MC LC

CHNG I......................................................................................................................................2 M U.........................................................................................................................................2 1.1. Khi qut chung v mng vin thng.......................................................................................2 1.2. Cac cng cu hoach inh mang..................................................................................................6 1.3. S lc mng vin thng Vit Nam.......................................................................................14 CHNG II..................................................................................................................................18 CHUYN MCH KNH.............................................................................................................18 2.1. Phn loi chuyn mch knh..................................................................................................18 2.2. Chuyn mch khng gian tng t.........................................................................................19 2.3. K thut chuyn mch s........................................................................................................22 2.4. Cac cu truc cua cac khi chuyn mach s dung lng ln...................................................31 2.5. iu khin cac khi chuyn mach s......................................................................................36 CHNG III.................................................................................................................................49 CHUYN MCH GI..................................................................................................................49 3.1. Nhng khi nim chuyn mch gi........................................................................................49 3.2. Phng thc hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi PSN..........................................52 3.3. ng gi thng tin..................................................................................................................59 3.4. nh tuyn trong mng PSN...................................................................................................64 CHNG IV.................................................................................................................................72 CC CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN....................................................................72 4.1. Chuyn mch ATM................................................................................................................72 4.2. Cng ngh chuyn mch MPLS.............................................................................................91 CHNG V................................................................................................................................106 BO HIU..................................................................................................................................106 5.1. Phn tich mt cuc goi..........................................................................................................106 5.2. Tng quan v bo hiu..........................................................................................................111 5.3. Bo hiu s 7.........................................................................................................................117 5.4. V d v thit lp cuc gi n gin s dng h thng bo hiu s 7..................................133 5.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i...............................................................................................134 CHNG VI...............................................................................................................................144 TNG I K THUT S SPC...............................................................................................144 6.1. Gii thiu v tng i SPC (Stored Program Control).........................................................144 6.2. S khi tng qut ca tng i SPC................................................................................147

CHNG I M U 1.1. Khi qut chung v mng vin thng Mng vin thng l phng tin truyn a thng tin t u pht ti u thu. Truyn tin qua mng vin thng l hnh thc truyn thng tin t ni ny ti ni khc bng cch s dng tn hiu in, in t, quang in thng qua cc thit b mng. Mng c nhim v cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng. Mng vin thng bao gm cc thnh phn chnh: thit b chuyn mch, thit b truyn dn, mi trng truyn v thit b u cui.
Mi trng truyn dn
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 chnh 20 10 0

Trung tm chuyn mch Thit b u cui

Thit b truyn dn

Thit b truyn dn

Trung tm chuyn mch Thit b u cui

East West North

Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn

ca mng vin thng

1st Q tr 2nd Q tr 3rd Q tr 4th Q tr

1.1.1. Thit b u cui

Thit b u cui ca mng vin thng c th c hiu l thit b giao tip gia ngi s dng vi mng Chc nng ca thit b u cui: - Bin i tin tc cn truyn nh ting ni, vn bn, s liu, hnh nh thnh dng tn hiu in ph hp c th truyn qua mng vin thng - Tham gia vo qu trnh thit lp, duy tr, gii phng tuyn truyn tin Mi thit b u cui thng c ni vo mng bng mt i dy c gi l ng dy thu bao. Tng ng mi ng dy thu bao s l mt mch in bn trong mt thit b no ca mng. Mch in c gi l mch in giao tip ng dy thu bao SLIC (Subscribers Line Interface Circuit). Mch in ny cho php thit b u cui ca ngi s dng, qua ng dy thu bao giao tip c vi cc thit b bn trong mng Thit b u cui cho mng thoi truyn thng gm my in thoi, my Fax, my tnh, tng i PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange). 1.1.2. Trung tm chuyn mch
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Trung tm chuyn mch hay tng i l thit b mng dng to ra tuyn thng tin gia cc thit b u cui ca cng tng i vi nhau ( cuc gi ni ht) hoc gia cc thit b u cui ca tng i ny vi thit b u cui ca tng i khc qua ng trung k (cuc gi lin tng i, cuc gi ng di) hoc gia cc trung k vi nhau (cuc gi qu giang) Chc nng ca trung tm chuyn mch: - Thit lp, duy tr v gii phng tuyn ni gia 2 thu bao cn lin lc - Cung cp v x l cc bo hiu thu bao v bo hiu trung k phc v chc nng chuyn mch - T chc, qun l mng (vai tr node mng, qun l trng thi ca cc u cui v tuyn truyn dn), cung cp giao tip v cc dch v thu bao, phi hp truyn dn (t chc ngn hng knh, dng, mc tn hiu) bin i v t chc thng tin bn trong trung tm chuyn mch 1.1.3. Thit b truyn dn Dng ni thit b u cui vi tng i, hay gia cc tng i thc hin vic truyn a cc tn hiu in. 1.1.4. Mi trng truyn Bao gm truyn hu tuyn v v tuyn. Truyn hu tuyn bao gm cp kim loi, cp quang. Truyn v tuyn bao gm vi ba, v tinh. 1.1.5. T chc mng vin thng

- Mng hp ni - Mng phn cp

Trung tm quc t Hng thay th Trung tm vng Hnh 1.2. T chc mng kiu hp ni 3

Trung tm lin tnh Hng trc tip

Tng i ni ht

Hnh 1.3. T chc mng kiu phn cp

Khi xy dng mng quc gia cn hoch nh cc cp chuyn mch. Nu mng khng c phn cp th vic phc v cc cuc gi ng di s gp kh khn do tuyn ng di khng c hoch nh trc, cuc ni s phi qua nhiu tng i, thi gian thit lp lu, gi thnh cao, s dng cc thit b km hiu qu, cht lng phc v thp Mng phn cp cho php khc phc c cc nhc im trn 1.1.6. Cc c im ca mng vin thng hin nay Cc mng vin thng hin ti c c im chung l tn ti mt cch ring l, ng vi mi loi dch v thng tin li c t nht mt loi mng vin thng ring bit phc v dch v n. Mng Telex: dng gi cc bc in di dng k t c m ho bng 5 bit (m Baudot). Tc truyn rt thp (t 75 ti 300 bit/s). Mng in thoi cng cng, cn gi l mng POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service): y thng tin ting ni c s ha v chuyn mch h thng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN. Mng truyn s liu: bao gm cc mng chuyn mch gi trao i s liu gia cc my tnh da trn giao thc ca X.25 v h thng truyn s liu chuyn mch knh da trn cc giao thc X.21. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh c th c truyn theo ba cch: truyn bng sng v tuyn, truyn qua h thng mng truyn hnh cp CATV (Community Antenna
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Television) bng cp ng trc hoc truyn qua h thng v tinh hay cn gi l truyn hnh trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast System). Trong phm vi c quan, s liu gia cc my tnh c trao i thng qua mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) m ni ting nht l mng Ethernet, Token Bus v Token Ring. Mi mng c thit k cho cc dch v ring bit v khng th s dng cho cc mc ch khc. V d ta khng th truyn ting ni qua mng chuyn mch gi X.25 v tr qua mng ny qu ln. Ngi ta chia mng Vin thng theo cc kha cnh sau: Xt v gc k thut bao gm cc mng chuyn mch, mng truyn dn, mng truy nhp, mng bo hiu v mng ng b. Xt v gc dch v th mng Vin thng gm cc mng sau: mng in thoi c nh, mng in thoi di ng v mng truyn s liu: PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) L mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng. PSTN phc v thoi v bao gm hai loi tng i: tng i ni ht (cp 5), v tng i tandem(tng i qu giang ni ht, cp 4). Tng i tandem c ni vo cc tng i Toll gim mc phn cp. Phng php nng cp cc tandem l b sung cho mi nt mt ATM core. Cc ATM core s cung cp dch v bng rng cho thu bao, ng thi hp nht cc mng s liu hin nay vo mng chung ISDN. Cc tng i cp 4 v cp 5 l cc tng i loi ln. Cc tng i ny c kin trc tp trung, cu trc phn mm v phn cng c quyn. ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) L mng s tch hp dch v. ISDN cung cp nhiu loi ng dng thoi v phi thoi trong cng mt mng v xy dng giao tip ngi s dng mng a dch v bng mt s gii hn cc kt ni ISDN cung cp nhiu ng dng khc nhau bao gm cc kt ni chuyn mch v khng chuyn mch. Cc kt ni chuyn mch ca ISDN bao gm nhiu chuyn mch thc, chuyn mch gi v s kt hp ca chng. Cc dch v mi phi tng hp vi cc kt ni chuyn mch s 64 kbit/s. ISDN phi cha s thng minh cung cp cho cc dch v, bo dng v cc chc nng qun l mng, tuy nhin tnh thng minh ny c th khng cho mt vi dch v mi v cn c tng cng t mng hoc t s thng minh thch ng trong cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. S dng kin trc phn lp lm c trng ca truy xut ISDN. Truy xut ca ngi s dng n ngun ISDN c th khc nhau ty thuc vo dch v yu cu v tnh trng ISDN ca tng quc gia. PSDN (Public Switching Data Network) L mng chuyn mch s liu cng cng. PSDN ch yu cung cp cc dch v s liu. Mng PSDN bao gm cc PoP (Point of Presence) v cc thit b truy nhp t xa. Hin nay PSDN ang pht trin vi tc rt nhanh do s bng n ca dch v Internet v cc mng ring o (Virtual Private Network).
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Mng di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile Telecom) L mng cung cp dch v thoi tng t nh PSTN nhng qua ng truy nhp v tuyn. Mng ny chuyn mch da trn cng ngh ghp knh phn thi gian v cng ngh ghp knh phn tn s. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng ny l: BSC (Base Station Controller), BTS (Base Transfer Station), HLR (Home Location Register), VLR ( Visitor Location Register) v MS ( Mobile Subscriber). Hin nay cc nh cung cp dch v thu c li nhun phn ln t cc dch v nh leased line, Frame Relay, ATM, v cc dch v kt ni c bn. Tuy nhin xu hng gim li nhun t cc dch v ny bt buc cc nh khai thc phi tm dch v mi da trn IP m bo li nhun lu di. VPN l mt hng i ca cc nh khai thc. Cc dch v da trn nn IP cung cp kt ni gia mt nhm cc ngi dng xuyn qua mng h tng cng cng. VPN c th p ng cc nhu cu ca khch hng bng cc kt ni dng mt vi ti mt vi, cc lp a dch v, cc dch v gi thnh qun l thp, ring t, tch hp xuyn sut cng vi cc mng Intranet/Extranet. Mt nhm cc ngi dng trong Intranet v Extranet c th hot ng thng qua mng c nh tuyn IP. Cc mng ring o c chi ph vn hnh thp hn hn so vi mng ring trn phng tin qun l, bng thng v dung lng. Hiu mt cch n gin, VPN l mt mng m rng t qun nh mt s la chn c s h tng ca mng WAN. VPN c th lin kt cc ngi dng thuc mt nhm kn hay gia cc nhm khc nhau. VPN c nh ngha bng mt ch qun l. Cc thu bao VPN c th di chuyn n mt kt ni mm do tri di t mng cc b n mng hon chnh. Cc thu bao ny c th dng trong cng (Intranet) hoc khc (Extranet) t chc. Tuy nhin cn lu rng hin nay mng PSTN/ISDN vn ang l mng cung cp cc dch v d liu. 1.2. Cac cng cu hoach inh mang K hoach anh s Trong phn nay, chung ta se tim hiu v cac inh dang cua cac con s (thinh thoang goi la cac ia chi) dung nhn dang cac thu bao cua cac mang Vin thng.

S thu bao (s th muc): Vung ia ly cua mt quc gia c chia thanh cac vung anh s ring re va cac s thu bao (SN Subscriber numbers) nhn dang cac ng dy thu bao trong mt vung anh s cu th. Mt SN bao gm mt ma tng ai (EC Exchange Code) nhn dang mt tng ai trong mt vung anh s, c biu din bi mt s ng truyn (LN) nh sau: SN = EC + LN S quc gia: Trong mt nc, mt thu bao c nhn dang bi mt s quc gia (NN National Number), bao gm mt ma vung (AC Area Code), ma vng l m dung nhn dang vung anh s, c biu din bi mt s thu bao nh sau: NN = AC + SL = AC + EC + LN

S quc t: Trn th gii mt thu bao c nhn dang bi mt s quc t (IN International Number). S nay bao gm mt ma quc gia (CC Country Code), c biu din theo mt s quc gia nh sau: IN = CC + NN = CC + AC+ EC + LN Khi mt thu bao S1 goi mt thu bao c t cung mt vung anh s, thi thu bao S1 khng quay s thu bao SN. Nu thu bao c goi sng cung mt nc nhng mt vung khac thi S1 quay s NN va nu thu bao c goi sng mt nc khac thi S1 cn phai quay s IN K hoach anh s quc gia thi inh nghia cac inh dang cua thu bao va cua s quc gia. Hu ht cac quc gia u co k hoach anh s cua ring minh. K hoach truyn dn Kin truc thc t cua bt ky mt mang u phu thuc vao mt s cac yu t, mt trong nhng yu t quan trong nht la cac tiu chun truyn dn. Bt ky mt tin hiu nao c truyn u mc phai hin tng suy giam, mc suy giam ti l vi chiu dai cua ng truyn dn. Qua trinh chuyn mach trong tng ai cung lam suy giam tin hiu. tt ca cac cuc goi c chp nhn cn phai gi s ng dang cua ting noi ngi nghe hiu c, vi vy mt k hoach truyn dn cho mang lun lun c yu cu. Mt k hoach truyn dn tinh toan cac tht thoat ti a cho phep cua tt ca cac loai ng truyn, ng thi cung tinh toan cac tht thoat ti thiu, bi vi nhng ting lao xao do suy giam trong tin hiu ting noi la khng th chp nhn c. Hinh 1.5 trinh bay mt vi du cua mt k hoach truyn, trn o chi ra cac tht thoat thng qua ai lng Decibels (dB). Cac tht thoat nay co c bng nhiu phng phap o ac khac nhau trong nhiu mang khac nhau.

Hnh 1.5. V d v mt k hoch truyn dn Trong cac mang ni hat, cac kt ni cua thu bao bao gm cac cp dy ng, mi thu bao c cp mt cp. Chung c coi nh la phn u t quan trong va kem hiu qua vi lng tai trung binh hang ngay trn mi thu bao la rt thp. Gia thanh c giam ti thiu bng cach dung cac dy co chi s gauge thp. Tuy nhin, cac dy manh hn co suy giam ln hn trn mt n vi chiu dai. Vi vy cn phai gii han chiu dai cac kt ni thu bao. iu nay anh hng vi tri cua cac tng ai va hoach inh vung mang ni hat. Trong mang hp ni, cac tuyn gia cac tng ai c dung phu hp vi yu cu cua tai, va cng tai trn chung cao hn trong mang ni hat. Vi vy phai dung cac dy co chi s gauge cao hn giam thiu mc suy giam tin hiu trn mt n vi chiu dai. Vi suy giam khng n inh nn mt vai tuyn co qui m ln hn so vi khuch ai to ra khng kinh t va it c dung. Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta dung truyn dn s trong mang hp ni, dung ky thut iu ch xung theo ma (PCM) khc phuc c vn nu trn. Thuc tinh vn co cua PCM la dung cac ng dn ring bit cho mi hng truyn, tai tao tin hiu thay vi khuch ai em n cht lng truyn dn cao hn cung nh n inh hn.
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Cng tai trung binh trn cac tuyn trung k ln hn hoc bng vi cng tai trn mang hp ni. Tai trung k c tp trung t s ln cac thu bao, va cac tuyn c h tr mt cach chinh xac phu hp vi nhu cu thc t (ngc lai cac mach ni hat phai c h tr mt cach tuy y khng phu thuc vao tai trn chung). Hn na, mang trung k thc hin mt s lng ln ca cac im chuyn mach va cac ng truyn dn. Do o no tr thanh mt thanh phn cn lam vic khn trng va hiu qua cao tranh tinh trang tht thoat trong vic x ly cac cuc goi. iu nay co th thc hin c bng cach xy dng cac chin lc inh tuyn gii han s lng cac lin kt trung k trong mi cuc goi, bng cach khuch ai trn cac tuyn analog va dung ky thut truyn dn s. Vi cac b khuych ai la cac thit bi khng inh hng nn cac mach 4 dy c dung trn cac tuyn analog co khuch ai. B chuyn i 2 dy sang 4 dy c dung nhng ni mach trung k khuch ai 4 dy c ni vi cac trung tm chuyn mach 2 dy. Do o, mt khi s truyn 4 dy ang c s dung thi cac trung tm chuyn mach 4 dy tr nn c a chung hn. Mt chin lc inh tuyn thng c dung nht la nu mt cuc goi yu cu nhiu hn hai lin kt trung k, chung se c inh tuyn qua tng cao nht cua mang trung k trung vi cac tng ai 4 dy va cac ng truyn dn ring. S khuch ai giam tht thoat qua mang tao iu kin mc tht thoat co th bng khng. Vn suy giam c khc phuc mt cach ang k trong cac mang truyn dn s va co u th v chuyn mach. Ban cht t nhin cua truyn dn s co th at c s n inh trong cng tac truyn dn, nh co cac b lp (repeater) tai sinh tin hiu s, hn hn phng phap khuych ai trong truyn dn tng t v kha nng khang nhiu (noise). Thc vy, trong mang s hoa hoan toan, s suy giam con c xem nh mt phng phap nhn tao tao cam giac d chiu cho ngi nghe. Do o, trong mi trng s hoa tt ca cac kt ni la rt tt. Hn na hin nay chuyn mach s re hn chuyn mach tng t. Tt ca h thng mang hin ai u da trn ca chuyn mach s va truyn dn s. Thc t hin tai cap quang a c thay th cho cac mi trng truyn dn khac. Ro rang trong tt ca cac cuc goi quc t se dung mt s cac lin kt truyn dn it nht la cua hai quc gia, no oi hoi phai co khuch ai va tai sinh tin hiu. Tt ca cac cuc goi quc t do o se c h tr cac ng truyn 4 dy cung nh chuyn mach 4 dy ngay tai tng ai chuyn mach quc t. Cac ng cap xuyn ai dng va cac ng viba c cung cp bi cac v tinh hinh thanh nn cac ng truyn quc t c ban, va cac cu vi ba c dung phu kin trong cac mang chu luc. S phan xa tin hiu tng i lu c dung thng tin vi nhng vung nm bn kia chn tri. Vi du gia mt quc gia trn t lin vi cac ao xa hay cac tau du. Tt ca cac ng truyn dn quc t mi thng qua v tinh va ng cap xuyn bin u la ng truyn dn s, ng dung nhiu ky thut mi nh cap quang lam gia tng cht lng ng truyn quc t.
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K hoach inh tuyn K hoach th 3 rt quan trong iu hanh mang, no quyt inh tinh hiu qua hoat ng cua mang, o la k hoach inh tuyn. K hoach nay inh ra tt ca cac tiu chun inh tuyn cho cac cuc goi di moi tinh hung. No chi ra rng trong mt mang hp ni mt cuc goi co th c inh tuyn gia hai tng ai hoc qua mt lin kt trc tip hay qua mt hay nhiu im trung gian. Lin kt trc tip c cung cp tuy theo mt tiu chun nao o, chng han nh nu tai ln hn mt mc qui inh gia hai tng ai va cac qui inh nay la cu th hoa cac tiu chun, la mt phn cua k hoach inh tuyn. Tng t, trong mang trung k, k hoach inh tuyn bao gm cac lut xac inh nhim vu cn thit cua cac tng ai trung k, lam th nao chung ni vi nhau, chung co kin truc phn cp hay khng, hay tt ca trn mt mang ngang hang. Trong cac mang tng t, k hoach inh tuyn bi anh hng bi k hoach truyn, no inh ra s ti a cac lin kt khng cn khuych ai co th c dung trn mt cuc goi, va do o chi ra s lin kt hp ni ti a, vi tt ca cac lin kt trung k u c khuych ai, va cung chi ra s ti a cac lin kt khuych ai 4 dy khi chuyn mach 2 dy c dung. Bi vi mi lin kt phai co mt tht thoat xac inh (tiu biu la 3 dB) am bao tinh n inh. Trong mt mang s co nhiu iu lu y khac trong k hoach inh tuyn. Co nhiu khia canh v k hoach inh tuyn. Vi du cac mach trn bt ky mt tuyn nao la mt hng hay hai hng; iu nay co nghia la chung co th tip nhn cuc goi trn mt hng hay ca hai hng. K hoach inh tuyn phai co cac lut cho cac quyt inh phu hp vi tinh kinh t va ky thut, va xem cac mach hai hng co hu ich trn moi tuyn hay khng.

Hnh 1.6. nh tuyn t ng c hai la chn

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Mt lu y khac la inh tuyn d phong co c dung hay khng. inh tuyn d phong la qua trinh cung cp mt s la chon th hai cho cac cuc goi khi chung vp phai s tc nghen trn la chon th nht. Vi du trn hinh 1.6 co mt tuyn trc tip gia hai tng ai A va B, tai gia hai tng ai thng thng c cung cp mt tuyn. Tuy nhin, nu khng co mach nao ranh trn tuyn trc tip nay thi bt ky mt cuc goi mi nao se bi mt tr khi co mt tuyn th 2 chon. Trong hinh, mt chon la th 2 nh vy c chi qua tng ai C. inh tuyn d phong khng nhng cung cp mt tuyn d phong trong dich vu tng quat ma con c thit k vi muc tiu am bao s dung hiu qua ca hai tuyn( tuyn th nht va tuyn th 2). Co th chi inh tuyn co hiu qua cao hn la tuyn u tin, trong trng hp nay la tuyn co it mach phuc vu cho tai. Lng tai tha ra c chia cho tuyn th 2. Ca hai tuyn lun c s dung mt cach co hiu qua. Cac tuyn AB va AD la tuyn hiu qua cao, va tuyn AC la tuyn h tr lng tai tha t AB va AD cung nh trc tip t A n C. Vi cac thit bi iu khin c, cac chi thi inh tuyn c xy dng sn vi cac dy dn phc tap. Do o rt kho va tn nhiu thi gian thay i chung. Cac tng ai s hin ai linh hoat hn; cac chi thi inh tuyn tn tai di dang phn mm trong b nh may tinh c thay i d dang va nhanh chong. Do o, cac tuyn d phong ng c cung cp cho phep inh tuyn lai tc thi( trn c s tam thi) ngay khi co tc nghen nghim trong xay ra hay khi cac thanh phn cua mang bi h. inh tuyn ng tr thanh mt i tng cua h thng quan ly mang, muc tiu cua no la ti u vic s dung mang di moi iu kin. Tai trn mang in thoai S lng cac cuc goi ma mt mach hay mt nhom mach co th tai trong mt khoang thi gian cho trc phu thuc vao cac thi gian nm gi va cac mu cuc goi n. Vi du nu thi gian nm gi cuc goi la 3 phut, va cac cuc goi n inh ky mi 3 phut 1 ln, gia s mi khoang thi gian n cua mt cuc goi tip ngay sau khi kt thuc khoang thi gian trc o, mt mach n theo ly thuyt c th mang 20 cuc gi trong mt gi s gn nh ton b 60 pht mt cch chnh xc, hay 100% thi gian. Nu mt cuc gi th 21 n trong khong thi gian mt gi , n s vp phi s tc nghn v tht bi. Mt khc, nu thi gian gi mi cuc gi l 2 pht, mch ny c th thc hin ti a 30 cuc gi theo l thuyt. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc cuc gi c cc khong thi gian chim mch khc nhau, v tc truy cp khng n nh. Tht vy nu 20 cuc gi n trong khong thi gian mt gi, th vn c th b chng ln ln nhau ngay c thi gian gi mch trung bnh l 3 pht hay t hn, mt s s b tht bi. V vy bt k cc cuc gi b mt, thi gian chim mch hiu qu cng nh hn 100%. Trong khi c th hiu thi gian s hu mch lin h vi s lng cc cuc c thc hin khng c lin h mt cch n gin vi s lng cc cuc gi c thc
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hin khng c lin h mt cch n gin vi s cuc gi cung cp. Thi gian chim hu l mt thc th c th o lng v c xem nh l ti c chuyn. Tng thi gian ca cc cuc gi chia cho khong thi gian gim st(vi cc n v tnh trc) gi l cng ti. n v tnh l erlang(E). Trong v d trn, mt mch c gn 60 pht chim hu mch trong khong thi gian 1 gi, do cng ti l mt erlang. Tng t, cng ti c th c tnh ton cho mt nhm mch. V d trn hnh 1.7 trnh by mt nhm 5 mch, mi mch thc hin mt s cc cuc gi trong khong thi gian 2 gi. Cc cuc gi b tht bi do tc nghn khng tnh n. Trong nhm ny: Tng thi gian gi= 349 pht Cng ti= 349/(2x60) = 2,9 erlang(E) Cng ti trn mt mch = 2,9/5 = 0,58E Cng ti cng c th c tnh bng cch o lng ngay tc thi, trong trng hp ny n bng s cuc gi trung bnh c x l. A = Cxh/T Trong : C l s cuc gi c x l trong thi gian cho trc; h l thi gian gi trung bnh trn mt cuc gi; T l thi gian xem xt. xc nh mt cch chnh xc kh nng ca cc tng i v cc tuyn, ng thi d on cng ti trong tng lai khi xt duyt cc k hoch mng, cn phi o lng ti ti cc im khc nhau trong mng. Trong khi mong mun t c cc kt qu chnh xc hon ho th vic gn cc ng h o ti vo mi mch u cui trn tng i l khng kinh t. Mt phng php ly mu thun tin hn s c dng. Trong tng i SPC vic ghi c thc hin qua phn mm, n c th thc hin gim st ton b. Tuy nhin vic x l d liu c th rt nng n v t tin. Cc ngha ch yu ca vic ly mu l kim tra cc mch trong khong thi gian chim hu theo nh k.Tng s thi gian gi c pht hin c chia cho s ln kim th c c thi gian gi trung bnh. V d, nu kim th nhm ca cc mch nh trong hnh 1.7 c thc hin mi 10 pht, nh trnh by bng cc ng dc, thi gian cc mch bn l 36 pht trong khong 2 gi. V c 12 mu, ti trung bnh c thc hin bi nhm c tnh bng 36/12 = 3,0E. iu ny rt ging vi gi tr trung bnh 349/120 = 2,9E t c bng cch chia tng thi gian bn thc t vi khong thi gian xem xt tnh bng pht. Ti thay i ty vo thi gian trong ngy, cc ngy trong tun, ma v v tr a l. Cc thu bao c nhn thc hin cuc gi mt cch ngu nhin, mi tng i v mi tuyn tri qua cc khong thi gian cao im s dng trong mi ngy. Trong cc tng i thuc
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vng kinh t trng im, gi cao im thng l bui sng. Trong cc vng dn c c th xy ra vo bui ti. Trong cc vng trng im kinh t, ti gim vo ngy ch nht v thng cao im vo gia tun. Mt khc ti quc ni cao im vo cui tun khi cc gia nh sum hp v gi cc gim. Ti quc t thng gia tng vo ma h.

