ABSTRACT Available , ities were observations analyzed scintillation for system of scintillation the adequacy from Millstone and

other models used facilto with frequency,

to evaluate data

of existing communications of season

interpret information polarization, parameters The tion angle. indicate ized the

and to provide The time number in the

specialists with

design. angles,

variation of day,

scintillation of year activity

elevation such as

and geophysical were the examined. scintilla-

sunspot that

and magnetic limit of weak

observations index The that varies

show as

scintillation, cosecant long term of the

(wavelength) based paths than

1.5

and as the available

elevation data

computations for zenith

upon

scintillatiOn

at 254 MHz, 170 of the year year

scintillation time in the will occur

periods

characteryear in

by fades equatorial and tbe

greater region, less than

6 dB

1570 of the

O. 270 of the O. 170 of the will be 25~o,

auroral

and high For

latitude a 20 elevation The will be

region, angle data useful may be

at mid - latitudea. less nor than

percentages show mitigating that

25~o and

6Y0, respectively. diversity or time

further for

neither the effects

polarization

frequency but space

of scintillation

diversity

of use.

111

Morphology 1. INTRODUCTION This cations systems report is directed first the

of Ionospheric

Scintillation

toward about adequacy about

providing scintillation of the the due

information as observed existing models of

to communiin a single used to interwith

designers second about

experiment, pret

scintillation

data,

and finally

variation to electron the

scintillation

geophysical has been

parameters. observed ranging are

Scintillation

density ionosphere between

fluctuations at freq100 and concern of ionocomplete will

on line-of-sight from 20 MHz

paths

through

uencies 400 MHz

to 6 GHz. paper

Frequencies because of their exists in this

emphasized h

in this exhaustive The

immediate subject are the not

in system spheric and are

design, scintillation. only intended

literature cited

on the paper

references

to be illustrative. made at frequencies

When in the

possible 10@ to

references range.

be to measurements Early extent ments that were the exhibited made radio

400.-~z of

astronomical

observations fluctuations.

of sources Spaced

small receiver

angular measure. showed

significant JOdrell fluctuations with the

intensity Bank

at the

Experiment

Stati Onl at 81. 5 MHz 1,- region F, of the

intensity

originated of

in the spread.

ionosphere, a random

correlated pattern

occurrence ground with

and formed distance

intensity 4 km.

on the

a correlation

of approximately

Current caused tions by the

knowledge ionosphere

of has

received been made have radio

signal

fluctuations from a large decimeter over the

or

scintillation of Observa-

derived

number

of amplitude The

fluctuations observations using

at meter, been stars on strip the made or

and centimeter past two decades The

wavelengths. at a number data have

of locations generally been The been used

satellite-borne Various of the subjectively observed

sources. scintillation recorded

recorded to characterize

charts, appearance often values the

indices on the in

have charts.

data or,

scintillation using 2

indices the

were

estimated on short of scintilla-

recent

years, of the

calculated recording.

extreme about

sections tion index, behavior

Information such been

dependence latitude,

on geophysical and sunspot

parameters number has

as invariant published index

magnetic

activity

from values

summaries compiled

of the from available

of the

qualitative 3-8

scintillatim

experimental

data.

Prediction tems Most for requires of the path more

of fading than

statistics a cataloging data are from and

for

the

design from

of communication available of observations. duration the

sys-

of data

experimental

observations locations for

limited from design,

geometries,

frequencies, TO obtain must fading

different system the

system addi-

to be designed. tional experiments of the

statistics using or one

either

be made system

precisely Of the

frequency or

and path scintillation

geometry

proposed

diffraction

models

must

be

used

to interpret in the

available equatorial then

data. region

The 9,10

recent was

discovery a surprise

of

scintillation because ,

at 4 and 6 GHz it was not predicted

by the that

current

model. by fluctuations scintillation of electron and that the

1300kcr aI1} et . density effect changing modeled inal in tbe of the ionosphere electron

proposed could

diffraction the

cause

observed could

density screen.

fluctuations Currently, screen

be modeled

hy a thin are

phase usually orig-

diffraction as being made

scintillation using and the

phenomena refinements 13 The

caused

by a thin 12

to the

analysis the

by Mcrcier

and I\riggs spatial density

Parkin.

refinements to describe

included the

introduction fluctuations of the

of a Gaussian in electron

correlation at and above

function the

anisotropic

screen. of the scale the size Gausflue or

Mcasure]ments tuations correlation sian observed

spatial

and tenqporal arc often

correlation characterized diffraction

properties by the screen

at the for

ground the

distance

ionospheric

using

correlation Recent

function observations is

assumption. have often of region to the 18 when

14, 15 that 16 the region of tbe ionosphere model index (single (method
In

shown quite

causing not be

the

fluctuations The

thick

and the

thin of using

screen

may (or

adequate. content)

effects

random may wave the

fluctuations be analyzed or

refractive the Rytov is not Born

. electron scattering) of smooth in a thick

approximation perturbations)

equation scintillation

the

method too large.

index

the For none

limit strong

of weak

scintillation, multiple adequate.

all

three

approximate must

methods be taken into

are

identical. and

scintillation, models is

scattering

account

of the

. II. MILLSTONE Experiment OBSERVATIONS Description of scintillation 1971 to March at the at 150 and 400 1973 using Hill U. S. Radar MHz Navy were made during System The satellites at .

Observations the period January and

Navigation 19

satellites transmitted the foot receiver

receivers

Millstone which MHz) for

Facility.

phase site. Hill

coherent The UHF

signals (400 equipped using

were

simultaneously system and included

recorded the 84-

receiver elevation and

Millstone

antenna

azimuth circular conversion signals, voltages sampled and the

tracking polarization; of the and the (referenced at 15 times VHk-

and

simultaneous a phase cipal phase to the per and VHF lock

observations tracking

rightand

left-hand to digital

receiver; AGC

analog

prinin-

polarization

channel

voltage,

error

channel channel

and quadrature principal

orthogonal

polarization The data

polarization with

signal). time, antenna tape in-phase phase VHF

were angle,

second recorded receiver

together

pointing for post

data The the by yagi

on digital system

magnetic provided

measurement

analysis. voltages divided for

and quadrature of the antenna UHF was signal

150-Mz the ratio

signal of the

referenced frequencies.

to the The

down

an eleven

-elenoent

mounted

on one The

of the

feed were

struts

of the

Millstone orbit

antenna. at an approximate For about each The altitude pass VHF the

satellites and were Icvels had

in circumpolar from

of 1000 km , average . receiver The tern ratio 25 dB pass. Amplitude

tracked at each

horizon-to-horizon. varied by

signal system

frequency

10 dI1.

a predetcction bandwidtb bandwidth was

bandwidth approximately loop) was was of

of approximately 10 kHz 250 Hz. and the The

250 Hz. AGC sys -

U13F prediction had for an effective optimum The

(closed conditions system

signal-to-noise 35 dIl at [JIIF satellite

and

observing receiver

approximately prior

at VHF.

calibrated

to each

Iluctuations observations 1. that The data of are during Kp, equal received for a pass the led signal during level the (the time at both most frequencies magnetic three-hour The through The quiet the data ]mul are

Sample shown in Fig.

severe

disturbance ]Ilagnetic conditions auroral for quiet

occurred index, observed to the north, show

experiment 8+ at the the

planetary of the pass).

activity were region

to the

south,

disturbed sample due to at UII1 VHF

conditions is displayed. surface due signal

Each

l/ I.5-sec at VIIF

conditions

fluctuations and

reflection

tipath Lion. noted

and weak F-araday in the

scintillation fading of the [Jnder

fluctuations polarized

to weak is also

scintilla. evident as

linearly disturbed

figure.

conditions,

peak.to-peak

level

changes

60p

50

40

30

20

10

:*

50 [ 40 ,,>,,,.,. 30 ;:7.::

20

10

0[ 0

,,, 0
20

1,
m
TIME

L.2

40
(WC)

50

600

10

20
RELATIVE

m
TIME

40
(see)

50

RELATIVE

QUIET CONDITIONS
Fig. 1 UHF and VHF am~litude measurements //31.33 on 4 Aug~st 1972.

DISTURBEO CONDITIONS
obtained from a Pass of Obj e.ct

of 45 dB at 400 The the , mid-point data

MHz

and 40 dB

at 150 MHz 1 are the for

are

evident. the same period For elevation was 7. 6; angles, the

displayed

in Fig. angle the for

roughly

elevation for

one-minute period the was

quiet 8. 1.

mid-point to the should receiver will

elevation

disturbed

lines-of-sight Ievcls of the signal of the iono-

satellite be

at these for

elevation observations

angles,

undisturbed and to the of the

signal south
150-~z

identical site. The however,

to the null

north structure in the

detailed due data least

Faraday to differences were square

change, The

mean

properties

sphere. The mean

san~pled linear displayed short variation

analyzed fit the lines vertical

in overlapping for the lines logarithm for

8,5-second of the

intervals. signal

and arc The to the

amplitude intervals. line fits

between analysis

alternate to best satellite,

analysis provide straight -

intervals levels

were caused The

chosen by the rms

in signal fadtig square For power was

receiver of the observed intenrms

geometry values sity

and Faraday about the least

at 150 MHz. lines each about also were analysis a least calculated.

variation

computed interval square The power 13

to c.baracterize and frequency, line rms

the the

of the

fluctuations. of received power values mean

variation observed

straight latter for the

fit to the value, when interval is

. normalized the S4 index The by the value of received and Parkin. analysis analysis

proposed values

by Briggs each

of S4 for

interval

(with

midpoints

spaced

by

4.3 The dent 2 are is are thin tiple

see)

are

displayed rose first

in Fig. south

z for

the

same relatively

satellite quiet for and

pass

as for

Fig. are evi-

1,

satellite for the

in the five

and the of the

conditions elevation surface indicates

minutes

pass.

Data

angles multipath that

below and = 1 .

are not

contaminated displayed, value for the

by tropospheric The for analysis strong

scintillation of Briggs

and Parkin although scale size

S4

a limiting possible screen. scattering,

scintillations of

values

as high

as 1. 5 the

right

combination scintillation multiple ionospheric

and distance a consideration model is

from

Although

strong

requires scattering scintillation that for strong

of lmul -

no analytical data both for

available. scinor mul-

Experimental tillation tiple

and tropospheric scintillation

at optical scattering An

frequencies a limiting lin~iting of the In Fig. u x are value

20

show is is

reached. shown of the in Fig. received 3. This signal, limits confidence for figure is a plOt

obvious variation pass,

value

of the for error upon the

rms

logarithm 3, also different the

OX, vs time the estimated are are The at each data . freqvalues of S4 based

same

95% confidence The

in calculating the number within

depicted, electron zone value of due

limits

of times the first.

density to satellite

irregularities motion. 5. 6 dB 3 are The

observed show uency. for that

Fresnel

OX reaches limiting received

a limiting values

approximately 2 and

The

depicted

in Figs.

calculated spread

a Rayleigh

signal

amplitude

distribution.

111-$-154901

Value for o Rayleigh Amplitude Distribution --k

---

400 MHz 150 MHZ

TIME
Fig. 2 S4 vs time f$r pass 1972 (Kp = 8 ). of Object

(rein)

/)3133 rising

at

0411 G~

on 4 August

10

z v -.

bx 4

4
-0.2
I
2

%O/. Confidence Limit

o.

I
4

I
6

I
8

I
10

I
12

I
14

I
16 18

TIME (rein)
Fig. 3 OX vs time for pass lg72 (KP = 8+) . of Object //3133 rising at 0411 G~ on 4 August

10

values to

about

the error

limiting or

value

of 1 at 150 MHz signal

in Fig.

2 may distribution. for

be

due

either

sampling The

to a different signal shown two

amplitude

empirical 1 are the

amplitude in Fig. 4.

distributions The data

the two nearly

minutes identical The UHF conditions. a log-

depicted

in Fig. for

show

distributions empirical Tropospheric normal functions tion the under

frequencies appears

and disturbed

conditions. for appears 21 The

distribution scintillation

fwction

to be log-normal also

quiet

at optical limit definitely of

frequencies strong not

to have

distribution are,

in the

scintillation. for 22

distribution scintillathe use of

however,

log-normal

ionospheric proposed empirical

disturbed

conditions.

Bischoff

and Chytil

Nakagami-m with correct

distribution m = 1/S42. for the thin

as an approximation the Nakagami-m

to the

distriis not provide theoreta

butions ically

Although screen

distribution 23 lt may the

diffraction and has functions. for 25

problem, been 24 used The S4 The

reasonable of long tion . term

approximate amplitude to the

distribution distribution

for

construction distributhe log-

Nakagami-m

reduces

Rayleigh for

distribution than 1 d13.

= 1 and approaches empirical both the logUsing

normal functions

distribution depicted

OX less.

distribution normal tk and

in Fig.

4 were for the

tested

against

.
Nakagami-m X2 distribution in Fig. 4 were distributions test calculated OXvalues. level, Nakagami-m. the Pearson depicted distribution

and a O. 05 significance log-normal nor

distributions The VHF

neither

11

NUMBER NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES PER

OF OCCURRENCES

PER 1/4 dB INTERVAL

1/4

d9 INTERVAL

for m the

disturbed (Rayleigh) minute

conditions

had

an.. m-parameter level. minute The

of 1. 0 and tested VHF distribution 11 and The

to be

Nakagami for also

at a 0. 01 significance preceding the with disturbed

function 3)

(between level,

12 in Fig. UHI,

tested for from also

to be Rayleigh conditions

a O. 05 significance an m-value

distribution

disturbed

had

of O. 92 and tested significance signals when not were

to be different levels. correlated It was when

a Nakagami-M observed not The that

distribution the in-phase and were

at reasonable and quadrature uncorrelated although approximation reduction pass

n~ was

equal

to one

m = 1. 0. identical for relating to the the observed various data. 2 and using a weak used, for Cal3

Nakagami-m does provide

distribution, a useful used the

distributions, forms culated are both of

scintillation

index

in the

of

experin]ental in Figs. OXcalculated with fwctions - u

values

of S4 and 5.

oX for

satellite

depicted S4 and

shown the

in lig.

