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Pipe Threads
Types and Designation Comparison of Jointing and Fastening Thread Tolerances Design and Function of Jointing Threads Thread Engagement Thread Cutting Assembly Method Notes on Taper/Parallel Threaded Joints Thread Measurement Key Data for Threads to ISO 7/1 Thread Jointing and Sealing

Pages

4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 - 4.11 4.12 4.13 - 4.14

GEORGEFISCHER

4.01

Types & Designation


Over generations many different types of screw threads have been developed for particular applicatons, which include fastening components, power transmission and materials handling. In the nineteenth century, most factories that needed a fastener would devise their own system. Clearly this resulted in all sorts of compatibility problems. The English mechanical engineer and inventor, Sir Joseph Whitworth (18031887) devised a standardised threading system in 1841 to tackle these difficulties. The Whitworth thread form is based on a 55 degree thread angle and rounded roots and crests. See Fig. 4.01. The Whitworth thread form was selected for use as a connecting thread for pipes, which was made self sealing by cutting at least one of the threads on a taper. This became known as the British Standard Pipe thread (BSP Taper or BSP Parallel thread). The Whitworth thread is now used internationally as a standard thread for jointing low carbon steel pipes. See Fig. 4.02. Pipe threads can be divided into two types:
Jointing Thread

Basic Whitworth Form


H/6

threads, taper external and parallel internal. For special applications, a parallel fastening thread is required. See Figure 4.03 of a union which uses the two types of thread. Pipe Thread Designation The size designation of a pipe thread is derived from ISO 7. See page 3.08 for pipe size designation. Before a revision of BS21 in 1973 an internal pipe thread that was specified , for example , by 1 1/2" BSP. Pl may now simply be referred to as Rp1 1/2. Similarly, a taper thread which was designated by 1 1/2 BSP. Tr EXT is now designated by R 1 1/2. The method of designating the different types of pipe thread is detailed below using thread size 1 1/2" as an example. Jointing thread to ISO 7-1, BS EN 10226-1 Internal thread (right-hand) External thread (right-hand) parallel taper Rp 1 1/2 R 1 1/2

r H h r
27.5 27.5

H/6

Pitch P

H = 0.960 491 P h = 0.640 327 P r = 0.137 329 P

Fig. 4.01

Basic form of taper pipe thread

r H h r
27.5 27.5

Pitch P Axis of screw


90

Fig. 4.02

Note: LH is added to designate left-hand thread, Rp 1 1/2 -LH


Fig. 4.04

Fastening Thread

Jointing Thread

Fig. 4.03 The George Fischer Union, showing both jointing and fastening threads.

a) Jointing threads - which are pipe threads for joints made pressure tight by sealing on the threads and are taper external and parallel or taper internal threads. The sealing effect is improved by using an appropriate jointing compound (see page 4.13 ). These threads are standardised in ISO 7-1 and the new BS EN 10226-1, which will supersede BS 21:1985. b) Fastening threads - are pipe threads where pressure tight joints are not made on the threads. Both threads are parallel and sealing is effected by compression of a soft material onto the external thread, or a flat gasket. These threads standardised in ISO 228-1 and BS 2779:1986. (BS EN 10227-1 is being prepared and will supersed BS2779). George Fischer malleable iron pipe fittings are produced with jointing

Fastening Thread to ISO 228-1, BS 2779 (BS EN 10227-1) Internal thread (right-hand) parallel G 1 1/2 G 1 1/2 A

External thread parallel (right-hand) Tolerance class A External thread parallel (right-hand) Tolerance class B

