HANDBOUND AT THE

UNIVERSITY OF

TORONTO PRESS

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2011 with funding from

University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/icelandicprimerwOOswee

AN

ICELANDIC PRIMER
WITH

GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARV

BY

HENRY SWEET,

M.A.

SECOND EDITION

^^

O;efor^

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1895

Cyforb

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

PREFACE,
The
^vant of a short

and easy introduction

felt

to the
in
fact,

study

of Icelandic has been

for

a long time

from

the very beginning of that study in England.

The

Icelandic
in

Reader,

edited

by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell,

Series,
is

the

Clarendon Press
ought to be
in

most valuable book,

;

which
leaves

the hands of every student

but

it

still

room

for an elementary primer.

As

the

engagements of
it

the editors of the

for

Reader would have made

impossible

them

to undertake such a work for some years to come,

they raised no objections to

myself.

my

proposal to undertake

it

Meanwhile,
than
I

found the task was a more formid-

able one
definitely

had anticipated, and accordingly, before

it,

committing myself to

made one
to

final
it

attempt
off

to induce Messrs. Vigfusson

and Powell

take

my

hands
with
it

but
;

they very kindly encouraged

I

me

to

proceed

and as

myself thought that an Icelandic primer,

one, might perhaps be the

on

the lines of

my Anglo-Saxon
1

means of inducing some

up Icelandic
In
the

students of

Old English

to

take

as well,
I

determined to go on.
not

spelling

have

thought

it

necessary

to

adhere

strictly to that

adopted

in the
it

Reader, for the editors

have themselves deviated from

Boreale, in the

in their

Corpus Poiticum
b,

way of separating

g from

etc.

My own

IV

PREFACE.
little

principle has been to deviate as

traditional spelling followed in

as possible from the

texts.

normalized

There

is,

indeed,

no

practical gain for the

beginner in

writing time

for ttmt, discarding ^, etc., although these

changes certainly

bring us nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed

with in scientific works.
is

The

essential thing for the beginner

to

have regular forms presented to him, to the exclusion,

as far as possible, of isolated archaisms,

defective distinctions of the
I

and

to

have the
diacritics.

MSS. supplemented by
for {') as the

have not hesitated to substitute (")

the latter ought in
in

mark of

length;
sively

my
as

opinion to be used excluin

Irish

Icelandic

as

well

Old English and Old

to represent the actual accents of the

I

MSS.

In the grammar
tions to

have to acknowledge

my

great obliga-

Noreen's AlHsldndische

Grammatik,
that has yet

which

is

by
at

far the best Icelandic

least

grammar

appeared

from that narrow point of view which ignores syntax,

itself

and concentrates

on phonology and
to

inflections.

The

texts

are intended

be as easy, interesting, and

representative as possible.

With such a language, and such

is

a master of

it

as Snorri to choose from, this combination

not

difficult to realise.

The beginner

is

indeed to be envied

who makes
As

his first

acquaintance with the splendid mytho-

logical tales of the North, told in

an absolutely perfect
is

style.

the death of Olaf

Tryggvason

given in the Reader

I

only from the longer recension of the Heimskringla,

have

been able to give the shorter text, which

for the purposes of this book.

is

admirably suited

The

story of

Au9un

is

not

only a beautiful one in

piece, gives a vivid

itself,

but, together with the

preceding
kingly

idea of the

Norse

ideal of the

PREFACE.
character, which

V
whole poHtical

was

the foundation of their

system.

As

the
I

Reader does not include poetry (except

finest

incidentally),

have added one of the

is

of the Eddaic

poems, which
corruption

at the

same time

freest

from obscurity and

his

the song of Thor's quest of

I

hammer.

In the glossary

have ventured to deviate from the very

ce

inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts /, ^,

right at the
I

end of the alphabet.

I

have to acknowledge the great help

have had

in pre-

paring the texts and the glossary from

Lccsebog,

Wimmer's Oldnordisk
the

which

consider

to be,

on

whole, the

best
is

reading-book that exists in any language.

So excellent
for

Wimmer's
to

selection of texts, that

it

was impossible
every case.

me
ihis

do otherwise than follow him

In conclusion,
it

in nearly

is

almost superfluous to say that

to originality

book makes no pretension

it

of any kind.

If

contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious

heritage

the old language

and

literature

of Iceland

which

our miserably
defrauded them

narrow scheme of education has hitherto

of,
it

will

have

fulfilled

its

purpose.

HKNRY SWEET.
London,
Icbruary, i8S6.

CONTENTS.
PACK

Grammar
Texts
:

I.

Thor

4.^

II.

Thor and UtgarSaloki

44
53

III. Balder.

IV. Death of Balder

54
5^ i8

V. HeCinn and H9gni

VI. Death of Olaf Tryggvason VII. Auffun

VIII. |>rymskvi6a

6o
70
77

Notes
Glossary

....

83

Proper Names

109

GRAMMA R.
1.

This book deals with Old Icelandic

in its classical period,

1

between 1200 and 1350.

PRONUNCIATION.
2.

The

Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with

the addition

of/ and

which

last is in this

^. and of the modified book written b, [i.

letters

/,

^, 0,

VOWELS.
3.

The

vowel-letters

had nearly the same values as

often

in

marked by ('). In The this book long vowels are regularly marked by (") \ following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and
Old English.

Long vowels were

German
a

(G.)

as in
>

mann (G
father
'

halda

{/lo/cf)

a
e

ra'S {(lih'ice)

))

6i6 (F.)

gekk

{irenl)

e
?
>

let (let />r^/.)

men
are written

m^nn {mm)
, a-

'

Note

that the Ionics off,

is

respectively.
its

Where no keyword

given for a long vowel,

sound

is

that of ihi

corresponding short vowel lengthened.

GRAMMAR.
ae
i 1

as in

there
fini

saer {sea)

V;ri

LL.

l^^

(F.)

mikill {great)
litill

t-r-^
:]

...

(/z-///^][x

beau

(F.)

or6 {word)
tok {took)

o
y>9

...
not

hgnd {hand)
(F.)

^ o
oe
r"

peu

komr

{comes)

.,

h^

...

foera {bring)
(F.)

peur
sou

ggra {make)

<^

u U
y y au
ei

(F.)

upp

{up)

...
5,

hus {house)
systir {sister)

tu (F.)

...
,,

lysa {shine)

haus (G.)

lauss {loose)

ey
4.

= =
in the

+ +

bein

((^t?;^^)

y
z'

leysa {loosen)
' \

The unaccented
e
is

in systir,

etc.

(which

is

generally

written

MSS.) probably had

i

the sound oi

in pity,

which

really

between
is

and

e.

The

unacc. u

m/oru

(they

went), etc. (which

generally written o in the

MSS.) probably
and

had the sound of

oo in good.

Note

that several of the vowels

:

go
oe.

in pairs of close

open, thus

close:

e e o o o
ae

open:

g - g

-.

n^

CONSONANTS.
5.

Double consonants followed by a vowel must be proreally double, as in Italian.

nounced

Thus

the kk in drekka

(to drink)

must be pronounced
is

like the kc in bookcase, while

the k in dr^ki (dragon)

(or followed

single,

ap in booking.

When

final

by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced

PRONL'NCIA TION.
long, as in
viufiii

3
steifin

(mouth ace), hamarr (hammer 7wm.),

(stone nom.), distinguished from tnun (will vb.),

cusatives hamar, stein.
6.

and the ac-

k and

g
e,

had a more front

/,
i,

(palatal)

sound before the

front vowels
in

o,

^'j^^and their longs, as also before J, as

(lie).

^pina (known), kiyra (drive), gpra (make), Uggjo.

7.
kkj,

front kk,
8.

ggj were probably pronounced simply as double gg. they not being pronounced separately.
initially the

f had

sound of our/; medially and

finally

that of V, as in gefa (give),

gaf
it

(gave), except of course in

such combinations asy?, where

9.

had the sound of /I

cons,

g was a stopped (back or front initially and in the combination

(go) being

guttural
ng,

or palatal)

the
It

two ^'s

in

ganga
g, u,

pronounced as

in go.

had the open

a, o,

sound of G.

in sagen medially before the

back vowels
(tale),

and

all
;

conss. except/,

and
;

finally

saga

dggum

(with days)

sagdi (he said)

it

lag (he

lay).

Before the front

vowels

andy
Before

had the sound of G. g

voiceless

in Hegen, or nearly that

ofy

(ourj/), as in s^gir (says), s^gja (to say).

10.

conss.

(/,

s)

g seems
in

to

have been

pronounced
11.

k,

as in sagt (said), dags (day's).

the

The g was always sounded

combination ng,

as in single, not as in singer.

12.

h was sounded
as in E. hue
/,
;/.

before y in such words as hjaria (heart)

hju).
r,

much

(=

hi,

hn, hr, hv probably repre-

sented voiceless
with E.
(what).
13.
j is

respectively,

hv being identical
(ring),

wh

hlaupa

(leap),

hnlga (bentl), hringr

hvat

not distinguished from

in young:

/ in

the

MSS.

It

had the
-^^

sound of Y..y
14.
.

jgrd

(earth), sgtja (to set).

y
j

p in// probably had

s

the

sound of/:
trill,

lopt (air), ri-

15.
16.

r was always a strong point

as in Scotch.

was always sharp.

B a

4
17.

GRAMMAR.
V (which was sometimes
written u

and w) had the sound

of E.
18. 19.

vel (well),

hgggva (hew).
ts
:

z had the sound of

])

h^ztr (best).
in the older

and S were used promiscuously

J?

MS., the
Icelandic

very oldest using

}> is

almost exclusively.
to

In

Modern

written

initially

express the sound of E. hard M, express that of soft ih

;

d medially and
pronunciation,

finally to

as there

can be no doubt that

it is

this

usage corresponds with the old

retained in this

book ping
:

(parliament),

fadir

(father),

vid (against).

In such combinations as
p.
,

pd

the

d must of course be pronounced

STRESS.
20.

The

stress (accent)

is

always on the

first syllable.

PHONOLOGY.
VOWELS.
21.

The

vowels are related to one another in different ways,

the most important of which are mutation (umlaut), fracture

(brechung), and gradation (ablaut).

Mutation.
22.

The
(9)
.

following changes are i-mutations (caused by an

^

older i ox j following, which has generally been dropped)

a a
^

mann (man

acc^,

m^nn (men); hgnd (hand),

h^ndr (hands).
. .

88

mat (speech), mcpla

(speak).

Many

of the z's which appear in derivative and inflectional syllables

are late weakenings of a

and other

vo\^els, as in bani (death) == Old,

English bana

these do not cause mutation.

PHONOLOGY.
e
(ja,

J9)
.

i:

verdr (worth), vi'rda (estimate).

;

u(o).

y:>//r(full),>//a(tofill)
:

^// (air), /y/>/a (lift).

o 6
.
.

y
6
:

bruti (eyebrow), pi. brynn.

koma

(to

come), komr (comes).

CB -.^/or (weni), /oera (bring).

.

au
ju
23.

ey
.
.

iauss (loose), /eysa (loosen).

:

(jo)

sjukr (sick),

j>W (sickness)
is

/jos/a (strike),

/js/r (strikes).

The change
k,

of a into /

sometimes the
ganga.

result of a

following
(taken),

g, or

7ig,

as in degi dat. sg. of dagr (day), /^knin

inf.

gpiginn (gone),

taka,

appears instead

of

^,

and u instead of
:

o before

a nasal followed by another

cons.

cp. binda (to bind), hwidinn (bound) wi.h bresta (burst)

ptc. prt. brostinn.

24. There

is

also a u-mutation, caused

:

by a following

u,

which has often been dropped

dagr (day)

dat. pi.
w,

dggum
as in

land (land)
pi.

pi. Ignd.

25. Unaccented g

becomes

sumur

of sumar

(summer), kglludu (ihey

called), infin. kalla.

Fracture.
28.

The

only vowel that

it

is

affected

by fracture

is e

when

followed by original a

becomes yVz, when followed by original

(earth)'.
/,

it

becomes

y^. as

\i\
/,

jardar gen. o{ jgrd

the e
is,

When
as in

followed by original
skildir plur.

of course, mutated to

nom. of

skjgldr (sliield), gen. skjaldar.

Gradation.
27.

By gradation
.
.

the vowels are related as follows:

a
(bring).

6 :/ara

(go)

pret. for,

wiience

by mut. /ara

'

Cp. (ierman erdf.

6
e
(i,

GRAMMAR.
ja)
.

(o)

bresia (burst), prt. brasi, prt. pi.

brustu, ptc. prt. brostinn; finna {f^nd), /undi'nn {[ound p/c),

fundr (meeting).
e
. .

siela

(steal),

prt. stal, prt.

pi. stdlu,

ptc. prt. stolhin.

e \gefa

(give),

^^(he

gave),

gdfu{^t,y

gave), gefinn (given), gjgf{'S^^% ^^-fracture oi gef-, gcB/a (luck)

mut. of gd/-.
i
.

ei

sktna (shine), skem (he shone), ski'nu (they

(sunshine).
.

shone),

so/- skin

ju
pi.

(jo)

au

IJuga
(lie

(tell

lie),

prt. laug, prt.

higu, ptc. prt. loginn.

lygi

sbst^ mut. of lug-,

/>/<:.),

skjota

(shoot), skjdtr (swift), skotinn (shot

skot (shot subsl).

Other changes.
28. All
final

vowels are long in accented syllables J>d (then),

:

nu (now).
29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after

long accented vowels

dat. plurals

cp.

ganga

(to

go) withyS (to get), the

knjdm (knees) with husum (houses).

:

30. Vowels are often lengthened before /+cons.

(half adj^^ folk (people)
(burst ptc^.
;

hdlfr

cp. folginn (hidden) with brostinn

CONSONANTS.
31. V
is

dropped before

and u

vaxa

(to grow), prt. ox,

vinna (to win), unnimi (won pic), svella (to starve), soltinn
(starved, hungry).

Final r

is

often assimilated to a preceding cons.

32.

*-/r, ^-nr, "^-sr

always become

-//,

-nn, -ss after a long

slol,

vowel

or diphthong, as in stoll (chajr nom.), ace.

steinn

{?,\.oi\Qnom.),z,cc.slein, viss (wise masc. nom.

sg.), vis

fem.nom-

NOUNS.
sg.,

and

in unacc. syllables, as in the

masc.

sg.

nominatives

mikill (great), fern, mikil^ borinn (carried), fern, borin,

ymiss

(various) fern. fwzj.

33.

Words

in

which

/.

, r, s

are preceded by a cons, drop

the r entirely, as in the masc. nominatives jarl (earl), hrafn

(raven), vitr (wise),

purs

(giant),

lax (salmon).
r

34. If
is

and n are preceded by a short accented vowel, the

generally kept, as in stclr (steals),

as elsewhere.

vmr

(friend), sr

becoming
masc.

ss^

35. r

is

kept after

//,

and generally

after w, as in the

nom.

allr (all),

and

in

brpinr (burns).
ts,

36. z often stands for ds as well as

seem)=*>^'/('/^/(^-j-^,

as in l?er pykkizk (ye

Vest-firzkr (belonging to the

firth).

West

Firths)

= -*firdskr
:

(/^r^r,

37. Inflectional

/ is

generally doubled after a long accented

'

vowel far (few) neut.yS// (cp. allr

sdtt
'

all,'

neut. allt), sd (I saw),

thou sawest.'

INFLECTIONS.
NOUNS.
38.

culine, feminine,

partly

Gender. There are three genders in Icelandic masand neuter. The gender is partly natural, grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old

English.

Compound words

follow the gender of their last

element.

30. Strong
the

and Weak.
in

All

weak nouns end

in

a vowel in

nom.

sg.

and

most of the other cases as

are four cases

well.

Most

strong nouns end in a cons, in the nom. sg.

40. Cases.
dative, genitive.

There
All

nominative, accusative,
and the
dai.
pi.

nouns (except a few contractions) have

of
fishes), in
-//;;/

the gen.
(fiskurn).

pi.

in -a

[Jiska,

All

strong

masculines (fiskr) and some

strong

GRAMMAR.
IMost strong

feminines {bruSr, bride) take r' in the nom. sg.

feminines show the bare root in the nom. sg. with ^-mutation,
if

possible {dst, favour, fgr, journey).

The nom.
nom.

pi.

of

all

strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in r [fiskar,

ace.

astir).
pi.

The
(astir).

pL of fem. nouns

is

the

same

as the

The

ace. pi. of masc. strong

nouns always ends

ace. of neuters
is

in a

vowel

{fiska).

The

plur.

nom. and

the

the sing. nom. and ace, except that in the plur.

ace.

same as nom. and

they

take w-mutation,

if

possible

{hUs,

houses, Ignd,

lands).

41.

The

declensions are most conveniendy distinguished

by the

ace. plur.

Strong Masculines.
(i) a-plurals.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
fisk-ar

Nom.
Ace.

fisk-r (fish)
fisk
fisk-i

fisk-a

Dat.
Gen.

fisk-um
fisk-a
;

fisk-s

42. So also heimr (home, world)

(Thor), ace. p^r, gen. ]idrs
steins, pi.
',

konungr (king)

])5rr

steinn (stone), ace. stein, gen.

nom.
purs

steinar]

hrafn (raven),

ace. hrafn,

pi.

nom.

hrafnar

(giant), ace. gen. purs, pi.

-r, -/,

nom. pursar.

43. Dissyllables in
ce'iing
dat.

-n generally throw out the pre:

vowel before a vowel-inflection

(giant), pi.

hamarr (hammer),
^/////(kettle)

hamri] jgtunn
(key)

nom.jgtnar.

and

lykill

show unmutated vowels

in the contracted forms,

as in the ace. plur. katla, lukla.

44.

Some nouns

of this deck take -ar in the gen. sing.,

especially proper
^

names, such as Hdkon, gen. Hdkonar.

Subject, of course, to the assimilations described above.

NOUNS,
45.
sievar.

9
:

Some nouns add

The
dat.

v before vowels

seer (sea),

gen.

46.

sometimes drops the

vowel
-ir

z:

see (sea), \>dr.

dagr

(day) mutates

its

in the dat. d^gi,

/ in

- f-^ -"-^

47.

Nouns

in

keep the

the sing.,

and drop

it

in

the plur.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
h^ll-ar

Nom.
Ace.

h^lli-r {cave)
h^lli hglli

h?ll-a

Dat.
Gen.

h^ll-um

h?lli-s

h^U-a

48. So also a number of proper names, such as Skrymir^

pbrir.
(2) i-plurals.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
sta6-ir
stad-i

Nom.
Ace.

sta6-r {place)

sta6
sta6

DaL
Gen.

stpd-um
stad-a
thing), salr (hall).

sta3-ar

49. So also gripr (precious

50. g^sir (guest) takes
gen. sg.
51.
insert

-i in

the dat

sg.,

and

-.s

in

the

Those ending

in

^
:

or ^ (together with

some

others)
;

before a and u
b^kki,

bekkr (bench), b^kk, bekk, b^kkjar

bckkir,

b^kkjum,

b^kkja.

So

also

mpgr

(marrow).

strpigr (string).
(3) u-plurals.

SINGULAR.

PLIRAL.
skild-ir

Xom.
Ace.

skjpld-r {shieUl)

skjgld
skild-i

skJ9Kl-u

Dat. Gen.

skj^ld-um
skj.ild-a

skjald-ar

lO

GRAMMAR.
52. So also vgndr (twig), vgllr (plain), vi^r (wood),
ass

(god) has plur. nom.

syni, plur.

cestr, ace. dsu.

It

sonr (son) has dat. sg.

its

nom.

synir.

regularly drops

r of the nom.

in such

compounds

as Tryggva-son (son of Tryggvi).

(4) r-plurals.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
foet-r
foet-r

Nom.
Ace.

fot-r {foot) <^^

fot
foet-i

-473^
-f

j^^
{~'r^^'^
.''\

Dat.
Gen.

fot-um
fot-a
pi.
:

fot-ar

Ji-o\c<j

53. So also fingr (finger), gen. fingrar,

(winter), pi.
vetr.
;

fingr\

vetr

madr (man)

is

irregular

madr, mann,

manni, manns

mmn, mnn, mgnnum, manna.

PLURAL.
fg6r
f?9r

SINGULAR.

Nom.
Ace.

faSir {father)
fg>9ur

Dat.
Gen.

fgSur
fgSur

f6rum
f<?6ra
pi. brcedr.

54. So also brodir (brother),

55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the

pi, following the

weak

class in the sg.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
boendr
boendr

Nom.
Ace.

bondi [yeoman)

Dat.
Gen.
56.

bonda bonda

bondum
bonda

bonda

So

also frccndi (kinsman), ^X.frcendr.

NOUNS.
Strong Neuters.
PLURAL.
skip

SINGULAR.

Nom.
^rr.

skip {ship)

skip
skip-i

skip

Dat.

skip-um
skip-a
pi. lond,

G^.
suviur (25).

skip-s

57. So also or^ [word), /a</(land)

pi.

sumar (summer)

58. m^n (necklace), kyn

a and u
hgggvi.
:

(race),

grey (dog) insert

before

greyjum.

hggg (stroke) inserts v before a vowel

krie,

kne (knee),

kne, knts

kne, knc, kjam, knja.

So

also tre (tree).

59. fe (money)

is

contracted

gtn./jdr,

d2LX./e.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
kvoe6i
kvaeSi

Nom.
Ace.

kvaeSi [poem)
kva^Si

Dat.
Gen.

kvaeSi
kvae6i-s
klccdi (cloth).

kvseSum
kvaeSa

60. So also

Those

in k insert

/ before a
also
r'lki

and u

vi^rki

(mark),

m^rkjum,

mrkja.

So

(sovereignty).

Strong Feminines.
(i) ar-plurals.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
gjaf-ar
'

Nom.
Ace.

gjgf {gift)
gjgf

gjaf-ar

Dat.
Gen.

gjgf
gjaf-ar

gjpf-um
gjaf-a
(girdle),

61. So also mgn (mane), gjgrd

dr

(oar).

62. a (river) contracts

J, J, a,

dr

dr, dr, dm, d.

12
63.

GRAMMAR.
Many
take -u in the dat. sg.
; :

k^rling (old

woman),

k^rling, k^rlingu, k^rlingar

k^rlingar^ k^rlingar, krlingum,

k^rlinga.

64.

So also laug (bath). Those with a mutated root-vowel

:

(or

i)

insert

in

inflection

ey (island), ey^ eyju, eyjar

eyjar, eyjar, eyjum^ eyja.

;

So

also Frigg, H^l.

mcEr (maid), mey, meyju, meyjar

meyjar,

meyjar^ meyjum, meyja.

65.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
hei6-ar
hei6-ar

Nom.
Ace.

hei6-r (heath)
hei6-i

Dat.
iii.>\i^\^

hei6-i

hei6-um
hei9-a

Gen.

hei9-ar
(2) ir-plurals.

'^

''sin GULAR.

PLURAL.
ti9-ir

Nom.
Ace.

ti6
tid ti9

ti6-ir

Dat.
Gen.
66. So
(harbour)
also
pi.

ti6-um
ti6-a

ti6-ar

.^rAi ft

sorg

(sorrow),

skipun

(arrangement), hgfn

hafnir, and the majority of strong feminines.

67.

Many

have -u in the

dat. sg.:

sol (sun), sol^ solu, solar

-^

sblir. solir,

solum, sola.

So alsoy^r^

(earth),

stund (period of

time).

68.
the sg.

One noun
'

has r in the nom.

sg.,

following heidr in
brudir, brudir,

brudr

(bride), brudi, brudi, brudar-,

brudum, bruda.
(3) r-plurals.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
boek-r

Nom.
Ace.

bok

ipooli)

bok bok
bok-ar

boek-r

Dat.
Gen.

bok-um
bok-a

NOUNS.
69.
bcetr,

13
hot

So

also naii (night)

\)\.

ncpir,

(compensation)

pi.

tgnn (tooth) gen. iannar

pi.

pi. t^nnr.

-f'

v.
. -

70. ^^</(hand)

h^ndr has

dat. sg. hpiii. ^'n^c^a.ri^,

'

71. kyr (cow) has ace. ku. pi. kyr.

"^

"^

72.

<^;77;/

(eyebrow) assimilates the r of the

SINGULAR.

pi.

bryvn.

PLURAL.

Nom.
^rr.
Z)^/.

moSir

{juother)

moedr

Gen.
73.
sysir.

modur moSur mo3ur

dottir

o-> c

moeSr

ma?3rum
moe5ra
(daughter)
pi.

So also

da:tr\

systir (sister) pi.

Weak
SINGULAR.

Masculines.
PLURAL.
bog-ar

Nom.
Ace.

bog-i {bow)

bog-a

bog-a

Dat.
Gen.
74. So also

bog-a
bog-a
7 J///

bog-um
bog-a
(moon). y^/t?^'^/ (companion).

75. hg/dingi

{Q\\\<iV)

and some others inserty

gen. sg.

in inflection

jar, hgfdingjum. hg/dingja, hoj ding

76.

le

(scythe)

is

contracted
pi. '6xn.
is

its

is Ija.

77. oxi (ox) has

78. herra (lord)

indeclinable in the sg.

Weak
SINGULAR.

Neuters.
PLURAL.
hjpri-u
hjgrt-u

Nam.
Ace.

hjart-a {heart)
hjart-a

Dat.
Gen.

hjart-a
hjari-a

hjgrt-um
hjarl-na

79. So also auga (eye).

14

GRAMMAR.

Weak
SINGULAR.

Peminines.
PLURAL.
tung-ur tung-ur

Nom.
Ace.

tung-a {tongue)

tung-u
tung-u
tung-u

DaL
Gen.

tung-um
tung-na
(star) pi. stjgrnur, kirkja (church), gen.

80. So also stjarna

plurals stjarna
',

kirkna.

Sg.

Nom.
Ace.

f Hi [old age)
?lli

DaL
Gen.
81.

?lli
?lli

So

also

'

gi (joy)

and many

abstract nouns.

82. lygi (falsehood) haj^.ipllygar; so also ggrsimi (precious

thing),

ADJECTIVES.
83. Adjectives have three genders, and the

same cases

as

nouns, though with partly

strong and

dififerent

endings, together with

weak forms.

Strong Adjectives.
MASC.

NEUT.
ung-t
ung-t

FEM.

Sg.

Nom.
Ace.

ung-r {young)

ung
ung-a
ung-ri

ung-an

Dat. Gen.

ung-um
ung-s
ung-ir

ung-u
ung-s

ung-rar

PL Nom.
Ace.

ung-a

ung ung

ung-ar ung-ar

DaL
Gen.

ung-um
ung-ra

ADJECTIVES.
84. So 2\>o/agr
(fair),

15

i^m./ngr, x\Q\i{./agri.
:

85.

Some

insert/ before a and u

Tivr (new),
:

nyjum, nyjan.
hdvan^ dokkr

86. S'^me insert v before a

vowd

Jiar (high),

(dark), ddkkvir, kykr (alive), kykvir.

87.
halt.

The

of the neut.

is

doubled

after a

long vowel
:

//)7/,

Monosyllables

in d, dd, tt
leitt.

form

their neut. in -//

hreidr
^^0//.
if

(broad), breitt\ leiddr (led),

safi7ir (true)

gd3r (good) has neut.

has neut.
// is

sail.

In unaccented syllables or
/:

cons, precedes,

shortened to

kalladr (called), kallat\

hlindr (blind), blint, hardr (hard), hart, fastr (firm), fast.

88.

and n assimilate a following r

gamall

(old),

fern.

gpmul, fcm. ace. ga?nla, dat. gamalU.

pi. vcEtina.

vann

(beautiful), gen.

MASC.

NEUT.
mikit mikit

FEM.
mikil

Sg. Norn.
Ace.

mikill (great)

mikinn

mikla
mikilli

Dat.
Gen.
PI, Norn.

miklum
mikils

miklu
mikils

mikillar

miklir

mikil
mikil

miklar

Ace.

mikla

miklar

Dat.
Gen.

miklum
mikilla
(little).

89. So also ntill

90. Dissyllables
masc.
sg. ace.
:

in -inn

have

-I't'm

the neut.,

and -inu

in ihe
tign'ir.

tigi'nn

(distinguished),

tlgit, t'iginn, pi.

So

also kominn (come).

91.

MASC.

NEUT.

FKM.

Sg. Norn.

annarr {other)

annat

gnnur
afira

Ace.

annan

annat

Dat.
Gen.

gSrum
annars

gSru
annars

annarri

annarra

GRAMMAR.
MASC.
PI. Norn.
aSrir

NEUT.

FEM.

gnnur

aSrar

Ace.

a9ra

gnnur

aSrar

Dat. Gen.

g6rum
annarra

Weak
MASC.
Sg.

Adjectives.
NEUT.
FEM.

Nom.
Ace.

ung-i

ung-a ung-a

ung-a

ung-a

ung-u

Dat.
Gen.

ung-a
ung-a

ung-a ung-a

ung-u

ung-u

PL Nom.
Ace.

ung-u
ung-u ung-u
ung-u

Dat.
Gen.

92. So
Sg.

2X'$>ofagri, hdvi, mikli, etc.

Nom.
Ace.

yngri {younger)

yngra
yngra
yngra yngra
yngri

yngri
yngri yngri
yngri

yngra

Dat.
Gen.
PI.

yngra
yngra

Nom.
Ace.

yngri

Dat.
Gen.
93. So also
pres. partic.
dat. pi.
all

yngrum
yngri comparatives, such as meiri (greater), and
as adjectives, such as gefandi (giving),

when used

gefgndum.

Comparison.
94. (i) with -ari^ -astr
\

rikr (powerful), rlkari, rikasir

gafugr

(distinguished), ^g/gari, ggfgastr.