The

relationship

between distributions Of the estimate The the

Nakagami-m approximation

and log-normal are also the shown. better values. relating and for

together

scatter

distribution of the S

the Nakagami-m the entire range for by

provides of observed approximately

4X

relationship Nakagami-m values indices

usefulness various the by

of the signal extreme l)ischoff

distribution proposed to other Whitney

variance value

Briggs

and Parkin of scintillation

relating

measures et al. 24

is documented

and Chytil

and

13

2.0

110-6-154971

1
S4
1.0

.400 MHz . lWMHZ

Loa Normol Dis~ribution .. . \/ Nok~mi -k Distribution

Week Scotter Limit

/d
/

. ...
... .. .

. \.. .:: &@. ; ~.

. ..$ ..:

*.

.~g(

,.

-x.

. ..
-.,

..

..

Ro~@ Distribution

v
o

ox
Fig. 5 S vs OX for pass 1~72 (Kp = 8+). of Object

(dB)
//3133 rising at 0411 G~ on 4 August

14

The rapid for

VI{F

amplitude than for

fluctuations quiet

depicted

in Fig. The

1 appear

to be more of of Empiri-

disturbed can durations

conditions. depicted by above and

temporal

behavior

scintillation , the cal the are tions below of time For was the time

be quantitatively the fmctions signal

computing present above

distributions thresholds. a level

is below

or below

distribution mean log

of duration power 6. The for the

3 d13 below in 1,. g. i 1 funcabove and

received in Fig.

disturbed show with that

conditions the duration slopes is

shown

presented are the

data

distribution for times

approximately -3 d13-threshold. required

exponential The

different fade number

average the

duration

given

by the by I/e. fade rate Ior

value

duration

to reduce and disturbed

of observations the average fade

-3 d~-threshold at 400 MHz

conditions, at 150 MHz. for rate

duration is the the quiet dis-

O. 08 sec

and fade

O. 05 sec duration fade was

The

reciprocal conditions turbed

of the depicted

average in Fig. the fade

a O-d R threshold. was being may 3. 8 Hz at UH~.

1, the rate

For

conditions, The temporal correlation periods The power

higher

7. 2 Hz also

at UHF. cb racterized for by sel-

behavior fmctions from the

of scintillation or pass were power depicted calculated The the

be

empirical. ected 7 and power time 8.

spectra. in l.ig. using data

Power 3 are

spectra displayed log interval

in Figs. received were and the

spectra analysis prior

detrended for each

data

from

each

interval. to calculating

parabolically

weighted

Iourier

transform

15

w k ~

s K

---

400MHZ,

Ux

= 5.9dB = 5.5dB

150 MHz, Ux

TIME DURATION (see) DISTURBED

Fig. 6 Empirical distribution -3 dB-threshold relative data shorn in Fig. 1.

TIME DURATION (WC) CONDITIONS

for durations below and above a mean log received power for the

functions to the

16

[11-6-154951

~og (Received Power) 400 MHz

95 i. Confidence Limits [ O.W-Hz Bandwidth

I
S4-0.9 \

u -6 x 7-8 Ond 12-14 min

~-o.5

u -2 x 9-10min

FREQUENCY
Fig.
J

(Hz) from the (Kp = 8+) pass

UHF log amplitude power spectra for selected minutes of Object {/3133 rising at- 0411 G~ on 4 August 19J2

lJ

103 ~ Log (Received z = ~\ ~

g g
m

%wer)

150 MHz

102 95i~ Confidence Limits I 0.06-Hz Bandwidth

.-.

w o 2 F : a w K g a

10 -4. Disturbed -----, .-_ 7..,--..f 100 Ouiet . \

k.

\ S4-1.1 u -6 x 7-8,9-10 } 12-14 min S4*0.4 u *2 x 2-5min }

10-

Receiver Noise ~
----

--\,

+-

Q-.

A.A\fi

,.-2

1 I II

1 1

01
Fig. 8

1 FREOUENCY

II 10
from the pass (Kp = 8+).

(Hz)

WF log amplitude power spectra of Object //3133 rising at 0411

for selected minutes G~ on 4 August 1972

18

resultant minute. levels sampling second the are

power The also are (Nyquist

spectra

were represent

averaged signal figure.

over plus

13 analysis noise. receiver a sampling The

intervals receiver

within noise prior

spectra depicted

on each

The

bandwidths rate

to

approximately frequency The of

250 Hz

and with

of only is possible from

15 per in

7. 5 Hz)

considerable here the were

aliasing obtained

reported

spectra.

data which

reported required quiet are for

a satellite rate. on 5 3

tracking

analysis The UHF The as shown the lines

program spectra dashed in Fig.

relatively times

slow are

sampling identified 2 and in Fig. 7. The

for

the

and disturbed minute

the

figure.

spectra 3. The

intervals with

between OX values in Fig. The

minutes represent dashed are tion iod

horizontal spectra

lines

duration are for

spanned quiet or

by the weak

displayed conditions. useful for

scintillation are not

quiet

data

barely

above

receiver The

noise

and

in describing 9-1o, The 1 Hz.

scintillais for spectra Power 27 law a per-

phenomena. when the strong

dot-dashed

spectrum, limit was not

minute

scintillation law for

reached. than

approximate~a power power A line power spectra spectra law form with

p ower have

frequencies by data

greater 26

been

reported in the

Rufenach reported figure The

and Singleton and best

and the 28

is evident of lie

by Elkin but the

Papagiannis. fit slope for power of the

a slope may

-3 is drawn between are due

on the -3.

the

spectra with

-2 and to the

fluctuations

of the accuracy

frequency

limited

statistical

19

reported is the not obviously strong be

values. not

One-n~inute stationary limit over over is

sample longer reached

sizes time

were

chosen

because

the

process when well not

intervals

(except 3) lengths

perhaps and may were

scintillation even the

as shown Shorter

in Fig.

stationary because The

a minute. error or These aliasing

sample!

chosen

statistical for solid that disturbed lines. severe

would strong data

become

significantly limit change data

larger. fluctuations of level with sa]mp -

spectra by

scintillation show little

are

represented implying was not

frequency ling case. higher gram. rate

is present represent of a general

in the the

and the

high were rates

enough obtained would rate

to adequately as a part have high What in the

strong

scattering study of the weak and pro-

The

data

propagation elements analyze strong

san~pling The

compromised enough is low

other

sampling ( OX-2

was 7).

to adequately in the

scintillation data is

on Fig. little

evident

scintillation energy time and therefore strong

relatively increases and the Iirnit VHF

change at higher

frequency The rate

variance correlation

significant decreases scintillation The quiet dashed have

frequencies. spreads (fade

spectrum is reached. for

increases)

as the

spectra the

the is

disturbed approximately 7, the the

period the spectra

are

also

flat as for

spectra. the dot-

For

conditions, curve almost

OX value 7. As

same

in Fig. the same

in Fig. as for

at lower

frequencies limit, For quiet

levels

strong

scintillation

20

conditions ratios measure Phase The tion occurs, for

and frequencies the of the reported shape of

above spectra each

1 Hz, are not

the large

signal

variance

to noise

variance

enough

to provide

an adequate

spectrum.

Fluctuations phase The of the signals from phase the path satellite length The divided length initially value was phase down fluctuates measured reference by the when scintillathe VHF

differential voltage of the differential 150 MHz The

using for ratio the

in-phase signal was

and quadrature the pbsc The change in Fig. 9. at

values. signal

VHF two

UHF

of the

frequencies. of phase shown puted only made sive

phase reference

path the

values,

reported phase instant values the

in terms value, is comand can is at are

reported

differential in-phase 2m.

phaae

at a sample voltage the data, r radians if the data

from

the

reported

and quadrature In processing by more is adequate and

be determined that the phase This high prior occur rms the

modulo cannot

assumption between are

change

than only

succes sampled

samples.

assumption rate. The

a sufficiently were than 250 Hz 2T can The Fig. 10 for

in-phase and it is

quadrature that

channel phase

bandwidths greater

to aampl.ing between variation

poaaible

shifts

sampling

times. doppler and phase values to the are depicted to in show

in differential The

entire

pass. limit

differential

doppler

appear n/& rms

a strong

scintillation

at 4. 3 Hz

corresponding

value

21

4 *

o :& :_, .,. .. -2

-4

-6

225

, ~ k
-Ec I
~~ ,,, , Forod.y Null

t.

!1
t

~1
10 -10 ,1,:,.. ,,

-20 ~! ,, -30 -40 :

r 60 0

,1
,! 1

k
s
-325 L o

,, ---10 20 RELATIVE 30 TIME 4 40 (see)

1!

j ..

-
50

~.
) 20 RELATIVE 30 TIME 40 (see) 50

d I

60

OUIET CONDITIONS
Fig. 9 Differential from a pass phase and differential of Object /}3133 rising

DISTURBED CONDITIONS
doppler measurements obtained at0411GMT0n4 Aug. 1972(~;P=~+).

22

100

-~ti.=oo

$ K w J a 8 Q : + z w K w L L z m z K 10 =

4
Differential Doppler limit for uniform phase difference

951~ Confidence Limits

: . u

1r 1

~; ----y Differential Differential Dappler Phase

~ lL 6 w :

0,1
o

I
2

I
4

I
6

I 8

I 10

I 12

I 14

0.1
16

TIME (rein) Fig. 10 WS variations

pass of Object in differential //3133 rising at phase and differential 0411 G~ on 4 August doppler for 1972 (Kp = 8+) .

23

for The

phase rms

change variations

between

successive

observations phase show more

of

a Rayleigh uncertainty

process. for strong

in differential phase

scintillation Power in Fig. ling power the the than data rate spectra 11.

due to possible for the

ambiguities. phase fluctuation to weak observations scintillation phase. law) are and shown a samp-

differential curves

The

dashed

correspond measure

adequate show

to mambiguously a region by

differential (power For frequency data at the

These until . 3 HZ rate are, to

spectra are

of generally receiver

linear noise.

decrease below at a lower frequencies used

contaminated are increasing fronl

frequencies though low

spectra for

with

decreasing The

frequencies contaminated the data for

. 3 - . 6 HZ. curve

however, prepare

by the transform

fitting,

detrending Phase

procedure power

analysis.

difference

spectra convinc.

observations ing power law

reported power

by Porcello spectra used over for by

and Hughes a range the from

30

show

reasonably

. 1 tO 10 HZ for measurements. ranged power law

~atellite~ The from -2. slopes 8 to

in orbits
of the -3.0. caused

similar

to those

Millstone

power The by

spectra strong

observed scintillation 2n phase

Porcello also or

and Iiughes show an f -2

data jumps

behavior

random

ambiguities.

Depolarization Simultaneous circular polarizations observations at UHIV. were The made on both Icft - and right-hand right-

transmissions

were

nominally

24

\ i ~

\,

DIFFERENTIAL {50-400

PHASE MHz

L.

1, \ L.

. . . . . ______ -. ~ . . .. . . ..\ \ \, \, \\ \ \ \ \ , f,

.pr~h

,3

~ +~wyl ~,J *I.

\\ \\ , -,

,~), .

/:

FREOUENCY

( ~Z)

Fig.

11

Differential of Object

phase pou~er spectra for selected minutes from the pass //3133 rising at 0411 GMT on 4 August 1972 (Kp = 8+) .

25

hand state The

circular changed orthogonal

but in practice slowly with

were changes receiver signal.

elliptically in satellite, channel The AGC

polarized. ~ecciver was gain

The station controlled

polarization geometry. by the effective simultanfluctuadid channel

polarization AGC

primary

polarization fluctuations channels

control range

system that

was

in removing eously tions not

of lirmited at frequencies sprcacls silnultancous fluctuations orthogonal fluctuations fluctuations

dynalmic

occurred l.or strong AC.C

on both with

up to 250 Ifz. than

peak-to-peak all of the residual on the

of ~IIorc

20 d13, the from the I,or

system

remove

fluctuations were channel would was

orthogonal weak

output On]y

and the fluctuations

detected. that were

scintillation, with the

.nOt correlated The

20

principal ratio ellite, for

polarization uncorrelated

be detected. in excess of

signal-to-noise typical sat.

d13 for

receiver The rms

geometries. variation coefficient of the between channel principal reccivcr log of the the log orthogonal of the is channel amplitude channel 12 for the scin. and

the

correlation log pass the seven

orthogonal in Fig. variation).

output

and the entire tillation, After variance however

of the (see

principal Fig. 3 for is near the in the with

output

shown

polarization noise

1,. r weak o is a low evident. level output

output minutes,

and no correlation stronger This and

scintillation orthogonal the

is ~nuch channel in

is evident correlated

data. the

residual polarization

is

scintillation]]

principal

channel

26

1.0 . , .. ,, ,. ... .,. . . :, ___ . , ., . ... . . ,, .

0.8

, ,..

z w ~ E k ~ 0 z Q Go

0.6

..

0.4 . 0.2 ,, :;. .,, .... .. .,. . :,; :. ... ., . . . .. . . .... .

..,.

d K K -0.2 ~

-0.4 ~ o24681OI2

141618

TIME (rein) Fig. 12 hs

from the orthogonally polarized channel variation in the output and correlation coefficients between the principal and orthogonal channel outputs for paas of Object //3133 rising at 0411 GMT on 4 August 1972 (Kp = 8+) .

27

as

shown

in Fig.

12.

The

data show

therefore that the

show

no uncorrelated on both will

fluctuations. polarizations in ~omortho -

These are correlated

observations and polarization scintillation fluctuations in Fig. for the 3.

fluctuations systems If

diversity at UII1. were

not be ~~eful ur]correlated have were OX values

bating gorlal those sInaller have

ionospheric polarization depicted even

sig]~ificant they would val[]es

present

near

The

orthogonal scintillation

channel levels. from

significantly conclusions retie at

strongest

Similar

been

drawn for for

by Whitney

and Ring below

31

limited

observations limit

137 MHz Koster made region orbiting 32

scintillation a single equatorial set

levels

the

strong

scintillation observations 33 reported obtained between 1. 0 with that their are the

and by

of strong

scintillation and Golden

at 137 MHz equatorial from the low

in the

region. observations

Illank

polarization OAO-2

at 136 and 400 data range show from

MHz

satellite. polarizations

Their that

correlations O. 0 to

vertical values were 150-MHz of of

and horizontal

mean data the

O. 3 at 136 MHz and seriously data from contaminated Millstone)

O. 8 at 400 by

MIIz.