G 1 1/2 B

Note: LH is added to designate left-hand thread, G 1 1/2- LH


Fig. 4.05

4.02

GEORGEFISCHER

Comparison of Jointing and Fastening Thread Tolerances 1


Jointing threads to ISO 7-1
Internal thread maximum size

Fastening thread to ISO 228-1


Internal thread maximum size

External thread maximum size

2
Internal thread minimum size External thread maximum size

Internal thread Rp

Internal thread G External thread R

Nominal size
External thread G ... A

3
External thread G ... B

thread diameter

Internal thread minimum size

External thread minimum size

External thread minimum size

4
... for tolerance ranges used by
Fig. 4.06
External thread minimum size

5
Combination of Jointing and Fastening Threads If a parallel external pipe thread, G (fastening thread to ISO 228-1), is screwed together with a parallel internal pipe thread R p , (jointing thread to ISO 71), special consideration is required since this combination may not assemble together and does not necessarily lead to a pressure tight joint. (see ISO 228-1 section 3 and/or BS21:1985 Table 6).

GEORGEFISCHER

4.03

Design and Function of Jointing Threads


Thread shape, dimensions, tolerances and designations per thread size are specified in ISO 7-1(CEN 10226). Terms relating to Pipe Threads
Total thread

sufficient allowance for tightening or wrenching the joint. Wrenching Allowance is the length of useful thread which is provided to allow tightening or wrenching of the components, beyond the hand tight position, in order to achieve a pressure tight joint.

Useful thread (not less than gauge length plus fitting allowance) Incomplete thread Washout thread

Complete thread

Vanish cone

Gauge plane Gauge diameter d

End of longest permitted internal thread at hand tight engagement

Major cone

T1 2

T1 2

Gauge length

Wrenching allowance

Fig. 4.07
Allowance equivalent to positive tolerance on internal thread

Fitting allowance

Taper External Threads, R The taper has a combined ratio 1:16. The most important parts of the thread are : q Gauge Length is the length along the axis from the gauge plane to the end of the thread. This will vary within a tolerance. The design dimensions ensure that assemby with the internal thread is always possible, even when the internal thread is at the minimum diameter. q Fitting Allowance is the length of useful thread required to provide for assembly with an internal thread. Even when the internal thread is at the maximum diameter, there is still 4.04

Washout Thread is the part of the thread which is not fully formed at the root. This section is not useful thread and does not contribute to the effectiveness of the joint.

Internal Threads, Rp or Rc The length and design of the internal thread must be such to allow the external thread to be screwed in sufficiently to achieve adequate compression and sealing in the threads, even when the external thread is at the maximum permitted length.

GEORGEFISCHER

Thread Engagement
Thread engagement is the standard distance that the pipe may be screwed into the fitting. This dimension is fundamental to the development of the z method (see section 6). The following Thread Size Gauge length (hand tight) fitting allowance wrenching allowance
* useful thread = gauge length plus fitting allowance. includes wrenching allowance.
Turns (mm) Turns (mm)
1

table illustrates the design thread lengths. The gauge length is the design hand tight position and the fitting allowance is for adjustment and tightening. The figures are for an internal thread to mid tolerance.

/4

/8

/2

/4

1 1/4

1 1/2

2 1/2

4 1/2 6.0 2 3/4 3.7

4 3/4 6.4 2 3/4 3.7

4 1/2 8.2 2 3/4 5.0

5 1/4 9.5 2 3/4 5.0

4 1/2 5 1/2 5 1/2 10.4 12.7 12.7 2 3/4 6.4 2 3/4 6.4 2 3/4 6.4

6 7/8 7 9/16 8 15/16 11 12 3/8 15.9 17.5 20.6 25.4 28.6 3 1/4 7.5 4 9.2 4 9.2 4 1/2 5 10.4 11.5

Turns (mm)

1 1/2 2.0

1 1/2 2.0

1 1/2 2.7

1 1/2 2.7

1 1/2 3.5

1 1/2 3.5

1 1/2 3.5

2 4.6

2 1/2 5.8

2 1/2 5.8

3 6.9

3 1/2 8.1

average thread engagement*

Turns (mm)

