2004, ISA

TI21W1 (1.1)
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Grounding in
Instrumentation Systems
TI21W1 Version 1.1
2004
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
2
Seminar Logistics
Seminar materials
Downloadable presentation
Question and Answer session (audio and email)
Survey
Earn 1 Professional Development Hour (PDH)
Seminar length
60 minute presentation
Three 10-minute question and answer sessions
Audio Instructions
As a participant, you are in a listen-only mode.
You may ask questions via the internet, using your
keyboard, at any time during the presentation. However, the
presenter may decide to wait to answer your question until
the next Q&A Session.
If you have audio difficulties, press *0.
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Audio Instructions for Q&A Sessions
Questions may be asked via your telephone line.
Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and
then ask for your question.
If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed
into a queue until you are first in line.
While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then
ask for your question.
Introduction of ISA Presenter
ISA Presenter
Larry Thompson, CAP
ISA Adjunct instructor since 1984. B.A.A.S Tarleton State University.
Instructor for Texas State Technical College in Instrumentation (1977-
1979), Computer Networking and System Administration (1996-1999),
E-Commerce Technology (1999-2003). CCST Certificate, FCC
Radiotelephone License (General, formerly First Class). Served 20
years USAF primarily in Electronic Encryption Systems. Owned and
managed own services business since 1979.
Designed, developed, taught and maintained industrial controls in many
varied applications.
Author of ISA books: Industrial Data Communications and Basic
Electrics/Electronics for Control
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Introduction of Presenter
Wayne Oswald recently retired after 35 years
with The Dow Chemical Company. He served
as Maintenance Process Leader for
Electrical/Instrumentation/Refrigeration
Services functions for Dow's Texas
Operations. Since retiring from Dow, Wayne
has taught Electrical Continuing Education
courses for Associated Builders and
Contractors and is currently serving as Project
Director for the Greater Houston Construction
Careers Initiative, involved in recruiting and
training entry level construction workers along
the Texas Gulf Coast.
Wayne received his BS degree in Electrical
Engineering Technology from The University of
Houston. He serves as Chairman of the Texas
Skill Standards Board and is active in The
Associated Builders and Contractors and
Houston Business Roundtable organizations.
Key Benefits of Seminar
Know the terminologies surrounding grounds and grounding
in Measurement and Control applications.
Be familiar with the grounding philosophies employed in
Measurement and Control applications.
Understand the concepts of shielding and noise reduction
as related to grounding.
Be able to determine what is the best grounding and
shielding approach for different applications.
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Section 1: Electrical Grounds
What is a ground
What must be grounded
What may not be grounded
Intentional grounding systems
Separately grounded systems
Grounds
Connection to earth or other large conducting mass
O V
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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How do we connect to the ground ?
Instrument Power/Signals Requiring Grounding
When supplying <50 V
230
VAC
Ungrounded
When supplying 50 1KV
50 VAC
50 VAC
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Intentionally Grounded Systems
N
L2
L1
120/208 VAC
277/480 VAC
120/240 VAC
A
B
C
120/240 VAC 480 VAC
Intentionally Grounded Systems
L1
N
120 VAC
N
C
B
A
A
B
N
C
Types of Grounding
N
C
B
A
Solidly Grounded
A
N
C
B
Zig-Zag Grounded
N
C
B
A
Resistance Grounded
N
C
B
A
Impedance Grounded
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Instrument Power/Signals Requiring Grounding (contd)
Separately Derived AC Systems (NEC Article 250-20(d
Commonly used in measurement and control circuits
Direct-Current Circuits: (NEC Article 250-162)
Commonly used in measurement and control circuits
Separately Derived System - Generator
Generator
Service Panel
Transfer Switch
Feeder Neutral Equipment
Ground
Neutral
Lnliy Ioinl Ciound
SepaialeIy Deiived
Ciound
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Separately Derived System Transformer #1
Ground at
Transformer
DRY
TRANSFORMER
EQUIPMENT
GROUND
EQUIPMENT
GROUND BUS
INSULATED
NEUTRAL
BUS
FIRST
DISCONNECT
GROUNDING ELECTRODE
NEUTRAL
BUS
Separately Derived Transformer System
Grounded at the Transformer
Separately Derived Ground Transformer #2
Ground at
First Disconnect
DRY
TRANSFORMER
EQUIPMENT
GROUND
EQUIPMENT
GROUND BUS
NEUTRAL
BUS
FIRST
DISCONNECT
GROUNDING
ELECTRODE
Separately Derived Transformer System
Grounded at First Disconnect
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Instrument Power/Signals NOT Requiring Grounding
ConlioI Syslen
NEUTRAL
BUS
Review of Key Points
What is a ground?