It is believed reflection results multi do not

surface their

path... (as describe

and that

effects

ionospheric

scintillation. at frequencies cbanncls below may lower fade than 54 MIIz show 34 that orthogonal is

Observations circular possible. polarization At

independently the

and diversity

frequencies

about

.50 MHZ,

ordinary

and extraordinary

28

rays the for and not III.

may electron two

be

separated density

by more fluctuations

than

the

radius

of the

first will

Fresnel not be

zone correlated ordinary is

and

causing 35

scintillation

orthogonal

polarizations. ray paths for above

Sufficient fluctuations

separation to become

between

extraordinary possible CARRIER

the

independent

at frequencies FREQUENCY

100 MHz, OF THE UHF, VHF

DEPENDENCE

OBSERVATIONS Frequency The istics of data Dependence presented of the above Scintillation are provided and Index to illustrate VHI. These locations, for models log their the characterdata can be used

scintillation information geometries of weak power to the effects

as observed about only

at UHF

to provide and path In the relate the fied power . low orbiting

scintillation is

at other available available (or

frequencies, interpretation. above all on modi-

if a model the

limit the

scintillation,

discussed

spectrum power of the

of amplitude spectrum scattering changes be related of the

amplitude) density

as observed fluctuations The path

ground by the

electron

process observed to the

(Fresnel

filtering).

spectrum

of temporal may

on a line-of-sight spectrum the electron sweeps

to a

satellite of electron

power that

of spatial density through fluca

fluctuations tuations disturbed

density during

by assuming the time the

do not region Early

change of the

line-of-sight

ionosphere. scintillation assumed that the spatial correlation

models

of

29

function different The tral cal nel

for

electron sizes model

density along implies

fluctuations and perpendicular a Gaussian for

was

approximately to the magnetic with

Gaussian field power the

with 13

scale

Iincs. specreciproand Fres

Gaussian densities of the filtering scale

power

spectr{]m

decreasing size. implies than The

rapdily

spatial of the in power

frequencies Gaussian spectral scale

above spectrum density size. larger

combination a decrease the reciprocal to spatial size, the

also smaller

for

spatial limit the of recishould

freq!lcncies high procal be

of the

In the than

frequencies of the

corresponding Fresnel zone

frequencies observed of electron of the should

spectrum spectrum

on the density

ground

identical

to tbe in a plane model,

two+imensional normal to the

fluctuations path. For shape for a

observed Gaussian with weak

direction limit

propagation have

the

high frequency slopes for

a parabolic when

increasing scintillation. to noise

negative

increasing

frequency

observed

The variance is

dOt-dashed ratio to

curve show

in Fig. that the

7 has shape

sufficient of the

signal for than a

variance high

spectrum rather by

frequencies power 27

indicative 2b

of a power-law Similar results

power have

spectrum been

Gaussian Singleton.

spectrum,

obtained

Power variance Fig. 13,

spectra

at both

UHF

and VHF weak

with

a reasonably are

high shown

signal in

to noise These

variance spectra are

ratio for

and for the same

scintillation

one-minute

observation

periods

10 Log (Received Power) !

lC

%O/. Confidence Limits 0.06 Hz Bondwidth

150 MHz
----------- -------..-

.-3
-. .-.-:.- \~ ,.-

:%,

10

I0

10-3 i 0.1

.~ 1
1,0

FREQUENCY (Hz)
Fig. 13 Power spectra for log received power fluctuations at both UHF and VHF for the sane one minute observation period of the pass of Object //3133, 5 August 1972 at 0334 G~ (Kp = 8+).

31

and

for

a time interval

period

when

the little show that

individual at both

rms

log

amplitude (the

values was

for

each

analysis stationary). scintillation increase straight tion This spatial are

changed spectra predict

frequencies high

process

nearly The should best fit

Both models by the lines shown

power-law the power of the

frequency density wavelength. a wavelength lines the is three

~egion~, values The squared approximately dimensional an index

spectral carrier

square

of the observed figtlre.

ratio

to both on the

spectra The slope

having

separa-3.

of these for

corresponds power

to a power-law spectrum of electron

dependence density

fluctuations

with

of and i madespectra 36

4(S a k-p, on~dimensional with with The the

S = power

spectral with also

density, an index

k = wavenumber, of 2. In situ

p = index) measurements power value northwest geometry,

spectrum satellite from in l-ig. For

OGO-6

show

one-dimensional

power-law an average to the station

indices data

ranging

1. 5 to 2. 3 and having 13 are the of for observations receiver was

of 1, 91

presented angle zone

at an the

elevation Fresnel

of 18. size

satellite, 300 km

at a height ray moved

O. 7 km

at ,400 MHz through

and 1.1 km the The at of -

at 150 MHz. ionosphere ratio 400 their of the MHz

The (velocity

at approximately to the each is

1.0 km/see line-of-sight spectra the of the

perpendicular at which

at 300 km). flatten same ray (1. 5 Hz as the velocity

frequencies

of the

to O. 9 HZ at 150 MIIz) zone flushing

approximately (ratio

ratio

Fresnel

frequencies

perpcndicu

32

lar

to the

ray

direction

to Fresnel

zone

size). sizes

Frequencies smaller than

higher the Fresnel

than

the zone

flushing size.

frequency

correspond

to scale

The scintillation

weak index

scintillation (S4 or

theory

for

a powerlaw

spectrum given by 37

predicts

Ox) frequency

dependence

where ~ is the spectral 4.4 was is

k is wavelength, spectral index index. is 1. 5.

the For Using

subscripts a three+ this the

refer

to the

carrier power-law

frequencies, index of 4,

and the be MHz ~ = 1. 5 The reason-

imensional index, displayed and the error

spectral data

OXat 150 MHz in Fig. predicted 13, value

shou]d

times

OX at 400

MHz.

For was

u at 400 x using value. with

O. 5 dB, 2. 3 dB,

ox at 150 MHz well within the

2. 4 dB,

measurement and u

of the MHz is

observed for shown a pass

relationship ably weak shown along limit high

between signal

OX at 150 MHz to noise curve strong

at 400 X ratios

variance limit with the

variance

on Fig. index

14.

The

scintillation together the is weak reached, The

corresponding scintillation curve

to a spectral limit. until the The

of 1. 5 is to lie

data

appear scintillation

scintillation then

estimate

strong

ox remains dependence

at the

latter

value. scintillation has received

frequency

of ionospheric

33

/. ,

* /

Li
c

I 1

I 2

I 3

I 4

I 5

1 6

L..,. 7

J 8

(dB) AT 400 MHz

power at VHF vs Object /}3133 rising simultaneously observed at 2342 G~ on

Fig.

14

MS variation
value at 4 August

of

log

received

UHF from paas of 1972 (Kp = 8+).

34

considerable correlation size one was when

attention fwction larger the than scale model the

in the model the

literature.

The a spectral zone (far

thin

phase

screen, when

Gaussian the scale and of

predicted first Fresnel smaller a single holds

index

of two field The

radius limit). for

(near 13

limit) power-law

size

was

field

power cases

spectra (provided

predicts power law

value over all

weak

scintillation

for

all

scale

sizes). is difficult limit at both

Experimental because at both the the the selecO and range degrade two a spec -

verification scintillation high and low

of the index

frequency must

dependence than strong index the

prediction saturation

be less For spectral

value

frequency. determined the

scintillation would be

frequencies, For lie a random between dynamic further between

empirically tion 1.5.

zero.

of observations, Surface multipath,

empirical signal-to-noise, of the index.

spectral

index

should

and measurement measurements Fig. is 8, 3 for the could period

problems the

inherent

in many

early From

estimates

of spectral the As ratio

and five tral ated index by

minutes of 2. 3.

of OX values in Fig.

approximately lower

10 implying was

shown and

the noise

frequency

contamin high

surface index

multipath estimate.

receiver

causing

a fictitiously

spectral

Simultaneous Basu 38 showed et al . of 112 and

observations a spectral

of index

radio value

star

scintillation

reported 1. 5 for 112 MHz

by freq-

of approximately for the 63,

uencies

224 MHz

and a lower

value

frequency

35

pair. strong Hill

The

lower

value data.

for

the These

lower

frequency

presumably were made

is caused at the

by

scintillation Observatory, observations Rico, of 1, 6. under

observations 100 km from

Sagamore 39

Radio

less

than

Millstone. 22 and 39 MHz

Aarons from

reported Puerto index

at frequencies weak scintillation scintillations spectral Early

between conditions observed index

Arecibo, spectral at 53 below 40

and found by

a median et al: S values

Amplitude show

I.awrence

and 108 MHz 0.01 made (-S4

a median at 53 MHz.

value

of 1. 5 for reported

= 0.5)

observations Station had mean

by Chivers

at Jodrell MHz

Bank using

Experimental radio stars

at several spectral Bank

frequencies indices

between from and at 1. 5.

36 and 408 1.9 to 2.1.

ranging

Observations by Chivers

also

made 41

at Jodrell showed,

at 79 and 1390 MHz of weak a value scatter of ~ near made a spectral their long above index plots

reported 79 MHz

and Davies

in the

limit

and just Aarons

detectable

fluctuations 43 argue, Radio limit have

at 1390 MHz, for

42 et al . and Allen the Sagamore data vs Hill in the

observations that

63 MHz of

from

Observatory, of weak a median 5 and scatter value

2. 0 best

fits

their index

although of 1. 6 as

of scintillation scintillation

~, curve

as the less than

index

at 113 MHz scintillation observatory for

is between

2570 (S4 at 63 MHz Recently reported

O. 6 and measurable tions from the same

at 113 MHz). at frequencies weak

Observaby ~Ondition~,

of 137 and 412 MHz scintillation

Whitney

et al . show,

similar

bt rl~casurable

36

a distribution to. 05. Only for equatorial between

of ~ values

between

1. 2 and 1. 8 with

a mean

value

of 1.49

a limited regions.

number Blank

of spectral and Golden They

index 33

estimations

have

been

made freq-

report

~w O. 2 to O. 3 for that 44 the results a value

uencies in part, for for

137 and 400 scatter.

MHz. Craft

con~ment

pertain, ~ -2 were scale occurs

to strong

and Westerlund 6 GHz. either

reported latter

equatorial weak the

measurements and may region

at 4 and indicate

Tl~e the

observations of an inner shape

sci]~tillation power-law

existence power

where or the

ends small

and a different fluctuations At

spectrum

problems

of detecting of Amplitude

in noise. Two Frequencies with increasing frequency power-law for frequency range. indices Gaussian and model for The p = 4

Correlation The for weak rms

Fluctuations fluctuations

amplitude They are

decrease over coefficient 15. Silnil:,. the

scatter. of the

also

correlated

a wide for

Calculations ranging spectm frequency predictions the Millstone provides the from have

expected

correlation in Fig. 49

3 to 4 are been made

shown

r calculations available model, power the

by Budden. support

Since

spectra

dependence will not

data

the

power-law

Gaussian

be presented. from available

Measured papers upon

correlation are the for also above each

coefficients presented. analysis Af value.

data the upper

and best

curve

estimate for

based

and should Tbe lower

represent

bound

measurements

37

1.0 A f = 63 MHz [Aorons ~~., Ref. 42) 0 [ f = 68 MHz ( Lansi.ger and Fremo.w, Ref.45) ~ u f = 82 MHz (Burrows 8 Uttle, Ref. 46) 0 0 f = 113MHz (Aorons =t @., Ref. 42)

~ # g k u

0.8 -

0.6

~ f = 136 MHz (810nk and Golden,Ref. 33) ~: :~~~

q

&

-~ \::]w,,::

f u 254 MHz (Paulsonnd Hopkins, o

Ref.47)

01

1 0.01

1 0.1.

1 1

1,

I 10

NORMALIZED
Fig. 15 MO frequency

FREOUENCY

INTERVAL Af/f
for amplitude fluctuations.

correlation

functions

frequencies For strong

used

in the

two the

frequency correlation effect of

observations coefficient saturation For may For by more depicted the not

are

listed be

in the lower

figure. than the

scintillation, values first due

should and spectral low

calculated which the

to the

broadening observations, to different of 10, of

happens Fresnel

at the

lower

frequency. frequency frequency.

frequency due

first

zones

at each at each

overlap

ionospheric rays

refraction MHz

an elevation than in Fig. 5 km

angle

at 150 and 400 The the data

are

separated

at a height

300 km. between for the

Millstone

observations Since Fig. was

1 show are

no correlation Ieaa than are 10 than

two

frequencies. in

elevation first Fresnel

anglea zone

depicted

1 and the expected.

radii

less

1.3 km,

no correlation The data

displayed data

on Fig. reported only. by

15 show Taur 48

reasonable for

agreement

with

the GHz p

calculations. are for weak 3 and

The

frequencies better

of 1, 5 and 4.0 agreement in the for

scintillation 3.5 that

These again

data may

show

between spectrum torial latitude trum

at 4. density

This

indicate

a change sizes

power equa-

of electron The are with all

fluctuations reported

at small above

scale for

in the and midpower

region. sites model

observations in reasonable of 4 for

auroral a power-law

agreement the

with

specof

an index The

threedimensional regions evident

fluctuations is not that the

electron and more

density. data are

situation

for It is,

equatorial however,

as convincing correlation

required.

39

coefficients that by for less high than

are

reasonably angles zone

high

over

a wide the rays

frequency at each

range. frequency

This are

implies separated wide

elevation a Fresnel

where radius

(at

the higher

frequency),

extremely

frequency diversity effects IV. of

separations operation scintillation. 01

(- 10 to 1) are and frequency

required

to provide is not useful

adequate

frequency the

diversity

in combating

PROBABILITY Morphological

OCCURRENCE of the have of the the shown the

OF

SCINTILI.ATION of scintillation is most the on geosevere

studies 3,7,24

dependence that zone plus high

physical and

parameters

shown auroral

scintillation and near latitude on the

prevalent

in and north regions, are

geomagnetic and the 16. The mid-

equator. equatorial unshaded Iatitude tion.