7 1/4 10

7 1/2 10

7 1/4 13

8 15

7 1/4 17

8 1/4 19

8 1/4 19

10 1/8 11 9/16 12 15/16 15 1/2 17 3/8 24 27 30 36 40

Fig. 4.08 Table of Nominal Thread Lengths

GEORGEFISCHER

4.05

Thread Cutting
The usual method of producing pipe threads on low carbon steel tube is to cut them using a threading machine. (Details of the George Fischer pipe cutting and threading machines can be found in section 8). Alternatively, pipe threads can be produced using hand tools known as stocks and dies. If a number of pipe threads have to be cut, the benefits of using a machine include: accuracy which is repeated on each thread and significant time savings. Once the machine is set for a particular size, cutting and threading times of 20 seconds are not unusual.

4.06

GEORGEFISCHER

Assembly Method
The important dimensional data relating to thread lengths and their asssembly is detailed in Fig. 4.08. As an example, the correct method of assembling a 1" pipe joint is described. 1. Apply the appropriate jointing compound (see page 4.13). 2. Engage the threads and tighten to the hand tight position ( see Fig. 4.09 ) which is designed to be at the gauge length. 3. Using a wrench, continue to tighten. The number of turns which are necessary to achieve a pressure tight seal is the wrenching allowance. This is 1 1/2 turns for a 1" connection. (See Fig. 4.10 ). If the size of the internal thread coincides with the gauge plane on the external thread, then all of the fitting allowance may be used for tightening the joint, 2 3/4 turns for a 1" connection. Depending on the sizes of both threads, small variations to the number of turns may be required to position the outlet of the fitting or to adjust the length of the pipeline.

Fig. 4.09 Hand tight position

Fig. 4.10 Position after wrenching

GEORGEFISCHER

4.07

Notes on Taper/Parallel Threaded Joints


A pressure tight joint is achieved by the compression in the threads resulting from tightening in the wrenching allowance. This compression and sealing occurs in the first few turns of the internal thread. As wrenching takes place, the internal thread will stretch to accommodate the external taper. This ensures a perfect metal to metal contact which minimises the effects of threads produced at different ends of the permissible tolerances. Variations within the tolerances can occur between threads which are factory produced and those produced on site, whether by machine or hand cut. The metal to metal contact enables the joint to withstand tensile and compressive loads and bending stresses. In order to achieve the best sealing effect the following points should be taken into account: q threads must be produced to allow the components to be screwed together, without jointing compound. q the jointing compound should be applied sparingly, since it is only required to fill the inevitable deviations from the theoretical thread profile and the roughness of the thread surfaces. q sufficient threads must be available for wrenching, even when the internal thread is at maximum diameter. q the end of the useful thread should not be screwed in further than the first full formed internal thread. q the washout thread will normally remain visible after tightening with a wrench (typically 1 to 2 threads). Sealing and compression performance may be reduced if attempts are made to seal on the external washout thread. q allowances for thread chamfers may be necessary (see page 4.10) Reuseability Fittings may be reused only if no permanent deformation has occured during the jointing process. If the correct 4.08

wrenching allowances are adopted, then the stresses in the fitting will be within the elastic limit of the material so that no permanent deformation occurs. The fitting may then be reused.

GEORGEFISCHER

Thread Measurement
Background Threads are produced world-wide by many thousands of factories and also individuals working on site. It is important to know that the threads on the pipe and fittings are in accordance with the appropriate standard. Measurement of threads is known as gauging and is carried out using a set of standardised gauges. Gauges are precision instruments which should be regularly checked for accuracy by a calibration laboratory. They are therefore expensive. Any gauging system must be readily available, quick and easy to use, and be resiliant in a production or site environment. Over the years, different countries have developed a number of slightly different ways to measure the same thread, with some types of gauge attempting to measure more than one of the thread parameters. As a result it is possible to obtain slightly different results depending on the measuring system used. Therefore a component which is to standard using one set of gauges may not appear to be to standard using a different method. This problem is being addressed by the international experts from the major industrial markets, who are attempting to devise a gauging system which will be adopted world-wide. The result of this international effort will be the revision to the ISO 7-2 standard, after which the new European standard BS EN 10226-2 will be compiled. Thread Gauges Both the jointing threads and the fastening threads are measured with different sets of go and no go standardised plug and ring gauges. The UK uses gauges detailed in BS 21 for jointing threads and ISO 228-2 for fastening threads. Since the majority of pipe threads are jointing threads we will consider in more detail how they are gauged.

