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Rachna Nawhal
Financial Derivatives
Financial instrument whose price is dependent upon or derived from the value of underlying assets The underlying not necessarily has to be an asset. It could be any other random/uncertain event like temperature/weather etc. The most common underlying assets includes:
Stock Bonds Commodities Currencies Interest rates
Derivative Security
Derivative securities, more appropriately termed as derivative contracts, are assets which confer the investors who take positions in them with certain rights or obligations. They owe their existence to the presence of a market for an underlying asset or portfolio of assets, which may be considered as primary securities. Thus if there was to be no market for the underlying assets, there would be no derivatives.
Options
An options contract gives the buyer the right to transact on or before a future date at a price that is fixed at the outset. It imposes an obligation on the seller of the contract to transact as per the agreed upon terms, if the buyer of the contract were to exercise his right. We have said that an option holder acquires a right to transact. There are two possible transactions from an investors standpoint purchases and sales. Consequently there are two types of options Calls and Puts. A Call Option gives the holder the right to acquire the asset. A Put Option gives the holder the right to sell the asset. If a call holder were to exercise his right, the seller of the call would have to make delivery of the asset.
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Options
If the holder of a put were to exercise his right, the seller of the put would have to accept delivery. We have said that an option holder has the right to transact on or before a certain specified date. Certain options permit the holder to exercise his right only on a future date. These are known as European Options. Other types of options permit the holder to exercise his right at any point in time on or before a specified future date. These are known as American Options.
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Rights
What is the difference between a Right and an Obligation. An Obligation is a binding commitment to perform. A Right however, gives the freedom to perform if desired. It need be exercised only if the holder wishes to do so. In a transaction to trade an asset at a future date, both parties cannot be given rights. For, if it is in the interest of one party to go through with the transaction when the time comes, it obviously will not be in the interest of the other. Consequently while obligations can be imposed on both the parties to the contract, like in the case of a forward or a futures contract, a right can be given to only one of the two parties. Hence, while a buyer of an option acquires a right, the seller has an obligation to perform imposed on him.
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Right to buy
Obligation to sell
Put Options
Right to sell
Obligation to buy
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Swaps
A swap is a contractual agreement between two parties to exchange specified cash flows at pre-defined points in time. There are two broad categories of swaps Interest Rate Swaps and Currency Swaps.
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Currency Swaps
These are also known as cross-currency swaps. In this case the two parties first exchange principal amounts denominated in two different currencies. Each party will then compute interest on the amount received by it as per a pre-defined yardstick, and exchange it periodically. At the termination of the swap the principal amounts will be swapped back. In this case, since the payments being exchanged are denominated in two different currencies, we can have fixedfloating, floating-floating, as well as fixed-fixed swaps.
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Hedgers
These are people who have already acquired a position in the spot market prior to entering the derivatives market. They may have bought the asset underlying the derivatives contract, in which case they are said to be Long in the spot. Or else they may have sold the underlying asset in the spot market without owning it, in which case they are said to have a Short position in the spot market. In either case they are exposed to Price Risk.
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Hedgers (Cont)
Price risk is the risk that the price of the asset may move in an unfavourable direction from their standpoint. What is adverse depends on whether they are long or short in the spot market. For a long, falling prices represent a negative movement. For a short, rising prices represent an undesirable movement. Both longs and shorts can use derivatives to minimize, and under certain conditions, even eliminate Price Risk. This is the purpose of hedging.
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Speculators
Unlike hedgers who seek to mitigate their exposure to risk, speculators consciously take on risk. They are not however gamblers, in the sense that they do not play the market for the sheer thrill of it. They are calculated risk takers, who will take a risky position, only if they perceive that the expected return is commensurate with the risk. A speculator may either be betting that the market will rise, or he could be betting that the market will fall.
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Arbitrageurs
These are traders looking to make costless and risk-less profits. Since derivatives by definition are based on markets for an underlying asset, it is but obvious that the price of a derivatives contract must be related to the price of the asset in the spot market. Arbitrageurs scan the market constantly for discrepancies from the required pricing relationships. If they see an opportunity for exploiting a misaligned price without taking a risk, and after accounting for the opportunity cost of funds that are required to be deployed, they will seize it and exploit it to the hilt.
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Arbitrageurs (Cont)
Arbitrage activities therefore keep the market efficient. That is, such activities ensure that prices closely conform to their values as predicted by economic theory. Market participants, like brokerage houses and investment banks have an advantage when it comes to arbitrage vis a vis individuals. Firstly, they do not typically pay commissions for they can arrange their own trades. Secondly, they have ready access to large amounts of capital at a competitive cost.
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Thank you
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