Introduction to PL/SQL

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Overview

Overview of PL/SQL Development of a coded block Interacting with an Oracle database Controlling PL/SQL process flow Cursor handling Error handling

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Re-visiting SQL

Instructions to Oracle identifying the information you wish to select, insert, delete or update SQL*Plus is Oracle's simple interface for interaction with Oracle DBMS using SQL. Notes on SQL are on Blackboard

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PL/SQL - introduction

Procedural extension allowing for modularity, variable declaration, loops and logical constructs. Allows for advanced error handling Communicates natively with other oracle database objects. Managed centrally within the Oracle database.

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Other Databases

All have procedural facilities SQL is not functionally complete

Lacks full facilities of a programming language

So top up functionality by embedding SQL in a procedural language PL/SQL techniques are specific to Oracle

but procedures and functions can be ported to other systems

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Why use PL/SQL

Manage business rules through middle layer application logic. Generate code for triggers Generate code for interface Enable database-centric client/server applications

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Centralised Vs De-centralised
Begin : End; End; End; : : Begin Begin

Begin : End;

Server

Common copy of executed code one copy to maintain

Multiple copies of executable code on the decentralised system multiple copies to maintain leading to increase difficulty in maintaining the system

Server

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Advantages of using PL/SQL to access Oracle

PL/SQL is managed centrally within the database Code is managed by the DBA and execution privileges are managed in the same way as with other objects PL/SQL objects are first-class Oracle DB objects Easy to read With modularity features and error handling

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Centralised control

Enables DBA to:

Specify rules in one place (as procedure, function, package in PL/SQL) Force user access through the predefined PL/SQL so users cannot write their own procedural code and use this instead.

Define for instance security privileges giving users access to table(s) only through a particular procedure

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Using PL/SQL as a programming language

Permits all operations of standard programming languages e.g.

Conditions IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF; Jumps GOTO LOOP-EXIT; WHEN-END LOOP; FOR-END LOOP; WHILE-END LOOP

Provides loops for controlling iteration

Allows extraction of data into variables and its subsequent manipulation

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Modules in PL/SQL
There are 4 types of modules in PL/SQL Procedures series of statements may or may not return a value Functions series of statements must return a single value Triggers series of PL/SQL statements (actions) executing after an event has triggered a condition (ECA) Packages collection of procedures and function that has 2 parts: a listing and a body.

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Procedures
Create or replace procedure sample1 as

Creation command
v_num1 constant number := 2.5;

Variable declarations
v_num2 constant number := 4; v_product number; BEGIN v_product := v_num1 * v_num2;

Body of procedure
END;

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Use of Data-Types

Number used to store any number Char(size) & varchar2(size) e.g.: char(10) used to store alphanumerical text strings, the char data type will pad the value stored to the full length declared. Date used to store dates Long used to store large blocks of text up to 2 gigabytes in length (limited operations)

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More data-types

Long raw stores large blocks of data stored in binary format Raw stores smaller blocks of data in binary formal Rowid used to store the special format of rowids in the database

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Non-database Data Types

DEC, DECIMAL, REAL, INTEGER, INT these are numerical data types that are a subset of number. Binary_integer binary format for number type but can not be stored in database unless converted first. Character same as char Boolean true/false value Table/record tables can be used to store the equivalent of an array while records store the variables with composite data types.

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Using SQL in procedures

Select values into PL/SQL variables using INTO Record.element notation will address components of tuples (dot notation) %rowtype allows full rows to be selected into one variable
addr1 addr2 addr3 postcode grade salary

V_employee employee%rowtype

Empid empname
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Example (Anonymous Block of Code)

Declare v_employee Begin select * into v_employee from employee where empid = 65284;
Is updating the value of salary based on selected element of a variable Selects entire row of data into 1 variable called v_employee

employee%rowtype;

update employee set salary = v_employee.salary + 1000 where empid = v_employee.empid; End;

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Cursor overview

Very powerful in PL/SQL modules Allows more than one set of data to be retrieved and accessed at the same time in loops Sets are created by executing SQL statements embedded in the PL/SQL code Cursor attributes - %notfound, %rowcount, %found & %isopen

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Error handling

Prevents database locking Ensures that errors are presented to the user in a sensible format Makes code robust Essential when using PL/SQL as formal programming language or interfacing with Oracle applications.

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