General purpose pipe threads in accordance with ISO 7-1 or BS 21 are usually gauged with gauges detailed in BS 21 system B. This uses Taper full form plug and ring gauges and Taper plain plug and ring gauges. (See Fig. 4.12 )

Gauge plane Gauge plane

Gauge plane

Gauge plane

4
Fig. 4.12 Full form, plain plug and ring gauges.

Thread inspection is carried out by assembling the gauge and the workpiece together. The accuracy of the threaded component is determined by the position of the start of the thread, relative to the step in the gauge. Figure b shows gauging of internal and external threads at both the maximum and minimum sizes.
Ring gauge Gauge plane Start of thread Gauge length (max) Gauge length (min)

External thread of maximum gauge length

External thread of minimum gauge length

Gauge plane Plug gauge

8
Start of thread

Internal thread (parallel or taper) of maximum size

Internal thread (parallel or taper) of minimum size)

Fig. 4.13

GEORGEFISCHER

4.09

It is important to remember that thread inspection using gauges is a comparative test and when checking a parallel internal jointing thread, allowance must be made for the chamfer. Effect of Thread Chamfer on Gauging Result Most threads are chamfered during production, to remove any sharp edges and to ensure ease of assembly. This has a significant effect on the gauging result, particularly when inspecting internal parallel threads. The key to understanding this is that the measuring point is always the start of the thread relative to the step on the gauge. If, for example, a parallel internal thread has been chamfered with a chamfer greater than 1 pitch, then the start of the thread has been moved to a point inside the fitting. It is this point inside the fitting that must be compared with the step on the gauge. (see Fig. 4.14 ) External Thread

George Fischer have developed a method where the measuring point remains at the front face of the fitting after applying a correction for the effect of the chamfer. (See the nomogram on the following page, Fig. 4.15 ).

Chamfer > 1 pitch Chamfer < 1 pitch Start of thread Start of thread

Minor cone

Internal Thread

Major cone

Start of thread Chamfer < 1 pitch Chamfer > 1 pitch

Start of thread

Fig. 4.14 Effect of a chamfer on start of thread

4.10

GEORGEFISCHER

The nomogram is used as follows: 1. Measure the outside diameter D A of the chamfer and plot this point on the D A axis. 2. Draw a straight line between the D A plotted point and the point corresponding to the size of the thread being inspected. 3. Continue the straigth line to intersect the n axis and read off the value of n. This is the number of correction revolutions to be applied. 4. Correction is carried out by retracting the plug gauge by n revolutions from the hand tight position. At this new position, the size is measured by comparing the front face of the fitting with the step on the gauge.

Example On a 3/4" fig. 90 elbow a chamfer diameter (D A) of 28.3mm was measured. By drawing a line through the points D A =28.3mm and the 3/4" size, and extending the line to intersect the n axis, n= 1/4 is read off. The gauge would be retracted from the hand tight position by 1 /4 turn and the position of the front face of the fitting compared with the step on the gauge.