These region, belts regions. The

auroral as shaded

region map

areas

in Fig. are

between

auroral latitude

and equatorial is frequently from 50

regions used

called

Invariant latitude proposed

in mapping field

scintillaaligned trapped at a between latitude The degree

invariant system The

A is derived by McIlwain

a magnetic

coordinate particles. height 20 and region

to map

magnetically latitude

geographical are have shown

locations on Fig. 16.

of invariant Observations that the

contours

of 300 km 6000 exists MHz at

at frequencies plus at high

generally and the

shown

auroral exists

IA I 2 55 regions

equatorial with

region

IA! <20. of year,

boundaries

of these

change

ti, ne of day,

season

40

GEOGRAPHIC

LATITUOE

(deg)

INVARIANT

LATITUDE

(deg)

of

magnetic

disturbance,

sunspot

number

and

perhaps

other

geophysical

parameters. Observations beacon of the for were reported of scintillation at 137 MHz et al 24, . The 51 for using the ATS-3 located satellite in each functions ; and sub16. The

by Whitney

receivers

important

scintillation from are for

regions.

empirical

distribution Mass. 300-km on Fig.

observations Peru, points line coincide curve

Narssar.suaq, given each in Fig. of the 17.

Greenland; The

Hamilton, of the shown at o

x

Huancayo, ionospheric demarcation chosen tribution scintillation ox values scintillation 290/0of the A= 53. to

locations sites are

rcccivcr strong on Fig. the weak

between with

weak the

and

scintillation 5 at which scintillation

= 2 dB was dis Optical for

OXvalue from show 52

the

Nakagami-m limit line.

begins

to veer also 2-dB.

observations less than was about

weak Using

scintillation the 2-dB valt]e

theory as

to be valid strong

a bound, period

observed period

140/0 of the at A = 64, -auroral an order sites.

tweyear and

observation 2, 470 of the site less

at A = 1, period strong at either at

four-year The

thre%year suffered often than

mid-latitude approximately or equatorial

region

boundary

scintillation the auroral The by Whitney

of magnitude

empirical et al.

distribution

functions from extreme

of

scintillation value The

intensity

reported data was

were compiled sampling

scintillation scintillation

index index

obtained

using

15- Tminute

intervals.

42

99.9 6 1 RAYLEIGH 1 LIMIT ( . \

99 1 , ( I 1 ( 1 I . 1 !

90 1 1

1
.

1
-

1
-

0 1 ( ,

1.0

A
u

AU RORAL

REGION:

NARSSARSUAO, TRANSITION: HUANCAYO,

GREENLAND HAMILTON, PERU MASS.

A = 64, A = 53, ~ = 1.,

ELEvATIoN ELEVATION ELEVATION

ANGLE ANGLE ANGLE

= 18 = 39 = 75

1968 1972 1969 1972 1968 1970

0.9

MI DLATITUOE EOVATORIAL

-AURORAL REGION:

0.8 1 0.7

2 -

STRONG . SCINTILLATION WEAK SCINTILLATION

1-

01
0.1

PERCENTAGE Fig. 17 Empirical

~\k:
A = 53. A=l A = 64 W* 0.6 0.5 . 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

I 10

I 100

TIME

&x VALVE

EXCEEOEO

Witney

distribution et al. (Ref.

function 24, 51).

for

137 ~z

obsemations

reported

by

calculated within only the when

using

the

third

highest

and third This index

lowest may be

recorded related

power to either

levels ox or S the Using signal (fading index, number of S1,

15-minute the received

interval, power samples

distribution

function

is known interval

and when is known.

number the

of independent

in an observation the fading depth and

Nakagami-m exceeded may be from

distribution, by a specified to ox as

range

of

received samples

levels range)

percentage shown

of the 18.

independent The

related the

in Fig. also related tie

scintillatim upon the the

is derived independent distribution

fading S

range

and is be

dependent

samples. as shown

and S1 may 19.

to ox using Nakagami-m

Nakagami-m distribution only 22

in Fig.

Although

approximates and in Fig. of scintillation, For Iated the the 5,

the

time

distribution a useful depth,

function means to the to

as

shown the

by Bischoff qualitative measures, et - al first

and Chytil measures o x or S

it provides S1 or fading

relate

quantitative Whitney by fixed

4 -

compilation number group upon

of distribution of occurrences classes tbc number 19 arc were of

functions, scintillation using

accumu group.

scintillation ranges The

The they group

scintillation also depend

defined

of S1 hence scintillation

of independent for the

samples.

classes drawn
The ber ing of times an

on Fig.

3. 3 - 96. 7% S1 curve.

number the

of independent

samples the

n?ay first

be approximated zone rate are

by tbe changed

numdur-

irregularities period.

within Using the

Fresnel of the drift

observation

ratio

of the

irregular-

44

I ~

I / / / / /

1/

/ /

5-95

/0

{0-900/0

FAOING OEPTH RELATIVE TO UNOISTURM SIGNAL LEVEL

aX(dB)
Fig. 18 Fading range and fading depth vs u
x

for

a Nakagami-m

distribution.

45

~
I I SAMPLES SATELLITE

3.3fk.7
45-mln

GEOSTAT IN-

\WEAK

SCATTER

LIMIT

FOR,34

0,1

0+1+2+3+44 0 1 I 2 1 3 Ux (dB) Fig.

~ I 4

clNJ~o~J1oh I $ 6

19

S4 and scintillation

index

(S1)

vs

a x

for

a Nakagami-m

distribution.

46

ities

through the may

the rate be

Fresnel

zone

to the

radius

of the

first

Fresnel the

zone number

as an of and

estimate samples ionospheric

of occurrence calculated for drift in the

of independent a given rate.

samples,

satellite-to-receiver Observations region The

geometry from

irregularity satellites

of scintillations yield drift first rates Fresnel

geostationary ranging radius of from ranges

equatorial 53, 54

typically zone

40 to 200 m/see. from

calculated

O. 7 to 1. 1 km angles

for

137 MHz,

irregularities respectively.

at a height Using

300 km, values, vary

and

elevation number 300..

between

75 and 18, samples or

these may third fore

the

of independent Fading signal the The samples ranges levels smaller

observed

in 15 minutes using the

from

30 to and third

S1 values for the

calculated

highest correspond the

lowest for

sampling of samples

interval and to

there1 to

to 10-90~o number.

number

9970 for this

higher

relationship as the for shown data 3.3

between in Fig. 19.

S1 and Ox varies over The relationship display in

range

of independent S1 and given mean OX used by the nighttime O. 7-km

between Fig. use Kats tion tions group

to interpret solid curve

of Whitney - 96.770

et aL for

18 is of the riku

and corresponds by Koster to high distribution scintillation group.

to the and elevafunc -

drift

rate,

70 m/see, zone radius

reported appropriate level

54

and the Whitney for

Fresnel the

angles. obtained

et al. used

median

signal

a limited an estimate

number of the

of observations median S4 value

in each for each

to provide

The

47

1-9970 S1 curve best fittheir results.

of better estimate mation information of drift on drift velocities

It is felt, hOwever,
the relationship The maximu~n is

that in the ab~ence

based error O. 2 dIl upon an esti-

velocity

should the

be used.

in the

of ox caused

by using

3. 3 . 96. 7% S1 curve

at OX= 1 d13

al~d O. 6 d13 at o Elevation The

= 3 dl~.
Dependence functions for cliff erent density Early displayed elevation fluctuations sbowcd occurrence the on Fig. angles. anywhere positive of 17 are The for roughly the

hgle

distribution periods by a],d

same
may

time

scintillations the ray path

be caused the

electron

along

through tbe time

ionosphere.

studies and the

correlation spread-F for

between night-

occurrence scintillation

of scintillation 3,5,55,56,57

and between in the

occurrence region.

Of scintillation 55,56,57,58,59

and of sporadic Studies that the of the

E and heights

spread-E of the may

mid-latitude nighttime range equatorial each

regions occur

causing over a wide in the layers

scintillation of heights, region of which 16

show 200 to show be that one

irregularities 8.53.60 Radar occur

600 km

data

obtained or more

the

irregularities or The more

in one

may

hundred

kilometers of the

in vertical logarithm

extent. of the received for the signal level power 18 may be

variance in the limit

calculated with

of weak index

scintillation P : 4 usi]lg

a power-law Rytov method:

spectrum

a three-dimensional

48

aoN2(p)(l

i (c0s2Y

COS2Y t a2sin2wp(I,-P)dp + azsin 2 v 3/2 (1)

2L J 1 where z(p) N Y= = variance angle

in electron between field the

density direction

at point

p along

the

ray

of propagation angle) (see ray Ref.

and the

n~agnetic axial ratio

(propagation irregularities along for the

of the

13)

distance integration along the

to satellite limits ray.

the

ionospheric

irregularities

If

a and

Y do not (useful

change for

along elevation

the

ray,

for above

L >> 10),

42,

for

propagation ~z(p)

above constant

a flat

earth

angles

and for

between,

fll and 12

where f(Y, @ = 41 t c0s2Yt [ 2(c0s2Y H D= e=

u

1/2 a2sin2y) 2 Y) 3/2

t a2sin center

1
irregularity layer

height

of the

of a thick

thickness elevation

of the angle

layer

It is noted and 4 is the axial

that ratio

the

dependence for

of the

OX on elevation power law power

angle,

propagation with

angle, an index 13 for of

calculated from the

spectrum

different C.aussian

dependence function

calculated case (S4 a

by Briggs o in the x

and Parkin weak

correlation

scintillation

li,nit). Observation difficult data due to the of the elevation angle geographic from ray dependence variation observations path to the of the varied of scintillation of scintillation. of low satellite irregularity pass were orbiting varied during region to pass. 62 During The the 1971-1973 time period, during The 2376 satellite passes
day

is The

accompanying were

taken

at Millstone The pass ray elevation

obtained of the

satellites. the satellite the

angle

and the

geographical elevation

location angle

along

at a particular

from

observed.
session at

observations week

were

made

two-tO-three

tracking

two-to-three

interval%

Millstone of

data were geophysical sample

taken

at random

over

all

times not For ulated the

of day,

seasons, the data

and variations represent the UIIF

activity. of scintillation

Although activity. were To tab-

continuous, statistical for

a random power

analysis,

fluctuations along the

(S4 values) each data of the pass. were

successive angle

three-second dependence of

intervals scintillation,

evaluate by for individual

elevation

stratified

invariant 60 ~ A

latitude ~ 62 is

and

elevation in Fig,

angle. 20.

A sample The data

observations from the

shown

points

are

50

1,4 ~

1,2

60. 1,0

62.

INVARIANT 035 o 5lo -30

LATITUDE

ELEVATION

ANGLES (d#g)

: ~ 0., -

Llozo .20 OATA CORRECTED TD ZENITH

3
~

0.*

0.4 -

0
0.1 0

0.01

I 0,1
PERCENTAGE

I
1 TIME *X VALUE EXCEEOED

,!1
)0 10

Fig . 20

Zenith corrected stone observations

empirical distribution at several elevation

function angles.

for

400-~z

Mill-

51

distribution zenith bution are angle using fmction

functions Eq. for (2). the

for The

specified curve of is

elevation drawn

angle

ranges

normalized a median The maximum the elevation

to distrierrors

to approximate angles used.

range

elevation (or by

4070 in percentage dependence the was

occurrence

. 05 dB in o ). x and the Parkin fit

LJsing

recommended maximum deviations .5

Briggs from The

(Gaussian median

correlation

fmction), fmction fied

best

distribution speci-

ZO070 (or (2) therefore

d].> in ox). is

elevation better for

angle than for

dependence the Guassian

by Eq.

significantly Data obtained

correlation 56 and

fmction

model. similar the best

invariant less than

latitudes 40%

between

68

produced between Ior

results, fit curves

errors and the below 21 for 56 the

in percentage funcsmall for

occurrence tion values.

observed the range the sample

distribution size was

invariant

latitudes (see Fig. invariant

and the 52 < A

errors < 54).

increased For again

of observations Gaussian

these was

latitudes, poorer. occurrence with Eq.

correlation

function

model The

singificantly of the

regional using angle the

variation

of the

scintillation elevation For

is angle

best and

described propagation observations, The

estimated dependence propagation

zenith

ox values

removed angle unity

using and axial

(2).

most are &to line) not

recorded known. O. 7 as a

ratio

values from a field

correction of Y for

factor a> 1.

f(Y, @) is For

if a=

1 and

ranges along

fwction

Y = 0

(propagation

52

~18-6-157831

o HUANCAYD. PLQU [37.25aM~z: Qe23.60)

q

A n -

KwAJALE!N HAMILTON, MILLSTONE.

(254 MASS

Mz,

Ref.5g~

LEGON, G-ANA NARSSARSUAO,

(136 MHz;

R, f.51

(137 MHZ; Ref. Qg)

6 6

GREEN LANO [137 MHz; Ref. 49)

MASS (400 MHz; Ref. 62)

1.0

i
~L

0000-2400

HouRs

LOcAL

TIME

A=-lO, !971- 1972

NORMALl ZE3 ogsERVATION _

O ZEVITH FREQUENCIES 137 MHz Z54MHZ 400 MHZ q, 0.0 \ A=,. A= 09

I
: ; z . w

-
\ A=64 Y:l-,973

-1o, 1967-1968

23 z 3 bx

I
x$ .1 .

1970-1972
1970 -1972W 1968-1970

\
4 \ \

0.7

\. x>.

*= 53. 1969-1972

\ \ \ \

A=53 ELEv

1971-1973

30-42

!
06 : > h ~ s 05 ~ , ,:?,i Iw

g:?<%: 0

k~ C~RECTEO

FOR PROPAGATION ANGLE 10

PERCENT

TIME

UX vALUE

EXcEEoEo

Fig.

21

Zenith

corrected

empirical

distribution

functions

for

137 ~z.

f(Y, a) = ~a

for

all

values angle

of a Y = 0.