Hnh 1.7. Lc biu din s chim gi ca cc cct trong mt nhm gm 5 mch c gim st nh k 10 giy Tng t, ti t cc thu bao c nhn th yu hn. Trong mt ngy ch vi cuc gi, ti trn cc thu bao ny ch c cng khong 0,33 erlang. Tuy nhin, v ti t nhiu thu bao v mt tng i, mc trung bnh ti ln hn c th d on c trong bt c thi gian cho trc no. Khi ti qua qu trnh x l ca tng i n tr nn trong sut hn. Trn cc tuyn hp ni cng nh cc ng trung k ti tr nn thun thc v trong sut. Cc tuyn ny c kh nng vn chuyn ln hn mc ti a c th. Cng tng t, mt tng i c thit k vi cc thit b c kh nng thc thi cho lng ti d on thay v cn c trn tng ti ca thu bao trong trng hp cng khi ng ng thi. iu ny nhn ra rng s c trng hp mt cuc gi n tng i s khng c p ng. Kh nng thc thi ti ln nht vp phi s gim st lin tc bi cc thit b s dng theo ch ngn hn, v vy mc tht thot cho php c chn v kh nng ti t n mt mc cho trc vi mc tht thot qui nh trong gi cao im. V d, nu mt cuc gi tht bi trong mt trm cuc gi th hon ton c th chp nhn c. Cc nghin cu ton hc v lu thoi hay l thuyt v lu lng trn mng Vin thng c dng m bo kh nng tht thot cuc gi mt mc c th chp nhn c i vi cc thu bao, ng thi c tnh kinh t i vi s gim st. Tuy nhin,
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cn nh rng cc ng ni ht phi c cung cp trn mi thu bao v y l cc ngun pht c bn ca tt c ti. S lng chnh xc ca thit b, hay mch c cung cp bng cch tnh ton t cc bng c dn xut t l thuyt lu lng. Nh trong tt c cc ng dng ton hc, tnh cht thay i cn phi c xem xt cc iu kin bn trong tng i, ti ngu nhin, v dng php phn b xc sut xp x s lng ti. k hoch y th cn o lng ti trong sut thi gian bn. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhm gia tng vic dng in thoi, c trong phm vi quc gia cng nh cc vng kinh t trng im, thi gian bn c tng thm mt s gi v khong thi gian o lng ph hp khng phi lun lun trng mt cch chnh xc vi thi gian cao im. i khi cc kt qu l khng y nhng hot ng ghi trong cc tng i SPC c th hn ch c vn ny. 1.3. S lc mng vin thng Vit Nam Cu trc mng phc v cho cc dch v thng tin nh thoi, s liu, fax, telex v cc dch v khc nh in thoi di ng , nhn tin, nn nc ta hin nay ngoi mng chuyn mch cng cng cn c cc mng ca mt s dch v khc. Ring mng Telex khng kt ni vi mng thoi ca VNPT, cn cc mng khc u c kt ni vo mng ca VNPT thng qua cc knh trung k hoc cc b MSU (Main Switch Unit), mt s khc li truy nhp vo mng PSTN qua cc knh thu bao bnh thng, s dng k thut DLC (Digital Loop Carrier), k thut truy nhp v tuyn, V cu trc mng, mng vin thng ca VNPT hin nay chia thnh 3 cp: cp quc t, cp quc gia, cp ni tnh/thnh ph. Xt v kha cnh cc chc nng ca cc h thng thit b trn mng th mng vin thng bao gm: mng chuyn mch, mng truy nhp, mng truyn dn v cc mng chc nng. Mng chuyn mch Mng chuyn mch c 4 cp (da trn cc cp tng i chuyn mch): qu giang quc t, qu giang ng di, ni tnh v ni ht. Ring ti thnh ph H Ch Minh c thm cp qu giang ni ht. Hin nay mng VNPT c cc trung tm chuyn mch quc t v chuyn mch quc gia H Ni, Nng, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Mch ca cc bu in tnh cng ang pht trin m rng. Nhiu tnh, thnh ph xut hin cc cu trc mng vi nhiu tng i Host, cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh v ang trin khai cc Tandem ni ht. Mng vin thng ca VNPT hin ti c chia lm 5 cp, trong tng lai s c gim t 5 cp xung 4 cp.
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Mng ny do cc thnh vin ca VNPT iu hnh: l VTI, VTN v cc bu in tnh. VTI qun l cc tng i chuyn mch qu giang quc t, VTN qun l cc tng i chuyn mch qu giang ng di ti 3 trung tm H Ni, Nng v TpHCM. Phn cn li do cc bu in tnh qun l. Cc loi tng i c trn mng vin thng Vit Nam: A1000E ca Alcatel, NEAX61 ca NEC, AXE10 ca Ericsson, EWSD ca Siemens. Cc cng ngh chuyn mch c s dng: chuyn mch knh (PSTN), X.25 relay, ATM (s liu). Nhn chung mng chuyn mch ti Vit Nam cn nhiu cp v vic iu khin b phn tn trong mng (iu khin nm ti cc tng i). Mng truyn dn Cc h thng thit b truyn dn trn mng vin thng VNPT hin nay ch yu s dng hai loi cng ngh l: cp quang SDH v viba PDH. Mng truyn dn c 2 cp: mng truyn dn lin tnh v mng truyn dn ni tnh.

Mng truyn dn lin tnh: Bao gm cc h thng truyn dn bng cp quang, bng v tuyn. o Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng cp quang: Mng truyn dn ng trc

quc gia ni gia H Ni v TpHCM di 4000km, s dng STM-16/2F-BSHR, c chia thnh 4 vng ring ti H Tnh, Nng, Qui Nhn v TpHCM. Vng 1: H Ni H Tnh (884km) Vng 2: H Tnh Nng (834km) Vng 3: Nng Qui Nhn (817km) Vng 4: Qui Nhn TpHCM (1424km) Cc ng truyn dn khc: H Ni Hi Phng, H Ni Ha Bnh, TpHCM Vng Tu, H Ni Ph L Nam nh, Nng Tam K. Cc tuyn truyn dn lin tnh ny dng STM-4. Ring tuyn H Ni Nam nh, Nng Tam K vn cn s dng PDH, trong tng lai s thay th bng SDH. o Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng v tuyn: Dng h thng vi ba SDH (STM1, dung lng 155Mbps), PDH (dung lng 4Mbps, 6Mbps, 140Mbps). Ch c tuyn Bi Chy Hn Gai dng SDH, cc tuyn khc dng PDH. Mng truyn dn ni tnh: Khong 88% cc tuyn truyn dn ni tnh s dng h thng viba. Trong tng lai khi nhu cu ti tng th cc tuyn ny s c thay th bi h thng truyn dn quang. Mng bo hiu Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam s dng c hai loi bo hiu R2 v SS7. Mng bo hiu s 7 (SS7) c a vo khai thc ti Vit Nam theo chin lc trin khai t trn xung di theo tiu chun ca ITU (khai thc th nghim t nm 1995 ti VTN v VTI). Cho n nay, mng bo hiu s 7 hnh thnh vi mt cp STP (im chuyn
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mch bo hiu) ti 3 trung tm (H Ni, Nng, H Ch Minh) ca 3 khu vc (Bc, Trung, Nam) v phc v kh hiu qu.

Hnh 1.4. Mng bo hiu Vit Nam Bo hiu cho PSTN ta c R2 v SS7, i vi mng truyn s liu qua IP c H.323, i vi ISDN c bo hiu knh D, Q.931, Mng ng b Mng ng b ca VNPT thc hin xy dng giai on 1 v giai on 2 vi ba ng h ch PRC ti H Ni, Nng, TP H Ch Minh v mt s ng h th cp SSU. Mng ng b Vit Nam hot ng theo nguyn tc ch t c d phng, bao gm 4 cp, hai loi giao din chuyn giao tn hiu ng b ch yu l 2 MHz v 2 Mb/s. Pha 3 ca qu trnh pht trin mng ng b ang c trin khai nhm nng cao hn na cht lng mng v cht lng dch v. Cc cp ca mng ng b c phn thnh 4 cp nh sau: Cp 0: cp ng h ch. Cp 1: cp nt quc t v nt quc gia. Cp 2: cp nt ni ht. Cp 3: cp nt ni ht. Mng c phn thnh 3 vng c lp, mi vng c 2 ng h mu, mt ng h chnh (Cesium) v mt ng h d phng (GSP). Cc ng h ny c t ti trung tm ca 3 vng v c iu chnh theo phng thc cn ng b. Cc tng i quc t v Toll trong vng c iu khin bi ng h ch theo phng php ch t. Cc tng i Tandem v Host ti cc tnh hot ng bm theo cc tng i Toll theo phng php ch t. Cc tng i huyn (RSS) cng hot ng bm theo cc Host theo phng php ch t.
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Mng qun l D n xy dng trung tm qun l mng vin thng quc gia ang trong qu trnh chun b tin ti trin khai. Cc nh cung cp dch vu Ti nc ta c 2 dng nh cung cp dch v: l cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng (ch yu l thoi) v nh cung cp dch v mi (cc dch v s liu, Internet, ). Cc nh khai thc dch v truyn thng bao gm tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), cng ty vin thng qun i (Vietel), cng ty c phn vin thng Si Gn (SPT), cng ty vin thng in lc (ETC). Cc nh khai thc dch v mi bao gm FPT, SPT, Netnam,

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. CHNG II CHUYN MCH KNH 2.1. Phn loi chuyn mch knh Nh ta bit thng tin c trao i qua mng vin thng rt a dng. Mi loi c yu cu ring i vi thit b truyn dn v chuyn mch. C loi thng tin rt nhy cm vi tr nh thng tin thoi, thng tin hnh nh; v vy chng yu cu thit b dng truyn dn v chuyn mch chng phi khng gy tr hoc c tr th phi rt nh ngi dng khng cm nhn c v gi tr tr phi l hng s trong sut thi gian ca cuc lin lc khng gy mo tn s tn hiu. i vi loi thng tin ny-thng tin dch v thi gian thc th nn dng chuyn mch knh phc v. Tn gi chuyn mch knh th hin nguyn l hot ng ca mng. Khi phc v mt cuc lin lc gia hai thit b u cui no th mt knh thng tin (n cng hoc song cng ty thuc hnh thc lin lc) hoc mt tuyn ni c thit lp xuyn qua mng t mch in ca thit b u cui ny ti mch in ca thit b u cui kia. Knh thng tin hoc tuyn ni tn ti dnh ring cho cuc lin lc sut t khi bt u cho ti khi kt thc cuc gi. Cc cuc gi c tin hnh mt cch ng thi qua mng th phi c phc v trn cc knh c lp nhau. Trong lch s pht trin k thut chuyn mch mt s phng thc chuyn mch knh c p dng trong cc h thng tng i, l: Chuyn mch phn knh theo khng gian dng cho tn hiu lin tc, chuyn mch phn knh theo thi gian i vi tn hiu ri rc ha ( tn hiu iu bin xung PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation), chuyn mch s PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). Ngi ta thng k cc loi chuyn mch knh nh hnh di y Vi chuyn mch khng gian tng t c th phc v cuc gi song cng trn 2 dy v c th cho qua c tn hiu analog, digital, thm ch c tn hiu ri rc PAM Nguyn l chuyn mch PAM da trn vic phn chia cc khe thi gian. Mi phn t chuyn mch c th phc v cho nhiu cuc gi c tin hnh ng thi theo nguyn tc cho tn hiu ca cc cuc gi khc nhau qua n trong cc khe thi gian khc nhau theo tng chu k. Tn hiu qua phn t chuyn mch l tn hiu c ri rc ha c chu k lp ca cc xung iu bin bng vi chu k lp ca cc khe dnh cho tng mch cho tn hiu ca mi cuc gi i qua. Tuy cc chuyn mch PAM khng c p dng mt cch rng ri do nhiu hn ch ca chng, nhng chng l nn tng cho cng ngh chuyn mch tin tin hn sau ny nh l chuyn mch s PCM

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Chuyn mch knh

Chuyn mch khng gian tng t

Chuyn mch PAM

Chuyn mch s

Nhn cng

T ng

2 dy

4 dy

Tsw

Ssw

T hp

T thch

in chung

Nhy nc

Ta

Ma trn

Hnh 2.1. Phn loi chuyn mch knh

2.2. Chuyn mch khng gian tng t 2.2.1. Khi qut Chuyn mch khng gian tng t to ra tuyn ni truyn thng tin hai hng qua cc phn t chuyn mch ni gia mch in ca thu bao ny vi mch in ca thu bao khc ang lin lc vi n. Gia cc tuyn ni ny khng c cc on mch in dng chung. Trng chuyn mch khng gian tng t c th c to thnh t mt hoc nhiu b chuyn mch khng gian c bn theo cc cu trc ghp khc nhau. S phn t chuyn mch dng to ra mt tuyn ni xuyn qua trng chuyn mch ca tng i ph thuc vo s cp chn, s khu trong mi cp chn v cch ghp ni cc b chuyn mch. Mi b chuyn mch khng gian c bn c k hiu v c m t chc nng nh hnh di y.

Hnh 2.1. M hnh chc nng chuyn mch khng gian

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c im chung ca cc chuyn mch loi ny l: - S u vo v s u ra c th ging hoc khc nhau - Nu c nhiu cuc gi i qua b chuyn mch th phi m bo mt u vo ch ni vi khng qu mt u ra 2.2.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn mch khng gian c bn Cu to Nhn chung cc b chuyn mch khng gian tng t gm 2 phn: phn ma trn chuyn mch v phn iu khin. Phn ma trn chuyn mch gm N u vo v M u ra. Giao im gia mt u ra v mi u vo l mt phn t chuyn mch. Cc phn t chuyn mch c th l r le in t, r le ng kn (Heccon), cc loi bn dn nh diode, tranzitor. Phn iu khin chuyn mch thng l b nh v gii m s liu iu khin a ra tn hiu iu khin tng phn t ca ma trn chuyn mch. Yu cu chung i vi cc phn t chuyn mch ca b chuyn mch khng gian tng t l khng lm suy hao tn hiu, khng gy xuyn m, khng to ra tp m nn. iu ny c th hiu n gin l khi trng thi m (ni thng) th tr khng ca phn t chuyn mch phi cc nh (l tng l =0) khng lm tn hao tn hiu truyn qua n. Cn khi trng thi ng (ngt mch, h mch) phi c tr khng rt ln () tn hiu t mt u vo khng b truyn ti cc u ra khng mong mun, d ch l rt nh, nh th tn hiu knh thng tin ny khng b xuyn sang cuc ni khc. H s chuyn mch H=tr khng h mch/tr khng kn mch (108). Ngoi ra, tp m nn (tp m ni) to ra nhng nhiu ro trong tn hiu, cn tr vic truyn v thu cc tn hiu hu ch. Cc tp m nn do tip xc ca cc tip im, cht lng linh kin gy ra. Nguyn l hot ng Theo nguyn l phn knh khng gian, khi tuyn ni cho mt cuc gi c thit lp i qua mt b chuyn mch c bn no th phn t chuyn mch c dng thit lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi s b chim gi t khi bt u thit lp tuyn ni m thoi cho ti khi tuyn ni c gii phng v n c dnh ring cho cuc gi trong sut thi gian tin hnh cuc gi. Vic truyn tn hiu cn c tin hnh trn 2 hoc nhiu dy v vy phn chuyn mch thng gm 2 hoc nhiu lp. Phn t chuyn mch ti mi giao im phi c nhiu cp tip im, mi cp dng cho mt lp v c chung iu khin hoc mi lp c phn t chuyn mch ti mi giao im nhng cc phn t ca tng giao im cng tn c u iu khin chung. Mt s k hiu v khi nim chung:

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K hiu kiu ma trn tip im

K hiu kiu ma trn giao im

K hiu kiu b chn

K hiu kiu quy c - B chuyn mch ton thng: L b chuyn mch m mi u vo u c kh nng ni ti u ra bt k. i vi loi b chuyn mch ny phi c quan h 1:1 gia u vophn t chuyn mch-u ra, ngha l trn giao im gia mt u vo bt k vi mt u ra bt k u phi c phn t chuyn mch tng ng.

- B chuyn mch khng ton thng: Loi ny khc loi trn l mt s giao im ca ma trn chuyn khng c phn t chuyn mch. Nh th mt s u vo khng th ni ti u ra no 21

2.3. K thut chuyn mch s 2.3.1. Gii thiu chung Chuyn mch s l qu trnh lin kt cc khe thi gian gia mt s cc lin kt truyn dn k thut s TDM. iu ny cho php cc tuyn s 2Mbps hay 1,5 Mbps t cc tng i khc hay cc PABX k thut s c kt cui mt cch trc tip trn chuyn mch s, khng cn chuyn i sang cc knh thoi thnh phn cho chuyn mch ging nh trong mt tng i tng t. S b bt thit b nh th trn mi knh lm cho chuyn mch s c xem l c u im v gi c v kch thc. D nhin, bt c mt mch tng t no kt cui trn tng i chuyn mch s hoc l cc ng thu bao hoc l cc mch trung k hay hp ni, u phi c chuyn sang dng PCM trc khi vo cc chuyn mch s. Tng t cc mch ri khi tng i trn cc phng tin truyn dn tng t cng phi c chuyn t s sang tng t ngay ti ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch. Cc chuyn i A/D v D/A ny, cng vi bt k s chuyn i bo hiu cn thit no c m trch bi thit b lin mng Vai tr ca thit b lin kt mng c m t trong mt kin trc tng qut hnh 3.1. Hnh ny trnh by cc lung s PCM nhp vo khi chuyn mch mt cch trc tip ngay mc ghp knh, trong khi cc mch tng t kt cui ti mc mch ring trn thit b lin kt mng. Do , thit b lin kt mng nh phi chu s tht thot u im v gi c v kch thc so vi mt tng i chuyn mch s. i vi cc tng i trong mi trng truyn dn tng t chim u th, iu ny c th l rt quan trng. Gi c lin kt mng cao do cc b A/D v D/A t tin, khin cc ng dng thc tin u tin ca chuyn mch s ch p dng trong cc tng i trung k v hp ni sut thi gian t cui thp nin 60 n u thp nin 70. Cc tng i nh vy hot ng nh l cc mode chuyn mch trung gian gia cc h thng ng truyn PCM, sau pht trin trong cc mng trung k v hp ni. S pht trin ca cc tng i cc b k thut s gi c ph hp phi i cho n khi cc h thng m ha ting ni r tin xut hin vo cui thp nin 70, nh ti thiu c gi c lin mng trn mi ng dy thu bao.
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Chng ny tp trung ch yu vo c cu ca chuyn mch s v cu trc ca cc khi chuyn mch s thc t. Cc chc nng ngoi vi kt cui thu bao v cc ng trung k s c xem xt chi tit trong chng k tip. Trc khi xem xt chuyn mch s, cn cn nhc li mt s cc thut ng. H thng chuyn mch trong mt tng i ty trng hp c gi vi tn khc nhau chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch trung tm hay khi chuyn mch. trnh nhm ln vi cc thut ng c dng m t cc mng in thoi, trong ti liu ny dng chuyn mch m t mt phn t chuyn mch, v khi chuyn mch m t mt nhm cc chuyn mch. V d nh khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao.
H thng PCM
C c ng s t cc tng i khc

A B C

Khi chuyn m ch s

F G

C c ng s i n cc tng i khc

C c ng t n g t(analog t cc ) tng i khc v cc thu bao

Thit b lin mng (A/D, signalling conversion , timedivision multiplexing )

Thit b lin mng (A/D, signalling conversion , timedivision multiplexing )

C c ng t ng t(analog i n cc ) tng i khc v c c thu bao khc

T ng i k thut s

Hnh 3.1. Vai tr ca mt khi chuyn mch

Mt khi chuyn mch s cung cp cc kt ni gia mt s cc h thng PCM, mi h thng thu bao gm 30 hay 24 knh trong mt khung TDM. Cc h thng PCM kt thc ti khi chuyn mch trn cc bus tc cao. Trong mn K thut truyn dn m t cc mu t mi knh hnh thnh nn cc t m PCM 8 bit nh th no, cc t m ny c truyn trong cc khe thi gian trn mt bus ng nhp vo mt khe thi gian trn mt bus li ra. Mc d thut ng knh v khe thi gian l ring bit, nhng chng c dng ng ngha vi nhau trong ti liu. cho r rng, s m t ny xem chuyn mch s n gin nh l cc lin kt khe thi gian, tm li pha sau cc m t cc dng khc(nh d liu, bo hiu, kim tra, qun tr) c truyn qua khe thi gian ca knh. Ngay lc ny rt hu ch khi xem xt mt v d n gin v kt ni xuyn qua mt khi chuyn mch. Tham kho hnh 3.1, xem xt mt cuc gi c mang trong khe TS6 ca h thng PCM A, n yu cu kt ni n tng i qua tuyn trung k ca h thng PCM F. Nu TS6 rnh trn h thng PCM F, th kt ni c th c thit lp bng cch lin kt hai h thng PCM trong khong thi gian khi TS6 n mt cch ng thi trn c hai h thng. Qu trnh ny l mt cuc ni khng gian n gin v c gi l chuyn mch khng gian s.
23

Tuy nhin, ch da vo chuyn mch khng gian trong mt khi chuyn mch s s lm xut hin cc vn tc nghn nghim trng do nhiu kh nng hai hay nhiu cuc gi tranh chp cng mt khe thi gian li ra. V d tc nghn s xy ra nu TS6 ca h thng PCM F ang bn(gi s ang kt ni vi TS6 ca h thng PCM C) v do khng sn sng cho kt ni vi TS6 ca h thng PCM A. S tc nghn ny c th trnh c bng cch chn mt khe thi gian khc TS6 trn h thng PCM F cho cuc gi t h thng A. Thng thng iu ny c th, bi v bt c khe thi gian t do no trn mt tuyn n mt tng i u thch hp cho vic mang thng tin cuc gi. Kt ni gia khe thi gian TS6 trn h thng PCM A vi mt vi khe thi gian khc trn h thng PCM F lin h khng ch chuyn mch khng gian s gia hai h thng PCM m cn lin h vi chuyn mch thi gian gia cc khe thi gian khc nhau ng nhp v ng xut. Cc khi chuyn mch thc t thng thng dng mt t hp chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian. Trong cc phn sau y, cc chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian c m t mt cch ring bit trc khi s t hp chng vo cc khi chuyn mch c xem xt. Cc m t ny gi s rng tt c cc h thng PCM kt thc khi chuyn mch c ng b tt c cc khe thi gian tng ng n mt cch ng thi xuyn qua cc chuyn mch. Do , trn hnh 3.1 TS1 ca h thng PCM A xy ra ng thi vi cc TS1 ca cc h thng B, C, D, E, F, G, H v TS1 ca khi chuyn mch. Chc chn hn, gi s rng cc kt ni xuyn qua cc chuyn mch c thit lp. 2.3.2. Chuyn mach khng gian ky thut s Tng chuyn mch khng gian s S(Space Switch Stage) cu to t mt ma trn chuyn mch kch thc N u vo v M u ra vt l. Lu rng y l h thng TDM s, do mi ng vt l cha n knh thi gian m chng mang cc tn hiu PCM. Nh vy kt ni mt khe thi gian bt k no trong mt ng PCM bt k pha u vo ca ma trn chuyn mch ti khe thi gian tng ng (ngha l c cng m s TS) ca mt ng PCM bt k pha u ra ca ma trn th mt im chuyn mch thch hp ca ma trn chuyn mch cn phi hot ng trong sut thi gian ca TS v lp li vi chu k T = 125sec trong sut qu trnh to knh. Trong cc thi gian khc, vn im chuyn mch c th s dng cho cc qu trnh ni khc. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc im chuyn mch khc ca ma trn c th c s dng thit lp knh ni cho cc cuc gi khc nhau. Chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu TDM-s thng thit lp ng thi mt s lng ln cc cuc ni qua ma trn vi tc tc th trong mt khung tn hiu 125 sec, trong mi cuc ni qua ma trn tn ti trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian TS. Mt cuc gi in thoi c th ko di trong khong thi gian nhiu khung tn hiu PCM (thng
24

thng khong 1,2 2 triu khung v tng ng vi khong t 3-5 pht). Do vy mt kiu iu khin theo chu k n gin cho mt mu ni l cn thit. iu ny d dng t c nh mt b nh RAM iu khin cc b lin quan ti ma trn chuyn mch khng gian. Hnh 3.2 minh ha nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca mt tng chuyn mch khng gian S. Chuyn mch tng S cu to t 2 thnh phn c bn Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b. Ma trn chuyn mch vung kch thc NxN, trong hng dng cho cc ng PCM pha u vo v ct dng cho cc ng PCM pha u ra. Ti giao im ca hng v ct u ni im chuyn mch v thng thng l cng logic AND hay cng logic 3 trng thi. Ch rng AND hay cng logic ba trng thi l mch logic khng nh, do vy chuyn mch cho cng mt khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra ca phn t chuyn mch. Cc im chuyn mch trong mi ct c iu khin bi mt b nh iu khin C-Mem(Control Memory).
Cc ng ra
u ra 1 u vo 1 u ra n

u vo 2

Space Matrix

u vo n

Locall Controller

DEC
C Mem Add
0 1 2

R /W
Selector Clk TS count R W
n

Data

CC

H nh 3.2. Nguyn l chuyn mch tng S

Khi iu khin cc b bao gm b m khe thi thi gian TSCounter, b chn a ch Selector v b nh iu khin C-Mem thc hin chc nng iu khin cc b
25

ma trn chuyn mch. B nh C-Mem lu tr cc s liu lin quan ti cc im chuyn mch tng ng vi cc khe thi gian TS trong khung tn hiu cho. M a ch nh phn c gn cho mi im chuyn mch trong mt ct. Mi a ch thch hp sau s c s dng chn mt im chuyn mch yu cu thit lp cuc ni gia mt u vo vi mt u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Cc a ch chn ny c nh trong b nh iu khin C-Mem theo th t khe thi gian tng ng vi vi biu thi gian kt ni hin thi. Nh vy i vi ct 1, a ch ca im chuyn mch s c thng mch trong thi gian TS0 s c nh trong nh c a ch 0 ca C-Mem cho ct, a ch ca im chuyn mch s thng mch trong khe thi gian TS1 s c nh trong nh a ch 1. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc a ch khc trong tng chuyn mch. di ca cc nh C-Mem c xc nh trn c s a ch nh phn ca cc im chuyn mch trong ct, ngha l c ldN(s nguyn ln hn nh nht) bits, cn s lng nh ca C-Mem bng s lng khe thi gian TS c trong mt khung tn hiu ca ng TDM s. Ngay sau khi b nh iu khin C-Mem c np s liu cc a ch ca cc im chuyn mch trong ct, th qu trnh iu khin chuyn mch c th thc hin bng cch c cc ni dung ca mi nh C-Mem trong thi gian thch hp tng ng vi khe thi gian yu cu, s dng cc s liu a ch chn im chuyn mch cn thit m n s thng mch trong thi gian ca TS nu trn. Qu trnh ny s c tip tc lp li cho ti khi tt c cc nh ca C-Mem c c v cc im chuyn mch c iu khin mt cch thch hp. Tip theo th tc ny s c lp li vi s chu k T = 125sec, bt u vi nh u tin ca C-Mem. Mi chu k l mt khung ca Format tn hiu s s dng v trong thi gian t hp m tn hiu PCM t mi khe thi gian u vo c th s c chuyn mch ti mt khe thi gian thch hp ti mt u ra xc nh. T hnh 3.2 ta c th nhn thy rng mi C-Mem ch iu khin mt ct ca ma trn v do cch trang b ny gi l iu khin u ra. Tt nhin cng c th trang b iu khin theo u vo. Kho st phn tch cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch s tng S trn y ch r rng chuyn mch tng S c vn nghim trng do hin tng blocking gy ra do xc sut tranh chp ln khi c hai hay nhiu cuc gi cng xut hin cc u vo khc nhau nhng cng mun chim cng mt khe thi gian trong lung PCM u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Hin tng blocking c th c khc phc bng cch tm chn cc khe thi gian ri khc nhau, iu ny c th thc hin c bi v bt k khe thi gian ri no trong hng cho cng c th dng cho cuc gi xc nh. Ngoi ra dng kt hp gia chuyn mch tng S vi chuyn mch tng T (Time Switch Stage) va c th pht trin dung lng khi chuyn mch va gim c hin tng blocking.
26

Sau y chng ta s kho st mt v d m t nguyn tc hot ng chuyn mch to knh ca tng S. V d m t hot ng ca tng S phc v cho mt cuc ni gia TS0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 u vo vi TS0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 pha u ra. Cn c vo yu cu chuyn mch c th cho, trc ht h thng iu khin trung tm CC(Central Control) ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin np vo b nh C-Mem ca tng S. T hnh 3.2 ta thy im chuyn mch duy nht c th m bo cho yu cu kt ni PCM1 pha u vo vi PCM1 pha u ra l AND11, do CC to m a ch nh phn cho phn t AND11 ny. M theo yu cu phi thc hin chuyn mch cho khe thi gian TS0 do vy CC s chim nh c a ch m nh phn 0 tng ng ca C-Mem. Cc s liu c bn c CC np a ch nh phn AND11 vo nh 0 ca C-Mem tng S, xong ri n giao quyn iu khin cho khi iu khin cc b(Locall Controller) iu khin trc tip qu trnh tip theo. m bo cho tng chuyn mch S hot ng chnh xc, yu cu tn hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi thi im bt u ca mi khe thi gian TS trong khung tn hiu PCM c s dng. Nh vy, khi bt u mt khung tn hiu PCM tn hiu ng h th nht tc ng vo b m khe thi gian TS-Counter lm cho b m ny thit lp trng thi 0 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 0 ca C-Mem, nh b chn a ch Selector m trng thi ny c a ti BUS a ch ca b nh C-Mem. ng thi vi vic to m a ch, Selector to ra tn hiu iu khin c a ti C-Mem, do ni dung cha trong nh 0 c a ra thanh ghi gii m. V ni dung ny li chnh l a ch ca phn t chuyn mch AND11, do to c tn hiu iu khin im chuyn mch ny, nh tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS0 ca PCM1 pha u vo c chuyn qua phn t chuyn mch AND11 hng ti PCM1 pha u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch S, tc l thc hin chc nng chuyn mch. Kt thc thi gian ca TS0, xung ng h th 2 tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn sang trng thi 1 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 1 ca C-Mem. Nh vy kt thc vic to tn hiu iu khin cho AND11 i vi qu trnh chuyn mch cho TS0 theo yu cu. Tng t nh vy i vi cc khe thi gian tip theo v th tc c lp li vi chu k T =125sec trong sut qu trnh thit lp ni cho cuc gi ang xt. Khi cuc gi kt thc CC nhn bit v n s gii phng cuc ni mt cch n gin bng hot ng xa s liu ghi vo C-Mem nh nu khi bt u cuc gi. Trong cc tng chuyn mch S thc t, cc bits tn hiu PCM thng c ghp knh to lung tc cao v bin i thnh dng song song trc khi qua tng S. V d nh lung tn hiu s PCM 32 vi tc truyn bit ni ting l 2,048 Mbit/s c mang trong i dy n a ti b bin i ni tip song song.

