be z = 0. Moreover,

0
f (x, y)
x2 + y 2 = g(x, y)
for all (x, y), and z = g(x, y) has the tangent plane z = 0 at (0, 0). Therefore z = 0 does approximate
f (x, y) accurately at and near (0, 0). That is, f is dierentiable at (0, 0). But if x = 0, then
fx (x, y) = 2x sin

1
1
cos ,
x
x

so fx (x, y) has no limit as (x, y) (0, 0) along the x-axis. Therefore fx (x, y) is not continuous at (0, 0),
and thus f is not continuously dierentiable at (0, 0) even though it is dierentiable there.
C13S06.046: Suppose that f is a function of a single variable. We are to show that f  (a) exists if and
only if f is dierentiable at x = a in the sense of Eq. (19), meaning that there exists a constant c such that
f (a + h) f (a) ch
= 0
|h|

lim

h0

(1)

and that, if Eq. (1) holds, then c = f  (a). So let us suppose rst that f  (a) exists. Let c = f  (a). Then
f (a + h) f (a)
= f  (a)
h

lim

h0

by denition, and
lim

h0

ch
= c = f  (a).
h

Consequently,
f (a + h) f (a) ch
lim
=
h0
h

f (a + h) f (a)
lim
h0
h

ch
lim
h0 h


= 0 0 = 0,

and therefore Eq. (1) holds as well.

Next suppose that
lim

h0

f (a + h) f (a) ch
= 0
|h|

for some constant c. Then

f (a + h) f (a) ch

f (a + h) f (a) ch



lim
lim
= h0
= 0,
h0
|h|
h
and thus
11

lim

h0

f (a + h) f (a) ch
= 0.
h

It now follows that


lim

h0

f (a + h) f (a) ch
h


+

lim

h0

ch
h


= 0 + c = c,

and thus
lim

h0

f (a + h) f (a)
= c.
h

That is, f  (a) exists and c = f  (a).

C13S06.047: Suppose that the function f of n  2 variables is dierentiable at a. Then there exists a
constant vector c =  c1 , c2 , . . . , cn  such that
lim

h0

f (a + h) f (a) c h
= 0.
|h|

Therefore


 

f (a + h) f (a) c h
lim |h| lim
= 0 0 = 0,
h0
h0
|h|

and therefore
lim [f (a + h) f (a) c h] = 0.

h0

But c h 0 as h 0 because c is a constant vector. Therefore


 

lim [f (a + h) f (a) c h] + lim [c h + f (a)] = 0 + 0 + f (a) = f (a),
h0

h0

and thus we see that

lim f (a + h) = f (a).

h0

Therefore f is continuous at x = a. That is, the function f is continuous wherever it is dierentiable.

C13S06.048: Suppose that the function f of n  2 variables is dierentiable at a. Then there exists a
constant vector c = c1 , c2 , . . . , cn  such that
lim

h0

f (a + h) f (a) c h
= 0.
|h|

(1)

Now Eq. (1) holds for every n-vector h, and in particular, if i is a xed integer between 1 and n, then Eq. (1)
holds for the vector
h =  0, 0, . . . , 0, h, 0, . . . , 0 
having the nonzero scalar h as its ith entry and zeros for all other entries. Moreover, note that h 0 is, in
such a case, equivalent to h 0. Let a =  a1 , a2 , . . . , an . Then Eq. (1) implies that
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lim

h0

f (a1 , a2 , . . . , ai + h, . . . , an ) f (a1 , a2 , . . . , ai , . . . , an ) c h
h
= lim

h0

f (a1 , a2 , . . . , ai + h, . . . , an ) f (a1 , a2 , . . . , ai , . . . , an ) ci h
= 0.
h

It follows immediately that

lim

h0

f (a1 , a2 , . . . , ai + h, . . . , an ) f (a1 , a2 , . . . , ai , . . . , an )
= ci .
h

Hence Di f (a) exists and is equal to ci for 1
i
n. Moreover, this shows that the vector c in Eq. (19) of
the text is unique.

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