The The 154

most

rapid

change angles and Data are are

of f(Y, @ with for 124 from greater the for ATS-3

@ occurs observa 51

at a propagation tions were 80

propagation for Ha)nilton, is axial sparse. ratios

for

Huancayo; typical axial

Narssarsuaq. both than equatorial 5. 8,53

Information and auroral For an axial

about regions ratio

ratios the

indicate of 5, the

that

correction

factors factors are

O. 73, the

1.12 and same

O. 8, each propabe set

respectively. of observations within as

Since..the and the 40 of the

correction resuli. field s differ line,

nearly froxm

for

appreciably geometrical

O. 8 only of a

for

gation

the

variation

may
x

expressed

~3/2
x m

m sin9 estimates data of the in Fig. obtained The occurrence 17 are by shown scaling of scintillation in Fig. higher 21. obtained Additional data

(3)

Zenith using Eq. (3)

path

and the

dis using

tribution Eq. stone 44) tions. 309 are shows size. rate (3)

fmction are also to the

estimates included. north

frequency were south made

400-MHz

observations and to the

at MilL and

both

of the to

station extend from

(A = 64) the auroral

(A = 53

and have For A=

been 53,

scaled data

and mid-latitude angles data effect above

observaand below 30 sample sepa -

scaled

measurement of the or the

separately either Hamilton

displayed.

A comparison angle dependence

ab~ye

and below

a propagation distribution

of a limited by using two

functions are

(L = 53) displayed.

generated Thcse

drift

velocity

assumptions

distribution

functions

54

differ nitude greater crepancy ilton angle data able

from

the

Millstone

below

30

distribution The 140 m/see in agreement

function drift

by ratq

an order elevation that curve and tbe for

of magangle dis Ham-

in percentage than may also 30

occurrence. curve s,however, by the figure using size

are

indicating A third velocity

be caused shown on the

propagation for Eq. 140 m/s (2).

angle. drift

is

a propagation angle are corrected not availdo and the likely

correction with for

calculated sample The the 30

Similar

propagation significant angle

a sufficient Millstone. improve below limited

to be

statistically propagation the

drift

velocity, between The of the

corrections

however Millstone due to the below

comparison observations. size

Hamilton

observations

remaining data

discrepancy for invariant

is most latitudes

sample

Millstone

54. Data obtained additional in Fig. 16. more at 254 MHz 137 MHz 21. The The zenith from data Kwajalein 63 and from and additional estimates region observations, time region stations than Legon, Huancayo Ghana, 64 65

together are are also shown

with

from

Huancayo of the

included on Fig. is far

locations path

observations show that the

occurrence equatorial these

scintillation auroral tillation region, or

severe regions.

in the Using

in either strong

mid-latitude occurs

scin-

(OX> 2 dB) between time

between time

10 and in the region

2070 of the auroral for the

in the

equatorial than the

1 and in the

2~o of the mid-latitude

and less used

1. OVOof the

and for

55

1967-1972 The geographic magnetic itative using The much several difference observations This the used shown value 6X limit

time data

period. also seem near The data to show that scintillation 1650E occurs for sites more near use often the at geo-

longitudes equator.

O than are The

at 75 W or

of limited Legon

accuracy

due to the function S1 curve drift may enough rate reconcile to was

of qual-

scaling five-minute uncertainty

procedures. sampling caused

distribution and the the 10-90%

co,mpiled 19. be as

intervals

on Fig. may

by not knowing
2

applicable

as O. 5 dB for observations between

oX near

all}.

This

uncertainty large

the the

at Huancayo the Huancayo a distribution be included dB (see

but is not and I,cgon function with Fig. the 14).

reconcile The

observations. value estimate estimates 137-MHz

Kwajalein

included could value not

at ox = 5 dB. because of can be as

137-MHz The of

of 5.6 the

observations

to estimate on Fig. sites

occurrence The differences evident. the very

probabilities

scintillation probability data were

at 254 MHz at the

22. is

in occurrence Since to the

separated

equatorial for weak

again , for

137-MHz

generally although the for TWO near the on the

scintillation are may only be

scaling weak due

254 MHz

is permissible The higher

estimates Legon single data

scintillation. to strong

ox values

in error from

scintillation
10

at 137 MHz. from stations same

values

scaled

4000-MHz region

observations indicated

equatorial-mid-latitude

boundary

by the

symbols

56

A=20
1970-1971

A=J5
1970-1971

t, *=,.
1971-1972

\ \
0000-2400 HOURS TO LOCAL ZENITH TIME NORMALIZED

o ~

SCALEO

FROM

4 GHz DATA

(Ref. 101

\ \ \ \

y*=,.
,1970-1972 . 4 A = 64e 1. 1971-1973 A = 53 +. Ax 53 1971-1973 ~,~;,y:3 c 1 1 1 1 I , A=1 la-1970 1970-1972 \ A.-l 19s7 - 1%8

I
1 PERCENT

1
TIME

!
ax

1
VALUE

1 1 1 I 10

1 lC

EXCEEDED

Fig.

22

Zenith

corrected

e~irical

distribution

functions

for

254 Mz.

Fig.

16 are

also

included.

These

data

points MHz.

correspond The for

to just 25&MHz

detectable estimates

scintillation show the that

(. 9 dB peak-to-peak) strong scintillation path (u x

at 4000 > 2 dB) equatorial

occurs region,

less

than

15 percent in the a path

of

time

on a zenith and less than

in the

O. 2 percent site. values For

auroral at a to 25 per.

region 20 cent

O. 1 percent the percentage and

at a mid-latitude of occurrence regions

elevation in both

angle, the

increases 1 and

auroral

equatorial

and between

6 percent

at mid-latitudes. Latitude Variation distribution region functions are scaled from observations 21 and an order near also the for data 22. The made data

Empirical within shown change equatorial between higher location have stone latitude corrected also the each on

scintillation 22 for

shown show 4

in I-igs. nearly

kig.

L = 15 and

20

of magnitude mid-latitude, a transition appear for zone

in percent region auroral

occurrence boundary.

within The

invariant data is

A = 53

and mid-latitude of occurrence the mid-latitude to depict compiled in Iig.

region. of scintillation region. latitudinal to yield 23. 62

These

to have A = 44, data Milla

probabilities well been within

than

data

Low

orbiting The data in Fig.

satellite 400-MHz for

analyzed were as

variation. occurrence The data

observations intervals for

2 invariant not inde -

shown

23 were were

elevation

angle.

If the

occurrence

probabilities

58

10,

INVARIANT LATITUDE FOR MILLSTONE SITE 400-MHz OBS.

d
[

0,9

0,2

{T
J
r

1.9

0.4

2,9

0.6

4. 0.8

4.

+
INVARIANT LATITUDE A (deQ)

Fig.

23

Percentage occurrence of u the llillstone observations?

vs

invariant

atitude

at

400 MZ

for

59

pendent increase occurs corrected data tion the

of & the towards most for often

curves the

would

by

symmetrical A values) region. scaled

about indicates

569. that

The

relative

north

(higher

scintillation Millstone data These scintillato

in the

auroral angle and

Figure

24 shows

elevation

to OXvalues

at 137 MHz. of lower strong

show to the south. The

a relatively north

constant

probability

of occurrence but significantly

of A = 56

and constant

occurrence

latitudinal

variation

of scintillation between for Fig.

has

been

studied

using

low

orbiting The of data stations were

satellites showed near

and frequencies the same as asymmetry shown in

40 and 54 MHz. propagation 23.

61, 66, 67, 68

to the

north most

and

south

A = 55

Unfortunately, index Data which

of the not are also because to

data useful not

reported

as averages probabilities the

of the

scintillation

are

in estimating

of occurrence.

at 40 MHz index

useful

in estimating S1 values values data from

occurrence (S1

of scintillation = .6

at UHF

measurable very low

at 40 MHz

3.3-96.

7q,

(60Yo))

correspond

of u (0 xx three

= O. 3 dB at 137 MHz si.ations in the

and OX= O. 1 dB region 69

at 254 MHz). show that the

40-MHz percentage the

equatorial is reasonably of

occurrence equator, equatorial behavior.

of scintillation falls off by

constant

within

5 A of of 4 22

magnetic The a similar

a factor function

2 at 10 estimates

and by a factor plotted on Fig.

at 15. show

distribution

60

MILLSTONE

SITE

F
-Y
,x

Vx = l.OdB (0.2dB

AT 137 MHz Of 400 MHz)

= 2,0d B AT 137 MHz (0.4dBat 400 MHz I

= 3,0dB (0.6dB

AT 137 MHz al 400 MHz)

=l,odB

= 2,0dB f

r
INVARIANT LATITUOE (*g)

Fig.

24

Zenith corrected for the bfillstone

percentage occurrence observations.

of

OX vs

invariant

latitude

61

Observations boundary the The auroral abrupt generally region change in Fig, evident

at 40 and show and the in the 24. in the

54 MHz

near

the

mid-latitude scintillation

-auroral activity

region in

a sharp relatively

boundary quiet

between mid-latitude of

region.

3, 70, 71

percentage changes data

occurrence

scintillation scintillation 25 (replotted

is

also boundary from Fig. as of boundBowd evident 3

indicated are also

Abrupt Millstone

at an apparent shown defined O, 5 (5070). at 400 in Fig.

as a function the such ary aries latitude a level data may

of A). at which is too not

Aarons

et al. have is

a scintillation Scintillation and the

boundary activity Millstone et al. also

S1 at 40 MHz weak to be with

detected the

MHz

coincide

locatim

defined

by Aarons activity are are

between

regions

of high

and low The

scintillation

in equatorial as starting

observations. abruptly and

equatorial as quickly .

fluctuations The have data

often

described

ending

reported

by Koster8

show ranging

scintillation from

occurring 700 km.

in patches

that

East-West

dimensions

100 to Variation from with of strong of the from

Diurnal Data ent variations occurrence tions torial for

the

auroral of day.

and

equatorial The diurnal

regions variation for shown

show

distinctly

differ-

time

in the

percentage observaThe equaThe mid-

scintillation scintillation Legon (A .

at 137 MHz regions -1) 65 is

zenith in Fig.

corrected 26.

each are

data

and Huancayo

(A = +1 ).

24, 63

62

INVARIANT 4 AuG 1972

LATITUOE

(deg) Kp -8+

0411 GMT

3133

Fig.

25

Latitude dependence of scintillation for at 0411 GMT 4 August 1972 (Kp = 8+) .

pass

of

Object

//3133 rising

63

A=44e ~..

!
I

i-----l

1!

0.0116 LOCAL TIME (hr) 20 24

Fig.

26

Percentage

occurrence

of

local

time.

64

latitude data scaled taken tion is (0 x for

data

are

scaled are from

from

the

400 MHz Mass,

Millstone 49 The The

data auroral

(A=

440),

The data are were

A = 53 from

Hamilton, data angle path.

region

400-MHz low 2 dB) an

Millstone elevation

(A = 640). for The use

Narssarsuaq strong that

data

at too ~

in estimating show

scintillascintillation

on a zenith a nighttime

observations at equatorial in the was auroral also

predominantly occur nighttime only two

phenomenon day or evening

and mid-latitude zone. noted were for The predom-

and may inantly where hours

during

the

occurrence occurrences 0800h

of scintillation of u

Kwajalein for the stations and in the

~ 3 dB at 254 MHz time. for the To further

observed

x
between the and 1900h local illustrate observing local noontime. occurs than auroral than data small to the were between 30 and of the seems midnight diurnal are

variation, given Fig.

distribution 27 for

functions period

several

in Fig. 28 for The

a four-hour period data show

bracketing local

a four-hour nighttime of the auroral time

bracketing that strong

scintillation and less for the

60 percent time to in the

in the

equatorial The Millstone probability or

region data

10 percent region the for

region, smaller

show for

a singificantly the same region at the

of occurrence the Hamilton

Narssarsuaq auroral in in to ,

data

invariant transition.

latitude This point the

for

the

mid-latitude longitude the

may or,

be due to the more likely,

difference difference made looking

subionospheric geometry,

propagation

Millstone

observations

65

. \
A = 64.

I ,* =,. \ \ \ \ \

\. /, \,
A. 44. \. \ \. \ 1,

\.\

?~
0 0.1

- 02W WURS LOCAL TIME N~MAL12C0 TO ZENITH

1 , 1 , , , 1 I

I
1 PERCENT

10

1(

TIME -X VALUE EXCEEDEO

Fig.

27

Zenith corrected 2200-0200 local

empirical time.

distribution

functions

for

137 Mlz

and

66

\
1
A = 44. A=l. 01 0.1

I
1 PERCENT TIME

,
~X VALUE

I +o
EXCEEDED

Fig.

28

Zenith corrected 1000-1400 local

empirical time.

distribution

functions

for

137 ~z

and

b7

the The not

north effect

and the of the

Narssarsuaq variation the in

and Hanlilton propagation

observations angle (see Eq.

toward (2)) is not

the

south.

is however due to were elemade at

sufficient angle

to explain since the the same data a drift on Iig. daytime

difference. ad

The

difference

vation

Millstone elevation may velocity 27. data case,

Narssarsuaq The

observations in drift

approximately for the

angle.

uncertainty to the curve

velocitY discrepbe changed the at in agree-

Narssarsuaq Assuming dotted line The latitudes.

contribute, of This show the

in part, the not

apparent would

ancy. to the

200 m/see, change little in

sufficient activity

to explain except are

difference. auroral m ent. Seasonal Data ent seasonal for the

scintillation

In this

Millstone

and Narssarsuaq

Fluctuations from the auroral The and equatorial seasonal observations of magnitude regions show distinctly scintillation 29. auroral The differat data

variations. zenith relative

variation is

of strong shown in Fig. for

137 MHz display (L = 53 The

corrected orders equatorial for

of occurrence

and 640), data the

(A = -1 ) and mid-latitude m~ima near the

(A = 44 ) scintillation. equinoxes more near years the and of

equatorial near

1967-1968 show
Kostcr8

minima

solstices.

summarized high

three values

observations for each of the

1968-1971 years,

and found a pronounced

relatively minimum

eqinoxes (.Tme)

at the

northern

solstice

68

OBSERVATION -

FREQUENCY 137 MHZ 400 MHz

m .
N A!

bx L 0

A ~. = 64 .. J

1
[
0.1 JAN I FEB I MAR I APR

_..

,.

Ii

; I AuG A= SEPT 44: I OCT NOV DEC

I MAY

I JUN JUL

Fig.

29

2enith corrected percentage occurrence of u

vs month of

year.

69

and upon

a secondary the year). made

minimum The

at the

southern

solstice of the

(Nov.