4
D A = measured diameter of the thread chamfer n = number of correction revolutions for the plug gauge

/ 4" to 3/ 8" / 2" to 3/ 4" 1" to 2" 21/2" to 4"

for Rp

example.: D A = 28,3 mm

DA

1/4 gauge revolution

Theoretical chamfer diameter DA on the fitting front face

9
Fig. 4.15 Nomogram (to be reproduced only with the express permission of George Fischer)

GEORGEFISCHER

4.11

4.12
/4 8 1 25 2 50 3 80 4 100 5 125
3 /8 10 1 /2 15 3 /4 20

Fig. 4.16
1 1/4 32 1 1/2 40 2 1/2 65 6 150 16.662 20.955 26.441 33.249 41.910 47.803 59.614 75.184 87.884 113.030 138.430 163.830 1.337 1.814 1.814 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 2.309 11 8 15 /16 20.6 3.5 4 12 15 /16 2 1/2 11 11 25.4 3.5 4 1/2 15 1/2 3 4 11 9 /16 2 1/2 11 7 9 /16 17.5 3.5 11 6 7 /8 15.9 2.3 3 1/4 10 1/8 2 11 5 1/2 12.7 2.3 2 3 /4 8 1/4 1 1/2 11 5 1/2 12.7 2.3 2 3/4 8 1/4 1 1/2 11 4 1/2 10.4 2.3 2 3/4 7 1/4 1 1/2 14 5 1/4 9.5 1.8 2 3 /4 8 1 1/2 14 4 1/2 8.2 1.8 2 3/4 7 1/4 1 1/2 19 4 3 /4 6.4 1.3 2 3 /4 7 1/2 1 1/2 2.309 2.309 11 12 3/8 28.6 3.5 5 17 3/ 8 3 1/2 2.309 11 12 3 /8 28.6 3.5 5 17 3 / 8 3 1/2 17.2 0.054 21.3 0.067 26.9 0.085 33.7 0.106 42.4 0.133 48.3 0.152 60.3 0.189 76.1 0.239 88.9 0.279 114.3 0.359 139.7 0.439 165.1 0.519 2.3 12.6 1.25 0.125 0.84 2.6 16.1 2.04 0.204 1.21 2.6 21.7 3.70 0.370 1.56 3.2 27.3 5.85 0.585 2.41 3.2 36.0 10.18 1.018 3.10 3.2 41.9 13.79 1.379 3.56 3.6 53.1 22.15 2.215 5.03 3.6 68.9 37.28 3.728 6.42 4.0 80.9 51.40 5.140 8.36 4.5 105.3 87.09 8.710 12.2 5.0 129.7 132.12 13.212 16.6 5.0 155.1 188.94 18.894 19.8 2.9 11.4 1.02 0.102 1.02 3.2 14.9 1.74 0.174 1.44 3.2 20.4 3.27 0.327 1.87 4.0 25.7 5.19 0.519 2.93 4.0 34.4 9.29 0.929 3.79 4.0 40.3 12.76 1.276 4.37 4.5 51.3 20.66 2.066 6.19 4.5 67.1 35.36 3.536 7.93 5.0 78.9 48.89 4.889 10.30 5.4 103.5 84.13 8.413 14.50 5.4 128.9 130.59 13.050 17.90 5.4 154.3 186.99 18.699 21.30

Key Data for Threads to ISO 7-1, BS21 and Threaded Pipes to ISO65, BS1387

Thread size Nominal diameter DN

1 /8 6

9.728

13.157

0.907

1.337

28 4 3 /8 4 0.9

19 4 1/2 6 1.3

Key Data for Threads to ISO 7/1

Pipe threads Gauge diameter mm (thread external dia. at the gauge plane) Pitch Number of threads/inch Gauge length turns (external thread) mm Tolerance for mm gauge length Fitting Allowance turns Useful thread turns Wrenching turns allowance