27

2.3.3. Chuyn mach thi gian s Chng ta nhn thy rng cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch tng S ch thc hin cho cc qu trnh chuyn mch c cng ch s khe thi gian gia ng PCM vo v ng PCM ra. Trong trng hp tng qut c yu cu trao i khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra khc nhau th phi ng dng tng chuyn mch thi gian T(Time Switch Stage) Trn hnh 3.3 di y minh ha qu trnh trao i khe thi gian gia TS2 v TS5 cho hai khung lin tip nhau gia ng PCM vo v PCM ra ca tng chuyn mch T.
T= 125s Cc ng SHW vo TS# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 T= 125s n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

T= 125s Cc ng SHW ra TS# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

T= 125s n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

SHW: SubhighWay

SHW vo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

Tr 3TS

SHW ra

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hnh 3.3. Trao i khe thi gian

V cc khe thi gian TS c sp xp lin tip nhau theo th t tng dn, do vy trao i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian TS2 v TS5, tn hiu PCM trong TS2 cn phi c lu tm thi ti tng T trong khong thi gian 3 TS trong cng mt khung, sau vo khe thi gian ca TS5, tn hiu PCM c a ra ng PCM pha u ra ca tng chuyn mch. Trong trng hp nu cn chuyn mch gia khe thi gian u ra vi khe thi gian c ch s ln hn pha u vo, v d TS6 v TS2 nh minh ha trn hnh 3.4 th tn hiu khng th tr trong cng mt khung m phi tr ti khung tip theo, c th l (n6) +2 khe thi gian.

28

T= 125s TS# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cc ng SHW vo

T= 125s n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

T= 125s TS# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cc ng SHW ra

T= 125s n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

SHW: SubhighWay
SHW vo SHW ra

Tr (n- 6 +2)TS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hnh 3.4. Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian

Nh vy, v nguyn tc i vi tn hiu s c nhiu c ch to tr thi gian theo yu cu song vi nhng tnh nng u vit ca cng ngh vi mch hin i v tc v gi thnh, ngy nay b nh RAM c s dng trong tt c cc h thng chuyn mch s DSS (Digital Switching System) Nguyn l cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l b nh tin SMem (Speak Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem nh hnh 3.5 minh ha di y. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem l nh tm thi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch hp theo yu cu m n c gi tr t nh nht l 1TS ti cc i l (n-1)TS. Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian TS pha u vo ca tng chuyn mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s dng mt b m nh phn Module(n) cng vi b chn rt n gin iu khin. Lu rng khi tn hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi cc thi im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu PCM c s dng trong h. B nh C-Mem c chc nng dng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m ti S-Mem. Cng nh C-Mem trong chuyn mch tng S, b nh C-Mem ca tng T cng c n nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng. Trong thi gian mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh tng ng thch hp trong T-Mem. Nh vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM ca T-Mem c xc nh mt cch r rng rnh mch bi hiu s gia cc khe thi gian ghi v c tin PCM b nh S-Mem. Tht l th v t c ch chuyn mch nu trn ta nhn thy rng tng chuyn T hot ng khng bnh thng trong cch phn chia thi gian. Cng mt b nh C-Mem, cc nh c s dng mt cch c quyn cho mt cuc gi xc nh trong sut thi gian ca cuc ni. Nh vy chng ta c iu nghch l rng chuyn mch khng gian S c phn chia thi gian trong khi chuyn mch thi gian T li c phn chia theo khng gian.

29

 hiu nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch thi gian T, ta s xt v d sau y. Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS5 ca lung tn hiu PCM u vo vi TS9 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch tng T nh minh ha hnh 3.5.
SHW vo S Mem
0 1 2

Add

TS Read Write

R /W
n

Chu trnh R /W

SHW ra

Selector 1 W Clk TS count R

Locall Controller

C Mem Add

0 1 2

R /W
Selector 2 R W Data

CC

Hnh 3.5. Cu to ca tng chuyn mch thi gian k thut s

Cn c yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC ca tng i s np s liu v a ch nh phn nh s 5 ca T-Mem vo nh s 9 ca C-Mem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mch. Tip theo cho qu trnh m t c hon ton xc nh v d theo di, chng ta kho st t thi im bt u TS0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi thng tin PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo b nh S-Mem c thc hin mt cch ln lt v ng b nh hot ng phi hp gia b m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch Selector1. C th l khi bt u khe thi gian TS0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n thit lp trng thi 0 to t hp m nh phn tng ng vi a ch m nh phn nh 0 ca S-Mem. B chn a ch Selector 1 c s dng iu khin c hay ghi b nh S-Mem (RAM), trong trng hp ny n chuyn m a ch
30

ny vo Bus a ch Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W, do vy t hp m tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS0 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh s 0 ca S-Mem. Kt thc thi gian TS0 cng l bt u TS1 song ng h li tc ng vo TS- Counter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi 1 to a ch nh phn cho nh s 1 ca S-Mem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W do t hp m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS1 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 1 ca S-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS2, TS3, TS4, TS5 v tip theo cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TSn ca khung. Sau tip tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu. Bt u khe thi gian TS9, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn trng thi to m nh phn tng ng a ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B chn a ch Selector2 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca C-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin c R cho b nh C-Mem; kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a ra ngoi hng ti Bus a ch c pha u vo ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 9 C-Mem l a ch nh phn ca nh s 5 ca S-Mem do vy b chn a ch Selector1 chuyn a ch ny vo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 5 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi vo khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS9, ngha l thc hin ng chc nng chuyn mch yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li nh trn vi chu k 125s vi cc khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni. C ch hot ng ca chuyn mch tng T nh trnh by trn y l qu trnh ghi tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t, cn qu trnh ghi tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin theo yu cu theo cch ngu nhin. Ch lm vic nh vy ca chuyn mch tng T gi l ghi tun t c ngu nhin vit tt l SWRR(Sequencial Write Random Read). Ngoi ch SWSR trong thc tin cn phi s dng ch ghi ngu nhin, c tun t RWSR(Random Write Sequencial Read) m chng ta s kho st khi m t cu trc v hot ng ca tng chuyn mch s ghp kt hp T-S-T sau ny. 2.4. Cac cu truc cua cac khi chuyn mach s dung lng ln 2.4.1. Gii thiu chung Trong cc ng dng thc t ca cc khi chuyn mch tn hiu s ta thng phi gii quyt hai vn quan trng l cht lng dch v QoS(Quality of Service) v dung lng cn thit ca khi chuyn mch yu cu. Cht lng phc v ch yu ph thuc vo hin tin blocking v hin tin ny vi xc sut kh ln khi ch s dng cc chuyn mch tng S. i vi tng T nh m t trn y n c th m bo chc nng chuyn mch khng blocking cho tt c cc khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu tc cao PCM
31

m n m nhim phc v. V d vi h thng 32 lung PCM 30/32 c ghp knh s thnh mt lung cao tc PCM 1024 TS hng ti chuyn mch tng T n l th tt c 1024 TS c th c kt ni mt cch t do m khng gy hin tng blocking. Nu mt trng chuyn mch c xy dng bng mt tng T nh vy th dung lng thc t ca n l 512 TS (1024/2) thc hin kt ni cc knh PCM theo c hai chiu thu/pht. Tuy vy, trong cc ng dng thc t tng i ni ht, trng chuyn mch ngoi vic to knh cho knh thoi cn phi to knh cho bo hiu v iu khin. Do , vi mt tng T n th trng chuyn mch ch bo m c khong 450 thu bao ngha l dung lng tng i qu nh. Ngoi ra i vi cng ngh ch to khi kch thc tng S tng ln th s lng chn ra ca vi mch cng s rt ln gy kh khn ch to vi mch. Cn vic tng dung lng ca chuyn mch tng T th b hn ch bi cng ngh ch to vi mch nh RAM v cc mch logic iu khin lin quan. Nh vy vic tng dung lng trng chuyn mch s m bo cho s lng thu bao v trung k ln ty theo yu cu ch cn cch phi xy dng trng chuyn mch s dng kt hp s dng kt hp cc chuyn mch tng T v S tiu chun. C rt nhiu phng php ghp kt hp gia cc chuyn mch tng S v T, v d nh T-S, S-T, S-T-S, T-S-T, T-S-S-T, Do c kh nng tip thng hon ton v khng c hin tng blocking nn ngi ta mong mun ch s dng mt tng T. Tuy vy mt tng T ch dng lm khi chuyn mch khng blocking c dung lng ti a 1024TS. Vi cu trc hai tng T-S v S- T ch thch hp cho cc tng chuyn mch dung lng nh v va. Nhng vi phng n ny xc sut blocking s tng nhanh cng vi s gia tng dung lng ca tng chuyn mch S. Do vy cc tng i dung lng va v ln nhm mc tiu gim blocking v tng dung lng khi chuyn mch ngi ta thng dng cu trc ba tng. Trc y, cu trc S-T-S c s dng nhng t cui thp nin 70 tr li y cu trc T-S-T chim u th hn v ngy nay cu trc ny c s dng rng ri nht. S d trc y ngi ta s dng S-T-S l v vi trnh cng ngh lc trnh chi ph ln cho tc hot ng cao ca vi mch. Ngy nay cc u im v tc cao ca RAM b li c v chi ph gi thnh cho c hai cng ngh chuyn mch S v chuyn mch T do m cu trc T-S-T c a chung hn. Trong cc tng i dung lng cc ln, cc chuyn mch tng S c tc dng chia nh trng chuyn mch thnh mt s tng thnh phn nhm hn ch kch thc ca chng do cc cu trc 4 hoc 5 tng T-S-S-T hoc T-S-S-S-T c ng dng. Lu rng vic s dng cu trc chuyn mch tng S a tng gim c tng chi ph gi thnh nhng s tng chi ph gii quyt vn blocking. Theo l thuyt cu trc chuyn mch T-S-T c h s tp trung l 1:1 c th bo m khng xy ra blocking nu s lng khe thi gian ni b qua tng chuyn mch S l 2n32

1, trong n l s lng khe thi gian trong cc lung PCM vo v ra ca tng chuyn mch T ngoi vi. Tuy vy thm ch l c khi m s lng khe thi gian trong v ngoi bng nhau th cht lng phc v QoS vn rt tt (khong 3.10 -17 cho knh c lu lng 0,7 Erl v s tng ln ti 4,7.10-8 khi lu lng knh l 0,8 Erl). Hn na, do khng phi tt c cc khe thi gian ngoi lung PCM c s dng truyn ti lu lng m s khe thi gian ni thng lun lun c sn cho vic nh tuyn lu lng qua chuyn mch tng S v ln hn so vi s lng khe thi gian TS ngoi, nh m thm ch c vi nhng knh lu lng cao 0,8 Erl cht lng dch v QoS ca T-S-T vn c th c gi tr t 10-8 n 10-10. Tm li vic la chn cu trc c th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh phc tp, kch thc trng chuyn mch, lu lng phc v, kch thc Module, kh nng kim tra o th bo dng, m rng dung lng,Trong cc cu trc ghp cc tng chuyn mch th cu trc T-S-T c s dng rng ri nht v n c thit k di dng cc Module c kch thc ph hp vi cng ngh, ng dng thc t v d pht trin, d vn hnh v bo dng. 2.4.2. Khi chuyn mch T-S-T Khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T cu to t 3 tng chuyn mch T1, S v T2 kt ni vi nhau nh minh ha trn hnh 3.6.
S-Mem
IC H W #0

S-Mem

OGH W#0

C-Mem

C-Mem

15

S-Mem C-Mem
IC H W #3

S-Mem

OGH W#3

C-Mem

0-3

15

C-Mem

15

Hnh 3.6. Trng chuyn mch s T-S-T

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Tng chuyn mch thi gian T1 pha u vo kt ni khe thi gian vo vi mt khe thi gian ri no trong ng Bus dn ti u vo ca tng chuyn mhc khng gian S. Trong khi tng chuyn mch thi gian T2 pha u ra kt ni khe thi gian c chn t chuyn mch tng S ti khe thi gian ra yu cu. Nh vy cuc gi c kt ni qua trng chuyn mch c th c nh tuyn qua tng S vi bt k khe thi gian thch hp no. Ph hp vi tnh cht ng dng ca cc lung ghp knh s cao tc PCM t bn ngoi vo/ra khi chuyn mch T-S-T, cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T1 lm vic theo ch SWRR cn cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T2 ngc li lm vic theo ch RWSR. Ngoi ra u im ca ch hot ng c la chn trn y lm cho vic iu khin ni b khi chuyn mch tr nn r rng, n gin v d thc hin hn. Thng thng dung lng ca cc chuyn mch thi gian T khong 1024 TS, cn kch thc ca ma trn chuyn mch S l 8x8, 16x16 v 64x64 ng cao tc HW(HighWay). gii thch qu trnh thc hin nhim v chuyn mch ca khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T trn hnh 3.6 ch r cc s liu iu khin m CC to v np vo cc C-Mem iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia khe thi gian TS4 ca lung s cao tc u vo 0 ICHW#0 vi khe thi gian TS9 ca lung tn hiu PCM cao tc u ra 2 OGHW#3 qua khe thi gian trung gian TS15 tng chuyn mch khng gian S. 2.4.3. Khi chuyn mch knh 2 hng ng dng cc tng chuyn mch nh trnh by trn y c th xy dng khi chuyn mch n hng c kch thc bt k. Tuy nhin, trong thc t lun lun c nhu cu phi thit lp knh song hng qua cc tng chuyn mch ch dn tn hiu mt chiu. gii quyt yu cu ny ngy cng cn phi s dng hai ng dn mt chiu kt hp to thnh mt ng dn hai chiu. C hai phng php c s dng thc hin nhim v nu trn:

ng dn th hai c thit k mt cch hon ton c lp vi ng dn th nht C hai ng dn c thit lp phi hp cng nhau.

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Tng T1
TS9 TS10

Tng S
TS11

Tng T2
TS9 OT#0

ICSHW0

IT#0

OGSHW0

ICSHW1

IT#1

OT#1

OGSHW1

ICSHW2
TS19

IT#2
TS11 TS10

OT#2

OGSHW2
TS19 OT#3

ICSHW3

IT#3

OGSHW3

Hnh 3.7. Khi chuyn mch TST hai hng

D thy rng phng php th nht s cho linh hot ca h thng cao hn, trong khi phng php th hai li lm cho h thng c kh nng tit kim phn cng hn nh tnh i xng ca thit b chuyn mch. Mt khc iu khin phng php th hai cng n gin hn v vic tm chn ng ni cho c hai hng c thc hin trong mt php tm chn trong khi vi phng php th nht yu cu hai php tm chn ring bit cho mi hng truyn dn. Hnh 3.7 minh ha nguyn tc ca khi chuyn mch theo phng n th nht.
C-Mem S-Mem
0 2 2 7 7 + n/2

S-Mem
0 2

ICHW#0 T A

OGHW#0 Ti A n n

S-Mem
0

S-Mem
0

C-Mem
ICHW#3 T B n
0 9

9 n

OGHW#3 Ti B

C-Mem
0 9 9 7 7 + n/2

0-3 7 + n/2 3-0

Hnh 3.8. Trng chuyn mch song hng kiu i pha 35

Gi s theo yu cu phi chuyn mch cho cuc ni gia TS9 ICHW#0 vi TS19 OGHW#3 (nh hnh 3.7). thc hin kt ni cho qu trnh trn trc ht CC tm chn mt khe thi gian trung gian(ni b) ri kt ni chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo IT#0 vi chuyn mch thi gian pha u ra OT#3 qua chuyn mch khng gian S. Gi thit ti thi im trong Bus PCM ni b tng S cc khe thi gian TS10 v TS11 l ri do vy CC c th chn cc khe thi gian ny lm khe trung gian cho cuc gi. CC s lnh np cc s liu thch hp vo cc b nh C-Mem c th nh sau: - Ti IT#0: nh 10 ca C-Mem a ch nh 9 ca S-Mem. - Ti tng S: nh 10 ca C-Mem ct 1 a ch im chuyn mch 0-3 - Ti OT#3: nh 10 ca C-Mem a ch nh 19 ca S-Mem. to hng ngc li CC lnh np cc s liu c th nh sau: - Ti IT#3: nh 11 ca C-Mem a ch nh 19 ca S-Mem. - Ti tng S: nh 11 ca C-Mem ct 1 a ch im chuyn mch3-0 - Ti OT#0: nh 11 ca C-Mem a ch nh s 9 ca S-Mem. Kt thc cuc ni CC s xa cc s liu trn y kt thc qu trnh trao i khe thi gian v gii phng cuc ni, cc nh v cc khe thi gian tr v trng thi ri c th phc v cho cc cuc gi ni tip theo. Hnh 3.8 minh ha mt cch khc iu khin vic to knh hai chiu thc hin theo phng php th 2. S ny cn c tn gi l phng php i pha. Theo phng php ny nu tm c mt ng ni t A n B trong mt khe thi gian xc nh th ng ngc li s lun lun c m bo na sau ca khung thi gian c s dng. Trong v d minh ha trn hnh 3.8 hng thun c s dng khe thi gian trung gian s 7 v tip theo hng ngc s chim dng khe thi gian (7+n/2). Phng php ny kt hp vi vic gim c s lng b nh iu khin. 2.5. iu khin cac khi chuyn mach s Trong cc mc trc y trnh by cc vn lin quan ti cc vn lin quan ti cc phng php qun l khe thi gian qua cc trng chuyn mch s trng thi bn vng xc lp, ngha l knh c chn v thit lp xong. Cn trong phn ny s cp n vn to cc s liu iu khin lin quan thch hp cho cc b nh iu khin ca khi chuyn mch. Chc nng thit lp hay gii phng ng ni qua khi chuyn mch thc cht l np vo hay xa b cc s liu a ch lin quan trong cc b nh iu khin ca khi chuyn mch. Chc nng thit lp hay gii phng ng ni qua khi chuyn mch thc cht l np vo hay xa b cc s liu a ch lin quan trong cc b nh iu khin C-Mem. Hot ng ny l kt qu ca cc tc ng tng tc gia h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i v cc khi iu khin cc b chuyn dng lin kt vi cc khi chuyn mch.

36

2.5.1. S khi va cac chc nng Thnh phn iu khin ca khi chuyn mch s theo chc nng c th chia thnh ba thnh phn chnh gm h thng iu khin trung tm CC, b iu khin khi chuyn mch v iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch nh hnh 4.9 minh ha. H thng iu khin trung tm CC m bo nhim v iu khin chung mc cao cho tt c cc hot ng ca h thng chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng x l cuc gi. Trn hnh 4.9 trnh by mt h thng iu khin m nh mt thc th tp trung n l nhng trong thc t th n thng c thc hin theo cu trc phn tn hn l tp trung. Trong mt h thng chuyn mch c th ch c mt hoc c nhiu khi chuyn mch, v d nh trong tng i Transit c mt khi cn trong tng i ni ht li gm mt khi chuyn mch trung tm v mt s khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. Mi khi chuyn mch c b iu khin khi chuyn mch ring ca n v mi chuyn mch tng S/T trong khi chuyn mch li c n v iu khin ring cu thnh t cc b nh iu khin lin kt vi mch logic iu khin cc b. Di y s trnh by cch thc cc h thng iu khin thit lp ni qua cc khi chuyn mch s.
Khi tp trung thu bao Khi chuyn mch trung tm

n v K

n v K

n v K

n v K

n v K

B iu khin khi CM

B iu khin khi CM

H thng iu khin trung tm CC

Hnh 3.9. iu khin khi chuyn mch s

B iu khin khi chuyn mch c chc nng m bo vic qun l tt c cc khe thi gian qua khi chuyn mch. Cc cng vic qun l in hnh bao gm: Thit lp knh ni

Gii phng knh

Chun b kt ni Theo di knh ni

37

 Kim tra knh ni Hi trng thi knh(bn, ri,..) Cc knh ni qua khi chuyn mch thng thng l knh hai chiu. Tuy vy, i khi cc knh mt chiu cng c th c thit lp truyn cc thng tin gim st, iu khin hoc cnh bo. Chng hn nh x l vic thit lp knh v hi trng thi knh c lin quan ti c hai kim knh ni mt chiu v hai chiu. Thnh phn iu khin khi chuyn mch ch lin quan ti cc nhim v qun l cc khe thi gian qua khi chuyn mch s m khng qun l ton b qu trnh phc v cuc ni. iu ny do hot ng x l cuc gi rt phc tp c thc hin ti h thng iu khin trung tm, trong khi hot ng qun l knh ca cc khi chuyn mch c th c trao cho b iu khin khi chuyn mch. S khi u cho mi yu cu ca cuc gi v vic thit lp knh ni qua khi chuyn mch s thuc v hot ng x l cuc gi xy ra trong h thng iu khin trung tm. Mt v d c th ca hot ng ny l nhim v qut v xc nh thu bao ch gi a ra yu cu knh ni xc nh gia thu bao vi b thu xung m m tn kp DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) qua khi tp trung thu bao. Mt v d khc v hot ng x l cuc gi l yu cu iu khin khi chuyn mch trung tm to knh kt ni gia u ra ca b tp trung thu bao vi ng trung k trong hng lin lc, hot ng x l ny da trn c s bin dch cc ch s do thu bao ch gi pht(quay s) v cc qui tc nh tuyn cuc gi ca h thng chuyn mch hin hnh. Trn c s cc kt qu ca hot ng x l cuc gi, h thng iu khin trung tm s lnh cho cc b iu khin khi chuyn mch lin quan thit lp, duy tr hay gii phng knh ni gia cc khe thi gian xc nh ca khi chuyn mch s.

38

M bn tin

M ton tc

Khe thi gian gi vo M tng chuyn mch IT# M lung PCM M TS

Khe thi gian gi ra M tng chuyn mch IT# M lung PCM M TS

M sa li

a) Bn tin kiu 1(T CC n b iu khin khi Chuyn mch

M bn tin

Trng tin

M bn tin tham kho

M sa li

b) Bn tin kiu 2(T b iu khin khi CM n CC

Tng chuyn mch IT M tng Ni chuyn mch dung IT# C-Mem B P

Tng chuyn mch S M ct Ni dung C-Mem

Tng chuyn mch OT M tng Ni chuyn mch dung OT# C-Mem B P

a) Bn tin kiu 3(T b iu khin khi Chuyn mch n b iu khin khi CM

Hnh 3.10. Cc format bn tin iu khin khi chuyn mch

Cc lnh iu khin t h thng iu khin trung tm ti b iu khin khi chuyn mch thng thng c truyn di dng bn tin mc cao sao cho t c hiu qu iu khin cao v ti a s dng cc tnh nng ca cc b x l trong h thng iu khin trung tm. V d v format bn tin ca lnh iu khin c minh ha trn hnh 3.10 (bn tin loi 1). Cng ging nh bt k mt tn hiu da trn c s format bn tin no khc, format bn tin hnh 3.10a s dng mt s trng s liu c bit. Mc d format bn tin thc t kiu bn tin loi 1 s rt khc nhau ty thuc vo thit k ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau, song cc trng s liu di y s lun lun cn c:

M ton tc: S liu ny ch th yu cu knh ni s c thit lp, chun b, gim st hay gii phng,. m ha ton tc qun l t 1-6 nu trn y cho c hai kiu knh n hng hay song hng cc trng s liu 4 bit c yu cu. Nhm trng s liu khe thi gian u vo: Nhm trng s liu ny ch r a ch knh vo di dng m s tng chuyn mch S/T, m s lung PCM v m s khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu s PCM. Mc d l mt a ch n l nhng n nhn dng c hai khe thi gian thu v pht ti u vo ca tng chuyn mch. Kch thc ca hai trng s liu u tin ph thuc vo s lng tng chuyn mch u vo v s lng lung PCM trong tng chuyn mch tng ng. Trng s liu m s khe thi gian c dung lng 5 bit i vi cc lung PCM32 v PCM24 knh.