-Jan.

depending obserthe pro-

seasonal is

variation depicted in

254-MHz 30. and the seasonal For

equatorial this site,

vations nounced (weak) torial

at Kwajalein is at the

Fig.

minimum is at the

southern

solstice A similar

secondary behavior with high show

minimum for equa-

northern has been

solstice. noted

spread-F The

by Davis

72

for

a year data

sunspot as consistent

numbers. a seasonal

auroral

and mid-latitude as do the equatorial Activity

site

do not data.

variation

station

Dependence Studies have high shown sunspot that

on Geophysical of the dependence

of scintillation to occur in the 3, 71 more

on

geophysical during to have

activity years with

scintillation 3, 8, 70

tends and,

often region displayed

number

auroral The data the June

a strong 21 and 22

dependence arc primarily R

on magnetic for were high

activity. sunspot than 1970.

in Figs. Zurich

numbers, 90 from The data data had

smoothed

sunspot obser an aver= 72. differfor u -

numbers vations65) age The ences the level R

greater

1967 (start

of Koster!s
had Rz

to November = 102. The data two Rz

of Koster a lower

(1967-1968) value, show only

1970-1972 displayed

average

137-MHz for the

on Fig. 1968-1970

21 for

Huancayo

small the set

data

sets, had

and 1970-1972, of occurrence ox value

although for for

smaller (14~o vs

value

lower

probability and

a fixed

12. 57k for

ox = 2 d~)

a lower

a fixed

x percentage

70

10<

1972

1971

254

MHz

TACSAT NORTH

KWAJALEIN 20

A - 1

Fig.

30

Zenith corrected ~Wajalein (h = +l~yrcentage

Occurrencc

Of u

v.

month

of

year

for

71

occurrence four nighttime

(1. 7 vs

1. 3 dB

at 157~,nearly Fig.

the

same did

ratio not data show

as for any for data

).

The

data of con-

occurrence,

27 however The for

dependence R = 66,

Ox

or

perCent

occurrence
lower than percent available region 400-MHz region, elevation with x Kp the

on R
R

Z.

Kwajalein Legon,

were The

siderably towards cient

value

Ghana, as Rz

show but

a trend -

ax or data are

occurrence to determine scintillation Millstone A = 440, angles

increasing a precise show data are for given

increased

insuffi

dependence. dependence region, 31. The upon magnetic

Auroral activity, the Kp.

a strong the

auroral

A = 64 , and data are for

mid-latitude identical of 0 been

in Fig. zenith of the dependence

nearly

and are

not

corrected. scintillation of the regions on K P with

A high boundary percentage are shown in with

correlation Kp have occurrence Fig, positive The 31.

and of the 71

latitude The

reported of OX on Kp

by Aarons. for auroral

and mid-latitude scintillation

The

dependence

of equatorial

is weak. been

Both reported.

and negative seem

correlations upon

of scintillation longitude and

Kp have number.

results Temporal The

to depend

sunspot

Behavior occurrence

of Scintillation probability samples from information of data low orbiting compiled from above were satellites chart show long or

obtained

from

> to 15-minute samples of data

geostationary Strip typically

three-second recordings

satellites. satellites

of scintillation

from

geostationary

72

64 c A < 66
(A.roral)

0.2

0.9

0.4

1.8

2t
0,6 2.9 4.1 0-1+ 2=3+ KP >4-

.=
0-1 2--3+

0.8

>4

Fig.

31

Magnetic activity and mid-latitude

dependence locations.

of

scintillation

at

400 ~z

for

auroral

73

time hours. to

periods 63

with Equatorial long

scintillation, scintillation

the

time often times

periods show

range of or

from

one

to

seven 1/2

patches same that 25. may

scintillation shorter over data for are

2 hours

separated show

by quiet

of the patches in Fig. that

duration. many indicate that

Auroral degrees scintillation

observations of invariant typically single region. a period data rate

scintillation as shown

efiend These last

latitude occurs bursts or

in stretches brief

many

minutes. in the

Occasionally mid-latitude During rapid, made his five Little crude

scintillation

events

observed

with

scintillation, on th for He six

the

signal

level of fade data fade The during average

fades rate.

are

relatively b5

are

available

statistics months the

Koster during each of his evening was

fade

estimates

of the average

obtained rate results the fade peak rate for

1967-1968 minute

observations. interval

estimated the rate number of b per showed index. in fade is

by counting fade data

of fades. minute the

analysis hours

show

an average His mean

(2200-0200). with limit

also

that For

correlated ing For the

scintillation an increase more data

strong expected

scintillation (see Section

approachII).

value,

rate

is

weak

scintillation a statistical of

required

from

a number irregularity

of locations drift velocity

to establish as a function

description

of ionospheric

geographical

and geophysical

parameters.

74

v.

CONCLUSIONS The auroral design region observations clearly up to at least up to and show 400 that MHz. are scintillation The affected. will

affect region

system

at frequencies show that

equatorial Since

observations is are clearly

frequencies of life the at UHF data

6 GHz
VHF,

scintillation its effects

a fact

methods

to mitigate some

required. can

While be made.

are some

somewhat negative showed is

inadequate,

recommendations The two frequency

First, function

recommendations: that scintillation The cross is

correlation

analyses diversity

a wideband polarization gonal vesity circular will

phenomena observations

and frequency showed were While that

not practical. on principal that

scintillations implying analyses the the

and orthodi were

polarizations at UHF. region the

correlated these

polarization

not work for auroral

and measurements also apply in the data

performed equatorial showed Iiminary show that

observations auroral for region, electron

results weak

region. power-law analysis law the from

For power

scintillation irregularities. equatorial

spectra data

density for the

Pre47 also suggests may effects of from

of 254 MHz spectra (with

reported

region This

power although

a three-dimensional causing in the are equatorial auroral the same region.

index region the

p = 4);

mechanisms those active

irregularities resultant

be different the the

region,

irregularities Millstone data

on propagation apply in the

and the

results

obtained

equatorial

One were signal Iarities. be taken level

possible using is

solution orbiting by the motion of the

is

space satellite.

diversity: The

The temporal

Millstone variation through

observations of the the irregu. may The scale l-Hz each value power the with,

a low

caused satellite in terms on Fig.

motion

of the

line-of-sight the

The

is known, spatial

hence

ten>poral

variations density.

interpreted scale satellite, to is

variation

of electron

frequency for the

13 may

be interpreted pertinent 1 km).

as a wavenumber to Fig. Since the 13, the width of

receiver 2m kno-l (scale

geo~metry size the of

equivalent spectrulm correlation This implies

approximately distance that the was

reciprocal

of the O. 5 km via

correlation at UHI rays

distance,

approximately

and 0.8km

at VHF. than be sep-

scintillation in the be by

observed region to get

separated ionosphere The and

by more should ray

a Fresncl uncorrelated aration rays. s]naller

zone

radius could

disturbed

of the

and be

combined site

diversity. or by direct

required surface

may For site

obtained

diversity the power

reflected that

strong

scintillation distances solution reflect

spectrum

broadened limit. The facie

implying

diversity possible above for to I-or weak

Inay is

be useful tilme

in that

Another tistics medium reported and,

diversity: of the

duration through be

stathe

the

motion the

line-of-sight values ray should

scintillation

duration of the the

inversely irreg.

proportional ularities.

the translation geostationary

velocity satellites,

at the height

of the

line-of-sight

is fixed

and the

76

irregularities proportional tion should

drift to the be

by. drift

The rate.

fade

duration

values

then drift those shorter

should rate, shown than

be inversely the fade dura6. For scinin

Using

a 70 m/see longer than be

an order the in the

of magnitude fade durations

in Fig. for

strong tillation Fig.

scintillation, as shown

should 6.

weak shown

discussion time duration

of Fig. the order values,

The

power

spectra

13 implied A s the

a correlation w ith the fade

of O. 5 sec the

at UHF

and O. 8 sec is depend-

at VHF. ent upon Since sible. Fresnel is the

correlation

time

velocity

of the

irregularities

perpendicular in time, correlation of the time time

to the diversity depends

line-of-sight. is also pos-

signal

becomes

uncorrelated satellites, drift has velocity to be

For zone

geostationary size variable and the that

both The over Since

on the latter a long the fade

irregularities. at many locations

a random

observed statistical for strong regime

period rate must or

of time

to provide time weak

an adequate is different scintillation

description. scintillation, to define drift

correlation in the

observations velocities.

be made

VI.

RECOMMENDATIONS The only solutions Some we have recommended for their are the may use be of space or from

time

diversity.

guidelines data.

application

obtained

Millstone more

and other is

available required.

However, recommend:

to optimize

system

design,

information

We

77

1. Additional
processed establish

available the

weak

scintillation of the

data power all

should spectrum

be to

to determine if the power-law

structure form

represents

observations.

2. Available weak satellite observations rate statistics.

3. tionary uencies the New observations with spread

scintillation data from

geostationary drift

should be analyzed to determine

using several in the

both

low-orbiting related bands

and

geosta

satellites widely

coherently UHF and SHF be made

carrier at and

freqabove

frequencies

of interest

should phase, such

to provide The

adequate freqalways

atatistica uencies observed

of amplitude, should at one be chosen of the

and drift that weak

velocity. scintillation

is

frequencies.

Acknowledgmen~ The and 1<. H. able for author Wand acknowledges of the and Millstone of T. M. the Hill Turbett help radar for and support of Drs. their J. V. data Evans avail-

site the

in making data

analysis

processing,

78

References 1. C. G. Little and A. Waves from Galactic H. Mawell, Sources, Fluctuations Phil. Msg. in ~, the Intensity 267-278 (1951) of . Radio

2.

E. Whitney, J. Aarons, and C. Malik, A Proposed Index for Measuring Ionospheric Scintillations, Planet. Space Sci. ~, 1069-1073 (1969).

3.

J. Aarons, H. E. Whitney, and R. S. Allen, Global Morphology of Ionospheric Scintillations, Proc, IEEE ~, 159-172 (1971).
R. S. Lawrence, J. L. Jeapersen, and R. C. Lamb, Amplitude and Angular Scintillations of the Radio Source Cygnus-A Observed at Boulder, Colorado, J. of Res. NBS ~, 333-350 (1961).

4.

5.

G. S. Kent, High Frequency Fading of the 108 Mc!s Wave Radiated From an Artificial Earth Satellite as Observed at an Equatorial Station, J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. ~ 255-269 (1961). C. G. Little, G. F. Reid, E. Stiltner, and R. P. Merritt, An Experimental Investigation of the Scintillation of Radio Stars Observed at Frequencies of 223 and 456 Megacycles per Second from a Location Close to the Auroral Zone, J. Geophys. Res. U, 1763-1784 (1962). E. J. Fremouw and H. F. Bates, Worldwide Behavior of Average VHF-UHF Scintillation, Radio Sci. ~ 863-869 (1971). J. R. Koster, Equatorial Scintillation, Planet. SpaCe SCi. ~, 2014 (1972) . lggg-

6.

7.

8.

9.

N, J. Skinner, R. F. Kelleher, J. B. Hacking and C. W. Benson, Scintillation Fading of Signals in the SHF Band, Nature ~, 19-21 (1971) .
R. R. Taur, Ionospheric Rev. ~, 145-163 (1973). Scintillation at 4 and 6 CHZ, COMSAT Tech.

10.

11.

H. G. Booker, J. A. Ratcliffe, and D. H. Shlnn, Diffraction from an Ionospheric Screen with Application to Ionospheric Problems, Phil. Tran. Roy. So.. ~, 579-607 (1950).
R. P. Mercier, Diffraction by a Screen Causing Large Random Phase Fluctuations, Proc. Carob. Phil. Sot. ~ 382-400 (1962) .

12.

13.

B. H. Briggs and 1. A. Parkin, On the Variation of Radio Star and Satellite Scintillations with Zenith Angle, J. Atmosph. and Terr. phys. ~, 339-365 (1963).

79

References

Cent d Studies Satellite,

14.

J. R. Koster. Ionospheric
~arly Bird Synchronous

Using the Tracking Beacon on the

Ann. de Geophys. Q, 103-107 (lg66)

15.

J. Pomalaza,

R. F. Woodman, G. Tisnado, J. Sandoval A Progress Report on Scintillation Observations at Observatories, NASA/GSFC X-520-70-398 NASA GOddard Greenbelt, Md. (October lg70) .

and A. Guillev, Anton and Jicamarco space Flight center!

16.

J. Pomalaza,

R. F. Woodman, J. Tisnado, and E. NakasOne, study Of Equatorial Scintillations, A progress Report, NASA/cSFC x-750-73-244, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. (December 1972).

17.

K. G. Budden, The hplitude Fluctuations of the Radio Wave Scattered from a Thick Ionospheric Layer with Weak Irregularities, J. Atmoaph. and Terr. Phys. Z 155-172 (lg65). V. 1. Tatarskii, The Effects of the Turbulent Atmosphere on Wave Propagation, Nauka, Moscow, 1967; Trans. avail. U. S. Dept. Of CO~. NatiOnal Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. Ed. Mi llstone Will Radar Propagation Study: InstrumenJ. C. Ghiloni, tation.,,Technical R~p~~t. 507, Lincoln Laboratory, M.I .T. (20 September 1973) , DDC AD-775140.

18.

19.

20.

G. R. Ochs and R. S. Lawrence, Saturation of Laser-Beam Scintillation Under Conditions of Strong Atmospheric Turbulence, J. optical SOC. her. ~ 226-227 (1969) .
J. R. Dunphy and J. R. Kerr, Scintillation Measurements for Large Integrated-Path Turbulence, J. Optical Sot. Amer. Q, 981-986 (1973) .

21.

22.

K. Bischoff and B. Chytil, A Note on Scintillation Indices, planet. Space Sci. ~, 1059-1066 (1969). C. L. Rino and R. J. Fremouw, Statistics for Ionospherically Diffracted UHF/VHF Signals, Radio Sci. ~, 1095-1104 (lg72) .
H. E.

23.

24.

Whitney, J. AarOna, R. S. Allen and D. R. Seemann> Estimation f the Cumulative hplitude Probability Distribution Function of Ionospheric Scintillation, Radio Sci. ~, 1095-1104 (lg72) .