NUMERALS.
95. (2) with
l^ngsir
yfigsir.
;

17
:

-ri\ -str

and mutation
;

latigr (long). Ipjgri,

siorr (big), s/a:rn\ steers tr

ungr (young), yngri,

96.

The

followini:^

are irreirular
?llri

gamall {old)

?lztr

g66r {good)
illr
litill

btri v^rri

b^ztr
v^rstr
[

{bad)

{IMe)

minni
fleiri

minstr
flestr

margr {many)
mikill {greai)

meiri

mestr

NUMERALS.
97.
I.

CARDINAL.
einn {om^
tveir
t)rir

ORDINAL.
fyrstr {first)

2.

annarr
jDriSi

3.

4. 5.

fjorir

fjor3i

fimm
sex
sjau
atta

fimmti
setti

6.
7.

sjaundi
atti

8.

9.

niu
tiu
ellifu

niundi
iTundi
ellifti

10.
II.

12.

tolf

tolfu
|)retiandi

13. [)rettan 14. fjorlan

15.

fimmtan

16. sextan 17. sjautan 18. atjan

i8

GRAMMAR.
CARDINAL.
19.

nitjan

20. tuttugu

21. einn

ok

tuttugu, etc.

30-

J)rir tigir, etc.

100.

tlu tigir

no.

ellifu tigir

120. hundraS

1200. J)usund.
in is declined like other adjectives
:

98.

MASC.

NEUT.
eitt eitt

FEM.
ein

Nom.
Ace.

einn einn

eina
einni

Dat.
Gen.
It

einum
eins

einu
eins
;

einnar
gen. einna^ etc. in the

also has a
'

pi. einir^ einar^ ein

sense of

some.'

The
99.

next three show various irregularities.

MASC.

NEUT.
tvau tvau

FEM.
tvaer tvaer

Nom.
Ace.

tveir

tva

Dat.
Gen.
Similarly bddir (both)

tveim
tv^ggja

100.

MASC.

NEUT.
baeSi

FEM.

Nom.
Ace.

baSir

baSar

ba3a

baeSi

baSar

Dat.
Gen.

ba6um
b?ggja

PRoyouys.
101. MASC.

^9
FEM.
l)rjar
l)rjar

NEUT.
|3rju
l^rju

Nom.
Ace.

^rlr
t)rja

Dal.
Gin.

J^rim

{>nggja

1C2.

MASC.

NEUT.
fjogur

FEM.
fjorar

Nom.
Ace.

fjorir

fjora

fjogur

fjorar

Dai.
Gen.

fjorum
fiogurra

103.
ligir

The

others are indeclinable up io prir

tigir, eic.

the
:

being declined regularly as a plural strong w-masculine

iigtim, iiga.
is

iii^ir, tigii.

104. hioidrad

a strong neut.

tvaii

hundrud {2^0), iveim

hundrudum,

etc.

It
'

Loverns the gen. (as also does pusund):

five (six)

fiinm hundriid gbl/a,

hundred chambers.'
:

105. pusund\s a strong //'-feminine

Ivlit

pusundir (2^00).

106. hinidrad and pusund are rarely= 100 and 1000.

107.

Of

the ordinals ^'/'j/r

and annarr (91) are strong,

etc.

the others

weak

adjectives,

/r/^/ inserts ay": pridja^

PRONOUXS.
108.
Sg. Norn.
Ace.

Personal.

ck(/)
mik mer min
vit

\i\\

[i/iou)

sik (one St//')

\>\k l>er

Dai.

ser
sin

Gtn.

^In
it

Dual Nom.
Ace.

sik

okkr
okkr
okkar

ykkr ykkr

Dai.
Gen.

ser
sin

ykkar
c 2

20

GRAMMAR.

PL

Norn.

ver {we)
OSS

t)er

{ye)

sik {pneselves)

Ace.

y6r
y8r

Dat. Gen.

OSS

ser
sin

var
MASC.

ySar
NEUT.
{he)
t)at {it)

FEM.

Sg.

Mm.
Aec.

hann
hann

J)at
J)V1

hon (j-^^) hana

h^nni

Dat.

honum
bans
^eir {they)
t>a

Gen

J)ess

h^nnar
J)aer
J)

PL

Norn.

{)au

Ace.

J)au

ser

DaL
Gen.

J)eim
J)eira
its

109. ek was often suffixed to

being

verb, especially in poetry,

:

sometimes added twice over

mcetta-k
also

(I

might),

sd-k-a-k {I

saw not;

= 'not').

So

pu :

er-tu (art

thou), skalt-u (shalt i^^oyx)^"^ skalt-tu.

Possessive.
MASC.

NEUT.
{niy)

FEM.

Sg.

Nom.
Ace.

minn minn
mins
mlnir

mitt mitt

mm
mina
minni

Dat.
Gen.

minum

mlnu
mins

minnar
minar

PL Nom.
Ace.

mina

min min

minar

Dat.
Gen.
110. So
2\'f>o

minum
minna

p inn

(thy), sinn (his, etc., reflexive).

is

111. vdrr,

vdrt,

vdr (our)

regular

ace.

masc. vdrn,

masc.

plur. vdrir, vdra,

varum, vdrra,

etc.

PROyOUNS.
MASC.

21
FEM.

NEUT.
ySart

Sg. A'om.

ySarr {your)

y6ur
y6ra
ySarri

Ace.

ySarn

ySart

DaL
Gen.

y6rum
ySars
ydrir

y8ru
ySars

ySarrar

PL Norn.
Ace.

ySur

ySrar

y3ra

ySur

y6rar

DaL
Gen,
112.

y3rum
ySarra
also okkarr (our two) "^wd^ykkarr (your two).
(its),

So

113. hans (his), pess

hcnnar

(her),

and peira

(iheir)

are indeclinable.

Demonstrative.
114.

MASC.
sa
{//la/)

NF.IT.
t)at t)at
t)vl

vv.si.

Sg. Norn.
Ace.

su
p-3.

^ann
J)eim
J)ess

DaL
Gen.

jDeiri

J)ess

J)eirar
t)2er

PL Norn.
Ace.

peir
l>a

|)au

^au
|)eim
l^eira

l^aer

DaL
Gen.
115.
its
/;/////,

/////, /;/>/

(that)

is

inflected like mi'nn (except that

:

vowel

is

short throughout)

ace. niasc.

///>;//,

plur.

masc.

/i/fiir,

hina, hinurn, hinna.

116.

MASC.
l)essi (Jhis)

NEIT.
t)etta

FF.M.
|)essi

Sg, Norn.
Ace.

[)enna
|)essuni
l^essa

J^etta

|)essa
t>essi

DaL
Gen.

l^essu
J)essa

|)essar

22 i
MASC.

GRAMMAR.
NEUT.
jDessi

FEM.
J)essar
J)essar

PL

Norn.

J)essir

Ace.

J)essa

J)essi

Dat.
Gen.

J)essum
]Dessa

Definite.

The
117.

pre fixed definite article

MASC.

is

declined thus

NEUT.
it
it

FEM.
in

Sg.
^

Nom. inn
Ace.
inn

ina
inni

Dai.
Gen.

inum
ins
inir
.

inu
ins

innar
inar inar

PL Nom.
Ace.

in in

ina

Dat.
Gen.

inum
inna
suffixed
to
its

118.
changes.

When
In
its

noun
it

it

undergoes various
its

monosyllabic forms

drops

vowel

after

a short (un-accented) vowel, as in auga-t (the eye), but keeps

it

after a

long vowel, as in d-in (the

river), ii'e-it (the

tree).

The

dissyllabic
;

forms drop their

initial

vowel almost everynor

in

where

not, however, after the -ar, -r, of the gen. sg.,

m^nninir (men, nom^, mnn-ma (men, ace).

dat. pi.
is

The -m

of the

dropped before the suffixed -num.

MASC.

NEUT.
skip-it

FEM.
gjgf-in

Sg.

Nom.
Ace.

fiskr-inn
fisk-inn

skip-it

gjgf-ina
gjgf-inni

Dal.
Gen.

fiski-num
fisks-ins

skipi-nu
skips-ins

gjafar-innar

PRONOUNS.
MASC.

23
FEM.
gjafar-nar
gjafar-nar

NEUT.
skip-in skip-in

PL

Norn.
Ace.

fiskar-nir

fiska-na

DaL
Ge?i.

fisku-num
fiska-nna

skipu-num
skipa-nna
auga-t
auga-t

gjgfu-num
gjafa-nna

Sg.

Nom.
Ace.

bogi-nn

tunga-n

boga-nn

tungu-na
lungu-nni

Dat.
Gen.
PI.

boga-num
boga-ns
bogar-nir

auga-nu
auga-ns

tungu-nnar
tungur-nar

Nom.
Aec.

augu-n

boga-na

augu-n

tungur-nar

Dai.
Geji.

bogu-num
boga-nna

augu-num
augna-nna

tungnu-num
tungna-nna

Relative.
119.

The

ordinary relative pron.

sii
:

is

the indeclinable er,

fern.

often preceded by

sd

d'r

= he

who, who, su er who

Interrogative.
120.
is

The

neut. hvat has gen. hvcss, dat.

hv'i,

which

last

chiefly used as an adverb

'

why

.'

121.

MASC.

NEUT.

FEM.

Sg. Norn, Ace.

hvarr {zvhich of two) hvart

hvar

hvarn

hvart

hvara
hvarri

Dai.
Gen.
PI.

hvarum
hvars
hvarir

hvaru
hvars

hvarrar

Nom.
Aec.

hvar
hvar

hvarar

hvara

hvarar

Dai.
Gen.

hvarum
hvarra

24
122.
Sg. Norn.
MASC.

GRAMMAR.
NEUT.
hv^rt

FEM.

hv^rr {which, who)

hvgr
hv^rja
hv^rri

Ace.

hv^rn

hvgrt

Dat.
Gen.

hvrjum
hv^rs
hv^rir

hv^rju

hvrs

hv^rrar
hv^rjar
hv^rjar

PL

Norn.
Aee.

hv^r

hv^rja

hv^r

Dat.
Gen.

hv^rjum
hvgrra

Indefinite.
123.
etnn-hvrr, eitihv^rt, einhv^r (some one) keeps an in-

variable ein- in the other cases, the

inflected as above.

second element being

124. siimr (some)

is

declined like an ordinar}^ adjective.

125.
Sg.

MASC.

NEUT.

FEM.

Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Gen.

nakkvarr {some)

nakkvat

ngkkur
nakkvara
nakkvarri

nakkvarn

nakkvat

ngkkurum
nakkvars
nakkvarir

ngkkuru
nakkvars

nakkvarrar

PI.

Nom.
Ace.

ngkkur

nakkvarar
nakkvarar

nakkvara

ngkkur

Dat.
Gen.

ngkkurum
nakkvarra

126.
Sg.

MASC
engi {^one, no)

NEUT.
ekki ekki

FEM.
engi

Nom.
Ace.

engan

enga
engri

Dat.
Gen.

engum
engis

engu
engis

engrar

VERBS.
MASC.
NF.UT.

25
FEM.

PL Nom.
Ace.

engir

engi

engar
engar

enga

engi

Dat. Gen.

engum
engra
first ele-

127. In hvdr-tv^ggja (each of the two, both) the

ment

is

dechned as above, the second

is left

unchanged.

VERBS.
128. There are two classes of verbs, strong and
iveak.

Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation,

weak verbs by adding d

129.

{d, t). pi.

is

The ^
:

of the 2

dropt before pil (ye two) and

per (ye)

gefi per, gafu pit.

is

130. There
I

a middle voice, which ends in -mk in the

pi.,

pers. sg.

and

the

rest of the

verb being formed

by

adding sk to the active endings, r being dropt, the

/j,

resuliini;
'),

ds being written z ( 36)

'

kvezk (active kvedr

'

says

pu

fekkzk {/ekkt
131.

gottest

').

The

following
will

is

the conjugation of the strong verb

ge/a (give), which

to all verbs

show those endings which

are

common

ACTIVE.
INDICATIVK
^^resent sg.
i
.

SI
-

BJUNCTrVE.
gef-a
gef-ir
gef-i

gcf
gef-r
g<^f-r

2.
3/)/.

I.

gef-um
gcf-i6

gef-im
gof-id
gcf-i

2.

3-

gef-a

26

GRAMMAR.
INDICATIVE.
Preterite sg.
i
.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
gsef-a

gaf
gaf-t

2.

_i
xrr.

gaef-ir
gaef-i

3. pi. I.
.

gaf

gaf-um
gaf-u9
gaf-u
2

gsef-im
g3ef-i6
gaef-i

2. 3.

r-

uA
'

Imperative sg.

gef

pt.
;

gef-um,

2 gef-i9.

Participle pres. gef-andi

Infri. gefa.

/'r^/.

gef-inn.

MIDDLE.
INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. Sg.

I.

gef-umk
gef-sk
gef-sk

gef-umk
gef-isk

2.

3.

gef-isk
.

//. I.
2.

gef-umk
gef-izk

gef-imk
gef-izk
gef-isk

3.

gef-ask

Pret. sg.

I.

gaf-umk
gaf-zk
gaf-sk

gaef-umk
gaef-isk

2. 3.

gaef-isk

//.

I.

gaf-umk
gaf-uzk

gaef-imk
gaef-izk
gaef-isk
i

2. ^.

gaf-usk
gef-sk
;

Impers. sg.

//.
;

gef-umk,

2 gef-izk.

Partic. pres. gef-andisk

Infin. gef-ask.

pret. gef-izk neut.

Strong Verbs.
132. In the strong verbs
rally
tlie

plur. of the pret. indie, gene-

has a different vowel from that of the sing.

The

sg.

pret. of the

middle voice always has the vowel of the

pi. pret.

VERBS.
gil/umk.
plur.

27

The
:

pret. subj.

has the vowel of the pret. indie,

mutated

skaut (he shot), skuiu (they shot), skyii (he

might shoot).
conj.
:

But there
hlaupa

is

no mutation

in

verbs of the

first

hljopi, inf.

(leap).

133.

The
is

pres. indie, sing, mutates the

root-vowel in

all

three persons: ekskyt,pu skyfr,

e

hann

skytr, infin. skjola (shoot).

however
is

not mutated
the

ek ge/, pii gefr.

The
the

inflectional

r
(

liable
:

to

same modifications
sk'ina (shine),

as

r of nouns

32)

skvm,

Z'/.v, infin.

vaxa (grow).
i,

134. Verbs in Id change the

indie,

into /in the

3 sg. pret.

and

in the imper. <g.

//,

heit (held), halt (hold!), infin.

fig

halda.

nd becomes
:

and

becomes kk under the same

6a//,

conditions
di//,

bt'nda (bind),

ga/iga (go), pret.

gtkk, imper.

gakk.

135.

The

of the 2
:

sg. pret. indie, is

doubled after a long

If the
:

accented vowel
indie,

pu

sd// (ihou sawest).

sg.

pret.
lezt,

ends

in / or ^, the 2 sg.

ends

in z/

le/ (i let),

baud

(I off'ered)

pu

bauz/.

136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites.
137.
INFIN.
falla (///)
*

I.

Fall '-conjugation.
PRT. PL.
fellu

THIRD PRES. PRT. SING.

f?llr
laetr
fell

PTC

PRT.

fallinn

lata {let)

let

letu

laiinn

ra3a {advise)
heita {call)

raedr
heitr

re6
het
helt

re6u
helu

radinn
heitinn

halda {hoUT)

h^ldr

heldu

haldinn

ganga
fa {get)

{go)

g^ngr
faer

gekk
fekk

gengu
fengu

g?nginn
f^nginn

auka {increase)

eykr
byr

jok
bjo

joku

aukinn
buinn

bua

{dwell)

bjoggu

28
INFIN.

GRAMMAR.
THIRD PRES. PRT.
SING.

PRT. PL.

PTC

PRT.

hgggva {hew)
hlaupa
138.
{leap)

hgggr
hleypr

hjo
hljop

hjoggu
hljopu

hgggvinn
hlaupinn

The

following have
groer
roer

weak

preterites in r

groa {grow)
roa {row)

grori
rori

groru
roru

groinn
roinn

snua

{twist)

snyr

snori

snoru
'

snuinn

139. heita in the passive sense of has a weak present

:

to

be named, called

ek heitt,

pu

heitir.

140.
fara {go)

II.

'

Shake '-conjugation.
for

fgrr

foru

farinn

grafa {dig)

gr^fr

grof

grofu

grafinn

hla6a {load)

hl6r

hlo5

hlo6u

hlaSinn

vaxa (grow)
standa {stand)

v?x
st^ndr

ox
sto9

oxu
stoSu

vaxinn
staSinn

aka {drive)
taka {take)

kr
t^kr

ok
tok dro
flo

oku
toku

kinn
t^kinn

draga {draw)
fia

dr^gr
flser

drogu
flogu

dr^ginn
flgginn

{flay)

sla {strike)

slaer

slo

slogu
presents

sl^ginn

141.
h?fja

The
{lift)

following have
h^fr

weak
hof

hofu

hafinn

deyja {die)
hlaeja {laugh)

deyr
hl^r

do
hlo

do
hlogu

dainn
hl^ginn

142.

III.

'Bind
brestr
hverfr

'-conjugalion.
brast

bresta {burst)

brustu
hurfu

brostinn
horfinn

hverfa (/z/r^)

hvarf

VERBS.
INFIN.

29
PTC. PRT.

THIRD PRES. PRT.

svelgr

SINC;. PRT. PL.

svelga (swallow)

svalg

sulgu

solginn

verSa {become)
skjalfa {shake)

ver3r
skelfr

varS
skalf

ur3u
skulfu

orSinn
skolfinn

drekka {drink)
finna {find)

drekkr
finnr

drakk
fann

drukku
fundu

drukkinn
fundinn

vinna {wi?i)

vinnr

vann
batt

binda {bind)
springa (j/r/^)
stinga {pierce)

bindr
springr
stingr

unnu bundu
sprungu
stungu

unninn

bundinn
sprunginn
stunginn

sprakk
stakk
bra

bregSa

(/////)
(j-;>/X')

breg6r
sokkr
stokkr

brugSu
sukku
stukku

brug6inn
sokkinn
stokkinn

sokkva

sgkk
stQkk

stokkva {spring)
143.

The

following

have weak presents

(which

makes

however no difference in their conjugation)

br^nna
{biirri)

br^nnr
r^nnr

brann
rann

brunnu
runnu

brunninn
runninn

r^nna {run)

144.

IV.

Bear

'-conjugation.

bera {carry)

berr

bar

baru

borinn

nam a
koma

{lake)

nemr
felr

nam
h\

namu
falu

numinn
folginn

fela {hide)

{come)

komr
sofr

kom
bvaf

kvamu
svafu

kominn
sofmn

sofa {sleep)

145.

V.
{kill)

Give

'-conjugation.

drepa

drepr
gefr
kveflr

drap
gaf

drilpu

drepinn
gcfinn

gt{^{give)

gafu
kvafiu
niatu

kve6a {say)

kvaS

kvc6inn

meta

{es lima It)

mctr
rckr

mat
rak

meiinn
re kin n

reka {drive)

raku

30
INFIN.

GRAMMAR.
THIRD PRES. PRT.
etr
at

SING. PRT. PL.

PTC. PRET.

eta (eai)
sja (see)

atu

etinn

ser^

sa

sa^
:

senn

146.

The

fo)lowing have
bi6r
sitr liggi-

biSja {ask)
sitja {sit)

weak presents baa ba6u

sat
la
t)a

beSinn
setinn

satu

liggja {lie)
J)iggja {receive)

lagum
t^agu

leginn
t)eginn

t^iggr

147.
bita {bite)
drifa {drive)

VI.

Shine '-conjugation.
beit

bitr

bitu
drifu

bitinn
drifinn

diifr

dreif

gripa {grasp)
liSa {go)
lita (^(?^)

gripr
li6r
litr

greip
lei6
leit

gripu
li6u
litu

gripinn
liSinn
litinn

riSa (rz'^4
siga {sink)
slita (/^^r)

ri6r
sigr
slltr

rei6

riSu
sigu
slitu

riSinn siginn
slitinn

seig
sleit

stiga {advance)

stigr

steig

stigu

stiginn

bl6a

(w^z'/)

bi6r

bei6

bi6u

beidnn

148.

The

following has a
vikr

weak present
veik

vikja {move)

viku

vikinn

149.
bjo6a
{offer)

VII.

Choose

'-conjiLigation.

by6r
brytr
flytr

bau6
braut
flaut

buSu
brutu
flutu

boSinn
brotinn
flotinn

brjota {break)
fljota

{/^/)

hljota {receive)

hlytr

hlaut

hlutu

hlotinn

kjosa {choose)
njota {enjoy)
skjota {shoot)
'

kyss
nytr
skytr
;

kaus
naut
skaut
sja.

kusum
nutu
skutu
;

kosinn
notinn
skotinn

se, ser, ser

sjam, se6,

Subj. se, ser, se

sem, seS,

se.

"^

sam, sai6,

sa.

VERBS.
INFIN.

y
PRT. PL.
PTC. PRKT.

THIRD PKES.
drypr
lygr
lykr
lytr

PRT. SING.

drjupa (drop)
Ijuga (A//
lies)

draup
laug lauk
laut
flo

drupu
lugu

dropinn
loginn
lokinn
lotinn

luka

[close)

luku
lutu

luta (bend)

fljuga (fl_y)

flygr

flugu

floginn

Weak
those of the
pres.,
first

Verbs.
All

150. There are three conjugaiions of weak verbs.

conjugation have mutated vowels in the

and form

their pret. with

(d, /)

heyra (hear), heyrda.

Those of
Those
kallada.

the second form their pret. in the

in

same way, but

kalla (call),

have unmutated vowels

the

pres.

hafa (have) ha/da.

-ada\

of the third form their pret.

in

I.

Hear

'-conjugation.

ACTIVE.
H.

INDICATIVE.
I.

SUBJUNXTIVE,

Pres. sg.

heyr-i

heyr-a
heyr-ir
heyr-i

2.

heyr-ir
heyr-ir

3.

pi. I.
2.

heyr-um
heyr-id

heyr-im
heyr-id
heyr-i

3.

heyr-a

Pret. sg.

I.

heyr-3a
heyr-dir

heyr-3a
heyr-6ir

2.

3.

heyr-6i

hcyr-6i

pi. I.
2.

heyr-dum
heyr-Su6
heyr-du

heyr-6im
hoyr-6id
heyr-di

3.

Imper. sg.

i.

heyr

pi.
;

i.

hcyr-uiii, 2. heyr-i6.

Partic. pres. heyr-aiuli

pret. heyr-6r.

Infin. heyr-a.

32

GRAMMAR.
MIDDLE.
INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sg.

I.

heyr-umk
heyr-isk heyr-isk

heyr-umk
heyr-isk

2.

3.

heyr-isk

pi. I.
2.

heyr-umk
heyr-izk

heyr-imk
heyr-izk

3.
/*r?/.

heyr-ask

heyr-isk

sg.

I.

heyr-6umk
heyr-6isk

heyr-6umk
heyr-9isk

2.

3.

heyr-6isk

heyr-6isk

pi. I.
2.

heyr-Sumk
heyr-6uzk heyr-9usk
heyr-sk
;

heyr-6imk
heyr-9izk
heyr-6isk

3.

Imper.

sg. 2.

pi. 1.
;

heyr-umk,

2.

heyr-izk.

Partic. pres. heyr-andisk

Infin. heyr-ask.

pret. heyr-zk neut.

A. Without vowel-change.
152.

The
;/:

inflectional

S becomes d

after

long syllables end-

ing in /or

sigla (sail), siglda\ nfna (name), n^/nda, n^fndr.

dd'.
/

153.

-^(^

becomes
and
Also

leida (lead), leidda.

/
:

164. d

after s

becomes

reisa (raise), reista

I,

mceta

(meet), mcetta.
mcBlta
;

in a

few verbs in

n:

mcela (speak),

sp^nna (buckle), spnta.

155. After
s^ndr
;

nd and pt
(lift),

it

is

dropped

s^nda (send), spida,

lypta
It is

lypta.
:

156.

preserved in such verbs as the following

;

dcema
;

(judge), doemSa

fcera (lead), foerda

h^rda (harden), h^rda

hleypa (gallop), hleypda.

B.

With vowel-change.

157. All these verbs have

(tlja),

preceded by a short syllable

it

or a long vowel without any cons, after

(dyja), or

VERBS.

33
and
u.

gg

(Ifggja)

the / being kept before a

as in the pres.

ind.

of spyrja

(ask):
i

spyr,

spyrr, spyrr\
;

spyrjum, spyrid.

spyrja, pres. subj.

in

sg. ek spyrja

they unmuiate their vowel

spurSr), the

the

pret.

and

ptc. pret. (spur6a,

muiaiion
etc.

being restored in the pret. subj. spyrda, spyrdir,

ptc. pret. often

7'he

has an

before the

^.

brja (slrike)
l?ggja {lay)
t?lja {tell)

bar9a
lagda
tal6a

barSr
lag(i)dr
tal(i)dr

v^kja {wake)
flytja

vakda
flutta

vakSr
fluttr

{remove)

dyja {shake)

du6a

duSr

158.

The

following keep the mutated vowel throughout

s^lda
s^lta

s?lja {sell)
stja {set)

s?ldr
s^ttr

C.

159.

The

following are irregular:

sotta
J)otta

scekja {seek)

sottr

})ykkja {seem)

^ttr

Subj. pret.

scetta,

patla.
its

160.

The

following has an adj. for

panic, pret.
ggrr.

ggra {make)

gprda

II.

'

Have

*-conjugation.

161.

The
I,

few verbs of

this class are

conjugated

like

those
in
-;

of conj.

except that some of them have imperatives

uni.

vaki, p(gi\

Ufa,

s^gja

have

imper.

///",

s(g.

They
is

mutate the vowel of the

pret. generally

pret.

subj. (ynda).
;

Their partic

occurs only

in the neut.

sometimes the a

dropped.

34
m2i{lwe)

GRAMMAR.
lifi

lifSa

lifat

una

(be contented)

uni
skorti

un9a
skorta
J)ol6a

unat
skort
J^olat

skorta (be wanting)

t)ola (endure)

JdoH
J)ori

{)ora (dare)

^orSa

J^orat

na

(attain)

nai

na6a
:

na6r, nait

162.

The

following

show mutation
sgi
J)?gi

s^gja (say)

sagSa
t)ag9a

sag^r
J)agat

^ggja
hafa

(be silent)

{/^^z'^)

h^fi

haf6a
keypta
first

hafSr
keyptr
is

kaupa (buy)
163.

kaupi

The
2, 3.

present indie, of the

s?gi
s^gir

three

as follows

Sing. I. hfi
h^fir

l)gi
t)?gir

/'/^^r. I.

hgfum
hafi6

s?gjum
s?gi6
s^gja

l)?gjum
t)gi6
t)gja

2.

3.

hafa
rest of

164.
hafi
;

The

hafa

is

regular.

Pres. subj. hafa, hafir,

/2a//;2, haficf, hafi.

Pret. indie, /^a/^.2, hafdir,

hafdi\

hgfcfum, hgfdud, hgfdu.

Pret. subj. hfda, h^fdir, h^fdi\

h^fdim, hfdicf, hfdi.

hafandi,

Imper.

haf hgfum,

hafid.

Ptc.

hafdr.
III.
*

Call '-conjugation.

ACTIVE.
INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
kall-a
kall-ir
kall-i

Pres. sg.

I.

kall-a
kall-ar
kall-ar

2.

3.
pi. I.

kQll-um

kall-im
kall-i6
kall-i

2. kall-i6

3. kall-a

VERBS.
INDICATIVE.
Piei. sg.
I.

35
SUBJUNCTIVE.
kall-a6a
kall-aSir

kall-a3a
kall-a6ir
kall-a6i

2.

3.

kall-a3i

//. I.
2. 3.

kgll-u3um
kgll-u^ud
kgll-uSu
;

kall-a3im
kall-a6id
kall-a6i
i.

hnper. sing.

2.

kall-a

plur.
;

kgll-um,

2. kall-id.

Partic. pres. kall-andi

Jnfi?i. kalla.

prd. kalladr

{jieuL kallat).

MIDDLE.
INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Pres. sg.

kgll-umk
kail-ask
kail-ask

kgll-umk
kall-isk
kall-isk

2.

3.

pi. I.
2.

kgll-umk
kall-izk

kall-imk
kall-izk
kall-isk

3.

kail-ask

Prei. sg.

I.

kgll-uSumk
kall-adisk

kgll-uSumk
kall-a6isk kall-adisk

2. 3.

kall-adisk

pi. I.
2.

kQll-uSumk
kgll-uduzk
kgli-udusk
:

kall-adimk
kall-adizk
kall-adisk

3.

Imper. sing.

2.

kail-ask

//. i.
;

kgll-umk,

2. kall-izk.

Partic. prts. kall-andisk

prcL kall-azk

ntuf.

hifin. kail-ask.
165. So
(awake).
also

byrja

(begin),

hcrja

(make war),

vakna

36

GRAMMAR.
Strong-Weak Verbs.
166. These have old strong preterites for their presents,

from which new weak

INFIN.

preterites are formed.

PRES. SG.

PRES. PL.

PRT.
atta

PTC.
attr

eiga {possess)

eigu

kunna

{can)

kann

kunnu

kunna
matta

kunnat
matt
n.

n.

mega {can) muna {remember)

munu

{will)

ma man mun
skal
t)arf

megu munu munu

skulu
J)urfu

mun 9 a
mun6a
skylda
J)urfta

munat
skyldr

n.

skulu {shall)
J)urfa {need)

J)urft n.

unna
vita

{love)

ann
veit

unnu
vitu

unna
vissa

unnt

n.