39

Nhm trng s liu khe thi gian ra: Nhm trng s liu ny ch r cc a ch khe thi gian ra trong khun dng Format bn tin tng t nh format bn tin ca nhm trng s liu khe thi gian u vo m t trn y. M pht hin v sa li: Trng s liu ny ca format bn tin cho php b iu khin khi chuyn mch pht hin bt k s sai li no xy ra trong bn tin m n gy ra trong qu trnh truyn tin t h thng iu khin trung tm n b iu khin khi chuyn mch. Mt kiu m nh vy c th n gin l kim tra chn l hay phc tp hn l m CRC(Cyclic Redundance Code). M bn tin: Mi mt bn tin cn c gn mt nhn vi m s n gin c trng cho vic xc nh chun chui lin tip cc bn tin pht v x l. Vic s dng m bn tin nh trn cho php b iu khin khi chuyn mch c th thng bo cho h thng iu khin trung tm bit c mt bn tin c th no nhn c cha sai li v nh yu cu h thng iu khin trung tm pht li bn tin. Khi thu bn tin loi 1, b iu khin khi chuyn mch thc thi cc vi lnh(instruction). Trong trng hp yu cu thit lp knh b iu khin khi chuyn mch s s thc hin cc th tc tm ng v chn mt knh ni qua trng chuyn mch. H thng iu khin trung tm sau s phi a ra thng bo v vic ng ni tm c. Tng t nh vy, cc bn tin cn phi ch th rng knh ni c gii phng hay chun b sn sng,Cc bn tin ngc li t h thng iu khin trung tm ti b iu khin khi chuyn mch cn phi cha cc trng s liu nh hnh 3.10b, m c m t nh trong cc phn sau. M bn tin tham kho: Trng s liu ny cha m nhn dng ca bn tin t h thng iu khin trung tm m bn tin ny s c quan h sau vi n. Trng tin: Trng s liu ny cha cc thng tin s c gi ti h thng iu khin trung tm. Bn tin c gi theo kiu nh l knh c thit lp, Khng c knh sn sng, ng dn c chun b hoc Bn tin trc thu sai,

M bn tin v m sa sai: Cc trng s liu ny c ngha tng t nh m t trong bn tin loi 1. Trong trng hp thit lp knh ni phc v cuc gi, b iu khin khi chuyn mch s cn phi xc nh c cc a ch cn thit m chng s c ghi vo trong tng b nh iu khin C-Mem ca cc tng chuyn mch sao cho cc tng chuyn mch S/T s m bo cung cp c cc knh theo yu cu, sau b iu khin khi chuyn mch s np cc s liu yu cu c th vo cc i ch nh c th ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem. n v iu khin ca chuyn mch thi gian tng T cu to t b nh iu khin C-Mem, mch Logic m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch Selector cn n
40

v iu khin ca chuyn mch khng gian tng S cu to t b nh iu khin C-Mem v mt s mch ph cn khc nh m t phn 3.2. trn y. Trc khi xem xt vn thng tin cn thit c ghi vo cc b nh iu khin C-Mem nh th no, chng ta hy kho st format ca bn tin cn gi t b iu khin khi chuyn mch ti mi mt n v iu khin chuyn mch tng S hay tng T tng ng. Cc thng tin chnh bao gm: a ch ca b nh C-Mem a ch ca nh C-Mem Ni dung s liu trong nh C-Mem Gi thit rng i vi khi chuyn mch cu trc 3 tng T-S-T th 3 trng s liu c yu cu trong bn tin cho mi n v iu khin chuyn mch bao gm trong qu trnh thit lp knh ni. Tuy nhin iu ny cng khng nht thit phi thc hin, v d nh vi khi chuyn mch biu din trn hnh 4.6, knh ni c thc hin gia ICHW#0/TS4 vi OCHW#0/TS6 s dng khe thi gian ni b l TS17 qua chuyn mch tng S. iu cn lu rng cc nh ca tt c 3 b nh iu khin C-Mem u c a ch nh phn l 0000010001(17). c im u vit ny c th m bo kh nng ch cn cung cp mt trng s liu chung cho cc nh ca tt c 3 b nh iu khin C-Mem. Tuy nhin, thm ch c th t c mt cch kinh t hn bng cch gi cc bn tin ti cc b nh iu khin C-Mem trong khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS17, nh vy bn tin t b nh iu khin khi chuyn mch khng cn mt a ch no cho cc nh C-Mem v do tit kim c 3 trng s liu a ch. Mt format bn tin c th s dng cho bn tin loi III trao i thng tin gia iu khin khi chuyn mch v cc n v iu khin chuyn mch ca cc tng S/T c minh ha trn hnh 3.11. Cu trc bn tin gm 3 nhm trng s liu dng cho vic iu khin cc tng chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo, chuyn mch khng gian S v cc tng chuyn mch thi gian pha u ra tng ng. Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch tng T u vo Trng s liu u tin trong nhm ny xc nh m s mt chuyn mch thi gian tng T c th. Trng s liu th 2 cha ni dung cn phi ghi vo b nh iu khin C-Mem tc l a ch nh hay ch s khe thi gian u vo TS#. C hai trng s liu 1 bit cn b sung lin quan ti n v iu khin chuyn mch thi gian u vo l bit Bn/Ri v bit Chn m trn s hnh 3.11 biu tng bng k t B v P tng ng. Bit B b iu khin khi chuyn mch dng ch th trng thi Bn/Ri ca cc khe thi gian TS# ra ca chuyn mch thi gian tng T pha u vo, cn bit P dng cho vic pht hin sai li khi thu bn tin. Cc thng tin ny s c s dng tm mt khe thi gian trung gian ri nh tuyn qua chuyn mch tng S ti mt chuyn mch thi gian tng T pha u ra. Mc d s thit lp
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mt cch tch bit cc b nh trong b iu khin khi chuyn mch b tr sp xp trng thi ca cc khe thi gian ra, bit Bn/Ri c th d dng truy cp c vo ni dung ca cc b nh iu khin khi chuyn mch b tr sp xp trng thi ca cc khe thi gian ra, bit Bn/Ri c th d dng truy cp c vo ni dung ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem ca cc tng chuyn mch thi gian u vo. Do vy khi c np bi bn tin loi III, mi nh ca C-Mem trong mt chuyn mch tng T u vo s cha cc a ch cc nh ca b nh T-Mem v bit B s lp gi tr 0 hoc a ch Zero. Bit B s lp gi tr 1 tng ng vi vic cuc gi c s dng khe thi gian ra ca n trong qu trnh hay khng?
IT#
IT# TS# B P Ct#

S#
Ni dung C Mem P OT#

OT#
TS# B P

a) Thit lp knh ni

IT#

OT#

b) Gii phng knh

Hnh 3.11. V d bn tin loi III

Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch khng gian tng S Trng s liu u tin trong nhm ny xc nh (nhn dng) ct no ca chuyn mch tng S v b nh iu khin C-Mem tng ng lin quan s c nh a ch (Nu chuyn mch khng gian tng S c iu khin theo hng th trng s liu u tin s cha a ch hng). i vi khi chuyn mch s m c s tranh chp mt vi chuyn mch tng S th phn u tin ca ch s m ct s cn phi c ch r tng chuyn mch no c a ch ha. Bit P y cng c dng vi mc ch nh trnh by trn y. Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch thi gian T u ra Format bn tin nhm ny cha 4 trng s liu tng t nh i vi n v iu khin chuyn mch tng T u vo tho lun k trn y, ngoi tr iu rng bit B y c lin quan ti trng thi Bn/Ri ca cc khe thi gian u vo ch khng phi u ra nh ca chuyn mch tng T pha u vo ca trng chuyn mch s. Mt v d minh ha cho vic s dng cc bn tin loi III gia b iu khin khi chuyn mch v 3 n v iu khin tng chuyn mch biu din trn hnh 3.11. Tip theo ta xt mt v d v vic xem xt yu cu cuc ni qua mng chuyn mch cu trc T-S-T hnh 3.6, vi gi thit knh c thit lp l ICHW#0/TS4 v OGHW/TS5 qua khe thi gian ni b l TS15 ca im chuyn mch hng 0 ct 1 ma trn chuyn mch S.
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Nh trnh by trn y, cc thng tin thch hp lin quan cn phi c cp nht vo nh s 15 ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem tng ng ca cc tng chuyn mch S-T. Nh vy format bn tin biu din trn hnh 3.10 s c gi ti 3 n v iu khin chuyn mch trong thi gian xy ra tip theo ca khe thi gian TS15 thit lp knh ni yu cu qua khi chuyn mch. Cc phn t cn li ca bn tin s c tch bi cc n v iu khin ca 3 tng chuyn mch nh c ch r trn hnh 3.11a. EMBED Visio.Drawing.11

n IT #
n v K

BUS a ch IT # BUS ni dung C -Mem n S# n OT # BUS a ch S # BUS ni dung C -Mem

k IT#2

B
C-Mem

add
TS Count Selection

RW

BUS a ch OT # BUS ni dung C -Mem

W add
Set n v K

k IT#1

B
Thanh ghi trng thi

Thanh ghi BUS Logic chn ng

B k khi C/m

Bn tin loi 1 v 2

H thng iu khin trung tm CC

Hnh 3.12. iu khin khi chuyn mch s

Bn tin cn gii phng knh ni qua khi chuyn mch c ch r trn hnh 3.11b. Bn tin ny c gi i trong thi gian din ra tip theo ca khe thi gian TS15 sao cho cc nh c a ch nh phn 0000001111(15) ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem
43

ca chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo tng IT0, ct 1 ca chuyn mch khng gian tng S v tn chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#1 s c np vi cc a ch Zero. Bit B ca cc nh s 15 ca c 3 b nh iu khin C-Mem u c lp gi tr 1 ch r rng khe thi gian ni b TS15 b chim dng khng th s dng cho cc cuc ni khc. Hnh 3.12. minh ha s dng cc Bus v cc dy iu khin kt ni cc thanh phn iu khin chuyn mch khc nhau vi b iu khin khi chuyn mch. cho s c n gin, r rng va d hiu, trn hnh 3.12 ch biu din n v iu khin chuyn mch cho chuyn mch u vo IT#0. Vic lin lc gia cc thnh phn c m bo bi 3 i Bus mt i cho vic lin kt tt c cc chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT#, mt i cho cc tng chuyn mch khng gian S v mt i dng cho cc chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#. Ngoi ra cc dy iu khin n s kt ni cc trng s liu bit B t tt c cc b nh iu khin C-Mem ca tt c cc IT# v OT# vi thanh ghi trng thi trong b iu khin khi chuyn mch s. Bus a chi ca IT# c u ni ti tt c cc n v iu khin chuyn mch ca chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT. Mi n v iu khin lin tc tm kim cc ni dung ca Bus v a ch ca mt trong s cc chuyn mch tng T ca n. Khi mt a ch thch hp tm c th a ch s c s dng cho vic nh tuyn s liu t Bus ni dung b nh iu khin C-Mem ti nh ca mt b nh iu khin. Cc ng dng tng t c sp t nh vy i vi cc Bus u ni chuyn mch khng gian tng S vi chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT. C 3 i Bus kt cui thanh ghi Bus trong b iu khin khi chuyn mch. iu ny cho php cc trng s liu khc nhau ca cc bn tin loi III c m trong thanh ghi Bus s c a ra ngoi ti cc Bus lin quan. Cc bn tin cn thit c to ra bi b iu khin khi chuyn mch s da trn c s cc lnh iu khin t h thng iu khin trung tm v i vi mt ng mi thit lp s dng kt qu x l ca mch Logic chn ng. 2.5.2. Thut toan chon ng ri Th tc chn knh ri cho khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T bao gm vic tm khe thi gian trung gian ri qua chuyn mch khng gian tng S. iu ny c ngha rng khe thi gian phi c la chn sao cho n l ri c pha u ra ca tng chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT# v c pha u vo ca tng chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#. Trng thi Bn/Ri ca mi trong s hai tp khe thi gian c biu th bng bit B trogn cc nh tng ng ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem. Phng php chn knh ri s dng mt cch n gin l x l tm kim s trng khp cc khe thi gian ri nh vic kim tra cc cp bit Bn/Ri t hai tp cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T.

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C ch chn ng ni c thc hin trong phm vi b iu khin khi chuyn mch m n thng c xy dng trn c s k thut vi x l v n thc hin vic tm kim bng cch tin hnh mt s qu trnh x l logic s. Phng php ph bin nht l s dng mt mt n nh trnh by di y: Trng thi Bn/Ri ca mi nh ca b nh iu khin C-Mem ca chuyn mch tng T s c nh m trong khong mi khe thi gian trong thanh ghi trng thi ca b iu khin khi chuyn mch. Thanh ghi ny cha hai trng s liu Mt trng gi m trang thi cho cc OT#. Trong khong thi gian ca mi khe thi gian TS tt c cc bit bn tng ng u c trnh din trong thanh ghi trng thi, v d nh trong thi gian TS19 tt c cc bit bn t nh s 19 ca tt c cc b nh C-Mem u c trnh din. Vic la chn ng tuy nhin c lin quan vi vic trng hp cc khe thi gian ri ch xy ra trong tng chuyn mch IT# v OT# m chng c ch r bi h thng iu khin trung tm. Nh vy b iu khin khi chuyn mch s to mt t Logic nh phn c di bng di ca thanh ghi trng thi. N cha cc gi tr Zero trong tt c cc v tr bit, tr hai v tr tng ng vi cc b nh C-Mem ca IT# v OT# yu cu. T logic ny gi l Mt n v n c lu m trong thanh ghi chn. Trong thi khong ca mi khe thi gian cc ni dung ca thanh ghi trng thi c thc hin ton t logic AND trn c s tng bit mt tng ng vi cc ni dung ca thanh ghi chn. Khi mt khe thi gian ri(trng thi 1) xut hin trong hai b nh C-Mem theo kim tra, kt qu ca php ton t AND s c t gi tr 1 trong c hai na ca thanh ghi kt qu. V d minh ha hnh 3.13. Nh vy s c sn cc knh thi gian ni b ri kh dng qua chuyn mch tng S c xc nh bi vic kim tra kt qu khc 0 trong c hai trng s liu ca thanh ghi kt qu trong thi gian ca mi khe thi gian hin ti. Khe thi gian ni b c chn sau s c s dng to cc bn tin loi III cn thit thit lp knh ni qua khi chuyn mch. B iu khin khi chuyn mch c th yu cu chun b trc knh ni. Trong trng hp ny bn tin loi III s c to ra m n cha cc gi tr 0 trong hai trng s liu B v n thun ni dung Zero trong ba trng s liu b nh C-Mem.

45

Thanh ghi Trng thi

Mt n chn knh

Thanh ghi kt qu

Hnh 3.13. V d v chn knh ri

Cch thc hat ng m b iu khin khi chuyn mch s dng mt n tm kim mt knh ri c nh hng ti mc phc v ca h thng. C mt vi thut ton tm kim knh ri c s dng trong cc h thng chuyn mch s hin i v mi thut ton s cho cc c trng lu lng cng nh phc tp iu khin khc nhau. Sau y gii thiu ba thut ton ng dng cho cu trc khi chuyn mch T-S-T:

Thut ton 1: Bt u tm lin tip ngu nhin. Vi thut ton ny vic tm kim mt khe thi gian ni b ri qua tng S bt u mt cch ngu nhin v truy tm lin tip qua cc khe thi gian. iu ny c hiu ng tri cc khe thi gian chim dng thnh di, v d t TS0 ti TS512 trong mt khung tn hiu 1024 khe thi gian. Mc phc v GOS(Grade Of Service) kt qu lm trn khong 2,5.10 -4 i vi lu lng 0,825 Erl/mch. Thut ton 2: Bt u tm lin tip c nh. Theo phng php ny vic tm knh lun lun c bt u t mt khe thi gian ni b nh trc v sau truy tm mt cch lin tip qua ton di. Thut ton 2 c hiu ng ng gi cc khe thi gian c chim dng bi v slng cuc gi ln hn s c thit lp qua cc khe thi gian c ch s thp hn so vi cc khe thi gian c ch s cao hn. Kt qu ny s lm tng GOS so vi phng php bt u ngu nhin. V d GOS c gi tr 1,46.10-4 i vi lu lng 0,825 Erl/mch. Thut ton 3. Th lp. Khi tm kim knh ri qua trng chuyn mch tng T, s th lp li vic tm kim c khi u sau mt thi gian no c th s cho php tm c mt khe thi gian ri. tr gia nhng ln tm kim s nh hng ti GOS, c th thi gian ch cng lu th xc sut s cuc gi gii phng s cng ln. Chng hn nh c 50% c hi tm kim knh sau 1 giy ch th lp li c th s to thm tr nhn thy c i vi thi gian thit lp cuc gi m n bnh thng ch cn 0,5 n 1,0 giy qua h thng chuyn mch s.
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2.5.3. tin cy va an toan khi chuyn mach Cc khi chuyn mch s hin i c dung lng khng l, do bn thn chng cng cc thit b iu khin lin quan cn phi c m bo an ton tin cy cao bi v mt hng hc nh c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng cho ton b h thng. Cc h thng chuyn mch u cui cng cng hin i yu cu thi gian hng bnh qun trong chu k 20-40 nm ph thuc vo cc tnh nng qun l. V rng ch c mt trong s cc cu kin ca h thng, khi chuyn mch t n cn phi m bo ch mt phn nh trong t sut hng hc ton b h thng. Hn na, hu ht cc doanh nghip in thoi qui nh xc sut thp mt hng hc bt k no nh hng mnh hn mt phn nh mch in. iu ny yu cu phi xem xt cn nhc thn trng vn m bo tin cy cao ca cc khi chuyn mch s bi v dung lng knh ca chng khng l v khi lng cu kin phn cng ln. V d nh nu hng hc phn cng mt Bus lung PCM ni b gia tng T v tng S c th s lm tn tht 1024 knh truyn dn. Bo v an ton mt cch c hiu qu v n gin nht cho trng chuyn mch s c th thc hin bng hai gii php: thit k ch to theo Module v trang b d phng kp nh s minh ha trn hnh 3.14. Theo phng n d phng kp ngha l khi chuyn mch c thit k ch to t hai na khi hon ton nh nhau v mi na khi gi l mt mt(plane hoc side). Mi cuc ni s c thit lp ng thi vi hai knh dn song song ng nht qua cc mt A v B ca khi chuyn mch, trong mt mt lm vic thc s(mt tch cc) kt ni knh vo/ ra phc v cuc gi, cn mt kia l d phng sao cho nu mt tch cc c vn th n s t ng thay th. gii quyt vn nh nu trn, b sung vo khi chuyn mch an ton cn phi c c ch gim st, pht hin sai li v hng hc sao cho c th c lp

47

SW#

Tng Tng T T

SW#

Tng Tng T T Tng S

SW#

Tng Tng T T

H thng iu khin trung tm CC

Hnh 3.14. Trang b d phng kp khi chuyn mch s

c b phn thit b khi xy ra sai li. i vi phng php trang b kp i c th s dng gii php kim tra tnh chn l n gin c hai knh song song tch cc/d phng ch ra mt b sai li, c th l bit chn c b sung vo t hp m tn hiu PCM 8bit trong hng pht ti mi lung kt cui u vo ca khi chuyn mch. Lung tn hiu 9 bit sau c nhn i v a ti chuyn mch tng T u vo tng ng ca c hai mt ca khi chuyn mch. Pha u thu mi t hp m PCM 9bit t c hai mt s c kim tra tnh chn l pht hin c sai li hay khng. Nu pht hin thy li mt no th lp tc mt s b c lp khi khi chuyn mch mt cch t ng hon ton. Ngoi phng php trang b d phng kp c s dng rt ph bin nu trn c th s dng phng php d phng phc tp hn v d nh d phng theo Module n+1 hay d phng n trong m,

48

CHNG III CHUYN MCH GI 3.1. Nhng khi nim chuyn mch gi 3.1.1. Khi nim v chuyn mch gi (packet switching) Trong chuyn mch gi thng tin c truyn i di dng cc gi, mi gi gm mt khi thng tin iu khin, mt vng cha thng tin truyn hu ch v mt vng thng tin kim tra sa li b sung. Nh vy, n v d liu (data unit) trong chuyn mch gi l gi, trong ngoi d liu cn truyn ca ngun pht tin cn c mt s d liu do mng thm vo. Mt bn tin trn vn ca ngun pht c chia thnh nhiu gi, chuyn i v c ti thit ti ni nhn.
Head

u cui

u cui

Thng tin

K T

Thng tin

K T

Thng tin

K T

Gi Head

u cui

u cui

Hnh 3.1. Chuyn mch trn Bus

Mt t chc chuyn mch thi gian c th c dng cho chuyn mch gi. Thng thng gm mt knh truyn di dng mt vng hay mt bus m t tn hiu c a vo v ly ra ty thuc vo mt vi loi chun. Cc nhm tn hiu c th c tip nhn v nh tuyn n cc li ra khc nhau ty thuc vo v tr ca chng trong mt tun t cc tn hiu. Trong cc tip cn khc, mi nhm tn hiu cha mt a ch ch ra ni nh tuyn cho nhm. Trong hnh 3.1, cc tn hiu s (cc bit) ang chy trn mt bus qua hai u cui s liu. Cc bit ny c nhm vo trong mt vng iu khin, thng tin, v kim tra nh trnh by gia hnh. Thay v mt bus, mt trng truyn c th l mt vng nh hnh 3.2. Cc mch ni n mt chuyn mch s c th l mt di t cc ng thu bao c tc 56kbps hay 64kbps n cc ng tm xa chun (T3) tc 44Mbps. Cc lin kt cp quang c tc bt cao, hin nay khong 145 n 155 Mbps. Cc lin kt quang trong tng lai s c tc 1 Tbps hay cao hn. Cc tc bit cao gy ra tr ngi cho
49

cc chuyn mch s chun. Cc chuyn mch khng gian khng th hot ng nhanh hot ng cc lung thuc gii gigabit v terabit. Cng khng c b nh no trong cc chuyn mch thi gian ghi c thng tin vi tc nhanh nh vy. Chnh v vy cn phi tm ra gii php mi cho tng lai trong lnh vc chuyn mch.
u cui

u cui

u cui

u cui

u cui

Hnh 3.2. Chuyn mch trn vng

3.1.2. Mng chuyn mch gi PSN (Packet Switching Network) Mt mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc thnh phn chnh: cc node mng vi cc u cui dng gi PT (Packet Terminal), cc b tp trung, cc thit b ng tch gi PAD kt ni cc u cui d gi NPT (Non packet Terminal) v h thng qun l mng, hnh 5.3. Mi mt thnh phn trong mng c mt s c tnh ring ca n. Nm c cc c tnh l iu cn thit nhm thc hin ghp ni cc thnh phn vi nhau to nn mng chuyn mch gi.
Node mng

Thc cht y l nhng tng i hay thit b chuyn mch gi. Cc tng i trn thc t nh EWSP, Alcatel, XNet v mt s tng i TPX ca cng ty SprintNet ca M. Cc node kt ni cc thu bao vo mng, ni cc ng dy trung k. Qua node thc hin cc chc nng sau: iu khin cc cng ng dy Truyn a d liu ngi dng Chuyn i giao thc s dng trong mng v lin kt vi cc mng khc Ty thuc vo v tr ca node trong mng l mt node c th l:

Node truy xut cc b ca thu bao: cung cp kt ni cho cc thu bao khng ng b (X.28), thu bao Telex, nhng thu bao v nhng my ch ng b, my ch khng ng b thu bao SNA/SDLC, hnh 3.4. Node trung k trung chuyn cho nhng node mng khc. Node ca cng (gateway): cho php lin lc vi mng quc t v cc quc gia khc vi nhng thu bao ng b hay bt ng b ca nhng mng .
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Mng chuyn mch gi c th c nhng kt ni lin mng nh sau: Mng in thoi cng cng PSTN. Mng s a dch v ISDN. Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch mch CSPDN. Cc mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi khc. Tc ng dy cho thit b u cui bt ng b thng nh hn 19,2 Kbit/s v nhng ng dy cho nhng thit b u cui ng b c tc n 2 Mbit/s.
NMS

NPT PT

PAD Trung k Ca cng

Thu bao
PT: Packet Terminal NPT : Non-packet Terminal PAD: Packet Assembly Disassembly NMS: Network Management System

Thu bao

B tp trung

Hnh 3.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi Cc b tp trung

Cc b tp trung cung cp mt gii php tt gim gi thnh khi thit k mng. B tp trung hn ch thi gian tr mc thp nht v n gin ha vn hnh.
H thng qun l mng

H thng qun l mng thc hin chc nng iu khin ton b mng, h thng ny c nhng ngi iu hnh mng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng mt cch hiu qu. y l b phn trung tm ca chuyn mch gi, bt c mng no tr cc mng rt nh u cn c h thng qun l mng (NMS). Gim st s khai thc cc thnh phn mng l chc nng quan trng nht ca h thng NMS, xt theo quan im ca ngi qun l. iu kin l tng NMS cn phi p ng nhanh khi bt c thit b no hoc mt tuyn thng tin no trn mng cn qun l. Ngi qun l mng cn c thng bo theo c hai phng thc nghe v nhn nm bt kp thi, chnh xc cc s c xy ra. Ngoi ra, qun l cu hnh mng cng l mt trong cc nhim v ca NMS. mt s mng, cc thit b mng cha phn mm cho php chng c th khi to v gi NMS, lc NMS xa c th yu cu c p ng thng tin thi gian thc vi tc cao hn so vi khi ch s dng mt NMS.
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Thit b PAD (Packet Assembly Disassembly)

PAD l thit b ng gi v tch gi. Cc PAD dng ni cc u cui NPT vo mng chuyn mch gi v chng khng th u ni trc tip vo mng. Cc u cui ny l cc thit b lm vic theo phng thc k t. Phng thc k t l phng thc trong tng k t c x l nh l mt n v d liu truyn. Cc thit b lm vic theo phng thc gi li x l cc gi nh l cc n v d liu ring l. Trn thc t cc PAD thng c s dng u ni cc thit b u cui, cc my tnh c nhn, cc my inNh vy PAD c mt s giao tip k t bt ng b mt pha, cn pha kia l mt giao tip gi. 3.2. Phng thc hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi PSN 3.2.1. Khi qut Ngay t u, mng Vin thng chuyn mch knh ch c thit k cung cp dch v m thoi. Khi xut hin cc dch v mi m c bit l cc dch v v d liu, mng chuyn mch knh tr nn bt tin trong vic kt ni truyn d liu gia cc thit b u cui. Cc l do u tp trung vo hai khuyt im chnh nh sau: Vic kt ni truyn nhn d liu gia thit b u cui v my tnh ch, nu s dng mng chuyn mch knh th t l thi gian ng dy rnh ri l rt ln, v vy phng php chuyn mch knh khng c hiu qu. Trong mng chuyn mch knh, vn kt ni ch phc v cho nhng thit b c cng tc d liu ngha l cng tc pht v thu, iu ny hn ch vic lin kt nhiu loi my tnh ch v thit b u cui khc nhau. Mng chuyn mch gi khc phc c hai khuyt im ni trn. hiu r hn k thut ny, chng ta s ln lt kho st cc kha cnh hot ng ca n. Trc tin s tm hiu cc ch lm vic trn mng chuyn mch gi. 3.2.2. Cc ch lm vic ca mng chuyn mch gi Trong k thut chuyn mch gi, nguyn tc hot ng c th c vn tt nh sau: Khi d liu cn pht s c phn b vo cc gi nh v c truyn i trn mng. Trong cc gi ny, ngoi d liu cn c thm vi tin tc iu khin m mng yu cu c th nh tuyn cho gi i xuyn qua mng n ch. Nhm m bo vic chuyn d liu t yu cu, mi mng u phi tun th cc ch lm vic nht nh. C 2 ch lm vic cn bn trong mng chuyn mch gi, l ch khng to cu (Connectionless hay Datagram) v ch lp cu (Virtual circuit). Trc khi m t hai ch hot ng ni trn, cn xem xt hot ng ca tng gi n qua tham kho hnh 3.5. Gi s d liu c pht t A ti E. A xy dng cc gi tin gm d liu v tin tc iu khin bao gm a ch ca E, trc tin gi c gi ti node 4, node 4 tip nhn lu gi vo b m v quyt nh bc k tip (ti node 5), node 4 xp gi pht trn tuyn 4-5 theo ch nh ca th tc nh tuyn ti y, khi tuyn sn
52

sng, gi c pht n node 5, nu node 5 hot ng bnh thng v cn kh nng, gi s c tip nhn v tip tc c nh hng truyn n node 6, cui cng gi cng n c E.
C

B 1 5 A 4 6 F 7
Node chuyn mch Gi d liu bao gm a ch ca E Thit b u cui

Hnh 5.5. V d mt mng PSN gm 7 node chuyn mch

B
2 1

2
1 2

1
3

6
3

a) Mch khng to cu ni (datagram)

VC#2 2 3

VC#1

b) Cu mch o (CV)

Hnh 3.6. Hot ng tng qut ca hai ch trn mng PSN 53

Trong hot ng theo ch khng to cu, mi gi s c x l c lp. C ngha l cc gi ca cng mt khi thng tin c th n ch theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Chng ta s xem xt ch ny trn hnh 5.6a. Gi s trm A c bn tin gm 3 gi gi ti B. N pht nhanh cc gi 1,2,3 ti node 1. Mi gi s c node 1 x l nh tuyn nh sau: node 1 hng gi 1 n node 2 v thy gi (cost) ngn hn gi ti node 4, tng t gi 2 cng c chuyn qua node 2, nhng n gi 3 th node 1 nhn thy rng vo thi im ny xp n theo node 4 l tuyn c gi ngn nht, v th node 1 truyn gi 3 n node 4. Vy cc gi vi a ch ch ging nhau nhng khng i theo 1 hng ging nhau, mt khc gi 3 c th n node 3 trc gi 2. Do th t gi n B khc trc. Nhim v ca B l phi sp xp li trt t ca chng. Trong ch ny, mi gi c x l truyn mt cch c lp nn cn c gi l datagram. Vi ch lp cu (virtual circuit), mt ng ni logic phi c thit lp trc khi cc gi c gi i. V d nh A c mt hoc nhiu bn tin c gi ti B, u tin n gi gi yu cu gi n node 4, node 4 quyt nh chuyn yu cu v tt c d liu tm thi ti node 2, node 2 chuyn tt c ti node 3. Node 3 chuyn gi yu cu gi n B, nu B chp nhn kt ni cuc gi th n s gi gi chp nhn n node 3 v gi ny c pht tip qua node 2, node 1 ri ti A. Host A v Host B c th trao i d liu trn ng kt ni logic c thit lp, ng ni logic ny thng c gi l cu o. Mi node trn cu o c thit lp s bit ni n hng dn gi nh th no. V vy mi gi d liu t A qua node 1,2,3 v mi gi d liu t B qua node 3,2,1. Bt k lc no mt trong hai trm hai u u c th xa ng kt ni bng mt gi yu cu xa (sau khi hon tt vic truyn). Mi trm c th c nhiu hn mt cu n bt c mt trm no khc v cng c nhiu cu o n t nhiu trm (hnh 5.6.b). c im chnh ca ch to cu l s nh tuyn gia cc trm c thit lp trc chuyn d liu. Mi gi c m ti mi node, v c sp xp truyn trn ng dy. S khc bit so vi ch datagram l cc node khng cn phi nh tuyn cho mi gi tin. N ch lm mt ln cho mi mt cuc ni. Hnh 5.6 minh ha mt so snh gia hai ch hot ng ni trn. Nu hai host mun trao i d liu trong mt thi gian di th s dng ch lp cu chc chn c li hn. Phng thc lp cu c th cung cp mt s dch v bao gm nh s th t, kim sot li, iu khin dng. Ni c th bi v khng phi tt c cc phng tin to cu u cung cp tt c cc dch v ny hon ton tin cy. nh s th t cc gi n trong mt trt t ban u. Kim sot li khng ch m bo gi n trong mt trt t thch hp m cn chnh xc. V d nu gi n node 3 trong th t b sai hoc n vi li th node 3 c th yu cu pht li gi t node 1.