25.

M. Nakagami, The m-distribution--A General Fomula of Intensity Distribution of Rapid Fading, in Statistical Methods on Radi 0 Wave Propagation, ed. W. C. Hoffman, (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

80

References

Cent d

26.

Power-Law Wavenumber Spectrum Deduced from Ionospheric C. L. Rufenach, J, Geophys. Res. ~, 4761-4772 (lg72) Scintillation Observations,r

27.

D. G. Singleton, Power Spectra of Ionospheric Stint illations, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~, 113-133 (1974).
T. J. Elkins and M. D. Papagiannis, Measurement Power Spectrums of Ionospheric Scintillation at J. Geophys. Res. j~, 4105-4115 (1969). O. K. Garriott, A. V. daRoaa, Electron Rotation with Phase Length Variations, 705-727 (1970) and Interpretation of a Subauroral Location,

28.

29.

Content Obtained from J. Atmosph. and Terr.

Faraday Phys. ~,

30.

L. J. Porcello and L. R. Hughes, Observed Fine Structure of a Phase Perturbation Induced During Transauroral Propagat ion, : J. Geophya. Res. ~, 6337-6346 (1968). H. E. Whitney and W. F. Ring, Dependency of Scintillation Fading of Oppositely Polarized VHF Signala, IEEE Trana. Antennaa and Propagat. ~, (1971)! J. R. Koster, Ionospheric Studies Using the Tracking Beacon on the Early Birdt Synchronous Satellite, Ann. de Geophys. ~, 435-43g (lg66) . H. A. Blank and T. S. Golden, Analysia of VHF/UHF Frequency Dependence, Space, and Polarization Properties of Ionospheric Scintillation in the Equatorial Region, 1973 IEEE Inter. Corn. Conf. Pro=. 17-27 tO 17-35, (June 1973) . J. P. McClure,
Signals from Polarization Satellite, Measurement During Scintillation of Mdio Atrnosph. and Terr. Phys. ~, 335-348 (lg65)

31.

32.

33.

34.

J.

35.

R. S. Roger, The Effect of Scintillations on the Polarization of Satellite Transmission near 20 Me/s, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~, 335-348 (1965). P. L. Dyson, J. P. McClure, and W. B. Hanson, ]n-Situ Measurements of the Spectral Characteristics of 1 Region Ionospheric Irregularities, t J. Geophys. Res. 1497-1502 (1974) 79

36.

37.

A. T. Young, Interpretation of Interplanetary Scintillation, J. ~, 543-562 (1971).

Astrophys.

81

References

Cent d

38.

A Detailed Study of a Brief PerS. Basu, R. S. Allen, and J. Aarons, iod of Radio Star and Satellite Scintilla tions, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~, 811-823 (1964).

39.

J. Aarons, Ionospheric Irregularities at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~, 1619-1624 (1967). H. J. A. Chivers, The Simultaneous Observation of Radio Star Scinti.llationa on Different Radio-Frequencies, J. AtmOsph. and Terr. phys. U, 181-187 (1960). H. J. A. Chivers and R. D. Davies, A Comparison of Radio Star Scintillation at 1390 and 79 Me/s at Low Angles of Elevation, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~ 573-584 (1962).
R. S. Allen, and T. J. Elkins, Frequency Dependence of J. Aarons, Radio Star Scintillations, J. Geophys. Res. ~, 2891-2902 (1967).

40.

41.

42.

43.

R. S. Allen, Comparison of Scintillation Depths of Radio Star and satellite Scintillations, J. Atmosph. and Terr. phys. Y 28g-2g7 (lg6g). H. D. Craft, Jr. and L. H. Westerlund, Scintillation at 4 and 6 GHz Caused by the Ionosphere, AIAA 10th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San Diego, Calif., January 1972. J. M. Lansinger and E. J. Fremouw, The Scale Size of Scintillation Producing Irregularities in the Auroral Ionosphere, J. Atmoaph. and Terr. Phys. ~, 1229-1242 (1967).
K.

44.

45.

46.

Burrows and C. G. Little, Simultaneous Observations of Radio Star Scintillations on Two Widely Spaced Frequencies, Jodrell Bank Ann. 1, 29-35 (1952).

4?.

M. R. Paulson and R. V. F. Hopkins, Effects of Equatorial Scintillation Fading on Satcom Signals, NELC/TR 1875, Naval Electronics Laboratory (May 1973) . Center, San Diego, Calif. R. R. Taur, Private Communications (lg73).

48. 49.

K. ~. Budden, The Theory of the Correlation of Amplitude Fluctuations of Radio Signals at Two Frequencies Simultaneously Scattered by the 228-;97 (1965). Ionosphere, J. Atmosph. and Terr. phys. g, C. E. McIlwain, Coordinates for Mapping the Distribution of Magnetically Trapped Particles, J. Geophys. Res. 63, 3681-3691 (1961).

50.

82

References Cent d 51. 52. H. E. Whitney, Private Communication (1974).

S. F. Clifford, G. R, Ochs, and R. S. Lawrence, Saturation of @tical Stint illation by Strong Turbulence, J. Optical Soc. Amer. ~, 148-154 (1974) . T. J. Elkins, Sumary of Properties of F-Region Irregularities, In A Survey of Scintillation Data and its Relationship to Satellite Communication s,AGAKD Rept. 571, 13-37, (August 1969) . J. R. Koster and 1. K. Katsriku, Some Equatorial Ionospheric E- and F-Region Drift Measurements at Tamle, Ann, de Geophys. ~, 440-447 (1966) . Scintillation, Spread-F, and TransJ. R. Koster and R. W.Wright, equatorial Scatter, J. Geophys. Res. Q, 2303-2306 (1960) . C. Huang, F-Region Irregularities that Cause Scintillation and SpreadF at Low Latitude, J. Geophys. Res. ~, 4833-4841 (1970). M. Dagg, Radio-Star Ridges, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~, (1957). 118-127

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

M. Anaataaaiadea, D. Mataoukas, and G. Moritia, 40 MHz Ionospheric Scintillation and the Sporadic E Layer, Radio Sci. ~, 953-957 (1970).
A. A. Chen, P. N. Chin, and M. P. Chance, Field Line Connection Between Scintillation and Ionospheric Conditions Causing Spread-E, J. Geophys. Rea. ~, 1859-1868 (1972).

59.

60.

D. H. Clark, J. Mawdsley and W. Ireland, Mid-Latitude Radio Star Scintillation: The Height of the Irregular ities, Planet. Space Sci. Q, 1785-1791 (1970). Joint Satellite Studies Group, On the Latitude Variation of Scintillations of Ionospheric Origin in Satellite Signals, Planet. Space Sci. ~, 775-781 (1968). J. V. Evans, Ed. , Millstone Radar Propagation Study: Scientific Results, Technical Report 509, Lincoln Laboratory, M. I .T. (13 November 1973) . B. E. Nichols, UHF Fading from a Synchronous Satellite Observed at Kwajalein October 1970 Through June 1972, Technical Note 1974-19, Lincoln Laboratory, M. I.T. (22 March 1974).

61.

62.

63.

83

References Cent td 64.

Equatorial. Measurements J. P. Mullen and H. E. Mitney, and ATS-3 Satellite Beacons, AFCRL (1973) . Using the

LES-6

65.

J. R. Koster, Equatorial Studies of the VHF Signal Radiated by Intelsat 111, F-3: 1. Ionospheric Scintillation, Prog. Rept. 3, Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Ghana, September 1968 (AD 681462) . E. Nielson and J . Aarons, Satellite Scintillation Obae.rvations Over the Northern High Latit{lde Regions, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~, 159165 (1974).

66.

67.

J. A. Aarons, J. Mullan, and S. Basu, The Statistics of Satellite Scintillation of a Subauroral Latitude, J. Geophys. Res. Q, 1785-1794 (1964). J. L. Jesperson and J. Kamas, Satellite Scintillation Observations at Bouldeq Colorado, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~ 457-473 (lg64) . J. Sinclair and R. F. Kelleher, The F-Region Equatorial Irregularity Belt as Observed from Scintillation of Satellite Transmission, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~ 201-206 (1969) . P. R. Kranz and K. C. Yeh, Scintillation Observations of Satellite Signals, J. Atmosph. and Terr. Phys. ~ 1169-1176 (1964) . J. Aarons, ADescriptive Model of F-Layer High Latitude Irregularities as Shorn by Scintillation Observation s, J. Geophs. Res. 7441-7450 78 (1973) . R. M. Davis, Jr. , The Occurrence of Spread-F and Its Effects on HF Propagation, Rept. OT/TRER 28 Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, Boulder, Colorado (&rch 1972) .

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

84

OUTSIDE Dr. Joseph de Bettencourt Raytheon Company Equipment Division Hdqts. 430 Boston Post Road Wayland, Mass. 01778 Mr. James H. Kluck Aerospace Corporation Communications Section P. O. BOX 1308 San Bernardino, Calif, 92401
Mr. John M. Goodman, Code Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D. C. 20390

DISTRIBUTION
Mr.

LIST

John J. Kelleher National Scientific Laboratories Westgate Research Park McLean, Virginia 22101
Dr.

Paul J. Titter ton Sylvania Electronics System P. O. Box 188, Ellis St. Bldg. Mountain View, CA. 94040 John Lane Radio and Space Research Station Bucks Ditton Park, Slough,
ENGLAND Dr.

5370G

Dr. Aldo Mr. Robert L. Feik, Director Operations Research Analysis AFCS (CSMOA) Scott AFB, Illinois Prof. Ferrel G. Stremler Dr. W. P. Birkemeier The University of Wisconsin Dept. of Electrical Eng, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Mr. John Alishouse
Environmental D. F. C. Satel 20233 SREE Engineering (OAR) Collins Dallas, lite Ce~, Instituto Via

Paraboni de Electtrotechina 34/5 ed

Electtronica PenziO

20133 Milano ITAI, Y

Dr. H. S. Hayre of Engineering of Houston Texas 77004

Cullen Cullen Houston,

College Blvd.

University

National NOAA

Mr. Robert A. Begun E. Bollay Assoc. , Inc. P. O. Box 1022 Colorado Library Company 80302 Boulder,

Washington, Capt. AF John

Kauntak,

Directorate Office Arlington,

of Eng. of Scientific Virginia

Sciences Res. 22209

Radio Texas

85

Mr.

James

R. View

Poppe Company Plant

Mr. Mr. NASA

E. T.

C. A,

Hamilton, Barr, Code Flight

Code

R- ASTR-A

General Mountain I,ynchburg, Dr. Dr. Mr.

l~lectric

R- ASTR-A Cenler

Virginia Kummcr Whellon Cashen Company Calif. Alexovich, W. Kuhns,

Marshall Alabama

Space 35812

Wolfgang A. V. D. F.

Dr. Mr. Mr. Mr.

Richard Greg J. J, B.

Marsten Andrus McElroy, Code ECF

Code EC Code (5)

EC TN

I{ughcs Aerospace Culver Mr. Mr. NASA Louis R.

Aircraft Group City, E.

Freibaum,

NASA Headquarters Washington, D. C.

20546

Perry

Code 9701 COdc 24611

Dr. Dr. Mr. Wave NOAA

Earl Cordon Martin

Gossard I,ittle Decker I,aboratory 80302

Research Ohio

Center Road 44135 Stop 490

2100 Brookpark Cleveland, Mr. NASA I,angley Mr. Mr. Dr. Mr. Mr. NASA Goddard Greenbelt, Mr. TRW Jeff Space V. Station, F. 11. M.

Propagation Colorado Wortcndyke Hubbard B. E.

Boulder, Dr. Mr. Mr. Mr. 733 Code 750 Mr. Mr. Mr. D. R. C. W. P.

I.,awrence, Center Virginia Code

l,angley

Research

I;mmanucl Johnson P. Barsis

Henry, X.

Wells J. Dutton of Commerce

Frank Jerome Louis William

Downey Eckerman

Albrecht Evan

Ippolito Binkley

Department Office ESSA Center 20771 Boulder, Dr. Dr. Edwin Richard

of Telecommunications Research I,aboratorics Colorado Kessler J . Doviak Storm I,aboratory 80302

Ilight

Maryland Bonclle Group CA. Park Beach,

Systems

National Norman, 90278

Severe

1 Space l<edondo

Oklahoma

86

Mr. The Stop

Walter Boeing 16-28

E.

Buehler

Prof. Cornell Phillips Ithaca, Mr. Dr. L. J. J. K.

R.

Bolgiano, University Hall

Jr.

Company

Seattle, Mr. Eng. Austin, A.H.

Washington LaGrone of Texas Bldg. 78712 535 Texas

New

York

14850

Maynard Bleves B. Day I. W. S. Strickland McCormick Research Terminal CANADA Center A KIN8T5

University Science

Bertram

Dr. Mr. Dr.

Mr. John Bottomley Northrop Page Comm. Eng, 3300 Whitehaven St. , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20507 Mr. J. L. Levatich Laboratories N. W, D. C. T. 20006 Jr. Laboratories 94305 Code Lab 92152 S250. 1

Communications P. O. Box 490, Ottawa, Mr. Mr. Mr. Ontario

Richard Roger Harry

Gould Carey Fine

COMSAT Washington, Prof. Stanford Stanford, Mr. Naval San Mr. San Dept. San N. A.

1835 K Street,

Fcc 1919 M St. , N.

Washington,

W.
20554

Waterman,

D. C.

Electronics Calif. R. Ortwein, Calif. H. State Calif. Kertel College

Dr. D, B. Large Westinghouse Electric Corp.

Center

Electronics Diego, Glen Hose Jose,

Georesearch Laboratory 8401 Baseline Road Boulder, Colorado 80302 Dr. John Dubzinsky The Rand Corporation 1700 Main Street Santa Monica, CA 90406
Dr. M, Avenue J. Voge de la Republique (Seine)

of Electrical

Engine 95114

t;ring

Mr. J. F. Roche Raytheon Company 1415 Boston Providence Norwood, Mass.