{know)

vita6r.
infini-

167.
tives
:

Of

these verbs
skyldu.

munu and

skulu have preterite

mundu,

Anomalous Verbs.
168.
Vilja (will)

Present.

Sing.
1.

Plur.
viljum
vili6

vil
Vlll vill

2.

3.

vilja

Subj. pres.

vili.

Pret. ind. vilda.

Ptc. prt.

viljat.

169.

Vera (be):
INDICATIVE.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
se
ser

Pres. sg.

I.

em
er

2. ert

3pi.
I. 2.

se

erum
eru6
eru

sem
se6
se

3.

DERI
INDICATIVE.
Pret. sg.
I.

Vi 770.V.

37

SI.BJINCTIVE.

var
vart

vajra
vaerir
vaeri

2. 3-

var

//.

I.

varum
varu6
varu
;

vaerim
vaeri6
veri

2.

3.

Imper. sg. ver

pi. ver:id.

P/c. pr/. ver it

;/.

COMPOSITIOxX.
is

170.

Composition with the genitive

I iius

very frequent

in

Icelandic.

by the side of
(ship's
fleet).

skip-stjnrn

(ship-steering)

we

find

skips-brot
ships,

breaking,
Genitival

shipwreck), skipa-hpr

(army of

composition

often

ex-

presses possession, as in kommgs-skip (king's ship).

DERIVATION.
PREFIXES.
171.

Prefixes are

much

less

used

in Icelandic

than

in

Old

English.
alclever.'

cjuite,'

'very': al-buinn 'quite ready,' al-snotr 'very

all'

all,'

'very': all-valdr 'all-ruler, monarch,' all-hardr

'

very hard," allstoruni

very greatly.'
{liLi.

and- 'against': and-Ut 'countenance'

svar
'

look), and-

answer.'
'

fjpl-

many
mis:
'

'

fjvl-mnmi muliuiuie
'

'

{^madr^

man).

misu'

'

viis-lika

'

displease.'
(/n't)r, peace),

un-'
'

H-ftidr

'war'

ii-happ

'mis-

fortune

[happ luck).

38

GRAMMAR.

ENDINGS.
[a)

Nouns.

Personal.

172. -ingr, -ingi, -ing

k^rling
'

vikingr

'

pirate/ hgfdingi 'chief,'

old

woman/
Abstract.

173. -S,

fern,

with mutation

figrd

'

beauty

'

{/agr,

fair),

yjr^ 'journey' {/ara,

-ing, fem.
' :

go), t^ngff 'length' (langr, long).

'

svipting

pulling,'

viking

'

piracy,' virding

honour.'
-leikr, masc.
:

kcBr-leikr

'

affection

'

{JicBrr,

dear),

j/^'J/-

/<?zX'r

'

speed

'

{skjoir^ swift).
:

-an, -un, fem.

ment.'

skipan

'

arrangement,'

sk^mtun

'

amuse-

{d)

Adjectives.
'

174. -Tigr
-ottr
:

radugr
'

'

sagacious,' pricdugr
'

strong.'

kollottr
'

bald,' gndottr

fierce.'
'

-lauss
fear.'

-less

':

fe-lauss

'

moneyless,' otta-lauss

without
'

-ligr

'

-ly

'

undr-ligr

'

wonderful,' sann-ligr

probable

(sannr, true).

-samr

llkn-samr
' ;

'

gracious,' skyn-samr
'

'

intelligent.'

-ver6r '-ward

ofan-verdr

upper.'

{c)

Verbs.
{brotinn,

175. -na: brotna 'be broken'

broken), hvltna

become white,' vakna awake.' and inchoative verbs of the third

'

'

Used
conj.

to

form

intransitive

SYNTAX.

39

{d)

Adverbs.
'wonderfully,'
st^rk-liga

176.

-liga
'

'-ly':

undar-liga

strongly

{si^rkr, strong).
:

-um,

dat. pi.

storum

'

greatly

'

{sidrr, great).

SYNTAX.
177.
Icelandic syntax greatly resembles
its

Old English, but

has several peculiarities of

own.

Concord.
178.

Concord
'

is

carried out very strictly in Icelandic

the

allir

m^nn vdru hmiir

'

all

men were

ready/ a/I/r vdru drepnir

all

were

killed.'

179.
different

plural adj. or

pronoun referring

to
is

two nouns of
always put
in

(natural or grammatical) gender

:

med honum Loki (masc), ok ^jalfi (masc), ok Ri)skva (fem.). pa er pan (neut.) hgfdu he landed, and with him L., and p., and litla hnd g^ngit When they had walked for some time R.
the neuter hoTin iipp, ok
.

pa gekk
'
.

.'

Cases.

180.

The

extensive use of the instrumental dative

is

very
of

characteristic

of Icelandic

whenever the
put in the

direct object

a verb can be

considered as the instrument of the action

it

expressed by the verb,

spjbti
*

is
*

dative, as in kasta
'),

throw a spear
'

'

(lit.

throw with a spear

harm

hell

hamarskaptinu
pv'i

he grasped the handle of the hammer,' htiia

jCita

'promise

\\\'dX'^

pvi

'

agree to

that.'

40

GRAMMAR.
ADJECTIVES.
181.

The weak form

is

of adjectives

is

used as in O. E.

after

the definite article,

(other)

>fj-jz'

and other demonstratives,

annarr

ajvvays strong.
adj. is often set in apposition to a following
it
:

182.
to

An

noun

denote part of

eiga hdlfi dyrit

rest

'

to

have half of the

animal/ gnnur pau 'the

middle of the
night.'

of them/ of mid a natt 'in the j

PRONOUNS.
183.
sd
is

often put pleonastically before the definite article

inn, both before

and

after the subst.

it

sd inn ungi ma(fr

'

that

young man/
184.

hajif

pat

djupa

'

the deep sea.'

all,

The

definite article is generally not expressed at

is

or else einn^ einnhv^rr

used.

185.

noun

(often a proper

name)

is

often put in apposi-

tion to a dual pron. of the first

of the third

and second persons, or a plur. person pitfelagar, thou and thy companions,'
: ' *

med peini Aka

ok peirfilagar

with
'

him and

Aki.'

Similarly st^ndr Porr upp

up.'

Thor and

his

companions get
a king

186.

The
to.

plurals ver, per sere

sometimes used instead of the

is

singulars ek,pii, especially

when

speaking or being

spoken

187. sik and sir are used Porr baud honum

in a strictly reflexive sense, refer:

ring back to the subject of the sentence, like se in Latin

til

matar vied sir

'

Thor asked him

to

supper with him.'

VERBS.
188.
active,

The
and

tenses for which there

all

is

no
are

inflection in

the

those

of the

passive,

formed by the

auxiliaries skal (shall), hafa (have), vera (be) with the infin.

and

ptc. pret.,

much

as in

modern English.

SYNTAX.
189.

41
used, often alternating

The

historical present

is

much

abruptly with the preterite.

190. The middle voice

sense
:

is

used: (i) in a purely reflexive

'

spara

spare,' sparask
:

spare oneself, reserve

'

one's

strength/ (2) intransitively

ready, be ready
' ;

biia

prepare/
'

buask
'
;

s^ija

'

set/ s^tjask

sit

down

become syna show/

'
'

synask 'appear, seem.'

(3) reciprocally: h^rja 'strike,' b^rhitiask

'

jask

'

fight

'

hi//a,

find,'

meet.'

In other cases

it

specializes the

meaning of
:

the verb, often

'

emphasizing the
'

idea of energy or effort

I'oma

come," ko?nask

make

one's

way.'

191.

The impersonal form

of expression

is

widely used in

Icelandic: rak a storm (^Q.z^fyrir peim 'a storm was driven

ui their face.'

192.

The

indef.

'

one

'

is

expressed

in the

same way by
is

the third pers. sg.,

and
is

this

form of expression

often used

when

the subject
'

perfectly definite: ok freista skal pessar

Iprbttar

and

this feat shall

be

tried (by you).'

to

193.

The
is

abrupt change from the indirect

very

the

direct

narration

common
'

Haraldi konungi var sag/ at par

var

koTfiit

bjarndyri,

ok a Isl^nzkr

madrl

King Harold was

it.'

told that a bear

had arrived, and

is

that

an Icelander owned
:

The
at
'

direct narration
ti/

also used after at (that)

'

hann svarar
will

ek ska/ rl3a

Heljar'

he answers that he

ride to

Hel.'

f_ .,^v^,^,jH) *-^',-'- rir-

TEXTS.
I.

THOR.
Pott er asanna framastr, sa er kalladr er Asa-|3orr e3a
Qku-{)6rr
;

hann
rlki

er

st^rkastr

allra

gu9anna ok manna.
holl

Hann
f)at

a jDar
i

er ^ruS-vangar heita, en

bans

heitir

Bilskirnir;

J)eim sal eru

at

fimm hundrud
bafa ggrt.

golfa

ok

fjorir tigir;
5

er

bus mest, sva

mnn
hann

f'orr a

bafra tva, er sva beita,

reiS {^a er
^kr,

Tann-gnjostr ok

Tann-

grisnir,

ok

en bafrarnir draga reidina

p\\ er

bann kallaSr QkuJ)orr.

er

Hann
ok

ok

|Drja

kost-gripi.

Einn
risar

J)eira cr

hamarrinn Mjgllnir, er hrim-{)ursar ok berg-

k^nna,

[\a

hann komr

a lopt,

er J^at eigi undarligt

lo

hann

margan haus a f^drum e6a fraendum |)eira. Annan grip a hann b^ztan, m^gin-gjarSar ok er bann
bffir lamit
;

sp^nnir {)eim
j)ric^ja

um

sik,

J)a

v^x

bonum as-m?gin

halfu.

En
jiirn-

hlut a
;

glolar

|)eira

hann J)ann er mikill giipr er I, Jvat eru ma hann eigi missa vid hamarskaptit.
t^lja

En

15

engi er sva froSr at

kunni

9II stdr-virki

bans.

<ict^^i^^^^^'^

II.

THOR AND tJTGARDALOKI.

t'at er

upp-haf

J)essa

mals

at QkuJ^orr for

me6

hafra sTna

ok

rei6,

ok me6 honum^^a
til

ass er Loki
fa jDar

er

kallaSr; koma->^'''\

peir at kveldi
kveldit
5 J)eir

eins

bond^ ok
k^tils

natt-sta6.
ptir

En um
J)at

'^^JfiV

tok

f'orr

hafra sina,
til

ok skar ba6a;
;

varu

"^

fl^gnir
til

ok bornir

en

er so6it var, ps. s^ttisk

f'orr

natt-verSar ok

Yi\e6 sei;

f^prr bau^ ^il matar J)eir lags-m^nn. bondanum, ok konu bans, ok bgrnum J)eira sonr
;

bSnda bet
JO

l^jalfi,

en Rgskva^

dottir.

fa

lagSi

t^orr hafr-

stpkurnar utar fra eldinum,

ok

maelti at bondi

ok heima-m^nn
i^jalfi,

bans skyldu kasta a hafrstgkurnar beinunum.

sonr

bonda, belt a Iser-l^gg hafrsins, ok spr^tti a knifi slnum, ok

braut
fyrir
til

m^rgjar.

f'orr

dvalSisk ^ar of nattina;

en

ottu

dag st66 hann upp,

ok

klseddi

sik,
;

tok

hamarinn
J)a

Mjgllni ok bra upp, ok vigSi hafrstgkurnar

15 hafrarnir,

sto9u
f^at

upp

ok var

J)a

annarr haltr ptra

foeti.

fann ^orr,

ok

tal6i at
farit

bondinn eSa bans hjon mundi

hafrsins
:

eigi

skynsamliga

hafa

me6 beinum

k^nnir hann at brotinn var

:

laerl^ggrinn.
allir

Eigi t)arf langt fra ^vi at s^gja

vita

mgu
at

{)at

hv^rsu hraeddr bondinn mundi vera, er hann sa

t^orr

20 let sTga
\)2.

brynnar ofan
falla

fyrir

augun

en

{)at

er sa

augnanna,
;

hugSisk hann

mundu

fyrir sjoninni einni

samt

hann

hr6i h^ndrnar at hamar-skaptinu sva at hvitnuSu knuarnir.

En bondinn
fliga,

g'gidi

baSu

ser friSar,
er

25 attu.

En

sem van var, ok 9II hjonin k^lluSu akabu6u at fyrir kvsemi alt pat er \)2lu hann sa hrsezlu J)eira, |)a gekk af honum
:

//.

THOR AND LTGARDALOKI.

ok tok af
J)eim
i

45
saeit

mo6rinn, ok sefaSisk hann;

t)eira, t^jalfa

bgrn

ok Rpsku, ok ggrfiusk

|)au JDa skyldir J)jonustu-

m^nn

f^drs,

ok

fylgja |)au
?|)tir

honum
hafra,

jafnan sT^an.

Let hann

J)ar

ok byijaSi
;

f^rSina austr

Jgtun-heima, ok
hafit jDat
it

alt
;

til

hafsins

ok
til

JDa

for

hann
J^a

ut

yfir 30

djupa

en er hann
Loki, ok

kom
t'jalfi,

lands.

gekk hann

upp, ok

me6 honum
dag
;

ok Rgskva.

M er
stor
allra
;

|)au

hgf6u
|Dau

iTila

hrld g^ngit, var6 fyrir J)eim

allan
til

mgrk
var
vista
til

gengu

J)ann

myrkrs.
f'ors,

t*jalfi

manna
ok
a

fot-hvatastr

hann bar
ser

kyl

en
J)eir

til

var eigi gott. 35

natlstaSar,

Ka er myrkt var

orSit,

leitu6u

ser

fundu

fyrir

skala nakkvarn
;

mjgk mikinn, varu

|)ar leitu6u
{)eir

dyrr

^nda, ok jafn-breidar skalanum

bols.

ser natt-

En

of mi6ja natt vard land-skjalfti mikill, gekk jgrSin

P'a

undir |)eim skykkjum, ok skalf husit.

het a lagsm^nn sina
hoegri
f*6rr
1
;

sl56 f'orr upp,

ok 40
til

ok leituSusk

fyrir,

ok fundu af-hus
;

handar
dyrrin.

mi6jum skalanum, ok gengu {)annig s^ttisk en gnnur ]3au vilru innar fra honum, ok varu
1"

|)au
sik
;

hraedd, en J*drr holt hamarskapiinu,

\>~\

ok hug6i

at

v^rja
at 45
fra

heyr6u

j^au

ym
ut,

mikinn ok gny.

dagan, ^a gekk Porr

ok

ser
eigi

hvar
iTtill
;

la

En er kom madr skamt

svaf,
haffii

honum
naitina;

skoginum, ok var sa
t^a

hann

ok hraul
of

st^rkliga.

l^ottisk

t'orr

skilja

hvat latum verit

hann sp^nnir
;

sik

m^gingjgrfium, ok
sa,

ox honum

asm^gin
f)a

en

J)vi

vaknar mafir
hilt

ok stdd

skjdtt

upp

en 50

er sagt at {*6r var6

;

einu sinni at sla hann

at

med ham:

rinum
*

ok spurSi hann
|)arf ck,' sagc^i

nafni,
'

en sa n^fndisk Skrymir
nafni
:

en

eigi
\)\\

hann,

at spyi ja ^ik at
{)U

k^nni

ek

at

ert Asa|3orr

en hvart h^fir

dr^git a braut
upi>

hanzka
;

minn?'
afliusit

Seildisk
J)at

|)a

Skrymir

til,

ok tdk

hanzka sinn

55

ser Porr |)a at

J)at

haf6i

hann

haft of naiiina fyrir skala.

en

var J)umlungrinn hanzkans.

Skrymir spurdi ef
jfuii
^)vi.

t>drr

vildi

hafa

fgru-neyli hans,

en

Von

\\\

i6k

46
Skrymir ok
60 en t*orr
J)eir
1

//.

THOR AND UTGARBALOKL

nestbagga sinn, ok bjosk
sta6
til

leysti

at eta

dggurS,
J)a at

gSrum
alt
1

ok bans
sitt,

felagar.

Skrymir bau9
;

l?g6i mgtu-neyti

en

f^orr jatti J)vi

{)a
;

batt

Skrymir

nest J^eira
fyrir

einn bagga, ok lagSi a bak ser

hann gekk
mikilli.

of daginn, ok steig hldr storum, en sT6an at kveldi

leitaSi

Skrymir J)eim nattstaSar undir eik nakkvarri

65

fa

maelti
;
*

Skrymir
en

til

f^ors

at

hann

vill

Ifggjask
til
;

ni9r

at

sofna
y9r.'

jDer taki6

nest-baggann, ok biiiS

natt-verSar

t>vT naest

sofnar Skrymir,
;

ok hraut

fast

en

l^orr

tok

70

75

sem u-truligt mun J)ykkja, at engi kniat fekk hann leyst, ok engi alar?ndann hreyft, sva at ^a vaeri lausari en a6r. Ok er hann ser at ^etta verk ma eigi nytask, J)a var9 hann rei9r, greip ^a hamarinn Mjgllni tveim hgndum, ok steig fram gSrum foeti at J)ar er Skrymir la, ok lystr T hgfu6 honum en Skrymir vaknar, ok spyrr hvart laufs-bla6 nakkvat felli 1 hgfuS honum, e6a hvart {)eir hf6i J)a matazk, ok se bunir til r^kkna. t*orr s^gir at J)eir munu J)a sofa ganga. Ganga Er J)at J)er satt at sgja, at ekki var J)au J)a undir a8ra eik.
nest-baggann ok skal leysa

en sva er

at s^gja,

J)a

ottalaust

at

sofa.

En

at

miSri

natt J)a
1

heyrir f'orr at

Skrymir
80 stndr

hrytr,

ok

sofr

fast,

sva at dunar

skoginum.

I'a

hann upp, ok g^ngr til bans, reiSir hamarinn titt ok hart, ok lystr ofan 1 miSjan hvirfil honum hann k^nnir at hamars-mu6rinn sokkr djupt 1 hpfuSit. En 1 J)vl bili vaknar
;

Skrymir, ok maelti

'

hvat er nu

fell
?
'

akarn nakkvat

hgfud

mer
var

e9a hvat er

titt

um

J)ik,

t'orr

En

t^orr

gekk aptr

ok svarar at hann var J^a nyvaknaSr, sag9i at J)a mi9 natt, ok enn vaeri mal at sofa. hugsaSi t'orr J)at, ef hann kvaemi sva 1 foeri at sla hann it J)ri9ja hggg, at aldri skyldi hann sja sik si8an; liggr nu ok gaetir ef Skrymir sofnaSi fast. En litlu fyrir dagan J)a heyrir hann at Skrymir st^ndr J)a upp, ok hleypr at honum, rei8ir 90 mun sofnat hafa ^a hamarinn af gllu afli ok lystr a J)unn-vangann J)ann er
85 skyndiliga,

II.

THOR ^iXD UTGARDALOKI.

J)a

47

upp
mir

vissi;

sokkr
upp,

hamarrinn upp

at skaptinu.

En
'
:

Skryhvart

s^ttisk

ok strauk of vangann, ok
1

moelti

munu
er

fuglar nakkvarir sitja

irenu yfir

mer? mik grunadi,

felli
i

ck vaknada, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum

hvart vakir
J)U,

hgfuQ 95
standa

mer;
ok

l^orr?

Mai mun vera upp

nu langa
Heyrt
lei3
h^fi

at
til

kla^Sask, en ekki eigu J^er

fram
ek
at

borgarhafiS

innar er kglluS er Ut-gar6r.

kvisat
!

J)er

milli

yQvar

at

ek vaera ekki
er J)er
{ier

iTtill
1

ma3r

v^xti,

en

sja

skulu

{)er {Dar stoerri

m^nn,
:

komid
vel

L^tgarS.

Nu mun
ekki

100

ek ra3a y9r

heil-ra^di

lati

eigi storliga yfir ydr, t)ola

munu hirSm^nn

Utgarda-loka
;

[)vTlikum

kggur-

sveinum kgpur-yrSi

en

at

gQrum

kosti

hverfiS aptr,

ok

{)ann aetla ek y9r b^tra af at taka.

fara, {)a stgfni {)er
1

En

ef {)er vili6 fram

leid
til

austr,

en ek a nu nor6r

fjalla 105

|)essa er

nu munu
ok er
fram a
sa
{)eir

{)er sja

mega/
ok snyr
getit
at

T^kr Skrymir nest-bagJ)v^rs a braut

assirnir
hddb'x
I

gann, ok kasiar a bak

fra

ser,

skoginn
pa heila

t)eim,

{)ess

eigi

hittask.
torr for leid

ok

\>t\r

felagar,

ok gekk fram

til

miQs no ganga

dags

J)a

borg standa a vgllum ngkkurum, ok s^ttu

|)eir

hnakkann a bak
til

ser aptr, aSr

fengu

set yfir

upp

borgarinnar, ok var grind

fyri

borg-hli5inu, ok lokin aptr.

eigi

f'orr

gekk a grindina, ok fekk

|)reyttu at

komask
|)a

borgina,
J^fi

|)a

upp lokit en er Jjeir smugu {Deir milli spalanna

;

115

ok kdmu sva inn;

hurfiin

sa

hgll mikla,
{)eir

ok gengu J^annig; var

t)ar

opin

gengu

inn,

ok sa
tvi

marga m^nn
\>q\y
loit

a tva b^kki,

ok

fiesta oerit stora.

naest

koma

Unv
seint
1

konunginn, UtgurQaloka, ok kvgddu hann, en hann

til

|)eira,

ok

glotti

um

Ignn, ok maelti

'

seint or

um

langan
JKssi

20

veg

at spyrja tidinda,

eSa er annan veg en ek

\^y'^^, at

svein-stauli se Qku|x)rr?
[)U
;

en meiri muntu vera en mer lizk

|)er

e8a hvat

i[)r6tta er |3at er

felagar J)ykkizk vera vi6

bunir?

Engi

skal her vera

med

oss sa crcigi kunni nakkvars

48
125

//.

THOR AND UTGARBALOKI.

konar

list

e6a kunnandi
Loki

um

fram
:

fiesta

m^nn/

{'a

s^gir sa

er si6ast gekk, er

heitir

'

kann ek

|)a ij)r6tt,

er ek

em
ef

al-buinn at reyna, at engi er her sa inni er skjotara skal eta

mat sinn en
]3U ^fnir,

ek.'

t'a

svarar Utgar6aloki

'

i[)rott

er

J)at,

ok

freista skal J)a J)essar i|3rottar;'

kallaSi utar a
freista

130

bfkkinn
sin
1

at sa er

Logi
t'a

heitir skal

ganga a golf fram, ok

eitt,

moti Loka.

var t^kit trog

;

ok

borit inn a hallar-

golfit,

ok

fylt

af slatri

s^ttisk

Loki

at

gSrum

nda, en Logi
T

at

g6rum, ok
;

at hvarr-tv^ggja
J)a

sem

tiSast,

ok moettusk

mi6ju

troginu
135

hafSi

Loki

etit slatr alt

af beinum, en Logi haf6i

trogit
;

ok

etit slatr alt

ok beinin me6, ok sva

latit

ok syndisk nu
s^gir at

gllum sem Loki hf6i

hvat sa inn ungi

leikinn.
leika.

M
En

spyrr UtgarSaloki
f^jalfi

ma6r kunni
til.

hann
er

mun
140

freista at

r^nna skei6 ngkkur vi6 einn-hv^rn J^ann er

LtgarSaloki

fser

Hann
ef

s^gir,

UtgarSaloki,
at

at

J)etta

go6
Isetr

iJ)rott,

ok

kallar J)ess meiri

van

hann

se vel at ser
;

buinn of skjotleikinn,

hann

skal ^essa i^rott inna

en po

hann skjolt |)essa skulu loki, ok g?ngr ut, ok var J)ar

v^lli.

freista.

St^ndr

J)a

upp UtgarSa-

gott skeid at r^nna ^ptir slettum

til

f'a

kallar UtgarSaloki

sin sveinstaula nakkvarn, er

1

145 n^fndr er Hugi, ok ba9 hann r^nna

kgpp
J)vT
f^a

vi9 ^jalfa.

f*a

taka

t)eir

it
1

fyrsta

skei9,

ok

er

Hugi
^nda.

framar
maelti

at

hann

snysk aptr
loki
:

moti

honum
;

at skei9s

UtgarSat)U

'J)urfa

muntu,

f^jalfi,

at l^ggja

|Dik

meir fram, ef

skalt vinna leikinn

en

{)o

er

J)at satt, at

ekki hafa her komit

150

t)eir

m^nn

er

mer

t)ykkja fothvatari en sva.'

J)a

M
til

taka

{)eir

aptr annat skei9, ok

er

Hugi

er

kominn
f^jalfi

til

skeiSs nda,
t'jalfa.

ok hann snysk
maelti
trui

aptr, J)a var langt kolf-skot

:

I'a

Utgardaloki

'vel J)ykkir at

mer
t*a

r^nna;

en

eigi

ek

honum nu
r^nna
er
it

hann vinni

leikinn,

en nu
J)eir

mun
aptr,

reyna,
;

155 er er

{)eir

J)ri6ja skeiSit.'

taka

^nn skei9
allir at

en
er

Hugi
eigi

{jalfi

kominn til l^a kominn a

skeiSs nda
mitt skeiSit
;

ok snysk
|)a

ok

s^gja

rejnt

//.

TIIOR
ta

AND UTGARBALOKI.
spyrr tJtgarSaloki
vilja

49
{)eira

er

um

})enna leik.

^or, hvat
fyrir

T^rotta

mun

vera er

hann muni

birta

J^eim,

sva
160

miklar sggur
maelti t'orr

t'a sem m^nn hafa giprt um storvirki bans, at h^lzt vill hann J)at taka til, at {)reyta drykkju

vi6 einnhv^rn

mann.
1

Utgar6aloki s^gir

at J^at

ma
at

vel vera

ok gngr inn

hgllina,
|)at,

ok
er

kallar skutil-svein sinn, bidr at

hann
I'vi

taki vltis-horn

hirSm^nn eru vanir

drekka
faer

af.
1

naest

komr fram
I^a
1

skutilsveinn
:

me6
'

horninu, ok

t*or

165

hgnd.
vel

maelti Utgardaloki

af horni jDessu J^ykkir J)a

af,

drukkit, ef
i

einum drykk g^ngr

en sumir
iTtill

mnn

drekka af

tveim drykkjum, en engi er sva

drykkju-

madr,

at eigi

gangi af
J)6

J)rimr.'

f'orr lltr a hornit,

ekki mikit, ok er
t?kr at drekka,
J)urfa at

hldr langt, en

hann

er

ok synisk mjok {^yrstr;

at

170

ok svelgr allstorum, ok hyggr

sinni
1

eigi

skal
J)raut

luta optar at

hornit.

En

er
lei6

hann

orindit,

ok hann

laut or horninu.
sva,

ok ser hvat

drykkinum,

ok

iTzk
T

honum
ok
at

sem
a3r.
;

all-liiill

munr mun

vera at nu se
:

Ixgra

horninu
eigi

en
til

{*a maelti

UtgarSaloki
trua,

'vel er 175
vceri

drukkit,

mikit

eigi

munda-k

ef

mer

mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en veit ek at {ju munt vilja drekka af T gSrum drykk.' Jjo torr svarar engu, s^tr hornit a munn ser, ok hyggr nu at hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok J^reytir a drykkjuna, sem
sagt
fril,

AsaJ)orr

180

honum vannsk
vill

til

orindi,

ok ser ^nn

at

sdkillinn hornsins
;

ekki

hornit af
hafi

upp sva mjgk sem honum likar ok er hann tok munni ser ok ser, llzk honum nu sva, sem minna
en
1

J)orrit

inu fyrra sinni;

er
:

nu gott beranda bord

'

horninu.

t>a

mxlii

UtgarSaloki
til

hvat

cr

nu.

^orr

1S5

muntu nu
hagr a vera

eigi
?

sparask
iTzk

eins drykkjar meira en [)er

|du

mun

Sva

mer, ef

skalt

nu drekka af horninu
oelladr
;

inn l^riSja drykkinn,

sem

J)essi

mun

mestr

en ekki
a?sir

muntu mega her mod

oss heita sva mikill

madr sem

kalla pik, ef {)u ggrir eigi

meira af

J)er

um

afira loika

en mer 190

50
lizk

11.

THOR AND UTGARBALOKI.

{)enna
ser,

sem

um

mun

vera.'

f'a

var5 l^orr reiSr, s^tr

hornit a
J)reytir

munn

ok drekkr sem
;

akafligast

ma
i

hann, ok
hornit, jDa

haf6i

sem l^ngst a drjkkinn nu h^lzt nakkvat munr a

ok
vill

en er hann sa

f^ngizk,

ok

J)a

by9r hann upp

UtgarSaloki:

^95 hornit,
'

eigi

drekka meira.

M
: '

maelti

au3-set er
;

nu

at

mattr J)inn er ekki sva mikill sem ver

hugSum

en
J3U

vill-tu freista

um

fleiri

leika?
freista

Sja mg, nu, at

ekki nytir

her af/

{*orr svarar

ma

ek

f nn of

nakkvara
200

leika,

en undarh'ga mundi mer

vaeri

J)ykkja, J)a er

ek var

heima me6 asum, ef J)vilTkir drykkir

hvat leik
vili |)er

sva

litlir

kallaSir.
:

En
'^at

nu bjo9a mer
lltit

?
'

fa

mselli

UtgarSaloki

ggra her ungir sveinar er

upp af
J)vllikt

jgr'Su kgtt

minn

en

eigi

mark mun at J)ykkja, at h^fja munda-k kunna at maela

vi6 AsaJ)or, ef ek hf6a eigi set fyrr at \>u ert miklu

fyrir {)er

205

minni

en ek hugSa.'