54

iu khin dng l mt k thut nhm m bo rng ni gi khng lm trn ngp d liu ni nhn. V d nh nu trm B ang m d liu t A gi n v nhn thy sp ht khng gian m, ngay tc thi n gi bo hiu thng qua phng tin to cu yu cu A ngng pht cho n khi c thng bo mi. 3.2.3. Nhng s c v chin lc khc phc Hnh 3.7 minh ha mt phn ca mt mng chuyn mch gi, trong host A l thu bao gn vo node chuyn mch 1, host B l thu bao gn vo node chuyn mch 2. Gi s A gi bn tin gm 3 gi tin ti B tp trung trn cc node chuyn mch 1, 2, 3, 4. iu quan trng cn phi bit l cng c rt nhiu gi tin ca cc thu bao khc ang di chuyn trong mng.
a. Qu trnh pht tin c bn

Dng thng tin c truyn i nh sau: thu bao A gi gi tin th nht n node chuyn mch 1, khi node ny nhn c gi th theo lut nh tuyn n s pht gi tin n ch bng cch gi ngang qua node 2. Trong lc gi tin th 2 ang di chuyn t thu bao A n node 1 th trng thi trong mng thay i (v d c 1 dng tin vi lu lng ln ang di chuyn t node 5 n node 2), v th gi tin th 2 t thu bao A n thu bao B c nh tuyn qua node 4, gi tin th 3 cng n node 1 ngay sau gi tin th 2 v c nh tuyn qua node 4 (ging gi tin 2). Sau khi node 4 nhn y v chnh xc, gi tin th 2 c gi ti ch l node 3. Tuy nhin, trong khi truyn gi 2 c mt li xy ra. Khi node 3 nhn gi tin th 2, c cu pht hin li tm ra li v yu cu pht li gi tin th 2. Trong khi tin trnh khc phc li din ra, gi th 3 vn c chuyn bnh thng v n node 3, do gi tin th 2 pht li n sau gi tin th 3 ti node 3. Nh vy, ti B th t cc gi b thay i khc vi trt t gi t A.

55

2
Thng ip
1
1

Ti thit lp

1
3

Bo nhn
2 3 2 2

3
3 2

B
1

Li

Truyn li

Ghi ch : Node User

Hnh 5.7. S hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi nh th t gi

Kiu hot ng gi v chuyn tip (hold and forward) c thi gian tr khc nhau cc tuyn khc nhau c th lm cho cc gi tin nhn khng theo th t thch hp. khc phc vn ny, trong cc gi tin phi c gn vo mt ch s th t bn cnh thng tin thnh phn ca khi tin ban u trc khi bt u pht qua mng. Qu trnh tp hp gi tin v sp xp cho ng c thc hin ti node cui. Node cui trong trng hp v tr trn l node 3, s dng thng tin th t gi xuyn qua mng cng vi thng tin ngi dng sp xp cc gi tin li cho ng th t ban u trc khi chuyn giao cho host ch (B).
Cc bo nhn (acknowledgements)

Mt s bo nhn c minh ha trong hnh 3.7 di chuyn theo nhng tuyn khc nhau v ngc hng vi nhng gi tin trong mng. Gi bo nhn ny l iu m bo ch yu cho s trn vn v chnh xc ca d liu pht. Bt c gi tin no c nhn mt cch chnh xc th ngay tc khc n s c thng bo tr li ni gi bng mt gi bo nhn. C hai loi bo nhn, loi bo nhn th nht c ngha thng bo nhn thnh cng nh ni. Loi th hai l mt bo nhn vi ngha ngh truyn li v vic truyn/nhn b li, khi node nhn mt gi, trc ht n s tin hnh kim tra, nu thy li s gi ngay yu cu truyn li n node truyn. Bng cch ny, cc node chuyn mch bit c mnh truyn gi ti node lin kt thnh cng hay khng. Trong qu trnh truyn gi ti node k, nu bo nhn khng c
56

nhn trong mt khong thi gian qui nh (time out) th node truyn ngh rng gi tin b li v c nhim v pht li gi tin .
b. Cc li

nh th t gi l mt trong cc nhim v ca mt giao thc mng, rt cn thit trong qu trnh xc nh trt t gi nhm khc phc s sai th t gi ni trn. Ngoi ra, cn c hai vn kh nghim trng cng xut pht t hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi, l kh nng khng pht hin c s mt gi v s nhn i gi khi mun truyn thnh cng.
Gi tin b mt

S tht thot mt gi tin c th lm cho mt cuc ni khng th thit lp c trong ch lp cu (virtual circuit) hay khng m bo an ton d liu theo yu cu trn mt mng chuyn mch gi. Kh nng xy ra mt gi l c th, tim n ngay trong hot ng cn bn ca mng. Nhim v ca ngi thit k l phi pht hin c tnh hung ra hng khc phc. Sau y l mt v d v tnh hung gy mt gi tin. Theo hnh 3.8, thu bao A gi gi tin th nht qua node 2, node 2 nhn gi tin ny chnh xc v ngay sau bo nhn cho gi tin ny. Tuy nhin, trc khi gi tin th nht c gi t node 2 qua node 3 th node 2 b trc trc, node 1, sau khi nhn c bo nhn ca gi th nht s khng cn quan tm n gi tin ny na v k hoch nh tuyn thay i trnh node h s 2. Gi tin th 2 v th 3 v th c nh tuyn n node 4 ri n node 3. Kt qu gi tin th nht b mt v node 2 b h trc khi n c c hi gi gi 1 n node 3. V vy thu bao B ch nhn c gi tin th 2 v 3. C nhiu cch khc phc vn ny, v d nh: Node nhn s gi bo nhn cho node gi khi chuyn tip n node k. Trch nhim cui cng ca gi tin thuc vo node u tin pht i, nh dch v D bit trong X25. Node cui cng yu cu node u tin gi li gi b mt.

57

2
Thng ip
1

Chuyn m ch hng

1
3

Bo nhn

3
3
2

B
2

Hnh 3.8. Mng chuyn mch gi c node chuyn mch b hng: s mt gi tin Nhn i gi tin

Hin tng nhn i gi cng gy ra s phin h cho cc node chuyn mch, nht l cng mt lc c hai hay nhiu i tng ging ht nhau trong d liu c x l bi cc phn mm tng i. Ngoi ra, s nhn i gi cng nh hng xu n chnh xc d liu nhn. Kh nng xy ra hin tng ny cng khng phi t. Sau y l mt v d v tnh hung dn n s nhn i gi. Xem hnh 3.9, gi tin c nh tuyn qua node 2, gi tin ny xem nh c nhn chnh xc ti node 2 v node ny gi bo nhn cho node 1, nhng trc khi bo nhn gi li th tuyn gia node 2 v node 1 b h, vy bo nhn gi th nht b mt m node 2 khng h bit. Node 1 khng nhn c bo nhn trong thi gian qui nh (timeout) s pht li gi 1 cng vi gi tin th 2 v 3 n node 4. Nhng tht ra gi th nht c nhn hon ho ti node 2. V bo nhn b mt m c node 1 v node 2 u khng hay bit iu ny, nn node 2 tip tc chuyn gi tin th 1 n ch v gi tin ny cng c pht li t node 1. C hai gi 1 n ch cng vi gi tin th 2 v 3. Vy c s lp li gi 1 ti thu bao B. trnh vn ny, c th xy dng mt th tc nhn dng xem gi va nhn c hay cha, nu c thc hin xa bt i mt. Cch th 2 l c th xy dng c cu bo nhn cho bo nhn. Nh vo c cu ny m node 2 bit c bo nhn b mt v s khng copy gi 1 ln tuyn 2 3. Tuy nhin, c cu ny s lm cho ti trn mng tr nn nng n, hiu sut mng gim xung. Vi cch th nht, r rng vic x l ti mi node chuyn mch s lu hn, thi gian tr hon truyn ln hn v phi kim tra v so trng tng gi mt. Tuy nhin, cng c th giao nhim v ny cho host ch gim bt thi gian x l ti mi node.

58

2
Thng ip
1

Dy hng

1
3

Bo nhn

3
1 3

B
3 2 1 1

Gi trng

Hnh 3.9. Mng chuyn mch gi c ng dy b hng: hin tng nhn i gi.

3.3. ng gi thng tin 3.3.1. Cu trc gi khc phc cc li v truyn nhn chnh xc cn c s phi hp vi cc chin lc qun l ton cc, mi gi tin v th phi cha cc thng tin h tr, phn thng tin h tr ny c gi l thng tin dn ng (overhead). Overhead c nhng dng khc nhau ty thuc vo kiu mng v k thut c dng. Overhead tn ti di 2 dng c bn: dng kt hp vo mi gi ngi dng (user) v dng gi chuyn xc nhn hoc chuyn iu khin. Bn tin hoc tin tc qun l ca thu bao c chiu di L ty khong t vi bit n vi triu bit. H iu hnh trong cc mng chuyn mch gi khng c kh nng hoc khng thut li pht ht bn tin c chiu di ty L trong mt ln. Ty vo giao thc, nhng tng qut vi gc nhn l mt ct giao tip ngi dng mng (user network), s chia bn tin ln L thnh cc n v nh c chiu di ti a l M gi chung l segment. Bn trong mng, trn cc ng dy cc node trao i vi nhau cc n v nh c chia t segment gi l gi (packet) c chiu di ti a N bit. Ty theo thit k giao thc mng m gi tr M v N c th bng nhau hoc M>N. D nhin tin tc ngi dng c chiu di L ty . Biu din ton hc: L M N
59

Nu th tc mng qui nh M = N, th tc mng thuc lp giao thc c mt gi tin trong mt segment (singlepacketper segment). Ngha l mi segment ch cha mt gi tin v cc node mng khng cn chia gi trn segment n t host. Nu M > N, c th tc nhiu gi tin trn mt segment, mi segment ngi dng c chiu di M, khi n mng c cc nt chia thnh nhng gi tin c chiu di N. Th tc mt gi tin trn mt segment c s dng ph bin trong mng hot ng datagram hay trn cc lp logic lm vic theo ch datagram. Th tc nhiu gi tin trn mt segment thng s dng trong mng hot ng theo ch cu o (Virtual Circuit). Trong bt c trng hp no, n v d liu m thu bao s dng giao tip vi node chuyn mch trong mng l cc segment, trong khi giao tip gia cc node chuyn mch l cc gi tin. Tin tc cha trong cc gi tin v cc segment c th ging hoc khng ging nhau ty thuc vo giao thc ang s dng.
Thng tin ca giao thc (Protocol Information)

T hnh 3.10, ta thy rng segment thng tin ca ngi dng bao gm ba vng c bn, l vng leader, vng thng tin, v vng kim sot li (error control).
Bn tin c chiu di L * Segment Leader * Packet Header Err ctrl Thng tin chiu di M bit Err ctrl

Start framing

End framing

Hnh 3.10. Cu trc phn tiu tng qut ca chuyn mch gi

Leader cha a ch ni n cng vi tin tc iu khin c mng yu cu, v d nh l ch s th t ca segment, ch s knh logic c dng, ch n ca segment u hoc cui, v kch thc vng thng tin. Cc gi tin gm cc vng header, thng tin, khi iu khin li (error control) v m nh du u v kt thc gi tin (start framing v end framing). Header cha cc thng tin ging nh leader nhng l nhng thng tin thuc tnh ca gi trong mt segment, cng vi cc tin tc khc m node cn iu khin s di chuyn cc gi xuyn qua mng. V d nh a ch ngun, ch s th t gi tin v khi iu khin ( ngn nga vic looping, mt hoc nhn i gi).

60

Vng kim sot li dng nguyn l m ha ton hc cho php cc node nhn ra nu bt c bit no hoc nhm bit no b li. Qu trnh kim sot li l mt phn ca th tc iu hnh. Trong thc t thng dng m CRC c trnh by mc di y. 3.3.2. Phng php kim tra sai CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
a. Gii thiu

Trong vng kim tra ca gi tin cha cc thng tin phc v cng tc kim sot li, cc thng tin ny c to ra ty thuc vo tng phng php. Mt trong nhng phng php thng c dng l CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). phng php CRC, cc bit ca khi d liu c dch tri ln lt v chia cho mt gi tr s nh phn, xc nh bng php ton module 2. Kt qu phn d ca php chia chnh l gi tr CRC v c dng lm BCC trong phng thc truyn ng b. u thu s thc hin php chia tng t i vi thng tin v so snh phn d ca php chia vi gi tr BCC thu c, nu ging nhau l khng c sai. M CRC thng di t 12 n 32 bits. Nu dng phng php CRC vi th tc t ng truyn li (ARQ Automatic Repeat Request) c th gim tc bit sai (BER) rt nhiu. V d vi 16 bit CRC cho php ch c 1 bit sai khng pht hin c trong 1014 bits truyn (BER = 1.10-14).
b. Cch tnh CRC

Cc bit d liu s c m phng thnh mt a thc theo trnh t truyn, v d chui bit truyn l 110101 th ta c a thc: M(x) = (1).x5 + (1)x4+ (0)x3+ (1)x2+ (0)x1+ (1)x0 = x5 + x4 + x2 + 1 Gi s s bit CRC l C, ta s chn mt a thc bt k G(x) c bc C, v d C=3, chn G(x) = x3 +1 Sau ln lt thc hin cc php tnh sau: Nhn M(x) cho xc

xc.M(x) = x8 + x7 + x5 + x3

Chia x .M(x) cho G(x) ta s c kt qu l Q(x) vi phn d l R(x) xc.M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x) Theo v d trn ta s c: Q(x) = x5 + x4 + x2 + 1 R(x) = x +1

Tnh a thc T(x) = xc.M(x) + R(x) M(x) = (1).x5 + (1)x4+ (0)x3+ (1)x2+ (0)x1+ (1)x0 = x5 + x4 + x2 + 1 T(x) = = x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 + x +1

i t T(x) tr li chui bit theo nguyn tc tng t, kt qu chnh l chui bit truyn vi cc bit sau cng l CRC.
Chui bit truyn 110101011

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 u cui sau khi nhn c chui bit i li T(x) v dng php ton module 2 chia cho G(x), nu phn d l 0 th d liu nhn khng sai, khc khng th sai. C th d dng chng minh c. Tht vy T(x) = xc M(x) + R(x) V xc . M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x) T(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x) + R(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + (1+1) R(x)/G(x) V i vi php ton module 2 th 1+1 =0 nn T(x)/G(x) = Q(x) Hay R(x) = 0, vy php chia T(x) cho G(x) khng c d. a thc G(x) cn gi l a thc sinh v c bn a thc thng dng sau: 1 C =12 X12 + X11 + X3 + X + 1 2 C =16 X16 + X15 + X5 + 1 3 C =16 X16 + X12 + X3 + 1 4 C =32 X32 + X26 + X22 + X16 + X12 + X8 + X4 + X2 + X +1 3.3.3. Kch thc gi
User message
Segment 1 2 3 4

L = 70.000 bit
5 6 7 8 9

Segment M = 8192 bit 1 Leader 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Leader Control 1 2

Last Segment 4464 bits 3 4 5

Packet Packet header Information bits N = 1024 bits Error control Packet header

Last Packet Information bits N = 368 bits Error control

Framing pattern

Framing pattern

Framing pattern

Framing pattern

Hnh 3.11. S chia bn tin thnh cu trc segment v gi

Tng s tin tc cha trong leader ca segment v header ca packet l ng k. c bit nu c tng s 256 bit thng tin overhead c yu cu trong mt gi kch thc N bng 1000 bit th lng overhead chim n 25 % tng d liu c c pht. iu ny cho thy rng c 25 % dung lng xuyn mng khng c gi tr trong vic giao tip gia cc ngi dng vi nhau. V vy t l phn trm ca overhead lin quan n vic so snh hiu qu ca cc k thut chuyn mch. Mt v d v cu trc overhead: bn tin ngi dng c:
62

L = 70.000 bit, M = 8192 bit, N = 1024 bit

Ta c: L = 8. M + 4464 m M = 8 N. Trn hnh 3.11 m t cu trc c bn ca bn tin ny, bn tin c chia lm 9 segment, mi segment trong 8 segment u c lm y vi 8192 bit v 4464 bit cn li trong segment th 9. Mi segment trong 8 segment u chia thnh 8 gi, mi gi 1024 bit. Segment th 9 c chia thnh 5 gi trong 4 gi u cha 1024 bit cn gi th 5 cha 368 bit cn li.
a) 1 packet message
Header

b) 2 packet message

c) 5 packet message

d) 10 packet message

1 Data 2 Data 3 Data Data 2 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time
Header

6 7 8

5 Data Data Data

9 10

5 Data
Header

X a bY

X a bY
Data

X a bY

X a bY

Hnh 3.12. So snh thi gian truyn gia ba cch chia.

T l ca overhead trong gi cn l yu t nh hng trc tip n thi gian truyn. y l vn c t ra v xem xt khi chn kch thc cho gi tin. tip cn vn ny hy tham kho v d hnh 3.12. Trong hnh 3.12 gi s c mt cu o t X n Y thng qua 2 node a v b. Gi s bn tin truyn bao gm 30 byte, mi gi c 3 byte thng tin iu khin; thng tin iu khin c t u mi gi va gi l header. Ton b thng bo gi di dng mt gi
63

n 33 byte. u tin gi c truyn t X n a. Khi tt c d liu n a th mi chuyn tip n b v c th cho n Y. Tng thi gian truyn ti mi node thnh ra 99 byte. Gi s phn thnh 2 gi, mi gi 15 byte v d nhin mi gi phi thm vo 3 byte header. Trong trng hp ny a s truyn gi u tin khi nhn y gi ny m khng cn ch nhn ht gi 2. V v vy thi gian truyn ti mi node ch cn l thi gian truyn 72 byte. Nu chia 5 gi thi thi gian ch cn l 63 byte. Tuy nhin nu tng gi qu nhiu th thi gian li gia tng bi v mi gi cha mt lng header khng i v nhiu gi c ngha l nhiu header dn n hiu sut thng tin gim v thi gian truyn li gia tng tr li. Do trong thit k gi cn xem xt k cc yu t trn. 3.4. nh tuyn trong mng PSN 3.4.1. Gii thiu nh tuyn l mt trong cc cng tc quan trng ca mi chuyn mch trong mng chuyn mch gi. Sau khi tip nhn mt gi tin trong b m, node chuyn mch cn ch nh tuyn tuyn li ra no b phn chuyn mch thc hin thao tc chuyn mch cho gi. Mc tiu ch yu ca nh tuyn l tm v ch ra con ng thch hp vn chuyn gi n ch mt cch chc chn v trong thi gian ngn nht. Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php nh tuyn c tn khc nhau, tuy nhin u tn ti di bn dng c bn: nh tuyn lan trn gi (packet flooding), nh tuyn ngu nhin (random routing), nh tuyn trc tip theo bng danh mc hay cn gi l khng thch nghi (directory routing hay nonadaptive routing), v nh tuyn trc tip theo bng danh mc thch nghi (adaptive directory routing). Mi phng php u c kh nng gim thi gian tr hon trong mng, y l c tnh c ngha m chuyn mch gi c gng m bo cho cng ng s dng. Tuy nhin kh nng ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo phc tp ca mi k thut trong phng php cng nh lin quan n s lng thnh phn lu thng trong mng ti bt k thi im no. 3.4.2. Cc phng php nh tuyn c bn
a. Lan trn gi

Phng php ny c gng truyn trong mi ng c th gia ngun v ch, do n m bo phn t lu thng cui cng ri cng xuyn c qua mng, ngay c trng hp mng c b h hng mt cch nghim trng hay l khng. Vi phng php ny gi c gi t node ngun n tt c cc node k n. Mi node nhn mt gi th lp tc kim tra xem gi ny nhn c ln no trc y cha, nu nhn ri th loi gi mi ti ny, nu cha th sau gi gi n tt c cc node k . Trong phng php ny mi con ng c th xuyn qua mng t ngun n ch u c th, gi copy u tin n c ch l gi i trn con ng c tng thi gian tr hon l nh nht; bt k gi c copy no n sau s b loi.
64

Hnh 3.17. nh tuyn theo phng php lan trn gi

hiu hot ng ca flooding xt v d trong hnh 3.17. Mi node trong mng trn c ni vi 3 node khc nhau (cn c gi l mng ni ba). Mi gi pht ra t node 1 c ch n l node 6. Gi copy s c gi i t node 1 n node 3 l 2, 4 v 3. Sau khi gi c nhn thnh cng node 2, cc gi copy c gi t 4 v 5. Tuy nhin gi copy t 2 th trng vi gi copy c nhn trc tip t 1, do n s b loi. Ti node 3 gi copy li c gi n 5 v 6. D nhin gi n 6 th hon tt vic truyn. Theo trng thi thng thng ca mng th ng i nhanh nht n 6 l hoc 1 qua 4 n 6, hoc 1 qua 3 n 6. Trong hnh 3.17 gi s gi copy c truyn n 6 qua 3. Ch rng sau khi gi n ti ch ca n, vn cn nhiu gi copy tip tc xuyn qua mng. V d cc gi n 4 t 2 th trng vi cc gi n 4 t 1. V 4 nhn ra gi c trc nn s loi gi n sau. Cc gi trng n sau s t t bin mt trong mng. Tng t ti ch cng c mt s gi copy sau n c v cng s b loi. K thut ny tn ti mt s khuyt im nh sau: K thut ny c bn da trn s nhn rng lu lng ti. Vic gia tng cng lu thng, gia tng hng lot im tr hon, dn n gia tng tr hon im ni im, ngay c khi gi c truyn trn tuyn nhanh nht hin hnh. Mi gi phi cha a ch hon chnh v cc thng tin nhn dng. Mi chuyn mch phi ghi li tt c cc gi m chng bt gp trong thi gian ln m bo cc gi trng (ca gi c nhn) c pht hin v loi b. Tng t cc chuyn mch phi c cnh bo thng xuyn v kh nng cc gi copy s n rt nhiu sau khi gi copy u tin chuyn giao thnh cng cho host ch. Tuy nhin u im ni bt ca phng php ny l chc chn s truyn gi n ch trn con ng tt nht hin hnh.
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b. nh tuyn ngu nhin (random routing)

nh tuyn ngu nhin c tng c bn ging nh tuyn lan trn gi, ngoi tr gi khng c gi n mi node k c ni vi node ngun, thay v vy mt tuyn t mi node c chn ngu nhin v cc gi c truyn ch trn ng ny. S la chn ngu nhin ca cc tuyn phi bao gm c tuyn m cc gi c nhn. Mc tiu ca phng php l cc gi lang thang trong mng, cui cng ri cng n c ch. C kh nng s chn tuyn c bit t mt node c nh hng c bn da trn s np ti, dung lng ng truyn hay cc iu kin mng khc nhng thng thng th khng on trc c. Cng ging nh phng php lan trn gi, nh tuyn ngu nhin c u im l bng mt con ng tn ti xuyn qua mng, thnh phn lu thng cui cng ri cng s n c ch. nh tuyn ngu nhin gim bt rc ri ca s nhn rng cc thnh phn lu thng. Nu tt c cc lin kt v node ng dng th c th phn phi cng kh nng cho mi tuyn. Tuy nhin do khc nhau v nng lc lin kt nn cc kh nng gia cc tuyn khng ging nhau. Trong trng hp ny mt tuyn ti mi node s c chn l 50% kh nng v 2 tuyn khc mi tuyn 25% kh nng. Trn hnh 5.18 trnh by gi hng t node 1 n node 6 vi ton b cc tuyn c th, cc tuyn 50% kh nng lun c chn. Do ng dn bt u t 1 n 4, n 2, n 5, n 3, ri n 6.
P(1) = 0,25

P(4) = 0,25 P(5) = 0,50

P(2) = 0,50

P(6) = 0,25

P(1) = 0,25

P(2) = 0,25

P(4) = 0,50 P(4) = 0,50 P(3) = 0,25 P(6) = 0,5 P(2) = 0,25 P(3) = 0,25

6
P(5) = 0,25

P(1) = 0,25

3
P(5) = 0,25

5
P(3) = 0,50

P(6) = 0,25

Hnh 3.18. nh tuyn ngu nhin

Tuy nhin phng php ny cng cn tn ti khuyt im l khi d liu lu thng theo cc gi (cost) trung bnh c phn phi ty thuc kh nng chn la tuyn, chiu di trung bnh t ngun n ch s c khuynh hng di hn hu ht cc ng c th i trc tip. Do cc gi s b tr hon gia cc im lu hn so vi thi gian tr hon ngn nht trn mt ng truyn no thc s tn ti trong mng.
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c. nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc (Directory Routing)

Trong phng php ny ti mi node s c mt bng nh tuyn, ch ng dn chn bt k ch no trong mng t node hin hnh. Bng c xy dng trong b nh ca chuyn mch v c pht trin ty thuc vo bt k tiu chun no, c th l ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon ngn nht, ng c dung lng cao, hot ng tin cy, nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc cn bao gm khng ch ng chn la chnh m cn c cc chn la th hai d phng di cc iu kin ch nh, nh khi ng truyn b h, cc chuyn mch b h hay qu ti trong lu thng. Hnh 3.19 minh ha n gin v nh tuyn trc tip. Trn mt ma trn nh tuyn ngn nht trnh by c 36 li vo cho 6 node. Mi li vo ch ra node k tip dc theo ng ngn nht t node ny n node khc.
Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6 Route to 1 2 1 4 5 4 Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6 Route to 1 2 1 or 6 4 6 6

Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6

Route to 1 2 1 4 3 3 or 4

Destination 1

Route to 3 or 4 4 3 4 5 4

2 3 4 5 6

3
Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6 Route to 1 1 3 1 or 6 5 6

5
Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6 Route to 3 2 3 6 5 6

Ma trn nh tuyn
n node
1 1 2 1 1 1 3
3 or 4

2 2 1 2 2 4

3 3 1
1 or 6

4 4 4
1 or 6

5 3 5 5 5 5

6
3 or 4

4 6 6 6

T node

3 4 5 6

6 4

3 3

Hnh 3.19. nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc 67

V d cc gi ang ti node 6 c ch n l node 2 s c dn hng n node 4. Bng nh tuyn c c im: Trn bng nh tuyn ch c nhng hng n lin h n tng chuyn mch ring. Mt vi li vo trong bng c hai tuyn c kh nng xy ra, nhng trong thc t m bo tnh r rng th ch mt tuyn c chn vo mt thi im v c t vo bng trong khi qu trnh hot ng. u im ca nh tuyn trc tip l hot ng ca n c xc nh r rng, mi gi lu thng gia ngun v ch s i theo cng mt tuyn ty thuc vo bng nh tuyn. Khi mt tuyn c thnh lp trn c s cc tiu chun nh ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon nh nht, cc gi s i theo mt cch trung thnh tr phi bng nh tuyn c thay i bi cc hot ng hay bi trung tm iu khin mng. Bn cnh phng php ny cng c mt s hn ch xut pht t vic s dng bng nh tuyn: Cu trc cng knh. Kh thch ng vi cc thay i v cu hnh mng, cng nh p ng thch hp vi cc hu qu khi node hay ng dy b h hoc qu ti.
d. nh tuyn theo danh mc thch nghi ( Adaptive Directory Routing)

Hon ton tng t nh nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc, trong mi chuyn mch c mt bng nh tuyn trong b nh ch ra tuyn ti u n ch. Tuy nhin, cc li vo trong bng c th thay i trong thi gian thc thi ty vo s thay i cc iu kin hot ng trong mng nh tc nghn lu thng hay s c ng truyn v chuyn mch. Do cc chn la ph khng cn cn thit na. ng truyn hin hnh v nguyn tc lun l i din cho tuyn ti u nht theo cc tiu chun chn vo thi im yu cu.