Direction du C. N. E. T. Highway
3, Issey-lesFUNCE Monlineau

87

Dr. John P. llagen Penn State University 102 Whitmore I.,aboratory University Park Pennsylvania 16802 Mr. 1,. A. Gausman An~erican Tel. and Tel. Co. Room 904 Wackcr Drive 1 North
Chicago, Prof. Olof Illinois Rydbeck, I,ab. University SWEDEN Ince, Chief Division Center 60606 Director of Technology

Mr. Code San

Robert 2420

Hopkins Electronics Calif. Lab 92152 Center

US Naval Diego,

Don Jansky Office of Telecommunications 1800 G. Street, NW Washington, DC 20504

Richard Institute Boulder, Wilford Kirby for Telecommunication 80302

Policy

Sci.

Colo E.

Research Chalmers Gothenburg, Dr. A, N.

of Electronics Brown Systems MA N. 02139 Rino Institute 94025 Center Transportation 55 Broadway Cambridge, Dr. Menlo Charles Park, I,red Army Relvoir, Va. Martin Space Md, Flight 20771 Center

Communications SHAPE The Mr. Technical Hague, F. Gall Intertel, Street CANADA Bergin, 4, A.

HOLLAND

Stanford

Research Calif.

ACRES 298 Elgin Ottawa Mr. P,

Ltd.

Dr. Us l-t. Mai;

Rhode Topographic I,ab

Engineers

Zone

580-10
Mr. John Code 863

General Dynamics P. O. BOX 1128 San Dr. Dr. Diego, Ja,mes Clifford Pope Grubb Research 80302 Massey Engineering Dame I,ab Calif. R. Wait 92112 (Rm, 231 Bldg 1)

Goddard Greenbelt,

Rufenach

.Joseph Richard

NOAA-Environmental Boulder, Prof. Dept. Notre Colo. Ja]mes

Mr. Barry Mendoza Philco-Ford Mail Stop G-80 3939 Fabian Way Palo Alto, Calif. 94303
Dr. J. P. McClure of Texas Texas 75203

of Electrical of Notre Indiana Dame,

University BOX 30365 :\allas,

University

46556

88

Mr. DNSS

Keith

D.

McDonald Group Street 22203 Rochelle Flight 20771 Center

Mr.
P. Los The ATTN:

Walter O.

Melton Corporation CA 90045 Center 5 22314

Planning Randolph Va. W.

Aerospace Angeles, Defense

801 N. Arlington, Dr. Code

BOX 95803

Robert 750

Documentation (2) TISIA-1 Station, Virginia Bldg.

Goddard Greenbelt, Dr. Hiam

Space Md.

Cameron Alexandria, Commander Naval

Soicher Electronics NJ Command 07703

AMSEL-TR-AI US Army k-t. Monmouth, Utlaut of Commerce Colo. K. C. Yeh Engineering (OT/ITS) 80302

Electronic of the Navy DC

Systems

Command

(PME-106-4) Dept. Washington, 20360 (~) (OP 941E)

William Dept. Boulder, Prof. Dept. Urbana, Dr.

Chief

of Naval

Operations Navy 20350 DC

Department Washington,

of the

of Electrical of Illinois IL 61801 Taur Laboratories

Defense Arlington, Attn: Dr.

Communications Courthouse 22204 Bond Virginia Frederick

Agency Road

University

8th and South

Roger

COMSAT Clarksburg, Cmdr. Navy N77B

Commander 20734 Naval San Electronics Diego, Naval 5405 Lt. Navy I.ondon Trumbull London, Mr. Connecticut John Merrill 06321 Calif. Research D. C, Cdr. N. Lab Center-Library 92152 Laboratory 20390 L. Wardle Systems Center

Maryland Berg

Roger

Communications

Headquarters Avenue, 20390 Ziemer Bldg. N. W.

U. S. Code Attn: U. S. New Ft. New Attn:

4401 Massachusetts Washington, Prof. Rodger DC E.

Washington,

Underwater Laboratory

123 Electrical University Rolls, Vernon Code San NEL/NWC Diego, CA Missouri E. 2200

Engineering of Missouri-Rolls 65401

Hilderbrand

92152

89

Mr. Mr. Mr. Dr. Mr. Bell

K. I.. R. D.

Burlington T. W. C. Gusler Wilson Iiogg M. Kelly I,aboratories Road Jersey 07733 School Dept. 93940 Ohlson, Code 52

Mr, Dr.

C.

C.

Ingram Blank Scicnccs Blvd. VA. 22046 ARD 250 S. W. Corp.

Howard

Computer Falls Charles Federal Washington Ronald Rudolph

Jalmes

6565 Arlington
Church, Brooksj Aviation DC

Telephone Corner New

Crawford Holmdel, Naval Montere, Attn: Prof.

Administration Avenue, 20591

800 Independence Postgraduate Engineering Calif. John Electrical

Beard Zir]m

Commander Naval Electronics (PME-117)

Dept. of tbe Navy DC Washington,.

System

Command

Code 7969 Naval Research I,ab Washington, I>C 20375

Dow Evelyn DNA DC 20305

20360

Headquarters Washington,

G. E. I,a Vean D.: fense Com]nunications Reston, Mr. I, Virginia Katz 1.. M. Piscane Feen I-Iopkins Avenue Md.

Eng.

Center

Roy

E.

Anderson Electric New Ament L,ab DC 20375 Code M930 Company Center York and Development

General Research

Vincent Michael The

Schenectady, Dr. University I.ab Code Naval W, S,

Johns

5404 Research

Applied Silver Mr. Dr.

Physics Springs,

8621 Georgia

Washington, Harry

Feigleson,

Herbert Jules

Whitney Aarons

Maritime Administration Dept. of Commerce 14th and E Streets, Washington, DC N. W. 20234

AFCRI. 1,. G. Bedford,

(1.,IR) Hanscom Ma. Field

01730

IJr. Menlo

Edward Park,

.T. Fremouw Institute 94025 Calif.

Stanford

Research

90

Thomas S. Golden Code 751 Robert Godfrey Code 831 Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Md. 20771 George Haroules Transportation Systems Center 55 Broadway Cambridge, Ma. 02139 Mr. Edward Wolff John E. Jackson Code 750.1 Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Md. 20771 Allen Johnson USA T-Avionics AFAL/AAI WPAFB, Ohio

Mr.
Mr.

J.

Potts Weiss Corporation D. C, C. E. 20036

Hans

COMAT Washington,

1900 L St. , N. W.

Dr. Dr.

Edward Norman

Rcifenstein, Gaut

111

Environmental Research 429 Manett Road I.exington, Mass.

and Tech. , Inc.

Dr. Colin D. Watkins Royal Radar Establishment Leigh Sinton Road Malvern, Worcester shire, ENGLAND Dr. Bradford Bean Environmental Research Lab NOAA Boulder, Colorado 80302 Mr. Paul D. Newhouse Electromagnetic Compatibility kalysis Center USN Marine Eng. Lab Anapolis, Maryland 21402 Mr. D. E. Sakhia, Code Martin Company Orlando, Florida 32805 MP-71

Lab

Mr. Fumio Minozuma Hitachi, Ltd. NIPPON Bldg. No. 6-2, 2-chome, Oktemachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100 JAPAN Dr. P. Rmakrishna Rao Elec. Engineering Dept. Indian Institute of Technology Kanput-16 INDIA Ronald Woodman, Director Radio Observatorio de Jicamarca Instituto Geo ~isico Del Peru Apartado 2747 Lima, PERU Dr. Bello CNR 381 Elliot Street Newton, MA, 02164

Prof. Walton W. Cannon Virginia Polytechnic Institute Virginia Assoc. Research C ~nter 12070 Jefferson Avenue Newport News, Virginia 23606

91

Mr.

John

k,

lowler and Space Corp. Co,

Mr. I.iznes

L.

M.

Guyot and Honorine Telephonique Sainte

I.,ockheed Lockheed Swnyvale, Mr. M.

Missiles Aircraft Calif. W. Ifotowitz

Telegraphiques

78 Conflaus FRANCE Mr. .T. H.

Rest

(Alt, Building

for

Dr.

Johnson Office

Sanders Springfield, Mr. Office

Associates, Drive Virginia Dean

Inc. 22151

LJS Army 1320 Wilson Arlington,

SAII:C;UARD 130ulevard Virginia S. Ruffine Advanced Agency Bldg. Blvd. VA W. 22209 Unger

Systcm

6621 Electronics

commonwealth

22209 (Chairman) Ballistic Missile

Wilfred

of Telecon~munic D. C.

ations 20504

Policy

Dr.

R.

1800 G St. , N. W. Washington, Dr. Bern, E.

US Army Dcfcnsc 1320 Wilson Physik 5 Mr. Room .T. H. Arlington,

Commonwealth Schanda fur Sidle Augewandtc rstrasse Institut

SWIT7>ERLAND Mr. Area R. ~~. M Eealn and Electronics

lK-233 Telephone Road Ncw J. Jersey 07981 I,aboratories, Inc.

Rell

nager-Planning Telephone Avenue N. Y. 10012

Whippany Whippany, Dr. Room Bell 1,.

General 730 Third New Mr. Mr. York,

International Fretwell I,aboratories, Jersey 07981 Inc. lK-206 Telephone Road New W.

David Charles

Davidson B. l-rye System Laboratory 02154

Whippany Whippany, Dr. R.

Sylvania Applied 40 Sylvan Waltham, Prof. Instituto Viale 00153, N. Bell Ivo

Electronics Research Road Mass. Rauzi Sup. Rome P. ITALY T.

Hendrick Company CA 93102 Street

Mission Santa Mr.

Research Barbara,

812 Anacapa

R.

L.

Leadabrand Institute 94025 I,aboratory C;A. Millman Company Plant 13201 York Street

Trastevere,

189

S:.anfrod Radio Menlo Dr.

Research Park,

Physics

.1, Zabusky Telephone N. J. Labs 07981

C.. H.

Whippany,

General IIMED, Syracuse,

~~lcctric Co~lrt New

92

Russell

Brown

Mr. Vignetti Robert LaFondra

Naval , Mr. Naval . New Silver S. G. H. A. Perry Laboratory Avenue MD Jr. Scientist Research 22217 Navy 20910 Ordinance Hampshire Springs, Reed, of the Research DC Laboratory 20390

Washington,

Assistant Dept. Office

Chief of Naval VA.

0NR:lQ2T:SGR:av Arlington,

93

,. .,,-,.. .,
..,,,

llNC LASS] F1l{I) -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ...>,,,..,,.. ., ,.,, . . . .

.,,,,,,<,

,.

,.,.,,

REPORT
REPOR1 NUMBER

DOCUMENTATION

PAGE
?, GOVT ACCESS(ON NO, 3. RECIP,

READ 1NS1RUC11ONS
[31FORE COMP1.EIINC NM8EE FORM ENT, S CATALOG

l; SII-TI{

-74-212
5, lYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD CO VEEEO

TITLE (lid .$ btizlp) fi,

l[!.h

ical

Note

MorI>hlgy

of Ir,os),hrrir

Scit,lill;,ti

or,

6. PERFORMINGORG. REPORT NMBER

lcchical
AU IHOR(\, 8. CON TRAC1

Nlc 1974-29
NMBE R,.,,

OR GR~NT

Crac,

I<ol=rt

K,

1>19628 -73-C

-0002

PERFORMING

ORGANIZATION

NAME

AND

AD DRES5

IO,

Lincol!,
P. <). 130,

1.8hora10ry,
73 hdA

M, 1, 7,

PROGRAM ELEMENT, AREA 8 WORK NIT

PROJECT, NMBERS

TASK

IEX]IIGO,
1, CON7ROLL,

02173
NAME AND ADDRESS 12.

[>rojc,ct N, 1508A
REPORT DATE

NG OF F1E

Naval

I,:lcc.tro,,ic

SysLeILIs

c,,,,,,.T)d
13.

21 May
NMBER

Ilc),arl,,,c,,l

Of 11,, N:,vy

1974

\Vastlin@ o,,, IX 1,
MONITORING AGENCY

20360
NAME & ADDRESS ,(/ d(//<,,,,, ,,,, , [.,,n,,,,ll,,,fi ,,,,,, <.,

OF PAGES

98
15, SECURITY L A5S, ,,,/ ,h,, ,,,>, >,,,

l{lcclro{c Systc,,, s

I)ivisij,

[]IIC

]:1 ssificd DOWNGRADING

1.. G. flansc o,,, ~~icld Ikdford> h4A 01730

i. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (/,!,>s R.),,,)

15.

DECLASSIFICATION SCHEDLE

A)~l~rovcd

fOr

l?llhlic

rvlc:lsv;

dislrihti

or) t,nlllllj~vd,

7.

DISTRI

OUT ION

ST AT EA, ENT

(,,fth<

bsf,oct

,ntcrcd

,,, ,(~,,<h

2,1, ,Id,f,r,,,,

t ,,,,,,,

R.,,,,,,,

8.

SUPPLEMENTARY

NOTES

No,,c

,
,, ,,,,.., ,, ,<,.,,, s,dc ,/ .,,, s~ d ,dc.,,f) b, b,(, <k ,,., hr,,

,,

,.CY

,,,<,,:

,
CO,,llll,,icalir, Millslor,r tlill syslc,], rtxdzIr s iot,sld,c, ric sci,,lill:ltio

0.

AR ST RJ, CT ((,,,,,..,

,,,,s,

s,d,

,/ ncc.

ssti,

o,,d

,dc,,,,f>

by bl,, rk

,,,,,,, b,,,

.Ihis iirsl exislig with ahot

re),orl

j.

dircc.le<l as t

toivi)rd
C, IIS. LTC:C ]

i,rviclir,g
it, :? sitlg]?

ir,il-],,i,li<,,,
c:x)>. ritl)ctll,

vo,?,r,,,lic.atior,
sv.r!d

syst, the

],, s

<Icsigrlc:rs f scir,till [he ation

.ci.lillatio,, IOCICIS scd

a170LlL

adcc]t(acy i,, of

it,tcr),

rct

scir,lill:,

tir,

d;,ta

;LS,CI fLrI:,lly

ahL,t

11,<, variat

gco;)hy.

ical

]IaraIc:Lcr.s.

h. u

FORM 1,AN73

,,.. q{> 11 F NOv 65 1s OBsOLEIE SECURITY LJNCLASSIFI CLASSIFICATION OF THIS III) PAGE (Uhc l)<,,,, J.,,,,,,,,,