What must be grounded?
What may not be grounded?
Intentional grounding systems
Separately grounded systems
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Live Question and Answer Session
During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line.
Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then
ask for your question.
If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into
a queue until you are first in line.
While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask
for your question.
Section 2: Types of Grounding Systems
Ground Considerations
Single Point Ground (DC to Low Frequency Signals)
Low Frequency Multi-Point
High Frequency Single Point Ground
High Frequency/Low Frequency Model
Series Ground
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Ground Potential Difference
Ig
E = IR = 10,000 x 1 =10,000 V
1 Ohm
Power &
Safety Ground
Instrument
Ground
Different Earth
Ground Connections
(typ)
10,000
Amps
Assume zero reference point
Mirror Earth Current
LF Single Point Ground Model
POWER &
SAFETY
GROUND
INSTRUMENT
GROUND
INTRINSIC
SAFETY
GROUND
COMPUTER
GROUND
Equivalent
Line
Resistance
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Low Frequency Multi-Point Ground
!nterconnections(Typ)
Power 8
Safety
Ground
!nstrument
Ground
!ntrinsic
Safety
Ground
Different
Earth
Ground
Connections
(Typ)
!g !g
HF Single Single Point Ground Model
COMPUTER
GROUND
INTRINSIC
SAFETY
GROUND
INSTRUMENT
GROUND
POWER &
SAFETY
GROUND
Equivalent Line
Inductances
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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HF/LF Ground Model
POWER &
SAFETY
GROUND
INTRINSIC
SAFETY
GROUND
INSTRUMENT
GROUND
SRG SRG
COMPUTER
GROUND
Short as Possible
(TYP)
Connection
Low Inductive
Isolated Ground System(IG)
Load
N N
G G
N
Safety Ground
Neutral
Conduit
Phase
Isolated
Ground
CB Panel Source
IG IG
Equipment
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Simple Illustration of Instrument Grounding System
Intrinsic Safety
Ground System
Instrument Ground
SG
90 V 150 kA
Spark Gap
System
Single Point of Connection
Power & Safety Grounds Power & Safety Grounds
Service Entrance Ground
Instrument Ground
Example DCS Type Grounding
INTRINSIC SAFETY
GROUND
SAFETY GROUND
GRID
COMPUTER
DCS
G
N
H
SIGNAL REFERENCE
GRID(SRG)
G
N
H
IS Barrier
A
B
C
EG
N
Earth Ground
A
B
C
N
EG
Master Reference
Ground
Computer Power Panel DCS Power Panel
ELECTRONIC
REFERENCE
GROUND(ERG)
High Frequency
Ground
A
NEC required Connection
G

SC
SC
SC
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Example Plant Grid
Control
Room
Building Steel
Bond(Typ)
MCC Grounds(Typ)
Instrument
Grounds
Equipment
Room
Power Triad(Typ)
To Tank
Farm
and Flare
Instrument
Triad
MCC
Structural
Steel
Bond(Typ)
Example Plant Ground Grid
Review of Key Points
Ground Considerations
Single Point Ground (DC to Low Frequency Signals)
Low Frequency Multi-Point
High Frequency Single Point Ground
High Frequency/Low Frequency Model
Series Ground
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Live Question and Answer Session
During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line.
Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then
ask for your question.
If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into
a queue until you are first in line.
While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask
for your question.