Tiu chun nh gi: Bi v mc tiu chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi l lm sao truyn thng tin i nhanh nht v do vic tr hon truyn tr thnh mt tiu chun cn xt n v c xem nh l gi ca lin kt (link cost). Gi ca lin kt ph thuc vo tc truyn trn lin kt, t l li, kch thc b m hai u. Mt phng n nh tuyn da trn vic ti thiu tr hon truyn c th thc hin d dng v mi chuyn mch trong mng thng minh c lng khong thi gian chuyn mt gi mi i n chuyn mch k. Mi chuyn mch c th c lng chnh xc nu bit mi ng ni n n c tc bit bao nhiu, cng nh t l li v s lng cc bit trong hng i mun truyn qua ng ny. Nu cc node trao i thng tin tr hon vi cc node k n th mi node c th c lng c ton th tr hon truyn n tt c cc ch trong mng. Bng tr hon truyn: minh ha nguyn tc bng tr hon truyn ta xt hnh 5.20. Tc bit c ch nh cho mi ng. Gi s mi gi c 1000 bit, trn
68

hnh cng trnh by s lng cc gi xp hng cn li ti mi chuyn mch. Ti mi node thy c mt bng tr hon, n c tnh ton bi mi node trn c s tc truyn v lu lng giao thng trn mi ng. y cc bng tr hon ch cp cc ng dn n cc ch c ni trc tip vi chuyn mch m thi, nhm lm cho s c lng c xem l hon ton chnh xc.
From To 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 0 89 9600 b/s Delay 104 From 4 4 4 4 4 4 To 1 2 30 4 5 6 0 Delay 35 0

2
b/s 96 00

4
96

From To 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

Delay 105 105 54

600 56.

b/ s

From To 6 1 6 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6

Delay 17 0 0

b 00 /s

56 .60 0

1
96 00

3
From To 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 5 6 312 39

9600 b/s Delay 208

5
From To 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 4 5 6 312 Ghi ch: Thi gian tr tnh bng mili giy Delay 71 104

Hnh 3.20. nh tuyn thch nghi dng mt bng tr hon

S thit lp bng nh tuyn: hiu r hn v hot ng ca gii thut nh tuyn hy tp trung tm hiu bng nh tuyn ti node 5 (hnh 5.21). Bt u l bng tr hon truyn m node 5 xy dng cho chnh n t cc nhn bit v tc nh tuyn v lu lng giao thng. Bng ca 5 ch cp n thi gian tr hon trn cc ng ni trc tip vi n. Tr hon n node 2 l 71ms; n 3 l 104ms v n 6 l 312ms. Mi node trao i bng tr hon cho nhau lm c s c lng k tip, trn y node 5 kt hp cc thng tin t cc bng v tnh ton cho ra mt bng nh tuyn sn c cho n khi thng tin mi c cp nht. Nu ta gi s rng thi gian x l cho mt gi n ti mt node l 25ms, vy th thng tin nh tuyn s c xc nh nh th no t node 5 sang node 1. Mc d node 5 khng ni trc tip vi node 1 nhng c ni trc tip vi node 2 v node 3.
69

96 00

b/ s

00 6.6

b/s

b/s

s b/

Node 5 s chn tr hon no nh nht. Trong trng hp ny tr hon t 2 n 1 l 104ms, tr hon t 5 n 2 l 71ms, tr hon ti node 2 l 25ms, tng tr hon l 200ms. Thi gian khi tr hon t 3 n 1 l 208ms ln hn nhiu nn b loi.
2 2 2 2 2 2 Delay 71 104 312 To 1 2 3 4 5 6 Delay 208 312 39 Delay 17 0 0 Delay 200 71 104 96 218 Delay 104 0 89

From To 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 6

From To 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6

From To 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 6

2 2 3 2 3

START
6 6 6 6 6 6 To 1 2 3 4 5 6

c) bng nh tuyn

a) Bng tr hon

b)

Hnh 3.21. Thit lp bng nh tuyn ti node 5

Hng cui cng ca bng nh tuyn biu hin s thch nghi linh hot ca x l nh tuyn. Node 5 ni trc tip n node 6 vi tr hon l 89ms. Tr hon t 5 n 3 l 104ms vic tr hon ti node 3 l 25ms. Tng tr hon qua 3 ch c 218ms < 8ms do nh tuyn t 5 n 6 s khng trc tip n 6 m qua 3 mi n 6. iu ny chng t trong nh tuyn ng di vt l cha hn l ng di logic. Theo nh trn th cui cng bng nh tuyn ch ra rng ti thi im hin hnh thng tin c nh tuyn qua 2 hoc 3. V trng thi ca mng thay i thng xuyn nn trong mt khong thi gian ngn khong 200ms hay t hn na nhng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn s tr nn lc hu. V d tt c lung thng tin u c nh tuyn qua 2 v 3 bi v tr hon n 6 qu ln so vi cc node khc. Nhng v khng c ai gi n 6 v hng i trn ng ny c gim. Kt qu l sau khi bng nh tuyn c dng trong 200ms, th thi gian tr hon trn ng t 5 n 6 s gim n 112ms. k thut nh tuyn thch nghi hot ng tt, hoc cc cp nht tuyn phi c xc nh mt cch thng xuyn hoc s khc nhau gia hai tuyn phi r rng trc khi tuyn thch hp c chn. Trong mng ARPANET gii thut c thc hin vi s trao i ng b cc bng nh tuyn gia cc node chuyn mch, khong 3 n 5 ln trong 1 giy. Vic trao i
70

ng b a n tnh khng n nh (v d 2 node ng thi bo ng tt nht i n mt im trong mng l qua node kia). Nu trao i bt ng b th mi node c dp dng cc thng tin sau cng sn c trong bng nh tuyn ca n trc khi chuyn thng tin kt hp n cc node k. Vic trao i rt thng xuyn cc bng cng gy ra tnh trng bt n nh trong mng, to cc vng lp gi v cc gi con thoi i li gia hai node. Do vic cp nht bng phi lu s dng hiu qu qu trnh x l thch nghi. Tt nht l thit lp bng nh tuyn ti u khong 10s mt ln. T gii thut trn c th khng nh rng thng tin s c trn ng dy hay node s t t xuyn qua mng. Mt ng dy h s c ch ra bi gi tr tr hon v cng ln trong li vo bng nh tuyn ca node ni n dy ny. Mt node b h s khng thng tin v bng c lng tr hon cho cc node k, do n c xem l node h. Khi hot ng tr li n d dng tham gia vo mng v n gi cc bng c lng tr hon n cc node k n ngay sau . Hn ch ch yu c tnh khch quan ca phng php ny l vic x l phc tp, cc chuyn mch phi c th pht hin ra cc iu kin ca mng, m bo nng lc x l cp nht v a ra hng gii quyt ti u.

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CHNG IV CC CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN 4.1. Chuyn mch ATM 4.1.1. Khi qut v ATM Hin nay, cc mng vin thng hin ti c c im chung l tn ti mt cch ring l, ng vi mi mt loi dch v thng tin li c t nht mt loi mng vin thng ring bit phc v dch v . Th d: - Mng Telex: dng gi cc bc in di dng cc k t c m ha bng m 5 bit. Tc truyn rt thp (t 75 n 300 bit/s). - Mng in thoi cng cng: cn gi l mng POTS ( Plain Old Telephone Service), mng ny ting ni c s ha v chuyn mch h thng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). - Mng truyn s liu: bao gm cc mng chuyn mch gi trao i s liu gia cc my tnh da trn giao thc ca X.25 v h thng truyn s liu chuyn mch knh da trn cc giao thc X.21. - Cc tn hiu truyn hnh: c th c truyn theo 3 cch: truyn bng sng v tuyn, truyn qua h thng mng truyn hnh CATV (Community Antena TV) bng cp ng trc hoc truyn qua h thng v tinh cn gi l h thng truyn hnh trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast System). - Trong phm vi c quan, s liu gia cc my tnh c trao i thng qua mng cc b LAN thng l mng: Ethernet, Token Bus, v Token Ring. - Hu qu l hin nay c rt nhiu loi mng khc nhau cng song song tn ti. Mi mng li yu cu phng php thit k, sn xut, vn hnh, bo dng khc nhau. Nh vy h thng mng vin thng hin ti c rt nhiu nhc im m quan trng l: - Ch truyn c cc dch v c lp tng ng vi tng mng. - Thiu mm do: S ra i ca cc thut ton nn ting ni, nn nh,v ting b trong cng ngh VLSI nh hng mng m ti tc truyn tn hiu. H thng hin nay rt kh thch nghi vi yu cu ca cc dch v khc nhau trong tng lai. Km hiu qu trong vic bo dng, vn hnh cng nh vic s dng ti nguyn. Ti nguyn c trong mt mng khng th chia s cho cc mng khc cng s dng.
S ra i ca h thng vin thng mi B-ISDN:

Do cn c mt mng vin thng duy nht ngy cng tr nn bc thit, ch yu l do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Cc yu cu dch v bng rng ang tng ln.

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- Cc k thut x l tn hiu, chuyn mch, truyn dn tc cao (c vi trm Mbit/s n vi Gbit/s) tr thnh hin thc. - Tin b v kh nng x l nh v s liu. - S pht trin ca cc ng dng phn mm trong lnh vc tin hc v vin thng. - S cn thit phi t hp cc dch v ph thuc ln nhau chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vo mt mng bng rng duy nht. - S cn thit tha mn tnh mm do cho cc yu cu v pha ngi s dng V vy cng nh ngi qun tr mng.mng B-ISDN ra i nhm p ng cc iu kin trn. ISDN theo ITU-T da trn c s kiu truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Tranfer Mode). Nh vy ATM s l nn tng ca B-ISDN trong tng lai. Kiu truyn khng ng b bao gm c trong truyn dn v chuyn mch, cn khng ng b l trong cc gi trong cng mt cuc kt ni c th lp li mt cch bt thng nh lc chng c to ra theo yu cu c th m khng theo mt chu k no c. ATM cn c hai c im quan trng: - ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l cc t bo (T bo ATM), cc t bo nh cng vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v bin ng tr (Delay Jitter) gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, ngoi ra kch thc nh cng to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng. - ATM cn c mt c im rt quan trng l kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng.
Tnh trong sut ca h thng

Tnh trong sut v mt ni dung: l chc nng m bo vic truyn ng cc bit t u pht n u thu (tc l s chnh xc v mt ni dung). Khi mi ra i, trong cc mng chuyn mch gi cht lng truyn s liu cn km, do m bo cht lng truyn chp nhn c ngi ta phi thc hin chc nng iu khin li trn mi lin kt. Vic iu khin li ny c thc hin bi giao thc HDLC (High Level Data Link Control) bao gm cc chc nng: gii hn khung, m bo truyn bit chnh xc, kim tra li,.. y qu trnh iu khin li c thc hin trn mi lin kt thng qua nt chuyn mc , do nt chuyn mch phi x l mt lot cc th tc phc tp khc nhau lm nh hng n tc x l chung ca h thng. Sau ny, do cht lng ca h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch tng ln nn t l li trn mng gim.Vi mt mng cht lng cao nh vy ngi ta ch cn thc hin mt s chc nng ca th tc HDLC. Bng cch ny ngi ta gim c khi lng thng tin m nt chuyn mch cn x l, nh tc ca nt tng ln. Nh vy lp 2 trn m hnh OSI c chia thnh hai lp con. Lp 2a chuyn cung cp cc chc nng c bn ca

73

lp 2, lp 2b cung cp cc chc nng b sung. Cc h thng ng dng nguyn l ny c gi l chuyn tip khung (Frame Relay). i vi B-ISDN tng ny cn c m rng hn na, cc chc nng iu khin li khng cn c cung cp cc nt chuyn mch trong mng na m trong trng hp cn thit s c cung cp bi cc thit b u cui. Do cc nt ca ATM c phc tp ti thiu v v th c tc truyn rt cao c th ln n 600Mbit/s Chc nng Chuyn mch gi Chuyn tip khung ATM Truyn li gi X Gii hn X x khung Kim tra li X x Bng 4.1. Cc chc nng c thc hin nt mng ca X.25, chuyn tip khung v AT Tnh trong sut v mt thi gian: Cc dch v thi gian thc yu cu dng bbit c tr ra1t ngn khi c truyn t u pht n u thu, tc l chng yu cu tnh chnh xc v thi gian. C th phn bit hai loi tr: tr do chuyn mch v tr t im u n im cui. Mng ATM ch cn nhng chc nng ti thiu nt chuyn mch, do n cho php truyn s liu tc rt cao, tr trn mng v cc bin ng tr gim xung, do quan h thi gian c m bo nh trong trng hp chuyn mch knh.
Cc dch v tng lai ca B-ISDN trn c s ATM.

Cc dch v phc v cho cc thu bao gia nh:Cc dch v quan trng cho cc thu bao gia nh l nhng dch v truyn hnh cp CATV, truyn hnh s chun SDTV (Standard Digital TV) hay trong tng lai l dch v truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV (High Definition TV). Mt ng dng quan trng na l dch v in thoi truyn hnh trong cc hnh nh cht lng cao c truyn i tc t 2 ti 5 Mbit/s vi gi thnh phi chng. Cc dch v phc v trong lnh vc kinh doanh v giao dch:Cc thu bao trong phm vi cng s, vn phng c nhng c im hon ton khc so vi cc thu bao gia nh. im chung duy nht gia hai lnh vc ny l in thoi truyn hnh. Tuy vy, dch v ny cng phi c m rng tin ti in thoi hi ngh truyn hnh, sao cho ngi s dng c th dng dch v in thoi truyn hnh lin lc vi im cng mt lc. Cc h thng ATM-LAN c ni vi nhau s to kh nng truy nhp h c s d liu phn tn vi tc rt cao. Ngoi ra, cc dch v truyn nh, y t,..s c cht lng phc v cao hn. Dch v Truyn s liu Truyn vn bn, ti liu in thoi truyn hnh/Hi ngh truyn hnh TV Tc (Mbit/s) 1,5 - 30 1,5 - 45 1,5 - 130 30 - 130

74

Truyn hnh phn gii cao

130

Bng 4.2. c im cc dch v bng rng c bn 4.1.2. Cu trc phn lp trong mng ATM
4.1.2.1. Cu trc ca T bo ATM:

T bo ATM c cu trc ging nhau cho bt k loi dch v no.

Hnh 4.1. Cu trc chung ca t bo ATM

Header:5 octet (5 bytes). Thng tin cha trong header gip cho vic tm ng ca cc T bo ATM qua mng. Do mng ATM hot ng theo cch kt ni c hng nn cc t bo ch c th lun chuyn qua cc vng m cc kt ni tn ti. Lu : cc t bo header khng dng khi to bt tay trong cc kt ni. Payload:48 octet(48 bytes). Cha d liu ca ngi s dng, v cc tn hiu iu khin tng ng. Sau khi pht xong cc t bo, bn phn thu s t chc li cc lung d liu, ng gi d liu cho ging nh ban u. Nh ta bit c im chnh ca ATM l hng lin kt. Do khc vi mng chuyn mch gi, a ch ngun v ch, s th t cc gi l khng cn thit trong ATM. Hn na do cht lng ca ng truyn cao nn cc c ch chng li trn c s t lin kt n lin kt c b qua. Ngoi ra cng khng cung cp cc c ch iu khin lung gia cc nt mng do c cu iu khin cuc gi ca n. V vy chc nng c bn cn li ca phn tiu trong t bo ATM l nhn dng cuc ni o. T bo c th c truyn trn giao din gia ngi s dng vi mng UNI (UserNetwork Interface) hay gia cc nt chuyn mch NNI (Network-Network Interface). Cu trc ca cc t bo trong hai c mt s im khc nhau. Hnh 4.2 trnh by cu trc ca t bo ATM trong hai giao din, giao din NNI (hnh 4.2.a) v giao din UNI (hnh 4.2.b). Bit 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Bytes VPI 1 VPI VCI 2 VCI 3 VCI PT CL 4
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P HEC Phn d liu (48 Bytes) 5 ....

Hnh 4.2.a . Khun dng t bo ATM ti giao din NNI

Bit 8 7 6 GFC VPI VCI 5 VCI PT HEC Phn d liu (48 Bytes) 4 3 2 VPI VCI Bytes 1 2 3 CLP 4 5 ... . 1

Hnh 4.2.b. Khun dng t bo ATM ti giao din UNI c im ca cc trng trong cu trc t bo nh sau: - S hiu nhn dng knh oVCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI c dng nh danh cho mt knh o VC trn mt ng truyn dn. Do mng ATM c c im hng lin kt nn mi cuc ni c gn mt s hiu nhn dng VCI ti thi im thit lp. Mi gi tr VCI ch c ngha ti tng lin kt t nt ny n nt khc ca mng. Khi cuc ni kt thc, VCI c gii phng dung cho cuc ni khc. Trng VCI c di 16 bits (trong c hai giao din NNI v UNI).

- S hiu nhn dng ng o VPI (Virtual Path Indentifier): S hiu nhn dng ng o VPI c tc dng nh danh cho mt ng truyn o trong mt ng truyn vt l. Mi mt ng o c mt gi tri VPI ring bit. VPI gip cho cc chuyn mch c th xc nh ng i cho cc t bo mt cch d dng. Kch thc ca trng VPI tu thuc t bo c truyn qua giao din UNI (8 bits) hay NNI (12 bits). T hp ca VPI v VCI to thnh mt gi tr duy nht cho mi cuc ni. Tu thuc vo v tr i vi hai im cui ca cuc ni m nt chuyn mch ATM s nh ng da trn gi tr VPI v VCI hay ch da trn gi tr VPI. Tuy vy cn ch rng VCI v VPI ch c ngha trn tng chng lin kt ca cuc ni. Khi qua nt chuyn mch VCI v VPI s nhn cc gi tr mi ph hp vi on tip theo. - Kiu t bo PT (Payload Type) Trng PT cho bit kiu ca t bo ang c truyn qua mng, l t bo mang thng tin ca ngi s dng hay cc t bo mng cc thng tin gim st, vn hnh, bo dng OAM (Operation-Administration-Maintenance). Trng PT c kch thc l 3 bits v c cc c im chnh nh sau:

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 T bo mang thng tin ca ngi s dng nu bit u tin ca trng PT l 0 cn nu l 1 th t bo mang cc thng tin qun l mng OAM. Bit th hai l bit bo hiu tc nghn trn mng. Bit cui cng c chc nng bo hiu cho lp tng thch ATM AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer). Hnh 4.3 v bng 4.2 trnh by cu trc trng PT
0 T b o c a n g i s dng B it b o h i u t c n g h n " 1 " n u c t c n g h n
Hnh 4.3. Khun dng trng PT trong t bo mng thng tin ca ngi s dng

0 /1

0 /1

B it b o h i u lp A A L

Chc nng T bo OAM lp F5 c lin quan n lin kt T bo OAM lp F5 c lin quan n u cui T bo OAM qun l ti nguyn Dnh s dng cho tng lai Bng 4.3. Cu trc trng PT vi t bo OAM - CLP(Cell Loss Priority) Bit CLP c tc dng xc nh u tin gi cc t bo trong trng hp cc ti nguyn trong mng khng cn ti u na (chng hn trong trng hp qu ti). Trong trng hp ny, nhng t bo c u tin cao hn c truyn trc, cn nhng t bo c u tin thp hn s b loi b hoc truyn dn sau. Nu CLP=0 : u tin cao. CLP=1 : u tin thp. u tin gi t bo c nh gi theo hai tiu chun: u tin v mt thi gian hoc u tin v mt ni dung - Nhng t bo c u tin v mt thi gian thp hn s c tr truyn ln hn. - Nhng t bo c u tin v mt ni dung cao hn s c kh nng b loi b thp hn. Ngoi ra, mc u tin cn c th c nh gi trn c s cuc ni hoc trn c s loi t bo. Trong trng hp nh gi mc u tin da vo cuc ni th nhng t bo c truyn trn cng mt knh o hoc mt ng o c cng mc u tin. Cn trong trng hp nh gi mc u tin da vo loi t bo th nhng t bo c truyn trn cng mt knh o hoc ng o s c cc mc u tin khc nhau.

Khun dng 100 101 110 111

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- HEC(Header Error Control) HEC l trng iu khin li cho phn Header ca t bo. Kch thc ca HEC l 8 bits, HEC cha m d vng CRC (Cyclic Redundary Code). Sau mi chng, phn Header ca t bo ATM li b thay i, HEC s tnh ton v kim tra li CRC vi mi chng. a thc sinh c dng l x8+x2 +x+1. - GFC(Generic Flow Control) Gia hai kiu t bo truyn trong mng ATM c s khc bit trng thng tin ny. Trng thng tin ny (chim 4 bits) ch c trong t bo ti giao din UNI gi l trng iu khin dng chung. C ch hot ng ca GFC cho php iu khin lung cc cuc ni ATM giao din UNI. N c s dng lm gim tnh trng qu ti trong thi gian ngn c th xy ra trong mng ca ngi s dng. C ch GFC dng cho c cc cuc ni t im ti im v t im ti nhiu im. Khi kt hp mng ATM vi cc mng khc GFC c dng bo hiu cho cc mng ny lm th no hp knh cc t bo ca cc cuc ni khc nhau. Thc cht GFC l mt b cc gi tr chun nh ngha mc u tin ca ATM i vi cc quy lut truy cp vo cc mng khc nhau. Tuy nhin vic s dng 2 loi t bo khc nhau ti hai giao din khc nhau l nhc im ca ATM. V nh vy trong mng khng s dng cc giao thc ng nht nn khng th lp t cc thit b ti bt c v tr no trong mng.
4.1.2.2. Cc loi T bo ATM:

T bo ATM c th c phn loi theo lp cu thnh v chc nng. Trc ht t bo ATM c chia thnh t bo lp ATM v t bo lp vt l. T bo ATM c to ra trong lp ATM cn t bo lp vt l c to ra trong lp vt l. T bo lp ATM c phn chia thnh t bo c gn v t bo khng c gn. Cn t bo lp vt l c chia thnh t bo rng, t bo hp l v t bo khng hp l.
c im ca loi t bo nh sau:

T bo rng: L t bo c lp vt l xen vo/tch ra lung t bo danh gii gia lp ATM v lp vt l c tc ph hp vi tc ca ng truyn. T bo hp l: L cc t bo c mo u khng c li hoc c li n c sa bi chu trnh sa li HEC. T bo khng hp l: L t bo c nhiu li khng th sa c (b loi b ti lp vt l). T bo rng, t bo hp l v t bo khng hp l ch tn ti lp vt l. T bo c gn: L cc t bo mng thng tin dch v s dng cho cc dch v lp ATM. T bo khng gn l t bo khng c s dng, khng mang thng tin dch v. T bo c gn v t bo khng c gn l cc t bo lp ATM. Hnh 4.4 ch ra cc loi t bo
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Tb c gn o Tbo khng gn L p ATM L p vt l

Tb c gn o Tbo khng gn

SAP
Tb h p l o Tb rng o Tb khng h p l o Tbo b loi b

SAP : i truy nhp d v m ch

Tbo rng

Hnh 4.4. Phn loi t bo

4.1.2.3. M hnh tham chiu B-ISDN

Cu trc mng B-ISDN v mt logic bao gm bn lp c lp vi nhau. Bn lp ny c lin kt vi nhau thng qua ba mt phng: mt phng ngi s dng (User Plane), mt phng iu khin (Control Plane) v mt phng qun l (Management Plane). Cu trc ca m hnh tham chiu c trnh by trong hnh 6.5.
Mt phng qun l
S liu CONS

Video

iu khin v bo hiu

Thoi

Mt phng iu khin

S liu CLNS

Mt phng ca ngi s dng

Qun l mt hng

Qun l lp

Lp con hi t(CS) ------- Lp tng thch ATM(ALL)-Lp con to v tho t bo(SAR)

Lp ATM
Lp con hi t truyn dn(TC) ---------------------Lp vt l----------Lp con ng truyn vt l(PM) Lp con ng truyn vt l(PM)

Hnh 4.5. M hnh tham chiu giao thc B-ISDN

Trong : CLNS : S liu khng lin kt. CONTS : S hiu hng lin kt. SAR: Lp con thit lp v tho t bo (Segmentation And Reassembly).
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CS : Lp con hi t (Convergence Sublayer). TC : Lp con hi t truyn dn (Transmission Convergence). PM: Lp con ng truyn vt l (Physical Medium).