Hi

naest hljop
;

fram kgttr
til,

einn grar a hallargolfit, ok hfldr mikill

en forr gekk

ok
en

tok h^ndi sinni ni6r undir miSjan kviSinn, ok lypti upp, en

kgttrinn beygSi k^nginn, sva
er {'orr seildisk sva langt
210 kgttrinn
mselti

sem {>6rr retti upp hgndina upp sem hann matti l^ngst, ^a
framit J)enna leik.
leikr

letti

einum

foeti,
:

ok
'

faer t'orr eigi

UtgarSaloki

sva

for

J)essi

ta sem mik varSi

litill
:
'

kgttrinn er h^ldr mikill, en {'orr er lagr ok

hja stor-

m^nni
215

J)vT

sem her

er

me9
f'a
'

oss.'

f'a
til

maelti I'orr

sva litinn

sem mik
eigi

J)er kalliS
;

mik,

J)a

gangi nu

einnhv^rr, ok faisk vi6

nu em ek

rei6r.'
:

svarar UtgarSaloki,

ok

litask

um

a bfkkina, ok maelti

eigi se

ek J)ann

mann
; '

her inni, er
maelti

mun
: *

lTtil-rae6i

{)ykkja at fask vi9 J)ik

ok ^nn

hann
^lli,

sjam

fyrst, kalli

ok

faisk forr vi9

mer hingat k^rlinguna, fostru mina hana, ef hann vill flt h^fir hon l)a
;

220

m^nn
naest

er

mer hafa
T

litizk eigi

u-st^rkligri

en

t'orr er/

Wi

gekk

hgllina k^rling ein ggmul.

skal taka fang vi9 AsaJ)or.
J)at at J)vi

maelti

Utgar-

daloki, at
at

hon

Ekki

er langt

um
at

ggra

sva for fang

harSara er

ter knuSisk

//.

THOR AND UTGARDALOKI.

stoS

^l
leila
til

fanginu,

J5vT

fastara

hon

\>?i

tok k^rling at

bragSa, ok vard

t'orr

^a lauss a futum, ok varu l^xr svip- 325

fell

tingar all-har6ar, ok eigi l?ngi aSr en f'orr

foeti.

a kne

gSrum

{^a

gekk

til

Uigar6aloki, baS t)au haetta fanginu, ok

eigi J)urfa at

sagdi sva, at ^orx

mundi
var ^a
til

bjoSa fleirum

mpnnum
1

fang
{'or

bans hgll
\)Q'\m

ok

lidit

a natt, vlsa6i UtgarSaloki

t)ar

ok

felogum

saetis,

ok dv^ljask

nait-langl

230

go3um fagna6i. En at morgni,

felagar, klaeSa sik,

t^gar dagaSi, st^ndr

I'orr

upp ok
^2.

{)eir

ok eru bunir braut

at

ganga.
;

kom
335

skorii J)a eigi l^ar UtgaiSaloki, ok let s^tja J)eim borS godan fagnaS, mat ok dr)kk. En er J)eir hafa matazk, t)a

snuask

J)eir

til

ffr6ar.

Utgar6aloki
;

fylgir

{)eim

ut,

g^ngr
Cigar-

me6

|3eim braut or borginni

til

en

at

skilnaSi

j^a maslti

ok spyrr hv^rnig honum j^ykkir f^rd sin orSin, e6a hvart hann h^fir hitt rikara mann nakkvarn en sik. t'orr svarar at eigi mun hann |3at s^gja, at eigi hafi
daloki
{>6rs,

240

hann mikla u-soemd

ek
at {)er

farit T

J^eira

vi6-skiptum

'

en

t>o

veit

munu6
Vi\

kalla

mik

iTiinn
:

mann
'

lyrir

mer, ok uni ek
it

\>\\ ilia.'

mislti CtgarSaloki

nu

skal s^gja |)er

sanna,

er t)u ert ut

kominn or borginni ok
i
\>\\

ef ek
;

lifi

ok mega-k
veit

ra6a,

J)a

skallu aldri optar

T

hana koma
ok

ok

t>at

trua 245

min,
t)u

at aldri h?f6ir

hana komit,
{)er,

ef ek h?f6a vitat a3r at

]du

h?f6ir sva

mikinn krapt med

hafSir sva njer

{)er.
lil

haft OSS mikilli Q-foeru.

En

sjon-hv^rfingar h^fi ck ggrt

Jjik

sva at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann

a skoginum,

kom

ek

fundar vi6 y6r

haf6a-k bun (lit
skyldi luka.

ok

\>2i

er |)u skyldir leysa ncstbaggann,

|)a

250

mod gres-jarni, En |)vi nxst laust

it

en
\^u

\t\x

fannt eigi hvar

upp
l)rju

mik mcd hamrinum

mikit, at

hggg, ok var

fyrj-ta

minst,

ok var ^b sva
;

mer

mundi ?ndask

lil

bana, ef a h?f6i komit

en
1

J^ar er J)u salt

JDrja

hja hpll minni sel-bcrg,

ok

t)ar
[)at

satl-u ofan

dala fer- 255

;

skeytta ok einn djfipastan,

varu hamarspor
2

[)Tn

selbcr-

52
ginu bra ek

//.

THOR AND UTGARBALOKL

hgggin en
eigi satt J)U J)at.

fyrir

Sva var ok of
I'a

leikana, er J)er J)reyttu6 vi9

fyrsta, er

hirSm^nn mina.

var
at

J)at it
;

Loki ggrSi
f)at

260 sa er Logi het,

slatrit

hann var mjgk soltinn, ok var villi-eldr, ok br^ndi hann

;

titt

en

eigi seinna

en
het,

trogit.
J)at

En
var

er

{'jalfi

J)reytti

rasina vi6 {)ann er

{^jalfa

Hugi
J)6tti

hugi minn, ok var

eigi vaent

at

J)reyta skjot-foeri vi9 hann.

jDer

En

seint li8a,

en
eigi

er Jju drakkt af horninu,

ok

J)at veit

trua

mm,
;

at {)a var9 {)at

;

265 undr, er ek

munda
1

trQa at vera maetti

J)at sattu eigi

annarr ^ndir
J)U

hornsins var ut
til

hafi,

en
sja

en nu, er

komr

saevarins, J)a
f'at

mun-tu

mega, hvrn '^mb

J)U h^fir

drukkit

a saenumJ
'eigi |)Otti

eru nu fjgrur kalladar.

hitt

Ok
er

nn

mselti

mer
J)er

minna vera

vert,

J)ii

lyptir
allir

hann upp k^teigi

270 tinum,

ok

satt at s^gja, J)a

hraeddusk
;

^eir er sa,

er

J)ii

lyptir af

jgrSu einum foetinum

;

en sa kgttr var

sem
gll,

jDer

syndisk

^at var Mi6gar9s-ormr, er liggr

varliga l^ngSin
seildisk
til,

um

Ignd

ok vannsk honum
;

at

j^rSina toeki
at

sporSr ok hgfuS
275

ok sva langt
hitt

J^ii

upp

skamt var

^a

til

himins.

En

var ok mikit undr

J)vl

um

fangit, er J)u

fekkzk vi9 ^lli;

fyrir

at engi
lli

h^fir

sa orSit,

mun
gllum

ver6a, ef sva gamall er at

til

bi9r, at eigi

ok engi komi ^llin

falls.

Ok
J)a

er

nu
ek

J)at

satt at s^gja, at

ver

munum
komid

skiljask,

ok

mun

b^tr hvarratv^ggju handar at J)er

;

280 eigi optar

mik
fa,'

at hitta

mun nn

annat sinn v^rja borg

at ekki vald

mina me8 {)er a mer

ser

J)vllikum

velum eSa gSrum, sva

en
er

munu
til

En

er t'orr heyrSi J)essa tglu, greip

;

hann

hamarsins, ok breg^r a lopt

hann
J)a

skal

fram

rei9a, J)a
til

hann

J)ar

hv^rgi Utgar^aloka,

ok

snjsk hann aptr

borgina;
J)a

285 borgarinnar,

ok

setlask

ij)a

fyrif

at big'ota

ser

hann
vanga.

J)ar vgllu

vl6a ok fagra, en enga borg.

til

Snysk hann
aptr
1

J)a aptr,

ok

fgrr lei9 sina,

J)ess er

hann

kom

{*rii6-

III.

BALDER.
Annarr sonr OSins er Baldr, ok er
s^gja
:

fra

hann
ok

er b^ztr,

ok hann

lofa

allir.
;

honum gott at Hann er sva fagr

eitt

a-litum

bjartr sva at lysir af

til

honum
J)at

ok

gras er sva
;

hvltt at jafnat er

Baldrs brar,

er allra grasa hvltast

liki

ok
su

\)3.T

^ptir

mattu marka bans f?gr9, baeSi a bar ok a

hann

er vitrastr asanna,

ok

f^grstr taliSr

ok llknsamastr.

En
bans.
jDeim

nattura fylgir honum at engi ma haldask domr Hann byr t)ar sem heitir Brei9a-blik, {)at er a bimni i stad ma ekki vera u-breint, sva sem her s^gir
;

BreiSablik heita,

J)ar er

Baldr h^fir

ser of ggrva sali

1

\>v\

landi
faesta

er ek liggja veit
feikn-stafi.

IV.

THE DEATH OF BALDER.

f'at er upphaf J^essar SQgu, at Baldr inn go6a dreymSi drauma slora ok haetdiga um iTf sitt. En er hann sag6i asunum draumana, J^a baru J)eir saman rad sin, ok var J)at

ggn
5

at

bei6a gri6a Baldri

til

fyrir alls

konar haska

ok Frigg

tok svardaga

J)ess, at eira

skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jarn

ok

alls

konar malmr,

steinar, jgr6in, viSirnir, sottirnar, dyrin,

fuglarnir, eitr, ormar.

J)at

En

er j^etta var gijrt

at

ok

vitat, J)a

var

sk^mtun Baldrs ok asanna

allir

hann

skyldi standa

upp a

J)ingum, en
lo

aSrir skyldu
grjoti.

sumir skjota a hann, sumir

hgggva
J)etta sa

til,

sumir b^ija

En

hvat

sem

at var ggrt,

sakaSi hann ekki, ok

J)otti

t)etta
J)a

g>llum mikill frami.

lika6i

En

er

Loki Laufeyjar-son,

honum
til

ilia

er Baldr

sakaSi ekki.
ser
15
1

Hann gekk
liki
;

til

F^n-salar

Friggjar,
vissi

ok bra
aesir

konu
at

J)a

spyrr Frigg ef su

kona
allir

hvat

hgfSusk

a ^inginu.

Hon
ekki.

sag6i at
f'a
;

skutu at Baldri,
:

ok

J)at, at

hann sakaSi
v^Sir

mgeld Frigg

'

eigi

munu

vapn e6a
J)eim.'

granda Baldri

ei6a h^fi ek J)^git af gllum

allir hlutir

f'a
?
'

spyrr

konan

'

hafa
:

eiSa unnit at eira

fyrir

Baldri

t'a

svarar Frigg
;

'

v^x vi9ar-teinungr einn

;

20 vestan Val-hgll

sa er Mislilteinn kalla6r
f'vi

sa

{)6tti
;

mer ungr
en Loki
stod

at kr^fja eiSsins.'

nsest hvarf

konan a braut
til

tok Mistiltein ok
utarliga
T

sleit

upp, ok gekk
J)v! at

J)ings.

En HgSr
f^a
'

mannhringinum,
: '

hann var
ok

blindr.
?

mseld
:

Loki vi6 hann

25 'J)vT at

hvl skytr {du ekki at Baldri

Hann

svarar

ek se

eigi,

hvar Baldr

er,

J)at

annat, at ek

em

IV.

THE DEATH OF BALDER.

maelti

55

vapnlauss.'

Loki

'
:

ggr-Su p6
aSiir

liking annarra
;

manna ok
{)er
til,

veil Baldri

soem6 sem
;

hvar hann st^ndr

skjot at

m^nn ek mun visa honum v^ndi t)essum.'

Loka
;

HgSr

tok Misliltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvTsun

T

flaug skotit
h^fir jDat
t*a

g^gnum hann, ok

fell

hann dauSr

til

jarSar

ok 30

mest u-happ

verit unnit

me3 go6um ok mgnnum.

asum
til

er Baldr var Tallinn, (Da fellusk gllum

til

or3-tgk, ok

sva hendr at taka

allir

hans
til

ok

sa hv^rr

annars,
;

ok varu
en engi
{)a

med einum hug

h^fna
:

pess er unnit haf6i verkit

matli

{jar

var

sva

mikill
J?a

grida-staSr.
J)6

En

er 35

aesirnir freistu6u at maela,

var hitt

fyrr, at

gratrinn
fra

kom

upp, sva at engi malti

gSrum

s^gja

me3 or6unum

sinum harmi.

En 06inn

bar {)eim

mun

v^rst {Dcnna skada,

sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hv^rsu mikil af-laka ok mi-sa asunum var I fra-falli Baldrs. En er goSin v;tku6usk, {)a
mailii

Frigg ok spur6i, hv^rr sa

vceri

meS asum,
hann

er eignask

vildi allar astir

hennar ok
fai

hylli,

ok

vili

ri3a a h^l-veg
ut-lausn,

ok

freista ef
vill

hann

fundit Baldr,
1

ok bjoda H^lju

ef hon

lata fara

Baldr heim

As-gar9.
til

En

sa er n^fndr
{'a

H?rmo6r

inn hvati, sonr 06ins, er

Sleipnir,

[^eirar

farar var8.

45

var t^kinn

hestr Odins,

ok

leiddr fram,

ok

steig

H^rmodr

a J^ann hest, ok hleyp6i braut.

En
vildu

aesirnir

toku

Ilk

Baldrs ok flultu

til

sxvar.
;

llring-

horni het skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa meslr

hann
;

go6in fram

s^lja,

ok g^ra ^ar a bal-fgr Baldrs

l^a
;

en 50

skipit

gekk hv^rgi fram.

J)eiri

var s^nt

Jpiunheima

?ptir
vargi,

gygi

er Ilyrrokin het

en er hon kom, ok reiS

j^a

ok

hafdi

hggg-orm
kallac^i
til

at

taumum,

hljop

hon af hestinum,
hesisins,

en 06inn

ber-s?rki fjora at
[xir f^kii

gxta
I'a
I

ok fengu
a 55

t)eir eigi haldit,

nema

hann.

gekk Hyrrokin

fram-stafn n9kkvans, ok hralt fram

at eldr hraut or
f'orr

fyrsta vi5-brag3i.
gll
skulfii.
|)a
I'a

sva

hlunnunum, ok Ignd

vard

rei6r,

ok greip hamaiinn, ok nunuli

brjoia

hgfud

56

IV.

THE DEATH OF BALDER.

9II

h^nnar, a6r en go6in

60 ut a skipit Ilk Baldrs
dottir,
balit,
J)a
;

baSu h^nni

friSar.

var borit

ok

er ^at sa

sprakk hon af
1

kona bans, Nanna, Neps harmi, ok do var hon borin a

;

ok

sl^git

eldi.

i^a

sto3 f^orr

at,

ok vigSi

balit

me6
hratt
sotti

Mjgllni;

en

fyrir

fotum bans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sa er

f>orr

Litr n^fndr;
65

en

spyrndi

foeti

sinum a hann, ok

honum
for

eldinn,

ok brann bann.
:

En
;

at {)essi

brgnnu

margs konar

\)]6b

fyrst at s^gja fra

06ni, at

me9 honum
1
;

Fngg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar bans en Freyr 5k kgrru me9 gf Iti J)eim er Gullin-bursti beitir e9a Sli6rug-tanni en

Heimdallr rei6 besti J)eim er GuU-toppr beitir; en Freyja i*ar komr ok mikit folk brimf)ursa, ok berg70 kgttum sinum.
risar.

OSinn lagSi a
;

balit

gullhring

J)ann

er

Draupnir
Hestr

beitir

bonum

fylgSi sT6an su nattiira, at bina

atta

niundu bvgrja

natt

drupu af bonum

gullhringar jafn-bgfgir.
gllu rei6i.

Baldrs var leiddr a balit

75

me6

En J)at er at s^gja fra H^rmoSi, at bann rei9 niu naetr dokkva dala ok djQpa, sva at bann sa ekki, fyrr en bann
kom
til

arinnar Gjallar, ok rei9 a Gjallar-briina

bon
at
'

er

\)Qk6 lysi-gulli.

M66gu9r

er n^fnd maer su er gaetir bruaraett,

innar; bon spurSi bann at nafni e9a

80 fyrra dag ri9u

ok sag9i
;

binn
eigi

um

bruna fimm

fylki
J)er,

dau9ra manna

en

dynr bruin minnr undir einum

ok
?
'

eigi bffir J)U

lit

dau6ra
'

manna
set
85 riSit

bvi riSr J)U ber a b^lveg

lil

Hann

svarar at

ek

skal ri6a

b^ljar at leita Baldrs,

?
'

e6a hvart

h^fir J)U nakkvat:

Baldr a bglvegi

En bon

sag6i at Baldr haf6i J)ar

f^a

um

Gjallar bru
J)ar

'

en ni9r ok norSr liggr bglvegr/

at

rei6

Hrmo6r

hann af fast, steig upp, ok keyrSi bann sporum, en bestrinn bljop sva hart, ok yfir grindina, at bann kom bvrgi nser. rei6 Hrmo9r beim til ballar-

bann kom hestinum, ok gyrSi bann

til

er

b^l-grindum

J)a

steig

90 innar,

ok

steig af besti,

gekk inn
;

bgllina,

sa J)ar sitja
J)ar

gndvegi Baldr, broSur sinn

ok dval6isk H^rmoSr

um

IV.

THE DEATH OF BALDER.

morgni
{)a

57
af H^lju
at

nattina.

En

at

beiddisk

H^rmoSr

heim me3 honum, ok sagSi hv^rsu mikill var med asum. grair En H?l sag6i at J)at skyldi sva reyna, hvart Baldr var sva ast-saell sem sagt er 'ok ef allir hlutir 1 heiminum, kykvir ok dau6ir, grata hann, J^a skal hann fara
Baldr skyldi rida
;

95

til

asa aptr, en haldask

vili
iit

me6
st66

H^lju, ef nakkvarr maelir vid,

e6a

eigi grata.'

f>a

H^rmoSr upp, en Baldr

ripti

leiSir

hann
til

or hgllinni,

ok tok hringinn Draupni, ok s^ndi 03ni

minja,

en Nanna s^ndi Frigg

t'a

ok nn
set

fleiri

gjafar, loc

Fullu fmgr-gull.

rei9

H^rmoSr
allan
;

aptr lei9 sTna, ok

kom

AsgarS, ok sag6i

9II tiQindi jDau er

hann haf6i
gQrSu

ok heyrt.
at biSja

Wl
at

naest

s^ndu

aesir

um
ok

heim orind-reka,
allir
J)at,

Baldr

vgeri

graiinn or h^lju
jgrSin,

en

m^nninir,

ok kykvendin, ok
sva

steinarnir,

ok

tre,

ok

allr

malmr

10:

sem ^u munt
or frosti ok

set hafa, at J^essir hlutir grata, J)a er J)eir

I

koma
h9f6u
gygr

hita.

f'a

er

sndi-m^nn foru heim, ok

T

vel rekit sin orindi, finna {)eir sat

;

h^lli

n^kkurum hvar
ii<

hon n^fndisk

f^gkk.

t*eir

biSja hana grata Baldr

or h^lju.
'

Honsvarar:
f'gkk

mun

grata
;

J^urrum tarum

Baldrs balfarar

kyks ne dauds
haldi

naut-k-a-k karls sonar

h^fir
I

H?l ^\\ es

En

J)ess

geta
ilt

m^nn,
ggrt

at J)ar hafi verit

Loki Laufcyjar-son, u:

er flest h^fir

me3 asum.

V.

HEDINN AND HQGNI.

Konungr sa er H^gni er n^fndr atti dotlur, er Hildr het. Hana tok at h^r-fangi konungr sa er He6inn het, Hjarrandason.

ta var Hggni konungr farinn

at

konunga-st^fnu

en er
T

hann spurSi
5

h^rjat var

riki bans,

ok

dottir

bans var

braut t^kin,
spur6i
er

J)a for

hann me5 sinu Hdi

Noreg,

at leita

He6ins, ok
landi.
f*a

til bans at HeSinn Hggni konungr kom

baf6i siglt nor6r

i

me6
ptir
beitir

spurSi hann at

HeSinn
allt

baf6i siglt vestr

til

um
ok

baf.

ta

siglir

Hggni

bonum
Ha-ey,

Orkn-eyja;

er

hann kom

J)ar

sem

J)a
^,

y^Tio var ^ar fyrir

He6inn me6 li6 sitt. i^a for Hildr a fund fgSur, sins, ok bau6 bonum mgn at saett af b^ndi He6ins, en LgSru-^ or6i sag6i bon at HeSinn vaeri buinn at b^rjksk, ok aetti Hggni af bonum engrar vaegSar van. Kggni svarar stiFt
;

,,

dottur sinni
15

en er bon

bitti

He6in, sag6i bon bonum,

til

at

Hggni
liSinu.

vildi

enga

saett,

ok ba6 hann buask

orrostu,

ok

sva ggra ^eir bvarir-tv^ggju, ganga

Pa kallar
sseit

bonum
'

upp a eyna, ok fylkja He6inn a Hggna, mag sinn, ok bau6 ok mikit gull at botum. p2L svarar Hggni
J^etta,

of si9 bauzt-u

ef J)U

vill

saettask, Jdvi at

nu

b^fi

ek
skal

dr^git Dains-leif, er dvergarnir

ggrSu, er
aldri bilar
{'a
1

manns bani
HeSinn
'
:

ver6a, bv^rt sinn er brt er,

sar groer, ef t)ar skeinisk
boelir

ok

bgggvi, ok ekki
sver6i

af.'

svarar

pu

{)ar,

en

eigi sigri

J)at

kalla ek gott bv^rt er drottinJ)a er

bolt
25

er.'

P2,

bofu ^eir orrostu

allan,

Hja6ninga-vig er

kallat,
til

ok bgrSusk ^ann dag

ok

at

kvddi foru konungar

V.

HEDINN AND HQGNI.

lil

59
ok vak6i upp

skipa.

En

Hildr gekk of natlina

{Da

valsins,
;

me6
fellu

fjglkyngi alia

er dauSir varu

ok annan dag gengu

allir
{)eir

konungarnir a vTg-vgllinn ok bgrdusk, ok sva

hinn fyrra daginn.

er

For sva su orrosta hv^rn dag

^ptir

annan,

at allir {)eir er fcllu,

ok

oil

vapn

J)au er lagu a vlgv^lli, 30

ok sva hlifar, urdu at grjoti.

dauSir m^nn, ok bgrSusk, ok
sagi
1

En
9II

er dagadi, stodu

upp

allir

vapn varu

{)a

ny.

Sva er

kvaiSum,

at IIja6ningar skulu sva

biSa ragna-rokrs.

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

Sveinn konungr tjugu-skfgg
atti

SigriSi hina st6r-ra6u.

SigriSr var hinn mesti u-vinr Olafs

ok fann

J^at

til

saka

at

konungs Tryggva-sonar Olafr konungr hafSi slitit einka-malum

i and-lit. Hon ^ggjaSi mJQk Svein konung til at halda orrostu vi3 Olaf konung Tryggvason, ok kom hon sva sTnum for-tglum at Sveinn konungr var fullkominn at ggra J)etta ra6. Ok snimma um varit sfndi Sveinn konungr m^nn austr til SvT-J)jo6ar a fund Olafs konungs SvTa-konungs, mags sins, ok Eirlks jarls ok let s^gja

vi6 hana,

ok

lostit

hana

lo J)eim at Olafr,
at fara

Noregs konungr, haf6i lei6angr

til

uti,

ok

setla6i

um

sumarit

Vind-lands.

FylgSi

J^at

or6-snding
jarl

Dana-konungs,
h^r
uti

at J)eir

Sviakonungr ok Eirikr
til
til

skyldi

hafa,

ok

fara

mots vi3 Svein konung, skyldu

orrostu vi6 Olaf

l^eir J)a allir

samt l^ggja

konung Tryggvajarl

15 son.

En

Olafr

Sviakonungr ok Eirikr
{)a

varu

J)essar

saman skipa-hr mikinn af SvTav^ldi, foru ^vi li6i su6r til Dan-markar, ok kvamu J)ar sva, at Olafr konungr Tryggvason hafSi a6r austr siglt. t'eir
fr6ar al-bijnir, ok drogu
20
jarl heldu til fundar vi6 Danakonung, saman u-grynni hrs. Sveinn konungr, J)a er hann haf6i snt ^ptir h^rinum, J)a s^ndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njosna um fr6 Olafs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra sva til, at fundr

Sviakonungr ok Eirikr
J)a allir

ok hgfSu

J)eira

Sveins konungs

msetti ver6a.

Frr

J)a

Sigvaldi jarl

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

ok

6l
25

leid sina,

kom

fram a Vindlandi, for

til

Jomsborgar, ok

si6an a fund Olafs konungs Tryggvasonar.

vinattu-mal j^eira a meSal,
vid Olaf

Varu

J)ar

mikil

kom

jarl scr

hinn mesta kgerleik

konung.

AstriSr kona

jarls. dottir Burizleifs

|Dat

konungs,
af

var vinr mikill Olafs konungs, ok var

mjgk

hinum
systur 30

fyrrum t^ngQum, er Olafr konungr hafSi

h^nnar.
Sigvaldi jarl var
1

att

Geiru,
;

maSr

vitr

ok ra9ugr
\>z

en er hann

kom

ser

rada-g?r9 vid Olaf konung,

f^rSina bans austan at sigla,

ok fann
geysi

til

En
jarl

li6

Olafs konungs

let

ilia,

hann mjgk mjgk ymsa hluti. ok varu m^nn mjok

dvaldi
J)ess

heim-fusir, er {)eir lagu albiinir, en ve3r byr-vaen.

Sigvaldi 35

fekk njosn leyniliga af Danmgrk, at

J)a t>a

var austan

kominn
hgr,

h^rr Svlakonungs, ok Eirikr jarl haf6i

ok bQinn sinn

ok
ok

J)eir
J)eir

hpfSingjarnir

h^fSu a

mundu ^a koma austr undir Vindland, kve6it, at \>q\t mundu biSa Olafs konungs
J)at,

vid ey {)a er SvglSr heitir, sva

at jicir maetti {)ar finna
{'a

at jarl skyldi sva

til

stilla

Olaf konung.
til

kom

pati

nakkvarr
uti,

Vindlands, at Sveinn

DanaSigvaldi
at 45

konungr h^fSi h^r

jarl

ok ggrSisk
ekki er
[)ik

bratt sa kurr, at Sveinn

Danakonungr mundi
s^gir
til

vilja
'

finna Olaf
J)at

konung.

En

konungi

rad Sveins

konungs

l^ggja

bardaga vid

me6 Dana-h^r

einn saman. sva

mikinn h^r sem

\)\\, lidi,

J)er hafid.
fyrir,

En
{)a

ef ydr er nakkvarr grunr a

at

u-fri3r
^oiti

muni
|3at

sk;\l

ek fylgja ydr

med minu

ok

styrkr
;

vera

fyrr,

hvar sem Joms-vlkingar

skip vel skipud.' 5
let

fylgdu hpfdingjum

mun

ck fa
\>^

J)er ellifu
ITlit

Konungr

jatti

t)essu.

Var

ve6r ok hag-stoett;
til

konungr pa leysa

flotann,

ok blasa
jarl

brott-lpi^u.

Drogu

m^nn
|3au

|)a

segl sin,

ok gengu meira sma-skipin

ut.

undan
kalladi

a haf
til

ok

|)cira,

9II, ok sigldu nxr konungs-skipinu, bad konung sigla ?plir ser: mer er

En

sigldi

'

55

kunnast,' sgir hann,

t>er

'

hvar djupast er

um

eyja-sundin, en
skipin.'

munud

[)ess

{jurfa

med

t>au

in

storu

Sigldi

62
J)a jarl

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

me6 sTnum
sigldi

fyrir

en

konungr

^ptir
ellifu

skipum. Hann hafSi ellifu skip, honum me9 sinum stor-skipum,

skip,

60 haf6i
ut a
rori a

hann
hafit.

J^ar

ok

en

allr

annarr h^rrinn

sigldi
]3a

En
J)ar

er Sigvaldi
ein.

jarl
f'eir

sigldi

utan at SvglSr,

moti J)eim skuta

la
1

s^gja jarli at h^rr

Danahla6a

konungs
65

hgfninni fyrir J)eim.

M
J)a

let

jarl

seglunum, ok roa
Sveinn
jarl

J)eir

inn undir eyna.

Eirikr

Danakonungr ok Olafr Sviakonungr ok

J)ar
J)a

varu
bjart

me6

allan

hr
{)eir

sinn

var

fagrt

ve6r

70

nu upp a holminn allir hQf6ingjar me6 miklar sveitir manna, ok sa er skipin sigldu ut a hafit mjok mgrg saman. Ok nQ sja |)eir hvar siglir eitt mikit skip ok glaesiligt; J)a mseltu baSir konungarnir:
sol-skin.
'

ok

Gengu

jDetta er

mikit skip ok akafliga fagrt, {)etta

mun

vera

Ormrinn
EindriSi

langi/
langi.'

Eirikr jarl svarar

ok

s^gir

'
:

ekki er J)etta
J)etta

Ormr hinn
mikiu

Ok

sva var

sem hann

sag6i

skip

atti

af

Gimsum.

