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Section 1: The study of Consciousness Consciousness as a Construct Consciousness The awareness of things that are both inside and

outside ourselves William James First stated that -Does Consciousness consciousness should not Exist? be studied b/c it cant be measured Meaning of Consciousness Selective Attention Focusing on a particular stimulus Different Levels of Consciousness Preconscious Descriptive of that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness Unconscious According to Freud, a -Dreams reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but which influences our behavior Nonconscious Descriptive of bodily -Fingernails growing processes of which we are not aware of Altered State of A type of consciousness -Meditation, biofeedback, Consciousness other than normal waking hypnosis consciousness Consciousness means the awareness of things that are both inside and outside ourselves. Psychologists have not always thought that consciousness should be a part of the study of psychology. Today, however, many psychologists believe that consciousness can be studied scientifically. Consciousness is a psychological construct because it cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly. Consciousness is known by its effects on behavior. Section 2: Sleep and Dreams The Sleep Cycle Biological clocks that govern how animals, plants, and people function Theta waves/ brief images -No more than 30 to 40 that resemble vivid min.

Circadian Rhythms

Stage One

photographs REM Sleep (paradoxical) REM sleep deprivation -dreams usually occur interferes with memory, here and the more stressful the day the more REM sleep The Importance of Sleep and Dreams Freudian Dream A method to uncover the Interpretation repressed information in the unconscious mind Sleep Disorders Insomnia Persistent problems -Most common sleep getting to or staying disorder asleep Sleep Apnea Causes a person to stop -Obese people have a breathing for a short higher chance period of time during the night Narcolepsy Periods of intense sleepiness and may fall asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times Night terrors Suffers feel their heart -More severe than racing and gasp for air nightmares When we are awake the brain emits beta waves, which are short and quick. As we become drowsy, the brain slowly moves from beta waves to alpha waves, which are a little slower than beta waves. Much of how people, animals, and plants function is governed by circadian rhythms, or biological clocks. Circadian rhythms in humans include a sequence of bodily changes that occurs every 24 hours. The most studied circadian rhythm is the sleep-wake cycle. People need sleep to revive the tired body and build up resistance to infection. Sleep may help people recover from stress and consolidate memories. REM sleep seems to help animals and people learn, remember, and retain information.

Meditation

Biofeedback

Section 3: Alerted States of Consciousness Meditation and Biofeedback A systematic narrowing of attention that slows the metabolism and helps produce feelings of relaxation A system that provides, or feeds back, data about something happening in

the body Hypnosis: Myths and Realties Hypnosis An altered sate of consciousness in which a person is highly suggestible Role Theory of Hypnosis Hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness at all State Theory of Hypnosis Hypnosis meet some parts of the definition for an altered state of consciousness Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis causes us to -Based on the research of Hypnosis divide our consciousness Ernest Hilgard voluntarily. One part of our consciousness responds to the suggestions of the hypnotist; another part or level retains awareness of reality Posthypnotic Suggestion The therapist gives instructions during hypnosis that are to be carried out after the session has ended Sigmund Freuds explanation: Hypnotized people put fantasy and impulse before fact and logic. Therefore, they believe what the hypnotist tells them. The role theory explanation: Hypnotized people are playing a part as if they are in a play. Unlike actors, however, hypnotized people may believe what they are doing is real. There is no one generally accepted explanation for hypnosis. Section 4:Drugs and Consciousness Addiction Depressants Intoxication Depressants After a person takes the drug for awhile, the body craves it to feel normal Drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system A state of drunkenness characterized by impaired coordination and judgment

Narcotics

Addictive depressants that have been used to relieve pain and induce sleep. Stimulants Stimulants Increase the activity of the nervous system Amphetamines A type of stimulant often used to stay awake or to reduce appetite Hallucination A perception of an object or a sound that seems to be real but is not Delusion A false idea that seems to be real Hallucinogens Hallucinogen Drug that produces -pot, lsd hallucinations Treatment of Drug Abuse Detoxification The removal of the harmful substance from the body Depressants slow down the nervous system, stimulants increase the activity of the nervous system, and hallucinogens produce hallucinations. Treatments for drug abuse include detoxification, maintenance programs, counseling, and support groups. Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are all drugs that can affect consciousness. Drug abuse can be dealt with by a number of available treatments. Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant. It raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and decreases supply of oxygen. Use of cocaine can sometimes cause death. One very harmful form is known as crack. Other Hallucinogens: Mushrooms that contain psilocybin, which produces altered perceptions, confusion, anxiety, and panic Peyote, which contains mescaline Ecstasy, a pill that produces hallucinations, increased energy, loss of judgment, and serious side effects including nausea and high blood pressure

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