So snh m hnh tham chiu giao thc B-ISDN vi m hnh OSI

M hnh tham chiu ca ATM khng tng thch hon ton vi m hnh OSI. Tu theo tng trng hp c th m ta xem xt m hnh tham chiu ca ATM tng ng vi cc lp khc nhau ca m hnh OSI. Khi xt vi cc chc nng bn trn khng thuc ATM (IP, IPX.. ..) th lp vt l ca ATM tng ng vi lp 1 trong m hnh OSI, lp ATM v AAL tng ng vi lp 2 ca m hnh OSI, nhng trng a ch trong phn tiu ca t bo ATM li c ngha nh lp th 3 ca m hnh OSI. Hnh 4.6 ch ra mi quan h gia m hnh tham chiu ca B-ISDN v m hnh 7 lp OSI.
L p cao h n L p AAL L p Datalink L p ATM L p con hi t truy n L p vt l L p con ph thuc mi trng vt l
Chuy n mch Dn knh

AAL 1

AAL 2

AAL 3/4
nh tuy n

AAL 5
Qu l n t ngh n c

L p con hi t truy n L p con ph thuc mi trng vt l Cc giao di n

SDH Sonet Cp quang 100Mbps

Hnh 4.6. Mi quan h gia m hnh ca B-ISDN v m hnh 7 lp OSI Mt phng ngi s dng (User Plane)

Dng thng tin ti cc lp trong m hnh c iu khin trong mt phng ngi dng, mt phng ny cn c cc chc nng nh sa li truyn dn, iu khin tc nghn, gim st dng d liu.
Mt phng iu khin (Control Plane)

Chu trch nhim thit lp, gii phng v gim st cc kt ni. ATM l c ch truyn nh hng (Connection- Oriented). iu ny c ngha l mi kt ni trong lp ATM trc tin phi c gn mt b nhn dng s duy nht thng qua cc th tc bo hiu ca mt phng iu khin. S ny c th l b nhn dng ng o (VPI) hoc b nhn dng knh o (VCI).
Mt phng qun l (Management Plane).

Mt phng ny c hai chc nng l qun l mt phng v qun l lp. Qun l mt phng phi hp cc chc nng v th tc ca cc mt phng qun l. Qun l mt phng chu trch nhim v cc chc nng nh bo hiu trao i v dng thng tin OAM iu khin cc th tc bo hiu (ngha l bo hiu cho bo hiu).
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Chng ta cn knh ny v bo hiu trong cc mng bng rng phc tp v rng hn bo hiu knh D trong N-ISDN. Thng tin v OAM c dng gim st cht lng mng v qun l lu tr ti lp ATM. Cc lp trong m hnh gm c : Lp vt l. Lp ATM. Lp tng thch ATM (AAL). Cc lp bc cao. Cc lp cao hn Nhn/gi cc PDU t/n cc lp cao hn v to dng CS- PDU. Kim tra s khi phc chnh xc cc CS-PDUs. CS A L Q L U n l Pht hin s mt cc t bo ca CS-PDU. Cung cp mt vi chc nng ALL trong phn tiu CS-PDU. Chn cc t bo b xung vo CS-PDUs. iu khin lung, gi cc thng ip tr li hoc yu cu truyn li cc t bo li. To cc t bo t CS-PDU, khi phc cc CS-PDUs t t bo . S A R To ra trng kiu on nh BOM, COM, EOM, SSM. Kim tra m d vng CRC ca trng d liu ca t bo. To ra hai Bytes tiu v hai Bytes cui cng ca SAP-PDU. iu khin lung chnh. To ra hoc tch phn tiu ca t bo. c v thay i phn tiu ca t bo. l p L P v T L Thc hin phn knh/ ghp knh cc t bo. Thm vo hoc ly ra cc t bo trng (kh ghp gia tc t TC bo v tc truyn dn). To v kim tra m HEC. Nhn bit gii hn ca t bo . Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung ph hp vi h thng truyn dn. Pht / khi phc cc khung truyn dn. PM ng b bit. Thu, pht s liu. Bng 4.4. Chc nng ca cc lp trong B-ISDN
4.1.2.4. Lp vt l 81

Chc nng ca cc lp ny c ch ra trong bng 4.4.

ATM

S khc nhau ca lp vt l ATM vi lp vt l trong m hnh OSI l trong m hnh OSI ti lp ny cng vic ca n lin quan n vic truyn ti cc phn t b nht l cc bits t im ny n im khc. Cn trong ATM phn t b nht li l cc t bo. V vy chc nng chnh ca lp vt l trong ATM l ti cc t bo v chc nng ny c thc hin bi lp con hi t truyn dn. Lp con ny ng trn lp con ng truyn vt l. Do vy trong ATM lp vt l c chia thnh hai lp con l: Lp ng truyn vt l (PM) lin quan n cc chc nng thng thng ca lp vt l nh kh nng truyn dn cc bits, m ho, gii m, bin i quang in..... Lp con hi t truyn (TC) thc hin cc chc nng nh chn hoc tch cc t bo trng, to v x l m iu khin li tiu , nhn bit gii hn t bo, khun dng t bo, phi hp tc ti trng ca cc khun dng vn chuyn khc nhau c s dng ti lp vt l. Theo hng t lp vt l ti lp ATM, lung s liu chuyn ti qua danh gii gia hai lp l lung cc t bo hp l. T bo hp l l t bo m mo u t bo khng c li. Vic kim tra li mo u t bo c thc hin lp con TC. Theo hng ngc li, t lp ATM ti lp vt l, lung t bo ATM c ghp thm thng tin phn tch t bo v thng tin v khai thc v bo dng (OAM) lin quan n lung t bo ny.
a. Lp con ng truyn vt l PM (Physical Medium).

Lp ny l lp thp nht trong m hnh, cc chc nng ca n hon ton ph thuc v mi trng truyn dn vt l c th. Lp ny cung cp cc kh nng truyn dn bits, n cng lm nhim v m ho dng bits theo m ng truyn v nu cn thit thc hin bin i quang in. Lp PM cn c nhim v ng b bit. Tu loi giao din l in hay quang m ngi ta s dung cc loi m ng truyn khc nhau. Cc t bo ATM c truyn i theo nguyn tc sau: cc Bytes trong t bo c gi i theo th t t 1 53, ngha l trng tiu c gi trc, cc bits trong Byte c gi i theo th t t bit th 8 n bit th 1. Cc t bo c truyn l mt chui lin tc. m bo phn Payload c phn bit vi phn Header, Payload c pht i di dng i tn. Tu theo phng php pht t bo vo trong ng truyn vt l m c cc thut m ha, gii m khc nhau. Ch pht t bo trc tip ln lp vt l dng phng php DSS (Distributed Sample Scrambing) v a thc sinh l x 31+x28+1, phng php sp xp t bo vo cc khung truyn dn ang tn ti dng thut ton SSS (Synchronous Sample Scrambing) vi a thc sinh l x43+1. Khong cch cc i gia cc t bo k tip nhau ca lp vt l l 26 t bo lp ATM: Ngha l sau 26 t bo lp ATM cc t bo vt l c chn vo to ra dung lng thch hp vi tc ca giao din. T bo vt l cng c chn khi khng c t bo ATM c truyn i. Cc t bo lp vt l c chn thm c th l t bo rng hoc l cc t bo lp vt l theo yu cu v OAM. Cc t bo OAM lp vt l c dng
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truyn ti cc thng tin OAM ca lp vt l. S lng t bo OAM c chn ph thuc v cc yu cu v OAM. Tuy nhin trong mt chng truyn dn nhiu nht l sau 26 v t nht l sau 512 t bo, phi c mt t bo OAM.
b. Lp con hi t truyn

Lp con hi t truyn c cc chc nng sau : Thm v v ly ra cc t bo rng. Khi ti mc vt l khng c cc t bo cha thng tin hu ch, t bo khng xc nh hoc t bo OAM th cc t bo rng s c chn vo cho tc dng cc t bo ph hp vi tc truyn dn cho trc ca ng truyn.

To v kim tra m HEC. Gi tr ca m HEC c tnh thng qua 4 Bytes u trong phn Header ca t bo ATM v s dng a thc sinh x8+x2+x+1. Gi tr ca HEC chnh l phn d ca php chia Modul 2 ca tch 4 Bytes u vi x8 cho a thc sinh x8+x2+x+1. Qu trnh pht hin v sa li c m t trong hnh 6.7. Phn thu hot ng theo hai phng thc. Phng thc ngm nh dng sa cc li n. Mo u t bo c kim tra v khi pht hin thy li n th li ny s c sa. Nu pht hin thy li nhm th t bo s b hu. Sau khi pht hin ra li (n hay n hm) th h thng t ng chuyn sang ch pht hin li.
Pht hi ra li nhm n (gi li bhu) Pht hi ra li n (gi li bhu)

Ch sa sai
Khng c li

Khng pht hi thy li n

Ch pht hi n li

Pht hi ra li n n (sa sai)

Hnh 4.7. C ch pht hin v sa li HEC

Nu h thng tip tc pht hin ra li th t bo vn b hy d li l li n hay li nhm. H thng duy tr ch pht hin li cho ti khi khng tip tc pht hin ra t bo li na, lc ny h thng s t ng quay v ch sa sai.
HEC ng Trng thi t b m ng (HUNT) Ki tra tng bit m HEC sai lin ti p l n Trng thi b ng (SY N) Ki tra tng tbo m HEC ng lin ti p l n Ki tra tng tbo m Trng thi ti b n ng (PreSY N)

HEC sai

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Hnh 4.8. S nhn bit gii hn t bo

Nhn bit gii hn t bo Chc nng ny cho php u thu nhn bit c gii hn t bo. Vic nhn bit da vo s tng quan gia cc bits trong phn tiu v m HEC tng ng. Qu trnh ny c trnh by trong hnh 4.8. u tin u thu c t trng thi tm ng b (HUNT). trng thi ny h thng s thc hin kim tra tng bit mt trong phn Header ca t bo. Nu khng pht hin ra li th h thng s t ng chuyn sang trng thi tin ng b PreSYN. trng thi PreSYN, h thng tip tc thc hin kim tra cho t bo tip theo. Nu sau ln khng pht hin li th h thng chuyn sang trng thi ng b SYN, cn nu c li th li tr v trng thi tm ng b HUNT. trng thi ng b, h thng li tip tc kim tra cho t bo tip theo. Nu pht hin ra li th t ng chuyn v trng thi tm ng b HUNT. Cc tham s v c chn phi tho mn c cc yu cu v an ton v tnh hot ng ca qu trnh
phn tch t bo. Cc tham s ny c a ra trong khuyn ngh I.432 nh bng sau.

Lp vt l trn c s SDH 7 6 Lp vt l trn c s t bo 7 9 Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung truyn dn. y l chc nng chuyn i cc t bo thnh khung truyn dn ti trm pht v khi phc li cc t bo t khung ti trm thu. Cc h thng thng c dng l h thng phn cp s ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) v h thng truyn dn da trn c s t bo (Cellbase Interface). Pht v khi phc cc khung truyn dn. y l chc nng di cng trong lp con TC, n c chc nng to ra cc khung truyn dn v ghp cc t bo ATM vo khung ri gi i. Ti trm thu thc hin vic khi phc t bo. Cu trc ca khung ph thuc vo h thng truyn dn c s dng. Kch thc ca khung ph thuc vo tc ng truyn.
4.1.2.5. Lp ATM

Lp ATM l thnh phn ch yu ca mng ATM, n nm trn lp vt l, cc dch v chnh ca mng u c th tm thy lp ny. Cc chc nng ca lp ATM hon ton c lp vi cc chc nng ca lp vt l di n. Lp ATM c cc chc nng chuyn cc t bo t lp tng thch ATM (AAL) n lp vt l truyn i v ngc li t lp vt l n cc lp AAL s dng ti h thng mi. Cc n v thng tin trong lp ATM l cc t bo. Mi t bo c mt b nhn dng s cha trong Header gn n ti kt ni xc nh. ATM s dng cc u ni o vn chuyn thng tin v c chia lm hai mc: mc ng o v mc knh o.

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 Knh o VC(Virtual Channel) l knh thng tin cung cp kh nng truyn n

hng cc t bo ATM .
ng o VP(Virtual Path) l s kt hp c tnh cht logic hoc ca mt nhm cc

knh o thnh mt b m n c cng mt c tnh lu lng v c truyn i cng mt ng trong mng. Mt ng truyn vt l (nh cp quang chng hn) c th cha nhiu ng kt ni o. Hnh 3.8 m t qu trnh kt hp cc VCs, VPs v ng truyn.
V C V C V C
VP VP VP VP

ng truy d n n
VP VP

V C V C V C

Hnh 4.9. S kt hp cc knh o, ng o

- Mt s khi nim lin quan n knh o v ng o Cc khi nim ny gm c lin kt ng o, lin kt knh o, cuc ni knh o, cuc ni ng o. Cuc ni knh o VCC l tp hp ca mt s lin kt. Theo nh ngha ca ITU-T: VCC l s mc ni ca cc lin kt knh o gia hai im truy nhp vo lp tng thch ATM. Thc cht VCC l mt ng ni logic gia hai im dng truyn cc t bo ATM. Thng qua VCC th t truyn cc t bo ATM s c bo ton. C 4 phng php c dng thit lp mt cuc ni knh o ti giao din UNI. Cc VCCs c nh (Permanent) hoc bn c nh (Semi-Parmanent) c thit lp ti thi im nh trc m khng cn bo hiu. Mt VCC c thit lp/gii phng bng cch s dng mt th tc bo hiu trao i. Thit lp/gii phng mt VCC u cui c thc hin bng mt th tc bo hiu t ngi s dng n mng. Nu mt PVC ang tn ti gia hai UNI, th mt VCC trong VPC ny c th c thit lp/ gii phng bng vic s dng mt giao thc bo hiu t ngi s dng ti ngi s dng. Cuc ni ng o VPC (Virtual Path Connection) l s mc ni ca mt s lin kt ng o. VPC l s kt hp logic ca cc VCCs (Virtual Channel Connection). Trong mt VPC mi lin kt knh o u c mt s nhn dng VCI (Virtual Channel Indentifier) ring. Tuy vy nhng VCs thuc v cc VP khc nhau c th c cng s VCI. Mi VC c nhn dng duy nht thng qua t hp hai gi tr VPI v VCI. C 3 phng php sau c s dng thit lp/ gii phng mt VPC gia cc im cui VPC:
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 Mt VPC c thit lp/gii phng da trn mt knh nh trc v do khng cn th tc bo hiu. Vic thit lp/gii phng VPC c th c iu khin bi khch hng. Cc th tc qun l mng dng cho mc ch ny. Mt VPC cng c th c thit lp/gii phng bi mng s dng cc th tc qun l mng. Nhim v trung tm ca lp ATM l bin i a ch mng cc lp cao thnh cc gi tr VPI v VCI tng ng. Cc gi tr VPI v VCI c to ra da trn s hiu nhn dng ca im truy nhp dch v SAP. Ti u thu, trng tiu c tch ra khi t bo ATM. Ti y gi tr VPI v VCI c dng nhn dng im truy nhp dch v. Phn knh v hp knh cc t bo: Ti u pht cc t bo thuc v cc knh o v ng o khc nhau c hp thnh mt dng t bo duy nht. Ti u thu dng t bo ATM c phn thnh cc ng o v knh o c lp i ti cc thit b. Bin i VPI/VCI Nu cc t bo c nh tuyn thng qua cc chuyn mch ATM hoc cc nt ni xuyn th cc gi tr VPI/VCI a ti cc thit b ny cn phi c bin i thnh cc gi tr VPI/VCI mi xc nh ch mi ca t bo. - Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM Vic chuyn mch cc t bo ATM c thc hin trn c s cc gi tr VCI, VPI. Nh trnh by trn VCI, VPI ch c gi tr trn mt chng kt ni c th. Khi t bo n nt chuyn mch, gi tr ca VPI hoc c gi tr VPI, VCI u c thay i cho ph hp vi chng tip theo. Thit b chuyn mch ch da trn gi tr VPI c gi l chuyn mch VP (VP Switch), nt ni xuyn (ATM Cross- Connect) hoc b tp trung (Concentrator). Nu thit b chuyn mch thay i c hai gi tr VPI,VCI th n c gi l chuyn mch VC hoc chuyn mch ATM.
T

VCI= a1

D1

VPI= x2 a1.x2

VPI= y1 a2.y1 VCI= a2

D2

VPI= x1 a1.x1

D1,D2 : B ni xuyn T: chuy mch ATM n A,B : Thi bu cui t Cuc ni knh o VCC

VPI= y2 a2.y2

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Hnh 4.10. Cuc ni knh o thng qua cc nt chuyn mch v b ni xuyn

Hnh 4.10 m t mt cuc ni VCC thng thng, T l nt chuyn mch ni m VCI, VPI u b thay i, A, B l cc thit b u cui, D 1, D2 l cc b ni xuyn, ni ch thay i gi tr VPI, ai, xi, yi l cc gi tr VCI, VPI tng ng.
VCI1 VCI2 VPI1 VPI4 VCI3 VCI4

VCI3 VCI4

VPI2

VCI5 VPI5 VCI6

VCI5 VCI6

VPI3

VCI1 VPI6 VCI2

Chuy mch VP n

Hnh 4.11. Nguyn tc chuyn mch VP

Hnh 4.11 l s nguyn l chuyn mch VP. Chuyn mch VP l ni bt u v kt thc ca cc lin kt ng o, do vy n phi chuyn cc gi tr VPI u vo thnh cc gi tr VPI tng ng u ra sao cho cc lin kt ny thuc v cng mt cuc ni ng o cho trc. Lc ny gi tr VCI c gi khng i. Khc vi chuyn mch VP, chuyn mch VC l im cui ca cc lin kt knh o v ng o. V vy trong chuyn mch VC, gi tr ca VCI v VPI u thay i. V trong chuyn mch VC bao gm c chc nng chuyn mch VP nn chuyn mch VC c th thc hin chc nng ca mt chuyn mch VP. Hnh 4.12 gi thch nguyn l chuyn mch VC.

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Chuy mch VC n

VCI1 VCI2 VCI3

VCI4

VPI2

VCI1 VCI2

VPI1

VPI3

VCI1 VCI2

VPI4

VPI5

VCI1 VCI2

Chuy mch VP n

Hnh 4.12. Nguyn l chuyn mch VC 4.1.2.6. ATM adaption layer (AAL):

AAL ph thuc vo loi dch v. Chc nng chnh ca n l pht ra ti trng t bo v cu hnh li khi d liu hay chuyn tip cc tn hiu hu ch. Hay ni cch khc lp AAL c nhim v to ra s tng thch gia cc dch v c cung cp bi lp ATM vi cc lp cao hn. - AAL nhn thng tin t higher layer v cc lnh vc khc. - AAL chuyn cc payload n ATM layer v cc lnh vc ph.

Hnh 4.13. Quan h gia lp AAL v cc lp khc trong m hnh tham chiu B-ISDN

AAL c 2 lp con: Convergence sublayer (CS). Segmentation and Reassembly sublayer (SAR). - Chc nng chnh ca AAL l:
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SAR: Phn on cc thng tin 1 cch thch hp a vo T bo ATM hay cu hnh li thng tin t cc phn thu c. CS: ph thuc vo cc loi dch v, n cung cp cc giao tip vi higher layer - Service dependence ca AAL l nguyn nhn phn loi cc lp v cc loi dch v tng ng. Mi quan h thi gian gia ngun v ch Tc truyn Ku lin kt Nhm A Nhm B Yu cu thi gian thc Nhm C Nhm D Khng yu cu thi gian thc

Khng i

Thay i

Hng lin kt Khng lin kt Bng 4.5. Bng phn loi cc nhm AAL Nhm A: (M phng chuyn mch knh): Phc v cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc, tc truyn khng i, kiu truyn hng lin kt. Cc dch v loi ny thng l ting ni v tn hiu video c tc khng i. Nhm B: l cc dch v thi gian thc, tc truyn thay i, kiu truyn hng lin kt. Cc dch v ca n thng l tn hiu audio v video c tc thay i. Nhm C: l cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc, tc truyn thay i, phng php truyn hng lin kt . N phc v cho cc dch v truyn s liu hng lin kt v bo hiu. Nhm D: Bao gm cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc, tc thay i, kiu truyn khng lin kt. c s dng cho cc dch v truyn s liu khng lin kt.
Cc loi AAL:

1. AAL kiu 1: phc v cho cc dch v thuc nhm A, n thu hoc pht cc SDU (Service Data Unit) ca lp trn theo thi gian thc vi tc truyn khng i. Cc chc nng c bn ca ALL 1 bao gm: phn tch v to li (SAR) thng tin ca ngi s dng, x l tr truyn v to t bo, x l li khi mt hoc chn nhm t bo, khi phc ng b u thu, pht hin li trong trng hp thng tin iu khin t bo v khi phc li cu trc thng tin ti bn nhn. 2. AAL kiu 2: s dng cho cc dch v c tc thay i c truyn theo thi gian thc (nhm B). Cc chc nng ca AAL 2 vn cha c nh ngha r rng. Tuy vy c th cho rng AAL 2 c pht trin t AAL 1, n c cc chc nng nh sau: trao i s liu c tc thay i gia lp cao hn vi lp ATM, x l tr t bo, phn tch v khi phc li thng tin cho ngi s dng, x l cc loi li t bo cng nh tch tn hiu ng b u thu. 3. AAL kiu 3/4: AAL 3/4 c pht trin t AAL 3 (phc v cho cc dch v loi C) v AAL 4 (phc v cho cc dch v loi D). Ngy nay, hai kiu AAL trn hp li thnh AAL 3/4 , lp AAL ny tha mn cc dch v thuc loi C v D. AAL 3/4 cung
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cp hai dch v c bn l: dch v kiu thn ip (Message Mode Service) truyn cc s liu c ng thnh khung v dch v kiu dng bit (Streaming Mode Service) truyn s liu tc thp vi yu cu tr nh. 4. AAL kiu 5: phc v cho cc dch v c tc thay i, khng theo thi gian thc. Cng ging nh AAL 3/4 , AAL 5 c s dng ch yu cho cc yu cu v truyn s liu. Tuy vy, ITU-T a ra AAL 5 nhm mc ch gim di phn thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control Information). AAL 5 c cc chc nng v giao thc hot ng nh AAL 3/4 .im khc nhau chnh ca hai loi ny l AAL 5 khng a ra kh nng phn/hp knh, do n khng c trng MID. AAL 5 ch yu s dng cho bo hiu trong mng ATM. 4.1.3. H thng chuyn mch trong ATM Trong ATM c hai thit b thc hin chc nng chuyn mch cc t bo, l chuyn mch ATM (ATM switch hay VC switch) v b ni xuyn (Cross Connect hay VP switch). Hai thit b ny thc hin cc chc nng chnh: c cc VPI/VCI ca t bo u vo v thay i gi tr ca chng u ra. Truyn t bo ATM t u vo n cc u ra cho trc. Trong chuyn mch ATM cc phn t chuyn mch c s dng ni gia u vo u ra bt k nt chuyn mch. V mt nguyn tc, nt chuyn mch c th c xy dng t mt hoc vi phn t chuyn mch. Tuy nhin trn thc t, mt s t cc phn t chuyn mch khng tha mn yu cu v dung lng cho mt nt c trung bnh, do nt chuyn mch thng c cu trc c xy dng t nhiu phn t chuyn mch. Yu cu v tc truyn ca t bo trong nt chuyn mch rt ln, c vi Gbit/s, mt khc tr nt cng nh t l mt t bo cn phi gim xung ti thiu. Do khng th s dng b iu khin trung tm nt chuyn mch cc t bo, ch c chuyn mch vi cu trc song song mi c th tha mn c cc yu cu cht ch trn. Cu trc ca chuyn mch ATM c th c chia thnh hai phn l phn cng v phn mm: Phn cng ca nt chuyn mch bao gm: Giao din ca nt chuyn mch c tc dng lm cho dng thng tin i vo nt chuyn mch tong thch vi phn li bn trong v mt tc cng nh dng ca t bo. Phn li l chuyn mch khng gian cung cp cc kh nng chuyn mch cc cuc ni t im ti im v t im ti nhiu im. Chng bao gm b tp trung (Concentralor), b hp knh (multiplexer) v ma trn chuyn mch.
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Nt chuyn mch ATM c iu khin v gim st bi phn mm. Phn

mm ca chuyn mch ATM gm c ba nhm chc nng chnh: X l lu lng i qua nt chuyn mch. Thc hin cc chc nng vn hnh v bo dng nt chuyn mch. Qun l cc chc nng h thng.

4.2. Cng ngh chuyn mch MPLS Khi nim chuyn mch nhn tng i n gin. hnh dung vn ny chng ta xem xt mt qu trnh chuyn th in t t h thng my tnh gi n h thng my tnh nhn. Trong mng internet truyn thng (khng s dng chuyn mch nhn) qu trnh chuyn th in t ging ht qu trnh chuyn th thng thng. Cc a ch ch c truyn qua cc thc th tr (cc b nh tuyn). a ch ch s l yu t xc nh con ng m gi tin chuyn qua cc b nh tuyn. Trong chuyn mch nhn, thay v s dng a ch ch quyt nh nh tuyn, mt nhn c gn vi gi tin v c dt trong tiu gi tin vi mc ch thay th cho a ch v nhn c s dng chuyn lu lng cc gi tin ti ch. Mc tiu ca chuyn mch nhn a ra nhm ci thin hiu nng chuyn tip gi tin ca cc b nh tuyn li qua vic s dng cc chc nng gn v phn phi nhn gn vi cc dch v nh tuyn lp mng khc nhau. Thm vo l lc phn phi nhn hon ton c lp vi qu trnh chuyn mch. Trc ht ta xem xt mt s l do c bn hin nay ang c quan tm vi cng ngh mng ni chung v chuyn mch nhn: tc v tr, kh nng ca h thng, tnh n gin, ti nguyn mng, iu khin nh tuyn.
Tc v tr

Theo truyn thng chuyn tip gi tin da trn phn mm rt chm trong qu trnh x l ti lu lng ln trong internet v intranet, tr ch yu trong qu trnh ny l qu trnh x l nh tuyn tm ra thch hp cho cc gi tin u vo. Mc d c nhiu ci thin trong vic tm kim bng nh tuyn nh k thut tm kim nhanh trong bng nh tuyn, nhng ti lu lng trong bng nh tuyn lun ln hn kh nng x l, v kt qu c th mt lu lng, mt u ni v gim hiu nng ca ton mng (mng IP). Chuyn mch nhn a ra cch nhn nhn khc vi chuyn tip gi tin IP thng thng, s cung cp gii php c hiu qu gii quyt vn trn. Chuyn mch nhn thc hin qu trnh gn nhn cho gi tin u vo v s dng nhn truy nhp vo bng chuyn tip ti b nh tuyn nh mt ch s ca bng. Qu trnh truy nhp ny ch yu cu duy nht cho mt ln truy nhp ti bng thay v hng ngn qu trnh tm kim c thc hin trong bng nh tuyn truyn thng. Kt qu l cc hot ng ny hiu qu hn v v vy lu lng ngi s dng trong gi tin c gi qua mng nhanh hn, gim tr v thi gian p ng tt hn cho cc chuyn giao thng tin gia cc ngi s dng.
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Mng my tnh lun tn ti cc hiu ng tr, khi cc gi tin chuyn qua rt nhiu nt v nhiu chng khc nhau ti ch n to ra cc hiu ng tr v bin ng tr. S tch tr trn cc cung on s to ra tr tng th gia cc u cui. Ti mi nt mng a ch ch trong gi tin c xc minh v so snh vi cc a ch ch c kh nng chuyn tip trong bng nh tuyn tm ra ng ra. Cc gi tin chuyn qua cc nt mng to ra tr v bin ng tr khc nhau, tu thuc vo kh nng x l ca b nh tuyn cng nh lu lng ca lung tin s nh hng trc tip n tr ca ngi dng u cui. Mt ln na, c ch hot ng ca chuyn mch nhn vi kh nng chuyn tip gi tin nhanh l gii php gii quyt vn ny.
Kh nng ca h thng

Tc l mt kha cnh quan trng ca chuyn mch nhn v tng qu trnh x l lu lng ngi dng trn mng internet l vn rt quan trng. Nhng cc dch v tc cao khng phi l tt c nhng g m chuyn mch nhn cung cp. Chuyn mch nhn cn c th cung cp mm do cc tnh nng khc nhau p ng cc nhu cu ca ngi dng internet. Thay v hng lot cc a ch IP (tng ln rt nhanh tng ngy) m b nh tuyn cn phi x l th chuyn mch nhn cho php cc a ch ny gn vi mt hoc vi nhn. tip cn ny lm gim kch thc bng a ch v cho php b dnh tuyn h tr nhiu ngi s dng hn.
Tnh n gin

Mt kha cnh khc ca chuyn mch nhn l s n gin trong cc giao thc chuyn tip gi tin (hoc mt tp cc giao thc), v nguyn tc rt n gin:chuyn tip gi tin da trn nhn ca n. Tuy nhin, cn c k thut iu khin cho qu trnh lin kt nhn v m bo tnh tng quan gia cc nhn vi lung lu lng ngi s dng, cc k thut ny i khi kh phc tp nhng chng khng nh hng n hiu sut ca dng lu lng ngi dng. Sau khi gn nhn vo dng lu lng ngi dng th hot ng chuyn mch nhn c th nhng trong phn mm, trong cc mch tch hp c bit (ASIC) hoc trong b x l c bit.
Ti nguyn s dng

Cc k thut iu khin thit lp nhn khng chim dng ti nguyn ca mng, cc c ch thit lp ng chuyn mch nhn cho lu lng ngi s dng mt cch n gin l tiu ch thit k cc ng chuyn mch nhn.
iu khin nh tuyn

nh tuyn trong mng Internet c thc hin vi cc a ch IP (trong mng LAN l cc a ch MAC). Tt nhin, c rt nhiu thng tin c ly ra t gi IP thc hin qu trnh nh tuyn ny, v d nh: Trng kiu dch v IP (TOS), ch s cng...l mt phn quyt nh ca chuyn tip gi tin. Nhng nh tuyn theo ch l phng php thng thng nht hin ang c s dng.