Litlu siSar sa

t)eir

hvar annat skip

:

sigldi
'

75 meira en

hit fyrra.

maelti

Sveinn konungr

hraeddr er

Olafr Tryggvason nu, eigi

J)orir

hann
: '

at sigla

me9

hpfuSin

a skipi sinu.'
skip,

t'a

s^gir Eirikr jarl

seglit,

ekki er J^etta konungs

J)at

k^nni ek ^etta skip ok

;

^vi at stafat er seglit,

a Erlingr Skjalgsson
80 missa
T

latum

sigla J)a, b^tra er oss skarS

jDetta

ok

flota Olafs

konungs en

skip J)ar sva

buit.'

En

stundu si3ar sa
{)au J)annig at

\>e\r ok k^ndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku holmanum. f'a sa J)eir hvar sigldu {)rju skip,

ok var
ganga

eitt
til

mikit skip.

IMaelti

J)a

Sveinn konungr, bi6r

|)a

skipa sinna, s^gir at

:

J)ar f^rr

Ormrinn

langi.

Eirikr

85 jarl mselti

'

mgrg

hafa

{)eir

gnnur

stor skip

ok

glaesilig

en
:

Orm
*

hinn langa, bi6um ^nn.'

vill

M maeltu mjgk margir m^nn

ok h^fna fgSur
sins
;

eigi

Eirikr jarl

nu

b^rjask,

J)etta

er

skgmm
lit

mikil, sva

at spyrjask
li6i,

mun um
er
J)eir

9II

Ignd, ef ver
sigli

liggjum her
90 hafit

me6

jafn-miklu

en Olafr konungr

her hja oss sjalfum.'

En

hgfSu

J)etta talat

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

{)a

63
eitt

urn

hri6,

sa

^eir hvar

sigldu

fjogur

skip,

ok

af

Jjeim var dr^ki all-mikill

ok mjgk gull-buinn.
'
:

Sveinn konungr, ok mcelti

kveld,

honum

skal ek styra.'

upp halt mun Ormrinn bera mik f'a maeltu margir, at Ormrinn
la

stod

var furSu niikit skip

slTkt

ok

fritt,

ok rausn mikil
jarl,

at

lata

ggra 95

skip.
' :

f>a

n^.aelti

Eirlkr

sva at

nakkvarir

menn

t)ott Olafr konungr h^f6i ekki meira skip en JDCtta. mundi Sveinn konungr J)at aldri fa af honum med einn saman Danah^r.' Dreif J)a folkit til skipanna. ok raku af

heyrSu
{)a

tjgldin,

ok aetluSu

at

buask

skjoiliga.

En

er hpfQingjar rceddu 100

sem nu er sagt, j^a sa J^eir, hvar sigldu \>r]u skip all-mikil, ok fjorSa slSast, ok var |)at Ormrinn langi. P2n |)au hin storu skip, er a3r hgffiu siglt, ok jDcir hugSu at Ormrinn vaeri, {)at var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit slSara
J)etta milli sin,

Ormrinn skammi.
allir,

En
engi

J)a
T

er

t)eir

sa

ok

mcelii
;

J)a

mot, at
til

{)ar

Orminn langa, k^ndu mundi sigla Olafr

ok skipu6u
til

105

Tryggvason
Ipgunnar.

gengu
{)at

J)a

skipanna,
J)eira

at-

Varu

einkamal
jarls,
j^eir

hgfSingja, Sveins konung?,

Olafs konungs, Eirlks

at sinn [^riSjung
f^ldi

Noregs skyldi

eignask hv^rr

|)eira,

ef

Olaf konung Tryggvason;

no

en sa
alt

J)eira

hgfSingja er fyrst gengi a Orminn, skyldi eignask

j^ar

t>at

hlut-skipti er

fengisk,

ok hv^rr

t)eira

{)au

skip

er
er

sjalfr

hrySi.

Eirlkr jarl hafSi barSa einn geysi mikinn,

at

hann var vanr

hafa

viking

^ar var sk^gg a ofanfra

verSu barSinu hvaruiv^ggja, en ni6r

sva brei6
ta
|)at

jarn-spgng J)ykk ok

115

sem
{^eir

bar6it,

ok tok
af

all

sx

ofan.

er

Sigvaldi jarl
dySrill

roru inn undir

holniinn,

^a sa

t)eir

t'orkgll
J)eir

ar-m^nn,
undir

er
;

Trananum ok aSrir skip-sljornmod honum foru, at jarl snori skipum

holmann pa hlofiu ^x:ir ok seglum, ok roru ^piirwo honum, ok kglluSu til peira, spur6u, hvi [)eir foru sva. Jarl s^gir, at hann vill bida Olafs konungs ok er meiri van at
'
:

ufri6r

se fyrir oss.'

Letu

{)oir

Y~\

tljota

skipin,

|xir

til

er

64.
f'ork^ll

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

kom me9 Orminn skamma, ok jDau J)rju skip Ok varu J)eim sggd hin sgmu tl9indi
ok sinum seglum, ok
letu
fljota,

n^fja

125 er

honum

fylgSu.
J)a

hloQu ^eir

ok bidu
at hol-

Olafs konungs.

En

J)a

er

konungrinn

sigldi

innan

manum,
{)eir

{)a
{)at,

rori allr
J)a

h^rrinn ut a
J)eir

sundit

fyrir J)a.

En
sina,

er

sa

ba6u

konunginn

sigla

lei6

en

i3olggja
hatt,

eigi

til

orrostu vi9 sva mikinn hgr.

1

Konungr
seglit,
T

svarar

ok sto6 upp
fyrir

lyptingunni

'

lati

ofan

ekki skulu

mmir mgnn hyggja

flotta,

ek

h^fi aldri flyit

orrostu, ra6i

Gu6
ggrt
135

llfi

minu, en

aldri

mun

ek a

flotta

l^ggja/

Var sva

sem konungr maelti. Olafr konungr let blasa Var konungs skip 1 mi6ju
at

til

sam-lggu gllum skipum sTnum.

en
jDar

liSi,

a annat bor9

Ormrinn

skammi, en a annat bor9 Traninn.

tngja stafna a
er

Orminum
J)at,

langa

En {)a er J)eir toku ok Orminum skamma,

hatt,

ok

konungr sa
h^rinum.

kallaSi

hann
J)at

ba9

J)a

l^ggja

140 fram btr hit mikla skipit, ok lata

eigi aptast vera allra

: '

skipa
skal

svarar Ulfr hinn rau9i

ef

Orminn
sgir

J)vi

l^ngra fram Igggja,

sem hann
sgxin
1

er l^ngri

en gnnur

skip, J)a

mun
:

a-vint ver9a
setta

um

dag/

Konungr

'eigi vissa
1

ek at ek
'

stafnbiiann bae6i rau9an ok ragan/

45 Ulfr maelti

vr J)u

eigi

meir baki lyptingina en ek

mun

stafninn/

Konungr

belt a boga,
:

snori at Ulfi.

Ulfr maelti
;

'

skjot

ok lag9i gr a string, ok annan veg, konungr J)annig

!

sem
150

meiri er J)grfin

^er vinn ek ^at er ek vinn.'

1

155

Olafr konungr sto9 lyptingu a Orminum, bar hann hatt mjgk hann haf6i gyltan skjgld ok gull-ro6inn hjalm; var hann au9-kndr fra 99rum mgnnura hann hafSi rau6an kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Olafr konungr sa at ri61u6usk flotarnir, ok upp varu sgtt mgrki fyrir hgfSingjum, hv^rr er hgfSingi fyrir li9i J)vi er g^gnt J)a spyrr hann OSS er?' Honum var sagt at J)ar var Sveinn konungr tjuguskggg med Danah^r. Konungr svarar ekki hraeSumk
;
: :

'

'

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

J^aer,

65

ver bleySur
fylgir \>e\m

engi er hugr

Dgnum.

En

hv^rr hgfSingi

m^rkjum
{)ar
:
'

er J^ar eru ut ifra a hoegra

veg

?
'

Honum
160

var

sagt

at

var Olafr

konungr

sfgir

b^tra vaeri

konungr me6 Svla-h^r. Olafr SvTum heima at sleikja um blothv^rir

bolla sina en

eigu J)au bin storu skip, er

'

ganga a Orminn undir vapn y9ur. En J)ar liggja ut a bak-bor9a Dgnum?-'

J)eir
: '

t>ar

er/ sgja

Eirikr jarl Hakonar-son.'

M
;

svaradi

Olafr konungr
fund,

hann

mun

J)ykkjask eiga vi6 oss skapligan

J)vl

ok OSS

er

van snarpligrar orrostu af

li6i

J^eir

eru 165

NorQ-m^nn, sem ver erum/ ST6an greiSa konungar at-r69r.

sitt

Lag9i Sveinn konungr

Olafr konungr Soenski
Olafs

skip moti

Orminum

langa, en

lagSi ut fra,

ok stakk stgfnum

at yzta skipi
jarl.

konungs
170

Tryggvasonar, en gSrum megin Eirikr

hgrS orrosta.
ekki
til

Sigvaldi jarl let skotta vi9 sin

Toksk {^ar {)a skip, ok lagdi

orrostu.

ok all-mann-skoe9. Frambyggjar a Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum fcerSu akkeri ok stafn-lja T skip Sveins konungs, en attu vapnin at bera ni9r undir foetr ser hru9u |3eir gll J)au skip
{'essi

orrosta var bin snarpasta

175

er J)eir fengu haldit.

En konungrinn
a

Sveinn ok
|Dar

{)at

lid er
t>eir

undan komsk
fra

flySi

gnnur
for
t'a

skip,
J^essi

ok
h^rr
J)ar

ncest

log6u
gat

or

skot-mali.

Ok

sva
at
T

sem

Olafr

konungr Tryggvason.
Svlakonungr
;

lagSi

stadinn

Olafr 180
[ya

ok

jDegar er J^eir

koma nxr

storskipum,

for J^eim sem hinum, at J^eir letu 116 mikit ok sum skip sTn, ok IggSu fra vid sva buit. En Eirikr jarl sl-byrdi Bardanum

vid hit yzta skip Olafs konungs,

J)egar
|3at

ok hrau3 hann
t>a at
\)\\,

t>at,

ok hjo

or t^ngslum, en lagSi

er |)ar var naist, 1S5

ok bardisk til J)ess er JDat var hrodit. Tok {)a lidit at hlaupa af hinum smxrum skipunum. ok uj)p a sldrskipin. F.n Eirikr En Danir jarl hjd hv^rl or tcngslunum, svil sem hrodit var.
ok Svlar IggSu
|3a i

skotmal ok gllum megin at skipum Olafs

F

66

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

en Eirlkr
jarl

190 konungs,

la

avalt sibyrt vi6

skipin,

ok

atti

hggg-orrostu.

195

sem m^nn fellu a skipum bans, J)a gengu aSrir upp 1 sta6inn, Sviar ok Danir. i^a var orrosta bin snarpasta, ok fell J)a mjgk li6it, ok kom sva at lykSum, at 9II varu bro6in skip Olafs konungs Tryggvasonar nema Ormrinn langi var J)ar J)a alt 116 a komit, J)at er vigt var bans manna, f'a lag6i Eirikr jail BarSanum at Orminum
sva
;

En

langa

sibyrt,

ok var
1

^^ar

hgggorrosta.

Eirlkr jarl var

fyrir-rumi a skipi sTnu,

ok var

J)ar fylkt
lagit,

me6
200

skjald-borg.
J)vi

Var
er
til

J)a bse6i

bgggorrosta, ok spjotum

ok

kastat gllu

vapna

var,

en sumir skutu boga-skoti

e6a hand-skoti.

Var

J)a

sva mikill vapnabur6r a Orminn, at

er sva ^ykt flugu spjot
at

varla matti blifum vi6

J)vi at

koma,

gllum megin lQg6u hgrskip

Olafs konungs varu ^a sva 66ir, at

205
til

ok grvar; Orminum. En m^nn {)eir bljopu upp a borSin,

drepa
1

J)ess at

na

me6 sverSs-hgggum
Orminn,
flestir

at

folkit.

En

margir

IggSu

eigi sva undir

at {)eir vildi

bgggorrostu vera.
eigi

En

Olafs

mgnn gengu
J)eir

ut af

borSunum, ok ga6u
vlli,

annars en

br6isk a slettum

ok sukku ni3r me6

krappa-riami
bar6-skeytastr.

vapnum sinum.
210

Einarr J)ambar-sklfir var a

bann skaut af boga, ok var

Einarr skaut at Eiiiki
ofan b^fuS
jarli,
jarli,

Orminum aptr allra manna

laust
1

ok

styris-hnakkann fyrir
Jarl leit
til,

ok gekk

alt

upp a reyr-bgndin.

215

En jafn-skjott kom ok spurSi ef J)eir vissi, bv^rr skaut. gnnur gr sva noer jarli, at flaug milli si6unna ok bandarinnar,
ok sva aptr
s^gja at
'

bQfSa-fjglina, at langt sto6 ut broddrinn.

f*a

mselti jarl vi6

mann
vaeri

J)ann

er sumir ngfna Finn, en

sumir
:

bann

Finskr, sa var binn mesti

1

bog-ma6r
!

220

mann J)ann binn mikla krapparuminu skaut, ok kom grin a boga Einars mi6jan, i J)vi bill
skjot-tu

'

Finnr

er Einarr
{'a

dro

it

^ri6ja sinn bogann.

Brast

J)a

boginn
{)ar

tva bluti.

mselti Olafr

konungr

'

bvat brast

sva

batt

'

Einarr

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

'

67
sva

svarar

Noregr or h^ndi

J)er,

konungr
'

'

'

Eigi

mun

mikill brestr at or6inn/ s^gir

konungr,
til

tak boga minn, ok

skjot

af,'

ok kasta6i boganum
J)egar
fyrir
!

han^.

Einarr tok bogann, 225

mjelti
'

ok dro

odd grvarinnar, ok
'

ofveikr,

ofveikr allvalds boginn

skjpld sinn ok sver6,

ok kastaSi aptr boganum

tok ^a

ok bar6isk.
1

Olafr

skaut

optast

konungr Tryggvason stoS lypting a Orminum, ok urn daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en blundum

230

gaflgkum, ok jafnan tveim s?nn.

sa sTna

Hann

sa fram a skipit,

ok
;

m^nn

reida sverQin
' :

ok hgggva

iTtt,

ok sa

at ilia bilu

maelli J)a hatt

at

hvart rei6i J^er sva sloeliga sver6in, er ek se

?
'

ekki bita

y3r
f^a

IVIaSr svarar

sver6 var eru

1

sla?

ok
235

brotin mjgk.'

gekk konungr ofan

fyrirrumit

ok lauk

upp

hasaetis-kistuna, tok J)ar or

mprgsverd

hvgss,

ok fekk

mgnnum. En er hann tok ni6r hinni hoegri h^ndi, J^a sa m^nn at blod rann ofan undan bryn-stukunni en engi vissi
;

hvar hann var sarr.

INIest

var vgrnin a

Orminum ok mannskoeSust
;

af fyrirrums- 240
valit

mgnnum ok

stafnbuum

J^ar

var hvarttv^ggja,
lid fell fyrst

mest

mann-folkit ok ha^st bor6in.

En

um
J)a

mitt skipit.

Ok
jarl

J)a
til

er fatt sto6

manna upp um

siglu-skeiS,

re6 Eirikr
fimtilnda

upp-ggngunnar, ok
i^a

mann.

kom

kom upp a Orminn vi6 mot honum Hyrningr, magr Olafs

J^ar
;

med
svil,

sveit

manna, ok vard

konungs, 245 inn hardasti bardagi, ok lauk

at jarl

hrpkk ofan aptr a BarSann

fylgt fellu sumir,

en
varii
|)a

J)eir

m^nn m^nn

er
tar

honum hgfdu
vard

en sumir
fellu

sxrSir.

enn

in

snarpasta orrosta, ok

margir
til

Orminum.
pa
<^nn

PLn er |pyntisk skipan a

jarl

Orminum

varnarinnar, 250
\'ard

pa red Eirikr
pa gengu
veila
lid

annat sinn

til

uppggngu
til

a Orminn.

hgrd vid-taka.
j)eir

En
En

er petta sa stafnbuar a

Orminum,
jarli,

aptr a skipit,

ok snuask

varnar mdti

ok

harda vidtgku.

fyrir

pvl at pa var sva

mjok
jarls

fallit

a Orminum, at vida varu aud bordin, loku pa

m^nn

255

F 2

68

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

En
alt J)at li9

vi6a upp at ganga.

a

260

er J)a sto9 upp til varnar sem konungr var. ]Deir Kolbjgrn stallari g^k upp i lypting til konungs hgfSu mjgk likan klseSa-bunad ok vapna, Kolbjgrn var ok Var6 nu nn 1 fyrirruminu allra manna mestr ok friSastr.

Orminum

sotti

aptr a skipit, J)ar

in snarpasta orrosta.

En

fyrir

J)a

sgk

at J)a var sva mikit

folk

265

sem vera matti a skipinu, en skip bans IggSu at gllum megin utan at Orminum, en litit fJQl-mnni til varnar moti sva miklum hr, nil J^ott Jjeir mnn vseri b?e9i st^rkir ok froeknir, J)a fellu nu flestir a litilli
li6i jarls

komit upp a Orminn af

stundu.

En
jDa fyrir

Olafr konungr

sjalfr

ok

J)eir

Kolbjgrn baSir

hljopu

bor9, ok a

sitt

bor6 hvarr.

En

jarls

m^nn
taka

hgfdu

lagt utan at sma-skutur,

sjalfr hafSi

ok drapu

J)a er

a kaf hljopu.
J)eir

Ok
270

^a er konungr

a kaf hlaupit, vildu

hann hgndum, ok
yfir sik

foera Eiriki jarli.

1

En

Olafr

konungr bra
stallari

skildinum, ok steyp6isk

kaf;

en Kolbjgrn

skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlTfSi ser sva viQ

vapnum

er

275

lagt var af skipum J)eim er undir lagu, ok fell hann sva a saeinn at skjgldrinn var9 undir honum, ok komsk hann J)v! eigi 1 kaf sva skjott, ok var9 hann hand-t^kinn ok dr^ginn upp 1 skutuna, ok hugSu J)eir at J)ar vseri konungrinn. Var

hann
gefin.

J)a leiddr fyrir jarl.

En

er Jjess var9 jarl varr at J^ar

{)a

var Kolbjgrn, en eigi

Olafr konungr,

varu Kolbirni gri6

En

J)essi

svipan hljopu
lifi,

allir fyrir

bord af Orminum,
;

280

J)eir

er t>a

varu a

Olafs

freSr vandrseSa-skald, at
siSast allra

ok s^gir Hallkonungs mnn t'ork^ll n^fja, konungs bro6ir, hljop

manna
1

fyrir

borS.
Sigvaldi jarl

Sva var
a varu
er

fyrr ritat, at

kom

til

fgruneytis vi6
ellifta,

Olaf konung
?85 er
J)a

Vindlandi, ok haf6i tiu skip, en ^at hit

AstriSar konungs-dottur,
fyrir

mnn

konu

jarls.

En
oep9i

Olafr
allr

konungr haf6i
sigr-op,

bord hlaupit,

J)a

hfrrinn
jarl

ok

J)a

lustu \>q\t
til

arum

sse

Sigvaldi

ok bans mnn, ok roru

bardaga.

En

su Vinda-

VI.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

m^nn
varu
a,

69

snkkjan, er AstrlSar

rori brott

ok aptr undir
at Olafr 290
kafi,

Vindland
sva ut

ok var

|)at

margra manna mal

ser brynjunni

t^egar,
1

konungr mundi hafa steypt af

ok kafat

undan langskipunum,
h^f6i

lagizk sl6an
flutt

til til

Vindasnekkjlands.

unnar, ok

m^nn

Astrldar

hann

Ok
h^fir 295
rikis

eru J)ar margar fra-sagnir

um

f^rSir

Olafs konungs ggrvar

sl3an af
verit,
1

^a

sumum mgnnum. En hv^rn veg sem {)at kom Olafr konungr Tryggvason aldri biSan til

Noregi.

VII.

AUDUN.
Ma6r
ok
ok
f'oris

het

Au6un,

Vest-firzkr at kyni

ok

fe-litill

utan vestr

J)ar T

fjgr$um

me9 um-ra9i
J)ar,

t^orsteins

hann for bonda gobs,

;

styri-mannSy er J)ar hafSi

\)egit vist

of vetrinn

me6
l^ori,

{'orsteini.
5

Au6un
lag6i

var ok

ok

starfa9i fyrir

honum

J)a

J)essi

laun af

honum

utan-f^rSina

ok bans um-sja.

Hann Au6un
sina,

mestan hluta
a skip,

fjar J)ess er var fyrir

mo6ur
ok
atti

a6r hann

stigi

bjgrg.

Ok nu

fara J)eir

ok var kveSit a utan he6an, ok f^rsk

J)riggja vetra

J)eim vel,
;

var
lo

Au6un
Moeri.
{)ar

of vetrinn ptir

me5

f'ori

styrimanni
J)eir

hann

bu a

Ok um
eitt,

sumarit ptir fara

{'ess

ut

til

Groen-lands,

ok eru
t)ar

of vetrinn.

er vi9 getit at

Au6un
J)ar
J)eir

kaupir
alia
til

bjarn-dyri

ggrsimi

mikla,

ok gaf
J)a

fyrir

eigu sTna.

Ok nu
nu

of sumarit ptir
h^fir

fara

aptr
sitt

Noregs, ok ver9a vel rei6-fara;

15 ser,

Au6un dyr

me6
1

ok

setlar

at fara su6r

konungs, ok gefa
landit, J)ar
skipi,

honum

dyrit.

sem konungr var ok leiSir ptir ser dyrit, ok

'

Danm^rkr a fund S veins er hann kom su6r fyrir, J)a gngr hann upp af
til

Ok

leigir ser h^r-b^rgi.

Haraldi

konungi var sagt

20 mikil,

bratt at J)ar var

komit bjarndyri, gQrsimi

s^ndir J)egar

ok a Is-lnzkr ma6r.'
vel

Konungr
fyrir

m^nn

ptir honum, ok er konung vel; konungr tok

'

Au6un kom
1

konung, kv6r hann

kv^Qju hans, ok spur6i si6an

?
'

attu

ggrsimi mikla

bjarndyri

Hann
: '

svarar,

ok kvezk
oss dyrit

eiga dyrit eitthvgrt.

Konungr

maslti

vilitu s^lja

VII.

AUDUN.
Hann
svarar
*
:

71
'

vi9 slTku verSi

]3at,

sem
*

\>u

keyptir?'

eigi vil
{)er

ek

25

herra
slik,

'

Villtu f)a/ sfgir

\)'M

konungr,

at

ek gefa

tvau

ver6

ok
'

mun
Eigi

rettara, ef J)U h^fir J^ar vi9 gefil alia

J)Tna eigu.'

vil

ek

t)at,

herra
'

'

s^gir hann.

maelti

' :

villtu

gefa
:

mer
hvat
'

J)a

Hann
J^a

svarar
?
'

'

eigi,

Konungr hern
!

Konungr
'

maelti

'

villtu

af g^ra

Hann
ma6r

svarar

30

fara,' s^gir

hann,

til

Danm^rkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.'

: '

Haraldr konungr s^gir

at J)u

hvart er, at ]3U ert

!

sva uvitr
J^essa.

h^fir eigi heyrt

ufri6 J^ann er

milli er

landa
J)ar

e6a

aetlar

^u giptu
?
'

J)Tna sva mikla, at j^u

munir

komask
J36

me6
valdi,

ggrsimar, er aSrir fa eigi komizk klakk-laust,

eigi
til

at 35

nau9-syn

Au3un
:

svarar

'

herra

J)at

er a

ySru

en engu jatum ver gSru en J)essu er ver hpfum a6r

I'a maelti

setlat/

konungr

'

hvT

mun
til

eigi J)at

til,

at

\>u.

farir

leid J)Tna,

sem
vera,

J)u vill,

ok kom ^a

mln, er

JdIj

f^rr aptr,

ok s^g mer, hv^rsu Sveinn konungr launar

{)er

dyrit,

ok 40

kann

{)at

at

J)U

ser ga3fu-ma6r.'

'

t'vT

heit

ek

J)er,

sag9i AuSun.

Hann
til

f^rr

nu siSan su3r me6

;

landi,

ok

Vik

austr,

Danm^rkr
t)a

ok

er j)a

uppi hv^rr p^nningr

fjarins,

ok {ja ok ver6r

hann

biSja matar bce6i fyrir sik

ok

fyrir dyrit.
Jdcss

Hann
Aki
het,
:

45

komr
*

a fund

ar-manns Sveins konungs,

vista

er

ok bad hann
ek
a3tla,'

nakkvarra bce6i
'

fyrir sik

ok

fyrir

dyrit

s^gir hann,

at gcf\i
vistir,
;
'

Sveini konungi dyrit.'

Aki

lezk s^lja

mundu honum
til

ef

hann

vildi.
Jjo,'

AuSun kvezk
s^gir hann,
foera
'

ekki
J)etta
'

til

hafa fyrir at gefa

Icidar

en ek vilda

at 50

kvxmisk
mdti

at

ek mxtla dyrit
it

konungi.'
;

Ek mun
\)^x
\

fa |3cr visdr,
vil

sem

[)urfi6
d}'rit,
it

til

konungs fimdar
milttu

en

ek eiga

halft

ok

jiat

iTta.

at dyrit
fe se

mun
ok
iTtr

dcyja

fyrir |)er, J:)ars

|)urfuc^ visiir miklar,

en

Hirit,

er buit vi6 at |)u hafir Jia ekki dyrsins.'

Ok
sem

55

er

hann

^)etta,

synisk

honum nakkvat

?ptir

armaSrinn

mcelti

fyrir

honum, ok sxtiask

|HMr a JKHta, at

72

VII.

AUBUN.
ok
skal

hann
60 ggra

slr

Aka
Skulu
:

halft dyrit,
J)eir

saman.
J)eir

fara ba6ir

konungr sT9an meta alt nu a fund konungs; ok sva

fyrir
J)essi
til

fara

nu baSir a fund konungs, ok sto6u

ihugaSi, hv^rr
eigi,

bor6inu.
er

Konungr
s^gir hann.
'

hann kndi
?
'

ok

mselti

si6an
:
'

ma6r myndi AuSunar

:

vera,

'

hvrr

er-tu

Hann

svarar

ek

em

Isl^nzkr ma6r,

herra,' sgir hann,

ok kominn nu utan af Groenlandi, ok nu

;

65 af Noregi,
{)at

ok
allri

aetlaSa-k at foera y6r bjarndyri {)etta

keypta-k
fyrir

me6
;

eigu minni, ok nu er
halft eitt dyrit,'

J)o

a orSit mikit

mer
farit
'

ek a nu
haf9i

ok
?
'

s^gir

konungi si6an, hvgrsu

me6
mselti

J)eim

Aka armanni
'

hans.
Satt er
til

Konungr
J)at,'

maelti

er

J)at satt,

Aki, er hann s^gir

: '

s^gir hann.
J)ar

70

Konungr
ggrSisk
sa
J)at
til

ok

J)otti

J)er jDat

liggja,

sem ek
ok
er

sgtta-k J)ik

mikinn mann,
at foera

at h^pta {)at

e9a talma er maQr

fyrir alia eign,

mer

ggrsimi,

ok gaf

Haraldr konungr at ra6i

.?

at lata

hann
vserir

fara

friSi,

ok

hann varr uvinr

75

Hygg
vaeri

J)U at |)a,

hve sannligt
J)ii

J)at

var J)innar
;

handar, ok

J)at

makligt, at

drepinn

en ek

mun nu
kann ek

eigi {)at g9ra,

aldri aptr

en braut skaltu fara J)egar or landinu,

ok koma

si6an

mer

aug-syn

En

{)er,

AuSun
konungi

slika J^gkk,
{'at

sem

J)u gefir

mer
er

alt dyrit,

ok ver her

me6
80

mer.'