2 3 /4 7 1/8 1 1/2

2 3/4 7 1/4 1 1/2

Threaded pipes Outside diameter mm Surface area m 2/m

10.2 0.032

13.5 0.042

Medium Duty Wall thickness Inside diameter Bore area Capacity Pipe mass,plain end black pipe

mm mm cm2 l/m kg/

2.0 6.2 0.30 0.030 0.40

2.3 8.9 0.62 0.062 0.64

Heavy duty Wall thickness Inside diameter Bore area Capacity Pipe mass,plain end black pipe

mm mm cm2 l/m kg/

2.6 5.0 0.19 0.020 0.49

2.9 7.7 0.47 0.047 0.77

GEORGEFISCHER

Thread Jointing and Sealing


Principles In a threaded connection the threads provide the mechanical strength but should not be relied upon to give a pressure tight joint. The metal to metal contact between threads will resist loads from pipeline expansion and contraction, in addition to any bending moments which may be applied to the joint. A pressure tight joint is achieved by using a jointing compound or thread sealant which will act as a filler for gaps between the threads and also fill any roughness on the threaded surface. Types of Jointing Compound A wide and varied number of jointing compounds exist and it is only intended to make some general observations and comments in this section. Care should be taken when selecting a thread sealant to ensure it meets the specification requirements of each installation. Most thread sealants consist of a viscous liquid or paste which is applied to the threads before screwing together. The notable exception is PTFE tape, which is made from pure PTFE material and has a wide application. Selection of a Thread Sealant A number of jointing compounds are used as general purpose thread sealants but the wide variety of pipework applications has led to the development of thread sealants for specific applications. For example:
q q q q q q

that the joint will have to endure. Some of the main points for consideration are: q operating temperature and pressure of system
q

the fluid in the pipe and its characteristics exposure to vibration exposure to thermal shock (expansion and contraction) health and safety aspects (e.g. toxicity, flammability)

q q

Other factors which may affect the selection of jointing compound:


q

setting or curing times before system may be pressurised ability to dismantle connections ease of maintenance size of thread ease of application shelf life

q q q

Consideration of these factors will assist in selection of the most appropriate jointing compound for a particular application. Confirmation of suitability should be addressed to the manufacturer concerned and their recommendations strictly followed. Method of Application Reference should always be made to the manufacturers instructions for the exact method of application. Meanwhile, the following guidelines illustrate some of the general principles. The threads to be jointed must be clean and dry, free from rust, dirt, oil and grease. If a joint is being re-made then any previously used jointing compound must be removed. Pastes The jointing compound is normally applied to the external thread using a brush. Apply the reinforcing material if required and the joint is then screwed together. 4.13

steam marine potable water natural and LP gases compressed air fuels

Before selecting a sealant it is necessary to be aware of the type of environment

GEORGEFISCHER

Reinforcing Material Dependent on manufacturers instructions it may be necessary to use a reinforcing material in conjunction with the jointing compound. This is traditionally hemp which is wound evenly around the threads, starting at the front of the thread and wound in the direction of the threads towards the washout. Note: Hemp is not permitted for use on hot and cold water according to the UK Water Byelaw Scheme, although a hemp substitute is available from some suppliers. For threaded joints above 2" the use of reinforcing material is generally considered essential, mainly due to the larger gaps between the threads which require filling and sealing. PTFE Tape This material is used as a general purpose thread sealant. The tape is applied to the external thread by starting at the front of the thread and winding in a clockwise direction towards the washout. This ensures that the sealing material is drawn into the threads as the joint is made. A slight tension to the tape, during the application should be maintained which will help to achieve the correct positioning. The number of turns required is somewhat dependent on the thread type and thread quality, although as a general guide use a single wrap up to 2" threads and double or multiple wraps above 2". Standards and Specifications With any piping installation it is important to take account of any standards or requirements which have been detailed by the specifier. This is particularly important when dealing with potable water and gas installations.

All jointing compounds in contact with potable water must be approved by the UK Water Byelaw Scheme. Many mechanical service installations will have the jointing compound specified and there may be some slight variations between different contracts. Most requirements for thread sealants are detailed in BS 6956, Jointing Material and Compounds. The new European standards are currently being introduced as part of the BS EN 751 series.

4.14

GEORGEFISCHER

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