Section 3: Shielding/Noise Reduction
Field definitions
Electrostatic Shielding
Electromagnetic Shielding
Shielding Applications
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Field Definitions
A

Electrostatic Shield Model

V1
S
h
ie
ld
S-G
C1-2
C2-G
CIRCUIT #2 -
RECEPTOR
Vnoise
C2-S
C1-G
Electrostatic Shield Model
(Capacitive)
SOURCE
CIRCUIT #1 -
C2S-G
Path
C1-S2
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Noise in a 4-20 mA Loop
Noise in a 4-20 mA Loop
Receiver
Instrument
DC Signal + NM + CM
+ +
Twisted Pair
+ +
DC
CM Reduced by Twisted Pair
P/S
Transmitter
4-20 mA
DC
DC
+
+24 VDC P/S
Both Normal and Common Mode Noise
Reduced by Common Mode Rejection
of Input Differential Amplifier
4-20 mA Instrument Cable Shield
-
S S
DCS
-
-
Shield
Tape Back
4-20 mA Instrument Loop Shield
- -
F
MTB FTB TX
24 VDC
P/S
Twisted Pair
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Magnetic Coupling Model
V1
CIRCUIT #1
SOURCE
CIRCUIT #2
RECEPTOR
Signal Circuits Grounded at Both Ends
System #1 System #2
System #1
System #2
Shield grounded at one end
opens exposure to magnetic
fields when the signal circuit is
grounded at both ends.
Shield grounded at both ends
reduces exposure to magnetic
fields when the circuit is grounded
at both ends.
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Common Mode Chokes
Vg
System #1 System #2
Vg
System #1 System #2
Balun
Magnetic Core
Ferrite Beads
System #1 System #2
Vnm
Vcm Vcm
Good for >1 MHz(typ)
Symbol
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Differential Amplifier
System #1 System #2
Vnm
Vcm Vcm
Differential Amp
CMRR
A differential amplifier will pass normal
mode noise but will reject common
mode noise based on its common
mode reduction ratio (CMRR).
Balanced Signal Lines
Vg
Vg
R
L
Rs
Rs
Balanced and Unbalanced Lines
System #1 System #2
System #2
R
L
R
L
Vn
Noise cancels due it appearing
on both circuit legs but the
balanced receiver only responding
to the difference between the legs.
Vn
Vn
Balanced Circuit
Unbalanced Circuit
System #1
Vs RS-232
RS-422/485
Rs
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TI21W1 (1.1)
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Review of Key Points
Field definitions
Electrostatic Shielding
Electromagnetic Shielding
Shielding Applications
How Many People are at Your Site?
Poll Slide
Click on the appropriate number indicating the number of
people that are at your site.
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Live Question and Answer Session
During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line.
Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then
ask for your question.
If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into
a queue until you are first in line.
While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask
for your question.
Related Courses from ISA
Grounding and Noise Considerations for Control Equipment
and Computers (TI21)
Understanding Electrical Systems (TI15)
Industrial Electronics (TI20)
Electrical Noise Reduction in Instrumentation Systems
(TI21W2)
All ISA courses are available any time as on-site training
For more information: www.isa.org/training or (919) 549-8411
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Other Related Resources from ISA
Electrical Instruments in Hazardous Locations, 4th Edition
by E.C. Magison from ISA Press
The ANSI/ISA12 series of standards and technical reports
on electrical instruments & apparatus
ISA Membership connects you to people and ideas in
automation and control
Just $85 per year, plus $9 for each division
For more information: www.isa.org/shopISA or (919) 549-8411
ISA Certifications
Certified Automation Professionals (CAP )
www.isa.org/CAP
Certified Control Systems Technician (CCST)
www.isa.org/CCST
Please visit us online for more information on any of these
programs, or call (919) 549-8411.
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Seminar Survey
Web-based Seminar Surveys are tools to help ISA maintain
the quality of our training programs.
Please complete the following four slides of the survey and
fax to ISA when it is complete.
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
Seminar Survey (contd)
Date of Web-Seminar ___________________________
Please mark only one circle for each question.
Scale Definition: P-Poor; F-Fair; G-Good; VG-Very Good; E-Excellent
P F G VG E
1. Seminar objectives were clear and
attainable with the allotted time.
2. Pre-program seminar description
was accurate.
3. How was registration process?
4. How was the audio quality?
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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Seminar Survey (contd)
Name of Presenter: _____________________
P F G VG E
5. Demonstrated practical
knowledge about the subject.
6. Provided clear answers to
questions/comments.
7. How many people listened at your site?
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21+
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
8. Would you participate in another
virtual seminar? Yes No
9. Did the web component add
to the value of the virtual seminar? Yes No
10. Did the seminar satisfy your
professional objectives? Yes No
11. How did you hear about this seminar?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Seminar Survey (contd)
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1)
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12. List other topics you would like to view as a web
seminar, along with your overall impression of the
program.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
13. May we quote your comments?
Yes No
Name of Participant (optional) ____________________
Name of Your Company __________________________
Seminar Survey (contd)
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.