J)^kkisk hann,

ok

me6

Sveini

um hri6. Ok er li6u
*

nakkvarir stundir,

J)a maelti

Au9un
eigi

vi6

konung
'
.?

braut fysir hvat

mik
'

nu, herra

'

Konungr
'

svarar h^ldr seint

'

villtu J)a,' s^gir

hann,

ef J)u
'

vili

me6

oss vera

Hann
fysisk

s^gir

su6r

vil

ek ganga.'
'

Ef

|)U vildir eigi

sva gott
1,

85 ra6 taka,' sgir

1

konungr,

^a myndi mer

fyrir t^ykkja

er J)U

ok
til

for

ok nu gaf konungr honum silfr mjg>k mikit, hann su6r si9an me9 Rum-fgrlum, ok skipaSi konungr
braut
'

90

um fr9 Nu for hann Ok er hann

hans, ba6 hann

f^rSar sinnar,

koma

til

sin,

er kvaemi aptr.
1

unz hann komr su6r

Roma-borg.

hfir J)ar dvalizk,

sem hann

tT9ir, }Da fgrr

hann

VII.
aptr
tf kr
J)a

AUBUN.
ggrir
er

73
J)a

^a

sott mikla,
alt feit
;

hann

akafliga

magran

g^ngr
til

upp

t>at,

konungr haf6i
staf-karls
stig,
;

gefit

honum

f^rSarinnar

t^kr sidan
J)a

matar.
aptr
1

Hann er Danmork
ei

upp kollottr ok
hann
til

ok bidr ser

h^ldr u-saelligr

hann komr
er
J)a 95

at

paskum, {Dangat sem

at lata sja sik
;

konungr

staddr; en
skoti,
til

{)or3i
{)a

ok aeda6i

fundar vid

ok var 1 kirkjukonung, er hann gengi

kirkju

um

kveldit;

ok

nfi

er

hir6ina

fagrliga

biina, |3a J)or6i

til

hann sa konunginn ok hann eigi at lata sja sik.

mataSisk Au6un loo
j^eir

Ok er konungr gekk
uti,

drykkju

hgllina, f)a

sem

sidr er

til

Riimf^rla,

me3an
er

hafa eigi kastat staf

til

ok skreppu.
sgngs, aetlaSi
J)6tti

Ok

nu of aptaninn,
at hitta

konungr gekk
er

kveld-

AuSun
jok

hann, ok sva mikit sem

a,
|)eir

honum
druknir
105

fyrr

fyrir,

nu
\>q'w

miklu

varu

hir6mnninir; ok er

gengu inn

aptr, J)a |)^k3i

konungr

mann, ok
at hitta
ut,

|)ottisk finna at eigi hafdi

frama

til

at

ganga fram

hann.
maelti
at sa
til
:
'

Ok

nii er hir6in

gekk
er

inn, J^a veik

konungr
;

ok
fell

gangi sa nu fram,

mik

vill

finna

mik

grunar

muni vera maSrinn.'

veit,

^a gekk Audun fram,

ok

fota

konungi, ok varla k^ndi konungr hann; ok

hv^rr hann
vel
er,

no

|3egar cr

konungr

tok konungr
'

hpnd

honum AuSuni, ok ba6 hann

skipazk,' segir hann,
inn,
'

kominn,
'
;

ok

h^fir \>n mikit

sl6an

vit

samk

leidir

hann
;

^ptir ser

ok
:

cr hir6in sa hann,

hlogu

{)eir at

honum
let

en konuni^r

sagdi

'eigi J)urfu J^er at

honum
en

at hlxja, J^vl at b^tr h^fir 115

I'a

hann

set fyr sinni sal h^ldr

er.'

konungr ggra

honum
honum.

laug,
I'at

ok gaf honum sl6an hlxSi, ok

er

er

nu

sagt cinhv^rju sinni of

vilrit

hann nu med at konungr

bydr AuSuni

at vera

med

ser a-lng6ar,
til

ok kvezk myndu

ggra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok l?ggja

hans go6a virSing.

uo

Audun
|3er
til

s^gir
til

vili6

Islands.'

soma {^ann allan er mm l?ggja; en hitt er mer skapi at fiira ut Konungr s^gir [ictta synisk mer inularliga
: '

Gu6

l^akki y6r,

herra

'

74
kosit.'

^11-

AUBUN.

Au6un

mgelti

'
:

eigi

ma
;

ek

J^at

vita,

herra

'

s^gir

125 hann, 'at

ek hafa her mikinn soma

a6r ek foera af

me9
nu

y9r, en

mo6ir

mm
J)eiri

tro6i stafkarls stlg ut a Island!

er

{)vT at

er lokit bjgrg

ek lag6a

til,

Islandi.'

Konungr

svarar:

'vel er maelt,' s^gir hann,

'ok mannliga, ok muntu ver9a

giptu-ma6r;
130 mis-llka at

{^essi

einn var sva hlutrinn, at

braut heSan
ggrir sva.
;

\)\i

foerir T

mer myndi eigi ok ver nu me6 mer {)ar til

er skip bQask.'

Hann

Einn dag,
T

er a lei9 varit,

bryggjur, ok varu

m^nn

{)a
til

at, at

gekk Sveinn konungr ofan a bua skip til ymissa landa,

austr-veg e9a Sax-land,

SvTJ)j66ar eSa Noregs.

M koma
at,

135 t)eir

Au6un
f^a
?
'

at

einu skipi f^gru, ok varu

mnn
{)er,

at

bua
!

skipit.
J)etta

spur6i

konungr
svarar
:

'

hv^rsu llzk
herra
! '

skip

Hann
vil

'

vel,

Au9un a Konungr mselti

'J)etta

skip

ek

J)er

gefa,

ok launa
;

bjarndyrit.'

Hann

J)akka9i gjgfina ptir sinni kunnustu

140 skipit var
villtu
albiiit,

J)a

nu a
ilt

braut, J)a
er
;

ok er lei6 stund, ok maelti Sveinn konungr vi9 Au9un: 'J)o mun ek nu ekki ltja J)ik, en J)at hfi ek
fyrir landi
J)u,

spurt, at
hsett

til

hafna

y9ru, ok eru vi6a oraefi ok

skipum

nu brytr
sldi

ok

tynir skipinu

ok fenu

iTtt

ser

J)at {)a a,

at J)u hafir fundit

Svein konung, ok

gefit

honum
fulla af

145 g^rsimi.'
silfri,
'

Sl9an
ertu jDa
{)U
'

konungr honum le9r-hosu

eigi fe-lauss

ok
ef

nn

me9

gllu, J)6tt {)U brjotir

skipit,

faer

haldit {)essu.
fe
;

Ver6a
litt

ma

sva nn,' s^gir

J)a ])ess,

konungr,

at J)u tynir J^essu

nytr J)u

er J)u

fannt Svein konung,

150

ok

gaft
ser,

honum
skipit
J)vi

ggrsimi.'

Si9an dro
maelti
:

konungr bring af h^ndi

at sva
ilia

ok gaf AuSuni, ok

'

J)o

ver6i,

at

J)ii

brjotir

ok
at

tynir

fenu,

eigi

ertu felauss, ef J)u

gull a ser
1

komsk

a land,

margir

mgnn

hafa

skips-brotum, ok ser ^a at
J)ii
'

}du h^fir f)at

vil

fundit Svein
J)er,'

konung, ef
155 s^gir hann,

hgldr hringinum; en
gefir eigi hringinn,

ek ra6a

at J)U

nema

J)U J)ykkisk eiga

J)a

sva

mikit gott at launa

ngkkurum ggfgum manni,

gef

VII.

AUDUN.

75
somir
at j^iggja,

{)eim hringinn, {)vT at

far

tignum

mgnnum
i

ok

nu

heill
i

haf, ok komr Noreg, ok laetr flytja SiSan Isetr hann upp varnad sinn, ok J)urfti nu meira vi9 J)at en fyrr, er hann var i Noregi. Hann fgrr nu siSan a fund Haralds konungs, ok vill ^fna J)at er hann het honum, a6r hann Haraldr konungr for til Danm^rkr, ok kv^Sr konung vel.

i6o

tok vel kv9ju hans, ok

her

s^zk niSr,' s^gir hann,

t'a

'

ok drekk

me6
:

oss

'

ok sva
at

ggrir hann.

spur6i Haraldr kon- 165

J^er dyrit
?
'

ungr

hv^rju launaQi Sveinn konungr

'

Au6un
sagSi
'

svarar
*

Jdvi,

herra

hann

jDa
;

at

mer/

Konungr

launat

mynda ek
:

jDer J)vT

hafa

hv^rju launaSi

hann nn
f'a

Au3un
silfr
til

svarar: 'gaf
'

hann mer

silfr til

su6r-ggngu.'
gefr Sveinn

segir
1

Haraldr konungr

mgrgum mgnnum
fleira?'
*

konungr

70

suSrggngu e6a annarra

;

hluta, {)ott ekki fcEri

honum
s^gir
til

gprsimar

hvat er nn
at

Hann baud
s^gir
:

mer,'

AuSun,

'

gorask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn soma

'

min
kngrr

at

l^ggja.'

Vel var
fleira.'

J)at

mselt,'

konungr,
'gaf hann

'

ok
175

launa myndi hann ^nn

Au8un
'

sagdi

mer
*

me6

farmi {)eim er hingat er b^zt varit

Noreg/

t*at

var stor-mannligt,' s^gir konungr,

J)vi

en launat
'

mynda ek
svaraSi
:

J^er
'

hafa.

LaunaSi hann

J)vi

fleira

.''

Au3un

gaf

hann mer leSrhosu

ef ek helda
{)vT,

fulla af

silfri,

ok kvad mik

{)a eigi

felausan,

J30 at

skip mitt bryti vid Island.'

Konungr
ekki gprt
;

iSo

sag6i

J)at

var a-gaetliga ggrt,

ok

jDat

mynda ek
herra
! '

hafa

lauss

mynda ek
fleira
:

^ykkjask, ef ek gcefa
'

t)er skipit

hvart

launaSi hann
'

?
'

Sva var

vTst,

s^gir

Au6un,
ek
hcfi

at

hann launaSi

hann gaf mer bring ^enna

at

er

a h^ndi,
gllu,

ok kvaS sva mega

j^a

berask,

at

ck tynda fenu 1S5

letta

ok sagQi mik

eigi

felausan, ef ek
a?tta

hringinn,

ok ba6 mik
sva
gott
[)vi

eigi loga,

nema ek
at

ngkkurum tignum manni

;

at
at

launa,
\>\\

ek vilda gefa
kost
at

en nu

h^fi

ek J^ann
fril

fundit,

attir

taka

hvartlveggja

mer.

76
190 dyrit

VII

AUBUN.
lezt

ok sva

llf

mitt,

en

J)U

mik

fara

J)angat

fri5i,

sem a6rir na6u ok gaf Au6uni

eigi/
I

Konungr
go9ar

tok vi6 gjgfinni

gjafir,

me6

blT6u,

moti
til

a6r en ^eir skil6isk.

Au9un
sumarit

var6i fenu
til

Islands-fgrSar
{)6tti

ok

for

ut

J)egar

um

Islands,

ok

vera inn mesti gaefumaSr.

VIII.
i'RYJMS-KVIDA.
VreiSr var ^a Ving-^orr,
er

hann vaknaSi,
at

ok

sins

hamars

of saknaSi

sk^gg

nam

at hrista,

skgr

nam

dyja,

red Jar6ar burr

um

at JDreifask.
alls

Ok hann
'

\)a.t

or6a
!

fyrst of

kva9

he}T-6u nu, Loki

hvat ek nu maeli,

er engi veit

jarSar hv^rgi
:

ne upp-himins

ass er stolinn hamri

Gengu
'

{)eir

fagra

Freyju tuna,
alls
!

ok hann

J)at

orda

fyrst

of kva3

10

fja9r-hams Ija, munlu mer, Freyja moetta-k hitta?' ef ek minn hamar

Freyja kvaS
'

\*6

munda-k
JDO
\>A

gefa

J)er,

J)ott
silfri.'

or gulli

vseri,

ok
Flo

s^lja

at vairi or

15

Loki,

fjaQrhamr dunSi,

unz

fyr utan
fyr

ok

innan

kom kom

asa gar9a.
jpina heima.
{^ursa drdttinn,

t'rymr sat a haugi,

greyjum slnum

gull-bgnd snori

20

ok mgrum sinum

mgn

jafnafii.

78

VIII.

PRYMSKVWA.
f^rymr kva6

7.

'

Hvat

er

me6 asum?
kominn

hvat er
1

med

alfum?
?

hvi er-tu einn

Jgtunheima

Loki kva6
'

25

lit

er

me6 asum,

ilt

er

me6

alfum

hgfir J)u Hlo-ri6a

hamar of folginn?'

frymr kva6
8.
'

Ek

hfi

Hl6ri6a

hamar of
ne6an;

folginn
^

atta

rgstum

fyr jgrd

30

hann engi ma6r

aptr of heimtir,

nema
9.

foeri

mer

Freyju at kvan.'

Flo

J)a

Loki,

fja6rhamr dun6i,

unz

fyr
fyr

utan

ok

innan

kom kom
f'or

jgtna heima
asa gar6a;
35

moetti

hann
J)at

miSra garSa,
alls

ok hann
10.
*

or6a

fyrst of
rfi6i
?

kva6

Hfir

Jdu

orindi
lopti

sem

sg-6u a

Igng ti6indi

opt sitjanda

sggur of

fallask,

40

ok

liggjandi

lygi of bgllir.'

Loki kva6
11.
'

Hfi-k

rfi6i

ok orindi:
J)ursa drottinn;

f'rymr hgfir J)inn hamar,

hann engi ma6r

aptr of heimtir,

45

nema honum
12.

foeri

Freyju at kvan.'

Ganga
'

^eir fagra
J)at

Freyju at
alls fyrst

hitta,

ok hann
bitt-u
vit

or6a

of kva6

J)ik,

Freyja,

bru^ar
1

ITni

skulum aka tvau

jQtunheima/

50

VIII.

PRYMSKVWA.
ok
fnasaSi,

79

13.

Vrei3 varS
allr

|Da

Freyja

asa salr
J)at
it

undir bif6isk,

stgkk
'

mikla

m^n
1

Brisinga

mik

veizt-u verSa

ver-gjarnasta,

ef ek ^k
14.

med

{)er

jQiunhcima.'
a ^ingi

55

S?nn varu
ok asynjur
ok of
hve
J)at

aesir

allir

allar

a mali,
rikir tivar,

re3u

{)eir

Hlorida
|3at

hamar of

soetti.

15. {'a

kvaQ

Heimdallr,

hvltastr asa

^o

(vissi
*

hann

vel fram,

sem

vanir aSrir)

hafi

bindum ver t*6r |)a bruSar lini, hann it mikk\ m^n Brisinga
hrynja lukla
falla,

16.

Latum und honum

ok kvenn-va6ir
en a
brjosti

of kne

65

breiSa steina,
of hgfud
Kirr,
aisir
Ut't

ok hagliga
17.
i*a
'

typpum

kvaS

J3at

pruSugr ass:
argan
kalla,
lini.'

mik munu

ef ek bindask
18. t*a
'

bruSar

70

kva6
l^u

J)at

Loki,
!

Laufoyjar sonr:
J)eira

t)?gi

[nu], f'orr

or3a

^egar

munu
l^u

jginar

Asgard bua,
|)er

nema
19.

J)inn

hamar
[)a

of heimtir.'
lini

Bundu

^L'ir

Kir

brudar

75

ok inu mikla
20.

m^ni Brisinga.

Letu und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vadir of kne falla,

en a
brjosli

breifia steina,

ok hagliga

of hgfud typdu.

80

8o
21. f^a

VIII.

PRYMSKVWA.
Laufeyjar sonr:
|)er
i

kva6

J)at

Loki,

'mun ek ok me6
vit

ambatt vera,
jQtunheima.
reknir,

skulum aka

tvaer

2 2.

Snn varu hafrar

bJQrg brotnu6u,

heim of

skyndir at skgklum,

skyldu vel rnna

brann j^rS loga,

i

ok 06ins sonr
23. t>a
'

Jgtunheima.
J)iirsa
!

kvad
foera

J)at

t'rymr,

drottinn:

standi6 upp, jgtnar

ok

strai9 b^kki

nu

mer

Freyju at kvan,
or Noa-tunum. gull-hyrndar kyr,

NjarSar dottur,
24.

Ganga her
oxn
fjgl6 a

at

garSi

al-svartir

JQtni at

gamni;
a ek m^nja,

ek mei6ma,

fjglS

einnar
25.

mer Freyju
at kveldi

avant J)ykkir.'
of komit snimma,

Var
ok

J)ar

fyr jgtna

9I

fram borit;

einn at oxa,
krasir allar,

atta laxa,
J)3er

er

konur skyldu,

drakk
26. l^a
'

Sifjar verr
J)at

said J)rju mjaSar.

J^ursa drottinn:

kva6

l^rymr,

hvar sattu bru6ir

bita hvassara

sak-a-k bru9ir

bIta breiSara,

ne inn meira mjgd

27. Sat in al-snotra

mey

of drekka.'

ambatt

fyrir,

er or9 of fann
'at vaetr Freyja

vi9 jptuns maJi

atta nattum,
1

sva var hon o9-fus

28.

Jgtunheima.'

Laut und

iTnu,

lysti

at kyssa,

en hann utan stgkk

'hvi eru gndott
J)ykkir

nd-langan
Freyju.?

sal:

augu

mer or augum

eldr of br^nna.'

VII 1.

PRYMSKVIDA.
ambalt
fyrir,

8l

29.

Sat in alsnotra
er or6 of fann
'

vi6 j^tuns mali

atta
1

svaf vaetr Freyja

nattum,

115

sva var
30.

hon o6fus
in

Jgtunheima/
sysiir,

Inn

kom

arma

jgtna

hin er brijQ-fjar
'

of bidja por6i hringa rauSa,

lattu J3er af

hgndum
vill

ef {)U gSlask
astir

astir
!

mlnar,

lao

minar,
J)at

alia hylli

31. {*a
'

kva6

t'rymr,

{)ursa drottinn
briiSi at vigja,

beri9 inn

hamar
1

l?ggi6 Mjgllni
vTgiS
32.

meyjar kne,

okkr saman hugr

Varar h^ndi
1

125

Hlo HloriSa
er

brjosti,

har6-hugadr
jgtuns

hamar of
alia lamSi.

J)?k6i
J)ursa drotlin,

t>rym drap hann fyrstan,

ok
33.

a^tt

Drap hann
hon
Sva

ina gldnu

jotna systur,

130

hin er bru6fjar

of beSit hafdi
fyr skillinga,

skell of hlaut

en hggg hamars

fyr

hringa fjgld.

kom Odins

sonr

^ndr

at

hamri.

NOTES.
The
references

marked Gr.

are to the paragraphs of the

Grammar.

I.

THOR.
'

Line 3. Hann a where it is called

'

er f>ru5-vangar heita, he reigns (there) The plur. place which is called J). hcita agrees with ])nl6vangar, as in 1. 14 below J)at em jdrnglofar
J)ar riki
J).,'

i.

e.

in the

that
1.

is (his)

iron gloves.'

5.

l)at

er

house, so that

hus mest, sva at menn hafa gprt, that is the largest men have made (it),' i.e. the largest house that has been
' ;

built. Note the plur. hfis of a single house each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being often a detached building.
1.

13.

spgnnir t)eim, Gr.

154

cp.

2.

49.

II.
1.

THOR AND UTGARDALOKI.

.
. .

I.

for mefl hafra siua

here that

We see ok me5 honum sa ass er mc6 generally takes an ace. to denote passive, and a dat. to
.

denote voluntary accompaniment.

some such subst. as sldtr (meat) understood. a rt is here an adv. 1. 12. til m^rgjar. /// here implies intention to get at the marrow. the little he saw of the eyes.' 1. 20. t)at er sa auguanua, Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight of them. 1. 21. The second hann refers, of course, to Thor.
1.

5. soflit refers to

1.

II. sprgtti

'

1.

34. til

myrkrs,
llie
is

till it

was dark.
pi.,

1.

36. l)eir,

masc
(Gr.

instead of the neat,

as in

1.

32

foil.,

showing

that Icituiu

meant

to refer only to the

179.)

men
a

of the parly, and not to

include R^skva.
1.

46. ser

hvar la madr, 'saw where

man

lay,'

i.

e.

saw a man

lying.

84
1.

NOTES.
51.

is

einu sinni, for once in his life. n^fndisk Skrymir, said his name was Skr. 1. 66. buid til (prp.) natt-verdar ydr, prepare supper for 1. 77. Er J)at J)er satt at sf gja. saU is in apposition to to be told you as the truth, (namely) that
1.

52.

yourselves.
J>ai

'

that

'

1.

88. sja sik, see himself alive.

104. l>Simx=J>ann veg, that way, course.

1. I.

^a heila hittask. The full sense is, that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrymir might meet
108. at eesirnir bseSi
*

again safe and sound.'

II.

Ill, 112. sfttu

till

hnakkann a bak
'

ser aptr, threw back the backs

of their heads
1.
1.

they touched their backs, i.e. threw back their heads. 118. cerit stora, rather big,' i. e. very big.

120. glotti

um tgnn,
. .

in

a malicious grin.
1.

Two MSS.

'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed his teeth read viS instead of um.
.
.

I think,
1.

annan veg en ek hygg, at ? is it otherwise than as namely that ? i. e. am I not right in thinking that ? = engi er her-inni sa-er. 127. engi er her sa inni er
121. er
.

1.
1.

129. freista skal, Gr.

140. kallar J)ess

192.
.
.

probability of that,

' says that there is more meiri van at hann se namely that he is than of the contrary,' i. e. says
. .

that he will have to be.

1.

150. fothvatari
i.

en

sva, 'more swift-footed than so

under

these

circumstances,'
1.

e.

than you.

156.

ok er

fjjalfi eigi J)a

kominn

= J)a er {>jalfi

eigi

kominn.

1.

172. at sinni, this time. 172.

188.

1.
I. 1.

hann,

ace.

173. laut or

mestr

refers to

horninu, bent back from the horn. drykkr understood.

192,

1.
1.

218. kalli, Gr.

241. J)6 refers to uni.

III.

BALDER.

1.

7.

engi agrees with

IV.

donir.

THE DEATH OF BALDER.

1.

II. 20.

hann,

ace.

1.
1.

ungr, too young.

31.

11'
1.
1.

335 3436. var

u-happ is in apposition X.o])at\ cp. 3. 7. varu med einum hug til had the same fyrr, was beforehand, prevented.
.

feelings towards.

42. vili, subj.

55.

'

whether he will

; '

change of construction.

1.

nema,

'unless,' here

until.*

NOTES.
1.

85
'

89.

is

frequent.
1.

94.
108.

heim. This use of heim in the sense of someone else's home.' Cp. our drive a nail home.' sva refers to ok ef allir hlutir the ok being pleonastic.
'
.

1. 1.

hvar, cp.

2.

46.

113. karl, 'old man,' here

= Odin.

V.
1.

HEDINN AND HEGNI.

;

6.

He3inn = hann
J)ar.

this use of a

proper

name

instead of a pronoun

is

frequent.
1.

9.

Cp.

I.

3.

VI.
1.

THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON.

i.

17.

sva

at, so that,

e. just

when.

1.
1.

30. er,
33.

namely that. austan at sigla

is in

a kind of apposition Xxif^rtiina.

1.
1.

40. sva, also.

48.
53.

1.

1.

muni fsrrir, awaits you, is impending. meira, adv., better, faster. he was 149. bar hann hatt, impers. w. ace
;

in

a conspicuous

place.
fifteen, with fourteen men. governed by the second half of the genitival compound klaSa-bufiad, which is here considered as two independent words.
1.

244. vid
259.

fimtanda mann, one of

is

1.

vapna

Vn. AUDUN.
1. 1.
1. 1.

17. 26.

1. 1.

price you gave. probably dat. here, but may be nom. according as, in accordance with what. 56. ptir sem nu, lately just now. 64. nu 116. hfldr is here used pleonastically in a kind of apposition to
55. fe
is
.
,

var fyrir, was to be found. tvau ver3 slik, double the

,

the preceding h^tr.

1.

125. en,
1

and -while.
,

^essi einn var sva hlutrinn, at ... i. c. the only thing is that case, namely that
1.

29.

this single thing is the

. .

Mil. I^RYMSKVIDA.
1.

7. jarflar

is

governed by fnrrgi.

1.

9.

tvina.

Poetical construciion of gen. to denote goal of motit)n.

1.15. t)6 goes witli the following at

silfri.
1.

-ok

s^lja, />oat

{/off) Virri or

32. foeri

may

be cither

sg.

or pi. 3 pers.

GLOSSARY.
ds.follo7i>s

a5, ^foHoii's d, ^foll<nvs e, ce/oHozvs

oc5,

^foUoxus

o,

6 follows

g,

\ follows t. The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. (-rs) etc. means that the r of the nom. is kept in inflection.

-a adv. not.

a-lit

stjpl.

appearance,

counten-

a sf. river. a sec eiga. kprp. 70. ace. and da I. on,

ance
in.

[llta].

all-harflr adj. very hard, very violent.

a6r

adv.,

cj.

before.

all-litill adj.

very

little.

adrir see annar.

aDsir see ass.

all-mann-skcedr adj .(very injurious to men), very murderous (of

:

setla xiT. 3, consider, deem fyrir,' intend,

aett
sf. 2,

'rctlask

a battle) [ska'iSi, * injury ']. all-mikill cuij. very great.

allr adj. all, whole; me6 gHu,' entirely alls fyrst,' first of all. all-storum adv. very greatly. all-valdr svi. monarch, king.
' '

race, descent, family.

dat.

setta sec eiga.

of with drink off. af-hus su. out-house, side room, afl su. slrenj^lh, might,

af prp.
adv.

IV.

from

'

drekka

af,'

al-snotr adj. very clever. al-svartr adj. very black, coalblack. alt adv. quite.

af-taka

-uf.

damage,

injur}'.

splendidly. aka S7'. 2, drive ^a chariot, etc.). akafliga adv. vehemently, hard kalla a.' call loudly, akarn sri. ncorn. akkeri sn. anchor. alar-ndir sm. thong-cnd, end of a
ad7>.
'

ageotliga

ambatt

sf. 2, female slave, maiil. and-lit sn. face [iTtal. following, annarr prn. second next other one of the two the annar annarr,' one
;
;

other.

strap,

aptann sm.

evening.

al-buinn adj. 7v. gen. quite ready, aldinn adj. old.

aldri adi\ never, a-l^ngdar adv. for some lime, alfr sm. elf.

aptastr adj. most behind. aptraih. back, backwanls, behind. ar sf. oar. ar sn. year. ar see a.

GLOSSARY.
argr
adj. cowardly, base.
spi.

ar-madr

steward.

armr
ass ast

adj. wretched.

ba9
'

see biSja.

as-m^gin
S7fi. 3,
,

sn. divine strength.

ba3ir

pm.
. .

both,

netit.
.

(Scandinavian) god. s/. 2 affection, love, often in pi. ast-ssell adj. beloved, popular,
[sgell, happy ']. asynja wf. (Scandinavian) goddess
'

hsehi

ok,' both

as adv. in and.

ba3u

see bidja.

bffiSa see biSja.

bsedi see badir.

baggi w?n. bag; bundle.

[ass]. at, see eta.

bak
at,

at prp. w. dat.

up

to

for

in

by to, towards, accordance with,

;

S7Z. back, vfrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with the back, i. e. turns one's back to it = be a
'

coward.

after.

bak-bor3i wm. larboard.

bal sn. flame funeral bal-f9r sf funeral. bani w^u. death. bar, see bera.
;

at adv. to, -at adv. not. at-laga wf. attack [Igggja]. at-rodr (-rar) sm. 2, rowing
against, attack.

pile.

atta num. eight. atta see eiga.

bardagi wm. battle. bard sn. edge, rim projection in the prow of a ship formed by
;

au9-kndr
auSr

adj'.

easy to be recog-

nized, easily distinguishable. adj. desert, deserted, without

men.

the continuation of the keel. barda see b^rja. bardi wm. war-ship with a sharp prow, ram.

au3-senn adj. evident. auga wn. eye. aug-syn sf sight.

barn
batt

sn. child.
see

binda.
bjoSa.
,

bau3
'

see

auka

w. dat. of what is added jok nu miklu a,' much was added to it

(his hesitation increased).

sv. 1, increase; zmpers.,

beida wv. i w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. benefited, ask, demand. bein sn. bone.

austan adv. from the east. aust-madr sm. Easterner, Norwegian.

bgkkr
bglla
deal

s?}i. 2,

bench.

ivv,
in,

austr sn. the east

occupy oneself with, generally in a bad sense.

1
, ;

'I au.,' east-

wards. austr adv. eastwards. austr- vegr sm. the East, especially Russia. avalt adv. continually, all the time. a-vanr adj. wanting imters. neut. in einnar mer \ reyju avant ])ykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want. a-vinnr adj. toilsome, oftly in the ijjipers. neut. mun a-vint verSa um sgxin, it will be a hard fight at the prow.
; ' '

take bear, enberask at, happen, b. fram, bring forward, out. b. vapn nidr, shoot down. b. ra6 sin saman, hold council, deliberate. berg-risi wrti. hill-giant. b. grj5ti,' bf rja wv. 1 b, strike stone, bfrjask, fight. bfrr adj. bare, unsheathed (of a sword). ber-srkr sm. 2, wild fighter,
sv. 4, carry,

bera

dure,

'

champion.
shirt,'
i.

[Literally

'

e.

one clothed

bearin a

bear's skin.]

GLOSSARY.
bftr
btri
see vel.
see goflr.

89

of a vessel and the liquid in it *nu er gott beranda {>. a horninu,*

there is a good margin for carrying the horn, i. c. its contents are so diminished that it can be lifted without spilling.

bzt Jtv vel. bztr .(^^^ g63r.

bend, arch. ^^. wait for; w. rtrr. abide, undergo. bidja sv. 5, ask, beg, pray, 20. ^en. of thing, ace. of ike pers. asked,
zcrv.

now

beygja

i,

bida

sv.

6,

ti/.

borg
bot

sf.

fortress, castle.

borg-hlifl sn. castle gate.

sf. 3,

mending, improvement

of the person benefited ; express a wish, bid bad hann vel kominn (vera understood
dat.

and

phir. boetr, compensation.

'

'

bad
bifask

him
-icv.

challenge,

welcome command,
i,

call
tell.

on,

bprn see barn. bra sf. eyelid. bra see bregda. sn. trick, bragd
[bregSa].

stratagem

tremble, shake. bil sn. moment of time.

bila
'

Tinj.

2, fail.

bilt neiit. adj. only in the ivipers. einum vei3r bilt,' one hesitates,
is

brann, see brgnna. brast see bresta. bratt adv. quickly.

braut
away.

sf.

way a

braut,

adv.

taken aback,

is

afraid.

binda

sv. 3, bind, tie

up

dress.

braut

see brjota.

birta iw. i, show [bjartr]. bita sv. 6, bite cut. bittu see binda. bitu see bita.
;

braut, brott, adv. away. bregda sv. 3, uk dat. jerk, pull, push b. upp, lift, raise to
;
^

bjarn-dyri
bjo
see

sn. bear.

bjartr adj. biight, clear.

bua.

change, transform. breiflr adj. broad. brf nna -uf. burning incremation. brf nna sv. 3, burn intr.
strike),
;

bjoSa sv. 7, 70. ace. and dat. offer, propose' b. einum fang,' challenge to wrestling invite, b. upp, give up. bjprg sf help means of subsistence, store of food.
;
;

br^nna wv.

i,

bum
;

trans.

bresta sv. 3, break, crack, burst. brestr sm. crack loss. brjost sn. breast. brjota sv. 7, break 'b. (skip)*

suffer
'

blaaa

sv. i,

blow; blow trumpet

also impcrs. skip (ace.) brytr,' the ship is

shipwreck,

as signal.

wrecked.

bleyfla 7i/ coward.

broddr

sni. point.
4,

blida uf gentleness, friendliness. blindr adj. blind.

broflir sm.

brother.
intr.

blod sn. blood. blot-boUi -ivni.

boetr
sec

brotinn see brjota. brotna 'cv. 3, break

sacrificial

bowl.

bot.

brott sec braut. brott-laga sf. retreat.

boga-skot sn. bowshot. bogi ~i>m. bow. bcg-niadr sni. bowman, archer. bondi sni. 4, yeoman, householder,
,free)

bru

sf.

bridge.
sn. bridal gift.
2, briile.

brud-fe
brufir

sf.

bruu

sf. 3,

eyebrow.

man

[bua].
;

bryggja
bryiija

-uf. pier.

bord

sn. side of a ship, board rim, the margin between the rim

ivf. corslet.

bryun

sec

brun.

90
bryn-stuka wf.
bryti brytr
see brjota.

GLOSSARY.
corslet-sleeve.

drepa sv. 5, strike kill. drey ma wv. i, impers. w.

;

ace.

of

brjota. bu sn. dwelling, home. hxia, sv. I, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare, buask, get ready, . prepare intr. er biiit viQ at there it is likely to be that is danger of bu3u see bjoSa. buinn adj. ready in a certain (vi6) sva biiit adv. condition under such circumstances capasee
'
. . .

pers. arid ace. of the thing

;

dream

[draumr]. drifa sv. 6, drive hasten, drjupa sv. 7, drop. dro see draga. drogu see draga. drottinn sm. lord. drottin-hollr adj. faithful to
master,

its

ble,

fit

for
'

'

drukkinn adj. {ptc.) drupu see drjupa.

drunk,

'

vel at ser biiinn,'

(at).

very capable, very good

bundu

see

binda.

drykkja nf. drinking [drekka]. drykkju-ina3r sm. drinker, drykkr sm. 2, draught,

burr sj?i. son. bySr see bj69a. byr see bua.

byrja 2uv. 3, begin, byr-veenn adj. promising a
wind.
fair

duna wv.

3,

resound.

dun9i see dynja. dval3a see dvglja.

dv^lja wv. lb, delay,
dwell, stop, dvergr sm. dwarf.

dvfljask,

D.

dy3rill

S77i.

(?).

daga wv. 3, dawn. dagan sf. dawn. dagr sm. day,

dalr sm. valley.

dyja wv. ib, shake, dynja wv. ib, resound,

dyr S7Z. animal, beast. dyrr sfTtpl. door.

E.

dau3r

adj. dead,

dgi see dagr. deyja sv. 2, die.

e3a

cj.
if.

or.

do

djupr, adj. deep. see deyja.

ef cj. fna,

zvv. I,

perform, carry out,

domr
dottir

S771.

decision.
S7n.

fggja
[-ur9

zvv. 3, incite.

sf. 3,

dogurdr

daughter. breakfast

-ver6r, cp. nattver6r].

dokkr

(-vir), adj.
,

draga sv. 2
collect.

dark, draw, drag. d.

ei3r S77i. oath. ^ eiga wf. property. have as eiga swv. possess, have have in the wife, be married to
:

saman,

se7ise

^must.
;

drakk see drekka, drap see drepa,

draumr
drgginn

S7fi.

see

dream, draga.
;

dreif see drifa. drfki wm. dragon dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head as a
beak.

eigi adv. not no. eign sf property. eignask wv. 3, appropriate, gain. eik sf. 3, oak. einka-mal snpl. personal agreement, special treaty. einn num., pr7t. one the same a certain, a; alone, only' einn saman,' alone, mere.
;

drekka

sv. 3, drink.

einn-hvrr,/A'w. acertain, some, a.

GLOSSARY.
eira
7irv.

91
I,
fall,

I, lu. dat.

spare.

eitr sn. poison.

falla sv. gotten,

fallask, be forwrestling.

fail.
;

ek pni.

I.

^k see aka. ekki/r. ^/. nothing; adv.noK.

eldr SJH. fire. fUi w/; old age.
ellifti adj. eleventh. ellifu mini, eleven.

fang sn. embrace, grasp fann see finna.

far adj. few netit. fatt w. gen. *fatt manna,' few men. fara go, travel w. gen. in such
:

consir. as

'

fgr9ar sinnar,'
ill)
; ;

go

his

way

fare (well,
;

happen,
'

em

sec

vera.
;

turn

out

experience

f.

meS

en cj. but and. en adiK than, after compar. ndask wv. i, end, suffice for. fndi, ndir sin. end.
^nd-langr^fl^'. the whole length gndlangau sal,' the whole length of the hall. ndr adv. again. engi prn. none, no. ^nn adv. yet, still besides after
' ; ;

destroy, use up 7i'. dat. farask impers. in fgrsk )>eim vel,' they have a good passage. farmr sm. lading, cargo. fastr adj. firm, fast, strong. fe sn. property, money. f^flrum, see faSir.
;
*

einu,' deal with, treat

fekk see fa. ffgrd sf. beauty

[fagr].

all.

ptir /r/, w. ace. after (of time). w. dat. along, over in quest of, alter according to, by. adv. afterwards behind [aptr]. gptri adj. compar. hind. 6T pm. rel. who, which, rel. adv.
;
; ;

2, wickedness. fela sv. 3, hide. felagi 7i<m. companion. fe-lauss, adj. penniless. ie-\\%\Wadj. with little money, poor.

f^grstr see fagr. feikn-stafir smpl.

fell sec falla.

where; when; because,

er er
see

that,

ffUa

ivv. I, fell,

throw down
see fa.

kill

vera,

[falla].

see 1)U.

fengu, f^nginn

rfifli s)i.

work

trouble,

ert sec vera, eru see vera,

fr sec fara. ffrd sf. 2, journey [fara]. fer-skeyttr adj. four-cornered.

eta

sv. 5, eat.

fimm

nii/n. five.

ey

sf.

island.

fimtandi

adj. fifteenth.
3,

Anna
grasp receive, get give bcnble. fask. wrestle, fask a, be obtained, be. fadir srn. 4, father.
fa sv.
I,
;
; ;

sz>.

find
sin.

meet, go to see

notice, see.

fjadr-hamr
coat.
fjall sn.

feathered (winged)

mountain.
;

fjar see fe. fjara sf. ebb-tide

beach.

faer see la.

fjogur
joy
;

see Ijorir.

fsestr sec far.

fagnadr

j;;/. 2,

entertainment,
fine,

fjordi ad/, fourth. fjorir ;//////. four.

fjolfl :(f. qu.antity.

hosjiitality.

fagr adj. beautiful, fair, fagrliga adiK finely.

fall sn. fall.
'

fjol-kyngi sn. magic. fjol-mfnni sn. multitude; troop [madr].

92
fjprSr sffi. 3, firth, fjgrur see fjara.
fla sv. 2, flay, skin.

GLOSSARY.
frost sn.
frost.

fugl sm. bird.

full-kominn
ready
(for).

adj. {ptc.)

complete

flaug

see

fljuga

flf ginn see fla.

fullr adj.

full.
2,

flestr see

margr.

fundr sm.

meeting

[finna].

fljota sv. 7, float, drift.

fundu

see finna.

fljuga

sv. 7, fly.

furSu adv. awfully,

very.
ac-

flo see fljuga.

floti W7JI. fleet [fljota].

fuss adj. eager. fylgja wv. I, w. dat. follow

flotti wfti. flight [flyja].

company.
fylki sn. troop [fdlk]. fylkja wv. i, w. dat. draw up
(troops) [fdlk].

flugu

see fljuga.

fluttu see flytja.

flyja wv. I, flee. flytja wv. lb. remove, bring.

fnasa wv.
foera zov.
[fara].

3,

snort.

i,

bring, take

fasten

foerir see fara. foeti see fot.

fylla wv. I, fill [fullr]. fyr, fyrir prp. w. ace. and dat. before beyond, over f. borS,' overboard instead of ' koma i.^ adv. be given as compensation for f. ]pvi at,' bebecause of.
;

'

'

folginn see fela. folk sn. multitude, troop

cause,
;

'litill

f.

ser,'

insignifi-

people.
ar-

cant.

for see fara for-t9lur wpl. representations,

fyrir-rum
cabin.

sn.

fore-hold,

chief-

guments

[tala].

fyrirrums-maSr sm. man

fore-hold.

in the

fostra zuf. nurse. fot-hvatr adj. swift-footed. fotr sffi. foot leg.
;

fyrr adv. compar. before, formerly.

superl. fyrst,
first.

f9dur
fpr
sf.

see fa9ir.

journey [fara].
;

fpru-neyti sn. company [nj5ta]. fra prp. from, away from about, '1 fra adv. away. concerning.
'

fyrri adj. compar. former, superl. fyrstr, first. fysa wv. I hasten trans. hnpers. braut fysir mik,' 1 feel a desire
,

'

to

go away

[fuss].

freendi

s?}i.

4, relation.

fra-fall sn. death. fram ao'z^. forward, forth,

fra mar,

compar.

G.

ahead.
adj. superl. chief,

ga wv.
most

w. gen. heed, care

for.

framastr

distinguished.

gsefa wf. luck [gefa]. gaeta wv. i, watch, take care of

[geta].

frami wm. advantage, courage. framiSr see frgmja. fram-stafn S77i. prow.
fra-spgn
sf.

gaf

see gefa. g8efu-nia6r sm. lucky man.

narrative, relation.

gaflak sn. javelin,

freista wv. 3, w. gen. try, test. fr^mja wv. ib, perform [fram]. fri9r srn. 2, peace. fri3r adj. beautiful, fine.

gamall

adj. old.
sn.

gaman
ganga

amusement,

joy.

frodr adj. learned, wise, froekn adj. bold, daring.

with gen. of goal .fz^. i, go, in poetry attack g. a skip,' board a ship. g. af, be finished. g. upp, land ; g. til, come up.

'

'

GLOSSARY.
board a ship be used up, expended fof money). gardr sm. enclosure, court dwell;

93
stn.
2,

gripr

article

of

value,

treasure,

grjot sn. stone (collectively),

int;.

groa
groer
//-/. zu.

sv.

grow

heal,

gat sc'r geta. gefa sv. 5, give.

see

gruna
gen.

groa. wv. 3, impers.

mik gru-

ggnum,
gekk
see

g^gnum

nar,' I suspect, think.

through.

ganga.

g^lti see g9ltr.

gfnginn, g9ngr, gengu, see ganga. geta sv. 5, to. gen. mention, speak
of; guess, suppose.

grunr sm. 2, suspicion. gull sn. gold. gull-band sfi. gold band. gull-bCiinn o^/y. adorned with gold, gull-hringr sm. gold ring. gull-h3n:ndr adj. {ptc.) with gilt
horns.

geysi adv. excessively. gipta wf. luck [gefa]. giptu-maflr sm. lucky man.
gjafar
see gjpf.

gull-ro9inn

adj. {ptc.) gilt,

gygr

sf.

giantess,

gyltr adj. {pic.) gilt, gyrfla wv. i, gird.

glotta wv.
grin.

2,

smile maliciously,
magnificent.

gleesiligr

cuij.

gnyr sm. din, noise. godr adj. good gott

heestr see har. hsetta wv. i, ot. dat. desist from,

stop.

'

er

til eins,'

it is

golf gott

s)i.

easy to get at, obtain. floor apartment, room.

;

hsettligr
ing.

aiij.

dangerous, threaten-

sec goflr.

heettr adj. dangerous.

gpfugr

adj. distinguished [gefa].

3,

goltr sm.

boar.

haf sn. sea. hafa vjv. i

have

h.

einn nrer

gpmul

gamall. gora Ti-z;. ic. do, make, gprask, set about doing be made into, become, ggra at, accomplish,
see
;

einu,' bring near to,

expose to

take,

at hafask, underuse, utilize, til hafa, have at hand.

carry out.

gorsimi wf.
sure.

article of value, trea-

hafna see hofn. hafr srn. goat. hafr-staka -uf. goatskin. hagliga cuh>. neatly.
hagr sm. condition
' ;

granda

ztw. 3, w. dat. injure. grar adj. gray. gras s)i. gra^s plant, flower. grata sv. 1 weep, mourn for. gratr sm. weeping. greida 'wv. i. put in order, arrange. greip sec grip a.
; ,

advantage

gres-jarn sn. iron wire grey sn. dog.

(?).

a vera,' will avail thee, be profitable to you. hag-stoedr adj. favourable. halda .^7'. i 'w. dat. hold also with keep. w. ace. obserx'e, prp. a^ keep (laws. etc.). intr. take a certain direction, go.

^er

mun

h.

hnlfr adj.
ai^ain.

half.

grid snpl. peace, security. grida-staflr sm. sanctuary

halfu adv. by

half, half as

much

grind
gripa

sf. 3, lattice

door, wicket.

sv. 6, seize.

hallar see hpU. hallar-golf sn. hall

floor.

94
haltr adj. lame,
lianiarr
si?t.

GLOSSARY.
and
sjh.

dat.
see

of thing promise

intr.

hammer.
thin

{pres. heiti) be

named,

called,

hainars-m.u5r

end of

hammer. hamar-skapt
mer,

hf Idr hf Idr

halda.
;

sn.

handle of a ham-

adv. compar. more willingly, rather, sooner, more rather,

very.

.f

sn. mark made by a hammer. hana see hann. handar see hgnd. hand-skot sn. throwing with the

hamar-spor

hf l-grindr
helt
see

sf. the doors of hell. hgllir sm. cave.

halda.
to hell.

hgl-vegr sm. road

hglzt adv. superl. most willingly,

hand,

hand-tf kinn
hand, taken

p/c. pret.
alive.

taken by

hndi, hndr

hann/r;z.

he.

most [hgldr]. hpnd. hgnnar, hnni see hann. hgpta wv. I, bind hinder, stop.
soonest, especially,
see

har sn. hair. har adj. high. hard-huga3r adj. stern of mood. har3r adj. hard strong.
;

"h-hvadv. here

'

h. af,'etc. here-of.

hgr-bergi, sn. quarters, lodgings. hr3a wv. harden, clench.

hard-skeytr adj^ strong-shooting

[skjota].

hr-fang sn. booty. hgrja wv. 3, make war, ravage

[h?rr].

harmriOT. grief. haski wm. danger.

ha-saeti
[sitja].

sn.

high
sf.

seat,

dais

hasaetis-kista
dais.

chest under the

hrr sm. army, fleet. herra sm. lord. hr-skip sn. war-ship, hestr sm. horse, het see heita. heyra wv. i, hear.

hatt adv. high

loudly,

himinn

sjh.

heaven,
hither.

haugr

S771.

mound,
skull.

hingat adv.

hauss sm.

heSan
hfja

adv. hence, hgfi see hafa.

sv. 2, raise, lift
i,

hijinprn. that. bird sf. court.

hird-maSr sm.
;

courtier.

hffna wv.

begin, w. gen. revenge,

hiti

wm.

heat.

avenge. heill adj. sound, safe, prosperous.

hitta wv. come upon, find, meet hittask, meet, trans, go to.
tntr.

heil-r9i

sfi.

sound advice, good

hja prp.

advice [ra6].

heim

adv. to one's adv. at

home, home

(domum).

tu. dat. by, at parison with. hjalinr sm. helmet. hjon snpl. household.

in

com-

heima
hold.

Jieima-maflr j-w.

home (domi). man of the houseto

hlada

sv.

2,

load,

heap up;
sails.

'h.

seglum,' take in hlseja sv. 2, laugh.

lieim-fuss adj. longing home, homesick. heimr sm. home, dwelling

go

hlaupa
hlaut

sv. i,

jump, leap

run.

see hljota.

world,

heimta wv.
back.

i,

fetch, obtain, get

hleyp see hlaupa. hleypa wv. i, make

the horse), gallop. hlif sf shield.

to run

(i.

e.

heita

sv. i, call

w. dat. of pers.

GLOSSARY.
hlifa zuv.
protect.
I, TO. dot. shelter,

95
sv. 7, strip, clear, disable sv. 7, start, burst out.

cover,

hrjofla

hrjota

hljop
hljota

see

hlaupa.

sv. 7, get, receive,

hrokk see hrokkva. hrokkva sz'. 3. start back.

hrySi see hrj63a. hrynja 7vv. ib. fall down. hrytr see hrjota. hugda see hyggja.

hlodu sec hlada. hlogu see hleeja. hlunur sni. roller

ships).

(for

launching,'

portion [hljota]. share portion, part, piece thing [hljota]. hlut-skipti S7i. booty, hnakki 7vni. back of head, hof see hfja. hollr adj. gracious, faithful, holmr S//1. small island,
-tvm.
SfH. 2,
;
;

hluti hlutr

hugi 7c>m. thought. hugr sm. mind, heart

spirit.

courage,

hugsa lev. 3, consider, think. hundra3 sn. hundred, hurd sf. 2, door, bus sn. room house, hvar adv. where that,
;
;

hou
horn

see

honum

harm, see hann.

hvarr prn. which of two

of the two, both.

each

sn. horn.

hvarr-tv^ggja

/>rn.

each
do//i

of the

hcegri adj. compar. right (hand), hcela li/v. i w. dat. praise, boast of.
,

two, both, hvart adv. whether,

in direet
.

hpfdingi wni. chief [h9fu6]. hof3a-fjol sf. head-board (especially of a bedstead).

and
both

indirect questions.
'

hvart-tv^ggja adv.
and. hvass adj. sharp.
. .

hv.

ok,'

hpfdu see hafa. hofn sf. harbour. hofuS sn. head,

hvat/r. 7ieut. what, hvart adj. brisk, bold,

adv. how. hverfa sv. 3, turn, go. hv^r-gi adv. nowhere hv. jarSar,' nowhere on earth in no respect, by no means, hv^rnig adv. how. [ = hv^^ra veg.] hvrr /;-;/. who. hv^rsu adv. how. hvi adv. why. hvirfill sm. crown of head, hvitna wv. 2, whiten,

hogg sn. stroke, hogg-ormr sm. viper,

hogg-orrosta
luf.
'

hve

cutting-fight,'
strike.

'

hand-to-hand fight, hoggva sv. I, hew, cut,

hoU sf. bond

ft)r

hall,
3,

.f/".

tv(jggju

hand; side 'hvarrabandar,* on both sides,

i)artics.
[/>^c.

both

hreeddr adj. frightened, afraid

of hnvSask].

hraedask
hrsDzla

linj.

i,

be frightenetl,
[hrccSask].

fear.

hvitr

adj. white.
7crz'.

70/. fear

hyggja

ib. think,

mean, de-

hrafu
hratt

sf/i.

raven,

see see

hrau3

hrinda. hrjoda.

termine [hugr]. hylli 7('/. favour [hollr].

hraut see hrjota. hreyfa 7^'?'. i, move,

hrid
s/. period of time. hrira-l)urs sm. frost giant, hriiida sv. 3, push, launch (ship). hrista u>v. i shake.
,

i />r/>.

in.

i-huga wv.
ilia ad:',
ill,

3,

try

to remember,

consider [hugr].
b.idly.

96
illr adj.
ill,

GLOSSARY.
bad.

inn art. inn adv.

in.

the.

kf nna wv. i know perceive. kfrling sf. old woman [karl].

, ;

in

compar. innar, further

kf rra

%vf.

chariot.

kgtill sm. kettle.

inna %vv. i, accomplish. innan adv. within, inside, fyrir innan/r/. iv. gen. within, in.
inni adv.
it see t)u.
in.

keypta, see kaupa. keyra wv. i, drive. kirkja wf church. kirkju-skot sn. wing of a church.
kjosa,
sv. 7,

choose.

it see

inn.
sf. feat.

i-J)r6tt

klakk-laust adv. uninjured. klseSa wv. i, clothe.

klseda-bxinadr sm. apparel. klsedi snpl. clothes. kne sn. knee. knifr sm. knife. knprr sm. merchant-ship.

jafn-breiSr adj. equally broad,

jafn-hofugr
[hgfjal.

adj.

equally

heavy

jafn-mikill adj. equally great, jafn-skjott adv. equally quick. jafna wv. 3, smooth compare w. dat. of thing coinpared. jafnan adv. always. jarl sm. earl. jarn sn. iron. jarn-glofi sm. iron gauntlet.
;

knudi see knyja. knui wm. knuckle. knutr sm. knot. knyja ivv. ib, press with knuckles
or knees exert oneself [kniii]. kolf-skot sn. (distance of a) bolt;

shot.

kollottr adj. bald.

koma
out
;

sv. 4.

come

happen, turn

jarn-sp9ng
jata wv.
I
,

sf.

iron plate,

%v. dat.

agree

to.

jok
j^rd

see
sf.

auka.
earth.

w. dat. bring into a certain k. fyrir, be paid in condition, atonement, komask, make one's way (by dint of exertion).

jptun-heimar smpl. home, world

of the giants. jgtunn sm. giant.

kona wf woman konr sm. kind

;

wife.
alls konar,' all

kinds 'nakkvars konar,' of some

kind.

konunga-stgfna wf. congress of

kings.

konungr
kaer-leikr sm. love, affection [kserr, * dear ']. kaf s,n. diving deep water, water under the surface.
;

sm. king.
sf.

konungs-dottir
ter.

king's daugh-

konungs-skip sn. kosinn see kjosa.

kost-gripr
sm.
treasure.

king's ship.
thing,

kafa wv. 3, dive, kalla wv. 3, cry out, call maintain name, call,
;

precious
choice
;

assert,

kostr

kann see kunna. kapp sn. competition. karl sm. man old man.
;

kosti,'

sm. 2, otherwise

at

gQru

power [kjosa].
little

kpgur-sveinn
chin.

S7?i.

boy, ur-

kasta wv.

3, cast,

throw.

kppp

kaupa zvv. 2, buy. kgngr sm. bend.

see kapp. kgpur-yrSi sn. boasting

[orS],

kpttr sm.

3, cat.

GLOSSARY.
kom see koma. krappa-rum sfi. back
krappr
adj. narrow.

97
wm.
go
earthquake.

land-skjalfti
cabin.

langr

adj. long, far.

let

lat snpl. noise.

kraptr sm. strength, kras sf. 2, delicacy.

krffja
liTV.

lata sv. allow

ace.

I
;

cause, let

leave lose behave, act

;

lb,

w.
;

of pers.

say.

and gen. of thing, demand. kunna swv. know feel venture

;

lauf sn. foliage, laufs-blad sn. (blade of foliage),

leaf.

like to.

kunnandi

uf. knowledge, accomplishments.

kunnusta wf. knowledge, kunnr adj. known.

kurr
srn.

power.

laug sf. bath, laun snpl. reward, launa wv. 3, reward,

requite w.

kvaefli sn.

murmur, rumour. poem.

dat. of the thing given and of the pers., and ace. of the thing re-

quited.

kvaema see koma. kvan sf. wife. kveSa sv. 5, say.

agree on.

kv.

settle,

kv3ja xtf. salutation [kveSa]. kvgSja wv. lb, greet. kveld sn. evening 'I kv.,' this

lauss adj. loose shaky, unsteady free from obligation, laust see Ijosta. laut see luta. lax sm. salmon.
;

evening.

le3r-hosa wf. leather bag. lggja 'i-'^- I b, lay, put 1. fyrir einn,' give, settle on
;

eitt
'1.

kveld-spngr sin. vespers. k venn-vadir j^/.woman's clothes. kvidr sm. 3, stomach, belly. kvisa xuv. 3, whisper.
kvistr sm.
3,

sik fram,' e.xert oneself

intr.

skip land

w/w't-r.y/^^t/ sail,
;

row

w.
at,

1.

attack
off
;

1.

fra,

retreat,

draw

pierce,
set

make

a thrust.

branch, twig.

Igggjask,

out,

proceed

kvpddu

see kv^flja.

swim
creature,

[liggja].

kykr (-vir) kykvendi

adj. living.
sn.

living

animal. kyll sm. bag.

leid sf. way' koma einu tillei6ar,' carry out [113a]. leid see lida.

kyn

sn. race, lineage.

kyr sf. 3, cow. kyssa lov. i, kiss.

leida wv. i, lead, conduct [ll5a]. leidangr (-rs) sm. levy [lei6]. leiga wv. 1, borrow,
leikr sm.
contest.

game

athletic sports,

la see liggja. leegri see lagr. l8Br-lggr sm. thigh-bone.

l8Dt see lata.

lagfla see liggja.

leita wv. 3, w. gen. and dat. seek take to, have recourseto. leitask, feel one's way [llia]. Igmja wv. lb, break, l^ngd sf. length [langr]. lngi adv. long ^of time) [langr].

lagr adj. low

short

of stature

l^ngstr

see

langr.

lags-maflr sm. companion, lagu see liggja. lamda, lamit, see Ifiuja. land sn. land, country.

let see lata. ltja iL^o. b, w. ace. of pers. and gen. of thing, hinder, dissuade,
\

letta -w.

I, 7^.

dat.

lift.

leyniliga adv. secretly.

98
leysa
luv.
i,

GLOSSARY.
loosen, untie, open
S7n. key [liika]. lypta wv. I, w. dat. lift [lopt]. lypting sf. raised place (castle) on

lykill

[laiiss].

113 sn. troop.

lida sv.

6,

go

pass (of time)

im-

the

poop of a warship
I,

[lypta],

pers. Ii6r, w. dat. fare, get on. impers. ' li6r a (nattina^' (the night) is drawing to a close.
\\i sn. life

lysa wv.

shine,

'a
;

lift,'

alive.
fitting.

lysi-gull sn. bright gold, lyst see Ijosta. lysta 7av. i, impers. w. ace. desire.

Ufa

-cvv.

2, live.

liggja sv. 5, lie. 1. til, be lik sn. body corpse. lika wv. 3, w. dat. please.
liki sn. form [lik].

M.

ma see mega.
ma5r sm, 4, man. msela mselta) wv.
;

liking

sp.

likeness, similarity [llkr].

adj. gracious

i,

speak

'

m.

liknsamr

likr adj. like. lin sn. linen ; linen headdress.

list
sf.

vi9 einu,' refuse suggest. maer sf. virgin, maid.

msetta

see

mega.

art.
;

iita sv. 6, look at

regard, consider turn to, acknowledge greeting, litask ijnpers.

magr magr

(-ran) adj. thin.

'

1.

til eins.'

w. dat. seem. litask wv. 3, look round one [Iita]. lltit ve9r,' litill adj. little, small litlu not very windy weather, adv. by a little, a little. Iitil-r8e3i sni. degradation [ra5]. litr sm. 3, colour, complexion appearance [Iita]. lizk see Iita. Ija wv. I, IV. gen. and dat. lend. Ijosta sv. 7; strike, w. dat.of instr. 1. and ace. of the thing sti'iick arum i sse,' dip the oars into the sea, begin to row. lofa wv. 3, praise. loga wv. 3, w. dat. part with. logi wm. flame.

sm. kinsman, relation, connection. makligr adj. fitting. mal sn. narrative in plur. poem ; proper time, time.
;

'

malmr S77i.

metal.

mann

see

ma3r.

mann-folk sn. troops, crew. mann-hringr sm. ring of men. mannliga adv. manlily.

margr

adj.

many, much.
;

mark S7i. mark importance. marka wv. 3, infer.

marr sm. horse, mart see margr. matask wv. 3, eat a meal. matr S7n. 2, food, matta see mega, mattr sm. 2, might, strength. m.e3 prp. w. ace. and dat. with. me3al s. middle am. lu.gen. be-

'

lokinn
lopt sn.
'

see

air

luka. a
'

1.,'

itnpers. liika sv. 7, lock, lykr einu,' it is finished, ex1. upp,' unlock, open. hausted. lukla see lykill. lustu see Ijosta. liita sv. 7, bend, bow, lygi ivf. lie, falsehood.
;
'

up. close

tween. me3an adv. whilst. mega swv. can, may.

megin
side

m.,' on the other ^llum m.,' on all sides [corruption of vegum]

'
;

'^Srum

mfgin-gjar3ar

sfpl.

girdle

of

Iyk3

sf.

ending

strength [mega].

'

at

lykSum,'

mei3mar
meiri
see

sfpl. treasures.

finally.

mikill.

GLOSSARY.
mn
mer
sn. necklace, piece of jewelry.
see

99
J-;;/,

munr

difference

'

t)eim mun,'

rann

madr.

to that extent,

see

ek.

munu
;

swv. will,

may

(of futurity

mrgr sm. 2. marrow. mgrki sn. mark banner [mark]. mest see mikill. meta sv. 5, measure estimate.
;

and probability).

myndi see munu. myrkr sti. darkness, myrkr adj. dark.

mser. mid-garflr 5w. (middle enclosure), world. nii3gar3s-ormr sm. world -sersee

mey

na wv.
in.

I,

reach, obtain

succeed

pent.

midr

cuij.

mik

see

middle. ek.

mikill

adj. big, tall, great,

mikit

neer adv. 7u. dat. near nearly. super/.nsest 'j^vl n.,' thereupon, nsetr see natt.

adv. much, very. miklu adv. {instr.^ much. milli, a milli, prp. between,

nafn

sn.

name,
;

nakkvarr />rn. some, a certain. nakkvat adv. somewhat perhaps.

among. minjar s/pl. remembrance, memorial,

minn

see ek.
see litill.

natt sf. 3, night, natt-bol sn. night-quarters. natt-langt adv. the whole night
long,

rainni

minnr
missa missa

adv. less.
3,

mis-lika 7W.
not please.
7i'f.

w. dat. displease,
want. w. gen. lose;

natt-staflr sm. night-quarters, nattiira 7if. nature, peculiarity, natt-verdr sm. 2, supper.

loss,
i,

7vv.

do

without.

nau3-syn sf. necessity, naut see njota. nedan adv. below. f}Tir

n.

frp.

mistil-teinn sm. mistletoe [teinn,

'twig'].

mitt

see

ek.
3,

w. dat. below. nfja adj. long-nosed (?). ngfna 7vv. i name, call, nf fnask,
,

mjo3r sm. mjpk adv.

mead.

name

oneself, give one's

name

very.

as [nafn].

modr

moflir sf. 3, mother. sm. anger.

il'v.

nema nema
intr. [mot].

sv. 4, take; begin, adv. except, unless.

moetask

i,

meet

mon

sf.

mane.
sm. morning.

morginn

nest sn. provisions, nest-baggi sm. provision-bag. niflr adv. down, downwards.

mprk
mot

sf. 3, forest.

mprum

sec

marr.
I

sn. meeting.

moti prp. w,

niundi adj. ninth. njosn sf. spying news. njosna wv. 3, spy get
; ;

intelli-

dat. against.

gence,
sn.

motu-neyti
food
their

of l?gg)a "> -^itt,' make provision into a common

' ;

community

njota

sv. 7, enjoy, profit,

store [matr

njotaj.

norflr adv. noithwards. nokkvi -wm. vessel, small ship, nil adv. now; therefore, so.

mundu see munu. munnr sm. mouth.

H

ny-vaknadr
awoke.
2

oiij.

ptc.)

newly

lOO
nyr adj. new. nyta wv. i, profit

GLOSSARY.
orendi orendi
sn. errand.

[njota].

sn.

holding the breath,

breath.

orind-reki sm. messenger [reka].

oxn
oddr sm.
point.

see oxi.

63-fuss adj. madly eager. 63r adj. mad, furious. depa wv. i, shout [op, shout ']. oerit adv. enough very, of. prp. w. dat. over during vi^ith
'
;

P.
pati sm. rumour. Pf nningr sm, penny.

respect to, about,

excess).

adv. too (of

of adv., often used in poetry as a mere expletive. of-veikr adj. too weak. ofan adv. above down. ofan-verSr adj. upper, on the top. ok see aka. ok conj. and also ok ok,' both and but.
;
;

ra3

sn. advice;atwhat
'

is

sja

eitt
;

ra6i,'

advisable consider

advisable
tion.

plan, policy, resolu-

ra9a

'

sv. i, advise, w. ace. of thing ajid dat. of pers. ; consider, deliberate ; undertake, begin w.
til

okkr

see t)u.

prp.

or infin.

dispose

of,

opt adv.

often,

compar.

optar,

oftener, again.

have control over w. prp. fyrir. ra3a-g9r3 sf. deliberation, decision.

or prp. w. dat. out of. ord sn. word i ^Sru or6i,' other-

'

wise.
see verSa. or3-sfnd.ing sf.

ra3ugr adj. sagacious. ragna-rokr sn. twilight of the

gods, end of the world, gen. o/rggin neut.plur.

ordinn
sage.

[ragna
'

verbal

mes-

gods.']

ragr

adj. cowardly.
see
see

or3-tak

ormr

sn. expression, word. sm. serpent, dragon ; ship with a dragon's head.

raku rann
ras

reka.

rnna.

sf.

race.

orrosta wf.

battle.
just be-

OSS see ek. otta wf. the end of night,

fore dawn. ottalaust adj. without ox see vaxa. oxi wj>i. ox.

rau3r rausn

adj. red.

sf. magnificence, anything magnificent. re 3 see ra3a.

fear.

93lask zvv. 3, obtain. 93ru see annarr.

9I sn. ale.

rei3 sf. chariot. rei3 see ri3a. rei3a wv. i swing, wield, brandish. rei3-fara adj. vera vel r.,' have a good passage.
,

'

rei3i sn. trappings, harness.

pldnu see aldinn, pndottr adj. fierce. pnd-vegi sn. high seat,

rei3r adj. angry.

reka
dais.

sv. 7, drive
r.

cany out
take

per-

pnnur
pr
sf.

see

annar.

' form. awning.

af

tjgld,'

down

arrow. or-eefi. sn. harbourless coast.

rf kkja wf. bed.

rgnna

sv. 3, run.

GLOSSARY.
retta
r.

lOI

i, direct reach, stretch, pull up. rettr adj. right, correct ; equitable, fair.
ri^v.
;

upp.

sat sec sitja. satt see sannr. se see vera. se see sja.

reyna 7crv. reyr-bond

i, try,

sup/,

test the wire

with

which the arrow-head was bound

to the shaft.

sefask wv. 3, be pacified. 8gja wv. I b, say, relate [saga]. segl sn. sail. seilask wv. i, stretch intr.

ri3a sv. 6, w. dat. ridu sec ri3a. ridlask wv. 3, motion,

;

ride.

seinn
oneself
in

adj.

late,

slow,

tedious.

set

riki sn. power sovereignty, reign. rikr adj. powerful, distinguished. ripti sn. linen cloth. rita tiro. 3, write. roa sv. I, row. roeda -aw. i, talk about, discuss. rfira see roa. rgst sf. league.
S.

seint adv. slowly, s^lja Tt/z;. I, give; sell. sem adv. as; w. siibj. as strengthen the superl.
mest,'

if;
'

to

sem
as

much as sfnda iL'v.

sfnn
senn

the most possible, i, send.

possible,

sndi-nia3r
once
;

svi. messenger, adv. at the same lime, at immediately, forthwith,

sec sja.

shprn. that sa see sja.

seer sm. sea.

he

such, such a one.

ser see sik. ser see sja. set see sja.

set-berg

seera wv.
seett
sf. 2,

i,

wound

[sar].

seeti sn. seat [sitja].

sn. seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja]. stja wv. I, set, place, s. fram. launch (a ship), s^tjask, sit

reconciliation, peace.

down.
[sitja].

sgtjask

upp,

sit

up

saettask
agree.

wv.

i,

be

reconciled,

si-byrda wv.

saga wf, narrative, histor}', story. sagda jt'<?sgja. hann saka wv. impers. w. ace. (ace.) saka6i ekki,' he was not

'

i, w. dat. lay a ship luut. ptc. alongside ant)ther. sibyrt, close up to [bord]. 8i3 adv. late. comp. sTflar, later,

afterwards, superl. siflast, latest,

last.

injured.

sakna
sal
sf.

7c>v. 3,

w. gen. miss.

sifla wf. side.

2, soul.

said

sn. gallon.
2, hall.

sidan adv. afterwards, then since. sidari adj. comp. later, second i^in
;

salr sm.

order),

saman

a<iv. together.

sami 7ucak adj. same, sam-laga uf. laying ships

for battle,

together

samt

adv. together,
adj. probable
;

sannligr
right.

suitable,

sannr

adj. true,

sidr jw. 3, custom, siga sv. 6, sink. sigla wf mast [segl]. sigla wzK I, sail. siglu-skeifl sn. middle of a ship, sigr -rs") svi. victory. sigr-op shout of victory. sik prn. oneself,
silfr sn. silver,

sar sn. wound. sarr adj. wounded.

sin

sec sik.

102
sinn
*

GLOSSARY.

sn. time (of repetition) einu sinni,' once, for once. eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, i. e. only once.
'

skipan sf arranging

ship's crew.

skips-brot sn. shipwreck. skip-stjornar-maSr sm. (steerer),

commander
testudo.

of a ship, captain,
shields,

sinn

see sik.
sit.
s.

skjald-borg sf wall of
fyrir,
sit

sitja sv. 5, readiness. sja = J)essi. sja sv. 5, see

after,

in

skjalfa sv.

3,

skjota
'
;

sv. 7,

shake intr. w. dat. shoot, throw,

s.

fyrir einu,'
of.

look
'

take care ser ^at a, at'. that. seen another, meet. sjalfr/r. self.
.

inipers.

litt

push, skjot-foeri sn. swiftness,

it
.

will hardly be

sjask, see one

skjot-leikr S7n. swiftness, skjot-liga adv. swiltly, quick, skjotr adj. swift, quick, skjott
adv. quickly.

sjoda sv. 7, boil cook. sjon sf. sight. sj6n-hvrfing sf. ocular delusion. skal see skulu. skalf see skjalfa.
;

skjpldr sm. 3, shield. skogr sm. forest, wood,

skorta
pers.

%vv. i,

impers. w. ace: of
fail,

and of thing, want,

;

skot

sn. shot

missile [skjota].

skali

wm.

hall.

skot-mal
;

sn. shot-measure, range,

3,

skammr
skap

adj. short.

skotta wv.
state of

dangle

sk.

vi5

sn. state, condition

drift (of ships).

mind, mood, humour. skapligr adj. suitable, fit.

skgkull sm.

shaft (of a cart).

skgmm
skpr
sf.

sf.

skapt sn shaft, handle. skar see skera. skard sn. notch, gap defect. skaut see skjota. skgg sn. beard beak (of a ship). skei3 sn. race- course, runningtaka sk.,' start ground race
;
;

disgrace, shame. hair of the head.

skreppa
skulfu

wf

bag, wallet.

see skjalfa.
cutter.

skulu swv. shall, skuta wf. small ship,

'

skutill sm. trencher, small table. skutil-sveinn sm. page, chamberlain,

in

a race.
%vv. i, graze.

skeina

skellr sm. knock.

skutu see skjota. skykkr sm. shake

skykkjum,' shake, skylda see skulu.

ganga

skfmtun
tainment

sf.

amusement, enter[skammr, literally

'].

'shortening {of ti??te)

skera

sv.

4,

cut,

cut

up

kill

skyldr adj. obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu].

(animal).

skyn
*

skiljask wv. i, separate, part intr. skillingr sm. shilling, coin.

sn. understanding, insight kunna, sk.' understand. skynda wv. i, hasten, bring in

skilna3r sr?i. separation, parting. skip sn. skip. skipa wv. 3, order, arrange, prepare,
fit

haste.

skyndiliga adv.
carefully.

hastily, quickly,

skynsamliga adv.
skyt
see

intelligently,

out

sk. til

um

eitt,'

make arrangements for. skipask, take one's place ; change,

alter intr.

skjota

skipa-hfiT sm.

fleet.

sla sv. 2, strike. ' sla eldi 1,' light a fire, slseliga adv. sluggishly, weakly.

GLOSSARY.
sleer aifj. blunt.

103

slaer see sla.

slatr sn. meat. sleikja 7W. lick.

sleit see slita. slettr adj. level,
fortable, easy.

fsp^nta) 71^;. t, zv. dot. cf thing, gird, buckle on. spjot sn. spear.

sp^nna

sporSr sm.
smooth
;

tail.

com-

slikr adj. such. slita sv. 6, tear

70.

spori sm. spur. spplr sm. rail. sprakk see springa. spr^tta 7irv. i split.
,

si.

upp, pull up

dat. break (agreement).

see

springa sv. 3, burst. spuxda see spyrja.

spyrja
hear of, learn have news of, hear of his arrival, spyrjask, be kno\Mi.

smeeri

smar.
small, insignificant.
ships.
cutter.

smar

axij.

tuv. ib,
til

ask

sp.

eins,'

sma-skip stipl. small sma-skuta u<f. small

sinjuga
slip.

sv.

7,

squeeze through,

spyrna staddr
stadr

7in}.

i,

kick.

adj. placed, staying \^ptc.

smugu

see

smjuga.
;

^'st^^Sja,' place].
STH.

snarpligr adj. vigorous. snarpr adj. sharp vigorous.

place

'

staftinn,'

in-

stead.

snimnaa oiiv. early. sndra see snua.

snua,
turn
sv. i,
;

stafaflr adj. {ptc.'^ striped.

w. dat. turn or {trans.)

plait,

direct

twist,

snuask,

{I'ntr.).

sodinn

see sjoda.
ic,

Bcekjazov.
retreat.

seek; go

staf-karl sm. (staff-man), beggar. stafn sm. prow. stafn-bui 7um. prow-man. stafn-le xvm. grappling-hook. stafr sm. 2 (^gen. sg. stafs), staff,
stick.

's. aptr,'

stakk
honour [soma].

see

stinga.

soemd

s/.

soetti see scskja.

sofa sv 4, sleep. sofna wv. 3, go to sleep. spgur see saga. sgk sj'. cause fyrir pa s. at

stallari sm. marshall. standa sv. 2, stand, st. up, rise.

upp, stand

starfa 7irv. st^fna 70V.

'
.

3,
I,

work.
steer; take a coun>e,

'

.,

be-

cause.

sdkkva
sol
sJ'.

sv. 3, sink.

sun.

steig see stiga. steinn sm. stone jewel. stela sv. 4, TV. dat. of thing
;

and

sol-skin sn. sunshine. soltinn o^/)'. hungry [//r. <?/"* svelta,'

starve].

ace.

ofpers. steal, rob.

st^ndr

soma
sonr

2vz>.

2, ic. dat.,

be suitable,

befitting.

somi wm. honour.

sffi.

son.

sott s/. illness. sotta see seek j a.

see standa. st^rkliga adv. vigorously, st^rkr adj. strong, steypa 7uv. i. tv. dat. of thing, throw; pull off. steypask, throw oneself. stiga sv. 6, advance, walk, go. si.

upp. mount horse),

,

spx

sn/>/.

raised yiTow of a war-ship.

re-

spala see spolr. sparask 7t'v. 2, spare oneself,

serve one's energy.

stigr sm. path, way stikill sm. point,

stilla (stilta) xcv.
til,
i. arrange, arrange, dispose.

st

I04
stinga
sv. 3, pierce
side.
' ;

GLOSSARY.
st.

st^fnum

sveit

sf.

troop.

at skipi,' run the

prow against

a ship's
stiff].

stirt adv. harshly [netit. of ^^iirhr,''

stod

see

standa.
sv.
3,

stoerri see stor.

stokkva
stolinn

spring, rebound,

svelga sv. 3, swallow, gulp. sver9 sn. sword. sver3s -hggg sn. swordstroke. svipan sf. jerk moment. svipting sf pull, struggle. synask wv. i, seem [sj5n]. syni see sonr.
;

start back.
see stela.

systir

sf. 3, sister.

storliga adv. bigly, arrogantly. stor-mannligr adj. magnificent,

aristocratic.

taka wv.

2,

w.

ace.

take,

seize,

st6r-mnni

sn. great

men

(col-

lective "!, aristocracy.

storr adj. big, great, storuni adv.

greatly.

st6r-ra3r adj. (great of plans), ambitious.

stor-skip sn. big ship. stor-virki sn. great deed. stra wv. I, strew, cover with straw.

take possession of; w. inf. begin; 7C'. dat. receive (well, ill, etc.). takask, take place, begin. t. at, choose, t. til, engage in, try. t.upp, take to, choose. tala wf. talk, speech. tala wv. 3, speak, talk about, discuss.

taliSr see tlja.

strauk see strjuka. strgngr sm. 2, string. strjuka sv. 7, stroke.

talma wv.
tar
S7t.

3,

hinder.

tear.

stund
*

sf. period of time, time. stutt adv. shortly, abruptly \jteut.

of stuttr short]. styra wv. i, w. dat.

'

taumar smpl. reins. tf kinn see taka. tflja tvv. lb, count, recount; account, consider ; relate, say
[tala].
sfpl. relationship, connection by marriage. tfngja7<yz^. I, bind, fasten together.

steer.

styri sn. rudder. styris-linakki wm. top piece of rudder. styrkr sm. strength ; help.
su, see sa.

tng3ir

t^ngsl snpl. cable.

ti9a wv. I, impers. zv. ace. desire. tidindi snpl. tidings, news. tiSr adj. usual, happening ' hvat er titt um ])ik?' what is the matter with you? titt adv. often, quickly 'sem tl6ast,' as quickly

su3r adv. southward. su3r-ganga wf. journey south Rome). sukku see sokkva. sumar sn. summer.

(to

'

sumr prn. some. sund S7i. sound, channel.

sva adv.
so, as";

as possible. tiginn adj. of high rank.

'

as soon as.

ok

sva,' also.

til

tigr S7n. fj5rir tigir,' forty. prp. w. gen. to till for (of
use)

'
;

svaf see sofa. svara ivv. 3, w.

answer.

alt er

t.

vapna var,' every-

dat.

of

thing.,

thing that could be used as a

missile for (of object, intention) 'brjota Ifgg til mfrgjar,' break

svardagi sm. oath. sveinn sm. boy.

sveinn-stauli

small boy.

a leg to get at the marrow

respect to

wm.

with
eigi

'

til

vista var

GLOSSARY.
gott,'

[05
^i'Z'.

they were not well off for

J)gja

lb,

be

silent.

provisions. til adv. too (of excess). til-visan sf. direction, guidance,
titt sec tidr.

J)eim
J)fkja

j^^ sa.

l)eir, J)eirra see sa.

w/z/.

lb, roof.

tivi iv??i. god. tjald sn. tent.

t)kkja wv. I, notice, ^^kkjask, take pleasure in accept.

;

tjugu-skggg
toeka
see

sn. forked beard,

t)eT see t)U. ^ess see sa.

tok

see

taka. taka.
tooth.

J)e8s
the.

art't/.

7f/.

comp. the, so

much

tpnn

sf. 3,

{)essi/rw.

this.
5, receive.

trani wm. crane, tre sn. tree,

^iggja
l)ik
j^i*

Jt^.

t)u.

troda sv. tread, trog sn. trough.

tros sn. droppings, rubbish.

t)ing sn. meeting, parliament,

tinn
J)it
*

5tv t)U.
J)U.

trua wf.
at
.

faith
,'

j^'e?

J)at

veit

tr.

mm

J)j6d
t)o

sf.

nation, race.

by

my

faith.

fl'fli'z'.

though, yet.
t)kja.

trua 2W.

2, 7u. dot.

ofpers. believe,

t)9kfl

.y^^

trust, rely on.

tun

sn. enclosure, dwelling.

tveir num. two. w. dat. lose, tyna wv. typpa wv. tie in a top-knot.
i ,

thanks, gratitude [J)akka]. ^ola xuv. 2, endure, put up with. t>ora z/z/. 2, dare. J)orf {/". need. J)orrinn jr^'t' l)verra.

t)9kk

j/.

l)6tt

<7rt'^^

though

= J)o

at].

J)a see sa.

J>6tta see ^ykkja. |>raut see J)rj6ta. l)reifask 7c'v. 3, grope,

feel,

J)a see ^iggja.

t)a

treyta

7crv.

i,

make

exertions, try.

adv. then.

trifii a^'. third.

{)rir
ace.

J>8Br see sa.

l)akdr see t)kja. t>akka -uw. 3, w.

dat. of pcrs.

of thin^(^ and
;

thank
sin.

requite, re-

J)ri3juiigr sfn. third. ;/;////. three. J)rj6ta S7'. 7, impcrs. w. ace. of pcrs. come to an end, fail.
]E)ruflugr adj. mighty.

ward.

^ambar-sklfir
shaker (?). J>ann see sa.

bowstring-

^annig
veg].

cuiv. thither

so

- {)ann

prn. thou. l)umluiigr sm. thumb of glove. J)unn-vangi7i'/;/. temple of head). J)urflr sm. iliminution. J)urfa swv. often impers. require,
J)\i
^

l)ar adv. there ; then ; * J), af,' etc., * thereof. J)ar sem,* since, be-

need.
l)uiT (uij. dr\'. J)urs sm. giant. t)vorra sv. 3, diminish. J) vers adv. across.
l)vi see 8 a. J)vi
</?'. therefore; w.compar. the, so much the more. |)vilikr adj. such.

cause.

'

\viX til,* until.

l)arf sec J)urfa. }>at j^^^ sa.

'^wx.see sa.

t)egar o^/?'. at once. soon as. J>ginn sec t)iggja.

'

{>.

cr,'

as

io6
J)ykkja wv.
sidered.
'

GLOSSARY.
ic,

seen,

be con-

einum fyrir,' there seems to be something in myndi the way, one hesitates.
J)ykkir
'

V.
vsegS sf forbearance.

mer

fyrir

pleased.

should be disJ)ykkjask, think.

J),

i,'

J)ykkr adj. thick, close. J)yxiiia wv. I, make thin,

vsenn adj. likely, to be expected. vseri see vera. vsetr neut. nothing. vaka wv. 3, be awake, wake up.

'^jn-

vakna wv.
vald
sn.

nask get

thin.

J)yrstr adj. {ptc.) thirsty.

U.
u-foera wf. impassable place
difficulty.
;

fix,

3, awake. power, control. val-kyrja sf chooser of the slain, war-goddess [kjosa]. valr j-w. corpses on the battle-field. van sf. hope, expectatibn, proba-

bility.

"u-fri9r sm. hostility, war.

u-grynni
[grunnr,
'

sn.

countless
'].

number

vandrseda- skald sn. the 'awkward poet, the poet who is diffi'

bottom

cult to deal with.

u-happ sn. misfortune. u-hreinn adj. impure.

Mraprp. w. of time
ace.
in,

beyond

around, about, over at of superiority concerning, about.

;

vandraefli snpL difficulty. vangi w?n. cheek. vanr adj. accustomed.

vapn

sn.

weapon.
missiles.
adj.

vapna-burd sm. bearing weapons,

shower of vapn-lauss
without weapons.

um-ra6
um-sja

sn. advice, help,

sf.

care.

una
'

w. dat. be contented u. ilia,' be discontented. undan prp. w. dat., adv. away

I,

wv.

(from).

ixndarliga adv. strangely.

undarligr adj. strange. undir prp. w. ace. and dat. under.

undr sn. wonder. ungr adj. young. unninn see vinna. unz adv. until. upp adv. up. upp-ganga wf. boarding (ship). upp-haf beginning [hgfja]. upp-himinn sm. high heaven. uppi adv. up at an end. ur3u see ver3a.
J-;?,
;

var see vera. var sn. spring. var see ek. vara wv. 2, impers. w. ace. ofpers. mik var3i/ I expected. vard see verda. varSi see vf rja. vargr S7}i. wolf.

'

variSr see v^rja. varla adv. scarcely.

varnadr S7u. goods, merchandise. varu see vera. vatn sn. water. vaxa sv. 2, grow increase.
;

ve3r vegr

sn. weather.

sm.

road;
;

way, manner;
in composition,

direction, side

comp. utar, outer, out. outwards, farther away. utan adv. outside outwards. utan-ffrd i/. journey abroad.
;

ut adv.

region, tract, land. see vikja. veit see vita. veita wv. i,give, grant

veik

make

(re-

utar

see ut.

sistance, etc.).

uti adv. outside, out on the sea.

vfkja wv.

lb,

wake

[vaka].

ut-lausn sf. ransom, u-vinr sj?i. enemy.

vel sf. artifice, cunning. Vfljawz/. lb, choose.

GLOSSARY
vndi see vgndr. ver sec ek. vera sv. exist
;

lO^

remain,

stay,

hvat latum hafdi happen be. verit,' what had caused the noise.
*

V.

at, be

occupied with.
;

viflr adj. wide, broad. vifl-skipti snpl. dealings. vifl-taka 7i/. reception resistance. vigja ti/z/. I, consecrate, hallow. vigr adj. warlike, able-bodied. viking sf. piracy, piratical expedi;

ver3

sn. worth, value

3,
'

price.

tion.

verfla sv.

happen;, happen to
;

vikingr sm.
vikja

pirate.

einum,' come in one's way, appear before one become come into being, be V. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; w. inftn. be obliged, must. nu er a ordit mikit fyrir mer,' now I have come into a great

come.

V. fyrir

move, go. vilja S7UV. will. villi-eldr sm. wildfire, conflagrasv. 6, turn,

'

tion.

'

vinatta 'ivf. friendship. vinattu-mal snpl. assurances of

friendship.

perplexity, difficulty, v. at, happen. verflr adj. worth important. ver-gjarn adj. desirous of a hus;

vinna jz/. 3,
quer,

do, perform

win, con-

vinnask
sf.

til, suffice.

vinr sm.
virfling

2, friend.

honour
;

[verSr].

band, loose. verit see vera.

vert

see verflr.

baki,' vgrja wv. lb, defend with the back, turn one's

defend 'v.

visa wv. 2. w. dat. show, guide. visa adj. wise certain. vissa see vita. vist sf. 2, board and lodging pro;

visions.

back on. vfrja wv. lb, dress; lay out money, invest. verk sn. work, job. verr sm. man husband. vrr adv. comp. worse, supcrl.
;

vit see ek. vita s'w.

know

be turned
v.

in

certain direction,

fram, see

into futurity. viti sn. punishment, penalty. vitis-horn j. penalty-horn (whose

vrst, worst.

verpld sf. world. vestan adv. from the west.

fyrir
'

v.

contents were drunk as a puni5hment). vitkask 7uv. 3, come to one's

senses.

7v.

gen. or ace, west

of.

vestr adv. westwards. vetr sm. winter year. vx see vaxa. v^xti see vpxtr. vi6 pr/>. 70. ace. by, near; towards (of place and time); with ^of various relations), w. dat. towards, at ^laugh at, etc.) in exchange for, for. vlPa adv. widely, far and wide, on
;

vitr (-ran' adj. wise. vpllr sm. 3, plain, held. V9ndr sm. 3, twig, rod.

vprn

sf.

defence, resistance.
stature.

voxtr sm. 3, growth, vreiflr = reiflr.

Y.
yflr see l>u. yflr prp. w. ace. and dat. [olan]. yniiss adj. various, different,

over

many
plant.

siiles.

viflar-teiuuugr

sm.

tree-shoot,

ymr

vio-bragfl sn. push. viflr sm. 3, tree.

sm. rumbling noise, ytri adj. comp. outer, yztr, outside(st) [ut].

superl.

PROPER NAMES.
Aki
srn.

GjoU
sf.

sf.

'

the Resounder,' the river

Asa-J)6rr sm. (divine) Thor.

Astriflr

of Hell.

Audun
Baldr Bardi
ship

sm.
sm.
'

Groeii-land sn. Greenland. Gullin-bursti 70m. Golden'

bristle.'

C-rs)

GuU-toppr

sm.

'

Gold-top.'

ivm.
.

the

Ram

'

(name of a

Ha-ey

s/.

'

High-island.'

Bil-skirnir sm.

Hakon
He3inn
H1

sm.

Brisinga-m^n
lace.

sn. Freyja's neck-

Hall-fre3r sm.

Haraldr sm.
sm.

Bvirizleifr sm.

Heim-dallr sm.
Dains-leif
[' leif,'

relic of Dainn sf. leaving, heritage].

Dana-konungr
Danes.

s/. the goddess of the infernal regions.

sm. king of the

Hr-m63r

sm.
of the

Danir

smpl. the Danes.

3,

Dan-m9rk sf.
Draupnir sm.
Einarr sm.
!Eiudridi 7om.

Hildr s/. [' hildr,' war]. Hja3ninga-vig sn. battle

Hjac^nings.

Denmark.

Hjarrandi 7vm.
Hloridi ivm. the Thunderer, Thor.

Hpgni

Ti'w.
'

Eirikr J///. Erlingr stn. Fgn-salr sm.

Hring-horni icm. Ring-prowed.*

Hyrningr sm. Hyrrokin s/.

2.

Pinnr sm. Finskr (h/j.

Freyja
7C'/'.

Hoflr sm.

Finnish.

Freyr sm. Frigg sf. wife

Geira w/.
OiraatLT//)/.

Is-land sn. Iceland. Island-fr3 j/. journey to Iceland.

Islgiizkr
ai/J.

of Odin.

Icelandic.

Fulla w/. Frigg's handmaid.

Joms-borg s/. Joms-vikingar

of Jomsborg.
s/.

sm/>/. the pirates

Gjallar-bru

the

bridge over

the river GjgU.

Kol-bjorn sm.

no
Laufey
Litr sm.
Xioki
sf.

PROPER NAMES.
Sviar smpl. Swedes. Svia-vfldi sn. Sweden Svi-J)j6d sf Sweden.
[vald].

wm.
sf.

SvplSr

(-rar) sf. island

of Svolder,

Mo3-gu3r
Moeri wf.

near Riigen.

Wanna
Nepr

wf.

Tann-gnjostr sm. Tann-grisnir sm.

[tgnn]. [tgnn].

sm.

Tryggvi wm.
{>jalfi

Trusty.'

NjarSar see NjgrSr. NjprSr sm.

wm.

Woa-tun snpl. Noregr sm. Norway [ = nor9-vegr].

Qku-J)6rr sm. Thor (the driver)

Jjorir sm. J>or-kll s??i.

Jjorr sm. Thor. f>or-steinn sm

_ [aka]. Olafr sm.

f)ru3-vangar
strength.'

s?npl.

'

plains

of

Odinn

sm. Odin.
sfpl.

f)rymr sm.
Orkneys.

Orkn-eyjar

J,9kk sf
Ulfr sm. IJtgarda-loki w^n. TJt-^Qxbv sm. Ut-garSar//. outer enclosure,' world of the giants.
*

Roma-borg sf. Rome. Rum-f^rli wm. pilgrim

[fara].

to

Rome

Rpskva

wf.

sn. Saxony, Germany. Sif sf SigriSr sf. Sig-valdi wm. Skjalgr s?n. Skrymir sm. Sleipnir sm. Slidrug-tanni wm. [tgnn]. ScBnskr adj. Swedish.

Sax-land

Vanir

Var

smpl. race of Gods. sf goddess of betrothal and marriage. Vest-firzkr adj. of the west firths (in Iceland ). Vik sf the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord. Vinda-sn^kkja zuf Wendish ship.
'

Sveinn sm. Svia-konungr sm. kingof Sweden.

Vind-land sn. Wendland. Vindr smpL the Wends. Ving-J)orr sm. name of Thor.

THE END.

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