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nh tuyn theo a ch ch khng phi l phng php lun em li hiu qu. Cc vn lp vng trn mng cng nh s khc nhau v kin trc mng s l tr ngi trn mt phng iu khin chuyn tip gi tin i vi phng php ny. Mt vn t ra na l cc nh cung cp thit b (b nh tuyn, cu). Trin khai phng php nh tuyn da theo a ch ch theo cch ring ca h: mt s thit b cho php nh qun tr mng chia s lu lng, trong khi mt s khc s dng cc trng chc nng TOS, ch s cng... Chuyn mch nhn cho php cc b nh tuyn chn tuyn u ra tng minh theo nhn, nh vy c ch ny cho cung cp mt phng thc truyn ti lu lng qua cc nt v lin kt ph hp vi lu lng truyn ti, cng nh l t ra cc lp lu lng bao gm cc dch v khc nhau (da trn yu cu QOS) trn . Chuyn mch nhn l gii php tt hng lu lng qua mt ng dn, m khng nht thit phi nhn ton b thng tin t giao thc nh tuyn IP ng da trn a ch ch. nh tuyn da trn IP (PRB) thng gn vi cc giao thc chuyn mch nhn, nh FR, ATM hoc MPLS. Phng php ny s dng cc trng chc nng trong tiu gi tin IP nh: trng TOS, ch s cng, nhn dng giao thc IP hoc kch thc ca gi tin. Cc trng chc nng ny cho php mng phn lp dch v thnh cc kiu lu lng v thng c thc hin ti nt u vo mng(thit b g mng). Cc b nh tuyn trn lp li c th s dng cc bt ti thit b g quyt nh x l lung lu lng n, qu trnh x l ny c th s dng cc kiu hng i khc nhau v cc phng php xp hng khc nhau. nh tuyn da trn IP cng cho php nh qun l mng thc hin phng php nh tuyn rng buc. Cc chnh sch da trn IP cho php b nh tuyn: t cc gi tr u tin vo trong tiu gi tin IP. Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin IP. Thit lp giao din ra cho gi tin. Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin khi khng tn ti hng trong bng nh tuyn. Chuyn mch nhn khc vi phng php chuyn mch khc ch n l k thut iu khin giao thc chuyn mch IP theo kiu topo. Mt khc s tn ti ca mt a ch mng ch s xc nh qu trnh cp nht trong bng nh tuyn ra mt ng dn chuyn mch hng ti ch. N cng khi qut c cu chuyn tip v trao i nhn, phng php ny khng ch thch hp vi cc mng ln nh ATM, chuyn mch khung, PPP, v n c th thch hp vi bt k phng php ng gi no. 4.2.1. Cc c im c bn ca cng ngh MPLS MPLS l mt cng ngh tch hp tt nht cc kh nng hin ti phn pht gi tin t ngun ti ch qua mng Internet. C th nh ngha MPLS l mt tp cc cng ngh m da vo chun Internet m kt hp chuyn mch lp 2 v nh tuyn lp 3 chuyn tip gi tin bng cch s dng cc nhn ngn c chiu di c nh.
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Bng cch s dng cc giao thc iu khin v nh tuyn Internet MPLS cung cp chuyn mch hng kt ni o qua cc tuyn Internet bng cch h tr cc nhn v trao i nhn. MPLS bao gm vic thc hin cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP, n cng cung cp cc th tc v cc giao thc cn thit phn phi cc nhn gia cc chuyn mch v cc b nh tuyn . Nghin cu MPLS ang c thc hin di s bo tr ca nhm lm vic MPLS trong IETF. MPLS vn l mt s pht trin tng i mi, n mi ch c tiu chun ho theo Internet vo u nm 2001. S dng MPLS trao i khe thi gian TDM, chuyn mch khng gian v cc bc sng quang l nhng pht trin mi nht. Cc n lc ny c gi l GMPLS (Generalized MPLS ). Nhm lm vic MPLS a ra danh sch vi 8 bc yu cu xc nh MPLS l: MPLS phi lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu. MPLS phi thch ng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng v cc cng ngh Internet c lin quan khc. MPLS cn hot ng mt cch c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn. MPLS phi h tr mi kh nng chuyn tip ca bt k nhn cho trc no. MPLS phi h tr vn hnh qun l v bo dng (OA&M). MPLS cn xc nh v ngn chn chuyn tip vng. MPLS cn hot ng trong mng phn cp MPLS phi c tnh k tha. Tm yu cu ny chnh l cc n lc pht trin cn tp trung. Lin quan ti cc yu cu ny, nhm lm vic cng a ra 8 mc tiu chnh m MPLS cn t c: Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr nh tuyn da vo ch unicast m vic chuyn tip c thc hin bng cch trao i nhn. (nh tuyn unicast ch ra mt cch chnh xc mt giao din; nh tuyn da vo ch ng l nh tuyn da vo a ch ch cui cng ca gi tin). Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr nh tuyn da vo ch multicast m vic chuyn tip c thc hin bng cch trao i nhn. (nh tuyn mulicast ch ra hn mt giao din u ra. Nhim v tch hp cc k thut multicast trong MPLS vn ang tip tc nghin cu v pht trin. Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr phn cp nh tuyn m vic chuyn tip c thc hin bng cch trao i nhn , phn cp nh tuyn ngha l hiu bit v topo mng trong h thng t tr.

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 Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr cc ng ring da vo trao i nhn. Cc ng ny c th khc so vi cc ng c tnh ton trong nh tuyn IP thng thng ( nh tuyn trong IP da vo chuyn tip theo a ch ch ). Cc ng ring rt quan trng trong cc ng dng TE. Ch ra cc th tc c tiu chun ho mang thng tin v nhn qua cc cng ngh lp 2. Ch ra mt phng php tiu chun nhm hot ng cng vi ATM mt phng iu khin v mt phng ngi dng. Phi h tr cho cc cng ngh QoS ( nh l giao thc RSVP) (QoS l mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca MPLS, MPLS QoS s c th mang li nhiu li ch cho mng th h sau). Ch ra cc giao thc tiu chun cho php cc host s dng MPLS. 4.2.2. Cch thc hot ng ca MPLS MPLS c th c xem nh l mt tp cc cng ngh hot ng vi nhau phn pht gi tin t ngun ti ch mt cch hiu qu v c th iu khin c. N s dng cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP chuyn tip lp 2 m c thit lp bo hiu bi cc giao thc nh tuyn lp 3
Hnh Cc lp trn Mt phng iu khin Mt phng chuyn tip Nhn gi u vo Duy tr tuyn nh tuyn La chn cng ra Chuyn mch Pht gi u ra

Cc cng u vo

Cc cng u ra

4.1. M hnh chung v chuyn tip v chuyn mch ti b nh tuyn

Bi v cc khi nim chuyn tip, chuyn mch v nh tuyn l nhng vn quan trng hiu MPLS hot ng nh th no do vy ta xem xt cc vn ny trong b nh tuyn. Mt thit b nh tuyn chuyn mt gi tin t ngun ti ch bng cch thu
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hoc nhn, chuyn mch v sau chuyn tip n ti mt thit b mng khc cho ti khi n ti ch cui cng. Hnh 4.1 trn y m t m hnh chung v chuyn tip v chuyn mch ti b nh tuyn. Mt phng iu khin qun l mt tp cc tuyn ng m mt gi c th s dng, trong m hnh ny mt gi i vo thit b mng qua giao din u vo, c x l bi mt thit b m n ch x l thng tin v gi a ra quyt nh logic. Quyt nh logic ny c thng tin c cung cp t mt phng iu khin cha cc tuyn, cho cc thng tin v gi c cp nht ti thit b khc chuyn tip gi thng qua giao din u ra ti ch ca gi tin . y l m hnh n gin nht trong cc cng ngh mng, nhng n l s bt u cho cc vn lin quan ti MPLS c thc hin nh th no. Cc cng ngh MPLS a ra m hnh mi cho vic nh tuyn, chuyn mch v chuyn tip chuyn cc gi tin trong mng Internet. Mt m hnh khc thng gp m t lung cc gi tin gia cc thit b mng (v d nh l cc b nh tuyn) c trnh by trong hnh v di y.
router A ph m n m ng u i khi n ng ch m ( u khi i n) router B ph m n m ng u i khi n

data

ng chuy n ti p ph cng n

ng nhanh (dli u)

ng chuy n ti p ph cng n

data

Hnh 4.2. M hnh lung gi tin gia hai thit b mng

Lu lng trong mng c th c hiu theo hai cch: Lu lng iu khin bao gm cc thng tin v qun l v nh tuyn v Lu lng d liu. Lu lng d liu th i theo ng nhanh v c x l bi cc thit b mng. Trong hu ht cc thit b mng hin i, ng nhanh c thc hin bi phn cng. Bt c thit b mng no nhn mt gi tin khi x l tiu ca gi, thng tin v gi c gi ln ng iu khin x l. Cc gi iu khin bao gm cc thng tin yu cu cho vic nh tuyn gi, bt c mt gi no khc c th cha thng tin iu khin, cc gi d liu u tin vv.. th c x l chm bi v chng cn c kim tra bi phn mm. V l do ny ng x l ny thng c gi l ng chm.

96

M hnh ny rt quan trng hiu MPLS hot ng nh th no bi v n ch ra ng iu khin v ng chuyn tip l ring bit. Kh nng ca MPLS phn bit cc chc nng quan trng ny to ra mt phng php mi lm thay i phng thc truyn cc gi d liu qua mng Internet. MPLS ch yu lm vic vi cc giao thc lp 2 v lp 3, v cng hot ng trong nhiu kiu thit b mng khc. Cng ngh lp 2.5 l mt cch nhn v MPLS. Hnh sau trnh by MPLS c xem nh l mt lp chn m t t n vo gia lp mng v lp lin kt d liu. Lp 4 7 (Lp truyn ti, phin, trnh din, ng dng) Lp 3 (lp mng) Lp 2.5 (MPLS) Lp 2 (lin kt d liu) Lp 1 (lp vt l)
Hnh 4.3. Lp chn MPLS

M hnh ny ban u xut hin nh l mt m hnh khng ng nht vi OSI, m hnh ny ch ra rng MPLS khng phi l mt lp mi ring, m n l mt phn o ca mt phng iu khin di lp mng vi mt phng chuyn tip nh ca lp lin kt d liu. MPLS khng phi l mt giao thc tng mng mi bi v n khng c kh nng t nh tuyn hoc c s a ch, m yu cu phi c trong giao thc lp 3. MPLS s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn v cch nh a ch ca IP ( vi s iu chnh v m rng cn thit) MPLS cng khng phi l mt giao thc tng lin kt d liu bi v n c thit k hot ng trong nhiu cng ngh lin kt d liu ph bin m cung cp yu cu chc nng v a ch lp 2. 4.2.3. Cc thut ng trong MPLS
B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn v b nh tuyn bin nhn(LSR v LER)

Cc thit b tham gia trong k thut giao thc MPLS c th c phn loi thnh cc b nh tuyn bin nhn ( LER) v cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR). Mt LSR l 1 thit b nh tuyn tc cao trong li ca 1 mng MPLS, n tham gia trong vic thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP) bng vic s dng giao thc bo hiu nhn thch ng v chuyn mch tc cao lu lng s liu da trn cc ng dn c thit lp. Mt LER l 1 thit b hot ng ti bin (cnh ) ca mng truy nhp v mng MPLS. Cc LER h tr a cng c kt ni ti cc mng khng ging nhau ( chng hn FR, ATM v Ethernet ) v chuyn tip lu lng ny vo mng MPLS sau khi thit lp LSP, bng vic s dng cc giao thc bo hiu nhn ti li vo v phn b lu lng tr li mng truy nhp ti li ra. LER ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ch nh v hu b nhn, khi lng vo trong hay i ra khi mng MPLS
Lp tng ng chuyn tip (FEC) 97

FEC l mt s biu din ca nhm cc gi, cc nhm ny chia x cng yu cu trong s vn chuyn ca chng. Tt c cc gi trong mt nhm nh vy c cung cp cng cch chn ng ti ch. Ngc li vi chuyn tip IP truyn thng, trong MPLS vic gn mt gi c th vo mt FEC c th c thc hin ch mt ln khi cc gi vo trong mng. Cc FEC da trn cc yu cu dch v i vi mt tp cc gi cho trc hay n gin l i vi mt a ch cho trc (address prefix). Mi LSR xy dng mt bng xc nh xem mt gi phi c chuyn tip nh th no. Bng ny c gi l mt bng thng tin nhn c bn (LIB: Label Information Base), n l t hp cc rng buc FEC vi nhn
Tiu MPLS

MPLS nh ngha mt tiu c di 32 bit v c to nn ti LSR vo. N phi c t ngay sau tiu lp 2 bt k v trc mt tiu lp 3. y l IP v c s dng bi ingress LSR (LSR vo) xc nh mt FEC, lp ny s c xt li trong vn to nhn. Sau cc nhn c x l bi LSR transit (LSR chuyn tip). Khun dng v tiu MPLS c ch ra trong hnh 7.4 . N bao gm cc trng sau: Nhn: Gi tr nhn 20 bits, gi tr ny cha nhn MPLS. Exp: thc nghim s dng 3 bits. S : bit ngn xp,1 bit, s dng sp xp a nhn. TTL: Thi gian sng, 8 bit, t ra mt gii hn m cc gi MPLS c th i qua. iu ny l cn thit bi v trng TTL IP khng c kim tra bi cc transit LSR (LSR chuyn tip)
Ti Tiu IP m MPLS Tiu lp 2

Nhn (20)

COS (3)

S (1)

TTL (8)

Hnh 4.4. nh dng cu trc nhn Ngn xp nhn

Chuyn mch nhn c thit k co dn cc mng ln v MPLS h tr chuyn mch nhn vi cc hot ng phn cp, hot ng phn cp ny da trn kh nng ca MPLS c th mang nhiu hn mt nhn trong gi. Ngn xp nhn cho php thit k cc LSR trao i thng tin vi nhau v hnh ng ny ging nh vic to ng vin node to ra mt min mng rng ln v cc LSR khc. C th ni li rng cc LSR khc ny l node bn trong (transit node) mt min v khng lin quan n ng vin node (vi cu to router lin vng) v cc nhn c kt hp trong cc router ny. S x l mt gi nhn c hon thnh c lp vi tng mc ca s phn cp. l cc mc nhn th khng c LSR kim tra. gi hot ng n, cc chng trnh
98

x l thng xuyn da trn nh nhn m khng cn quan tm n nhn trn n lc trc, hoc di n ti thi im hin ti.
Kt hp lung FEC

Cch thc cc lu lng o n cc FEC ti ra mt FEC ring bit cho mi a ch prefix. Phng php tip cn ny c kt qu trong vic thit lp cc FEC, cc lp ny c nh tuyn ging nhau ti node ra, vic hon i nhn c th ch c s dng chuyn lu lng ti node k tip. Trong tnh hung ny trong min MPLS, cc FEC ring r thc hin th s khng em li hiu qu tt. Trong quan nim ca MPLS, kt hp cc FEC ny to ra mt FEC c trng cho tt c l em li hiu qu nht. Trong tnh hung ny c hai la chn: - Lin kt mt nhn ring bit ti mt min FEC. - Lin kt mt nhn ti mt min, ng dng nhn kt hp vi tt c lu lng trong min. Th tc lin kt mt nhn n ti mt min kt hp cc FEC, min ny chnh l mt FEC (trong min MPLS ging nhau) v ng dng cc nhn cho tt c cc lu lng trong min kt hp. S kt hp lm gim bt s lng nhn cn thit iu khin mt cch chi tit mt b gi v cng lm gim i s lng lu lng iu khin phn phi nhn cn thit.
Nhn v s lin kt nhn

Mt nhn c s dng xc nh ng dn cho mt gi i qua. Mt nhn c mng hay c ng gi vo trong tiu lp 2 cng vi gi. B nh tuyn nhn kim tra cc gi vi ni dung nhn ca n quyt nh chng k tip. Mi khi gi c dn nhn th phn cn li hnh trnh ca gi qua ng trc mng c da trn chuyn mch nhn. Gi tr nhn ch c ngha cc b, ngha l chng ch lin quan n cc chng gia cc LSR. Mi ln mt gi c phn loi nh mt FEC mi hay FEC ang tn ti, mt nhn c phn b cho gi. Cc gi tr nhn nhn c t lp lin kt d liu nm pha di. Vi cc lp lin kt d liu (nh FR hay ATM), cc b nhn dng lp 2 nh l b nhn dng kt ni tuyn s liu (DLCI: Data Link Connection Identifier) trong mng chuyn tip khung (FR: Frame Relay) hay b nhn dng ng o (VPI: Virtual Path Identifier)/ b nhn dng knh o (VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier) trong mng ATM, c th c s dng mt cch trc tip nh cc nhn. Cc gi sau c chuyn tip da vo gi tr nhn ca chng. Cc nhn c rng buc ti mt FEC nh mt kt qu ca mt vi s kin hay chnh sch. iu ny ch ra mt yu cu cho rng buc nh vy. Nhng s kin ny c th hoc l cc rng buc d liu hay cc rng buc iu khin. Rng buc iu khin hay c s dng hn do c cc tnh cht m rng tin tin v c s dng trong nh tuyn thng tin trong mng MPLS.
99

Cc quyt nh phn b nhn c th da trn cc tiu chun chuyn tip, chng hn nh: nh tuyn n hng ch. K thut lu lng. a hng (Multicast). Mng ring o (VPN: Virtual Private Network). QoS. Nhn c th nhng trong tiu ca lp lin kt d liu (VPI/VCI ATM v DLCI FR ) hay trong lp m .
To nhn v phn b nhn

C mt s phng php c s dng trong vic to nhn: + Phng php da trn hnh (topology-based): s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn thng thng nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Gateway Protocol: Giao thc cng ng bin). + Phng php da trn yu cu (request-based): s dng iu khin lu lng da trn yu cu nh RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol: Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn). + Phng php da trn lu lng: s dng s tip nhn ca gi phn b thng tin nhn. Cc phng php da trn hnh v da trn yu cu l cc v d v cc rng buc nhn iu khin, trong khi phng php da trn lu lng l mt v d v cc rng buc d liu. Kin trc MPLS khng s dng mt phng php bo hiu phn b nhn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ang tn ti nh BGP, c tng cng mang thng tin nhn trong ni dung ca giao thc. RSVP cng c m rng h tr vic trao i nhn c mang. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force: Nhm c trch k thut Internet) nh ngha mt giao thc c gi l Giao thc phn b nhn (LDP: Label Distribution Protocol) cho bo hiu tng minh v qun l khng gian nhn. S m rng ti giao thc LDP c bn cng c nh ngha h tr nh tuyn tng minh da trn cc yu cu v QoS v CoS. Nhng s m rng ny c lu gi trong nh tuyn da trn rng buc (CR: Constraint-based Routing) - nh ngha giao thc LDP. Mt tng kt v cc lc khc nhau cho vic trao i nhn nh sau: LDP - nh x cc ch IP n hng vo cc nhn. RSVP, CP-LDP - c s dng cho k thut lu lng v t trc ti nguyn. Multicast c lp giao thc - c s dng cho vic nh x nhn cc trng thi a hng. BGP cc nhn bn ngoi (VPN). ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP)
100

Mt tp hp MPLS cc thit b c cho php biu din mt min MPLS. Trong mt min MPLS, mt ng dn c thit lp cho mt gi c di chuyn da trn mt FEC. LSP c thit lp trc truyn dn d liu. MPLS cung cp 2 chc nng sau thit lp mt LSP:

nh tuyn theo tng chng (hop by hop routing): Mi LSR la chn mt cch c lp tuyn k tip vi mt FEC cho trc. Phng php ny l tng ng vi phng php c s dng hin nay trong cc mng IP. LSR s dng mi giao thc nh tuyn c th nh OSPF, giao din mng-mng ring ATM (PNNI: Private Network to Network Interface), etc

nh tuyn tng minh (ER:Explicit Routing): nh tuyn tng minh tng t vi nh tuyn ngun. LSR li vo (ngha l LSR ni m dng d liu bt u ti mng u tin) xc nh danh sch cc node m ER-LSP i qua. ng dn c xc nh c th l khng ti u. Dc ng dn cc ti nguyn c th c t trc m bo QoS cho lu lng d liu. ng ny lm gim nh cho k thut lu lng thng qua mng v cc dch v khc nhau c th c cung cp bng cch s dng cc lung da trn cc chnh sch hay cc phng php qun l mng. LSP thit lp cho mt FEC v bn cht l khng n hng. Lu lng ngc li phi s dng LSP khc.
Khng gian nhn

Cc nhn c s dng bi mt LSR vi cc rng buc FEC-nhn c lit k nh sau: per platform Cc gi tr l duy nht vt qua ton b LSR. Cc nhn c b tr t mt thng cha nhn chung. Khng c 2 nhn c phn b trn cc giao din khc nhau c cng gi tr. per interface Vng nhn (phm vi nhn) c kt hp vi cc giao din. Cc thng a nhn c nh ngha cho cc giao din v cc nhn c cung cp trn cc giao din ny c nh v t cc thng tch bit. Gi tr cc nhn c cung cp trn cc giao din khc nhau c th ging nhau.
Hp nht nhn

Dng lu lng n t cc giao din khc nhau c th c kt hp cng nhau v c chuyn mch bng vic s dng mt nhn chung nu chng ang i qua mng hng ti cng mt ch cui cng. iu ny c bit nh l s hp nht lung hay kt hp cc lung. Nu mng truyn ti nm bn di l mt mng ATM, cc LSR c th s dng hp nht ng o (VP) hay knh o (VC). Trong kch bn ny, cc vn an xen t bo xut hin khi nhiu dng lu lng c kt hp trong mng ATM, cn phi c trnh.
S duy tr nhn

101

MPLS nh ngha s c x cho cc rng buc nhn nhn c t cc LSR, khng phi l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho. Hai ch c nh ngha: Bo ton (conservative) Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt FEC nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip cho mt FEC cho trc b hu b. Ch ny cn mt LSR duy tr s nhn t hn. y l ch c khuyn khch s dng cho cc LSR ATM. T do (liberal) Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt FEC nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho trc c gi nguyn. Ch ny cho php tng thch nhanh hn vi cc thay i cu hnh v cho php chuyn mch lu lng ti cc LSP khc trong trng hp c s thay i.
iu khin nhn

MPLS nh ngha cc ch cho vic phn b nhn ti cc LSR ln cn nh sau: c lp (Independent) Trong ch ny, mt LSR nhn dng mt FEC no v ra quyt nh rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC mt cch c lp phn b rng buc n cc thc th ng mc ca n. Cc FEC mi c nhn dng bt c khi no cc tuyn (route) tr nn r rng vi router. C th t (ordered) Trong ch ny, mt LSR rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC no nu v ch nu n l router li ra hay n nhn c mt rng buc nhn cho FEC t LSR chng k tip ca n. Ch ny c khuyn ngh s dng cho cc LSR ATM. 4.2.4. Cc c tnh hot ng, iu hnh ca MPLS Cc bc sau phi c thc hin vi mt gi d liu i qua mt min MPLS: To v phn b nhn. To bng ti mi router. To cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP). Chn/tm kim bng nhn. Chuyn tip gi. Ngun gi d liu ca n ti ch. Trong mt min MPLS khng phi tt c lu lng ngun l cn thit c chuyn qua cng ng dn. Ph thuc vo c tnh lu lng, cc LSP khc nhau c th c to cho cc gi vi cc yu cu CoS khc nhau. Trong hnh 4.5, LER1 l router li vo v LER4 l router li ra

102

Hnh 4.5. S to ra LSP v chuyn tip cc gi thng qua mt min MPLS

Cc bc sau y minh ho hot ng MPLS tc ng ti gi d liu trong mt min MPLS.

To & phn b nhn

Trc khi lu lng bt u, cc router quyt nh rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC xc nh v xy dng bng ca chng. Trong LDP, cc router ng xung khi to s phn b cc nhn v rng buc nhn/FEC. Ngoi ra, cc c tnh lin quan lu lng v kh nng MPLS c tho thun bng vic s dng LDP.
To bng

Ti pha nhn cc rng buc nhn, mi LSR to cc li vo trong c s thng tin nhn (LIB : Label Information Base). Ni dung ca bng s xc nh nh x gia mt nhn v mt FEC. nh x gia cng vo v bng nhn u vo ti cng ra v bng nhn u ra. Cc li vo c cp nht bt c khi no s ti m phn v rng buc nhn xy ra.
To ng dn chuyn mch nhn .

Nh c biu din bng ng ngt qung trong hnh 1.5, cc LSP c to phng ngc li vi s to cc li vo trong cc LIB.
Chn/tm kim bng nhn

Router u tin (LER1 trong hnh 1.5) s dng bng trong LIB tm chng k tip v yu cu mt nhn ch FEC xc nh. Cc router ch ln lt s dng nhn tm chng k tip. Mi ln gi chm ti LSR li ra (LER4), nhn c xo b v gi c cung cp cho ch.
Chuyn tip gi .

103

LER1 c th khng c nhn no cho gi ny khi l ln u tin xy ra yu cu ny. Trong mt mng IP, n s tm s ph hp a ch di nht tm chng k tip. Cho LSR1 l chng k tip ca LER1. LER1 s khi to mt yu cu nhn chuyn ti LSR1. Yu cu ny s pht thng qua mng. Mi router trung gian s nhn mt nhn t router pha sau n bt u t LER2 v i ln trn cho n LER1. Thit lp LSP c ch bo bi ng xanh da tri gy khc bng vic s dng LDP hay bt k giao thc bo hiu no khc. Nu k thut lu lng c yu cu, CR-LDP s c s dng trong vic quyt nh thit lp ng dn thc s chc chn yu cu QoS/CoS c tun th. LER1 s chn nhn v chuyn tip gi ti LSR 1. Mi LSR ln lt, ngha l LSR2 v LSR3, s kim tra nhn vi cc gi nhn c, thay th n vi cc nhn u ra v chuyn tip n. Khi gi ti LER4, n s xo b nhn bi v gi s ri khi min MPLS v phn pht ti ch. 4.2.5. Kin trc ngn xp trong MPLS Cc thnh phn MPLS ch yu c th c phn chia thnh cc phn sau: Cc giao thc nh tuyn (IP) lp mng. Chuyn tip bin ca lp mng. Chuyn tip da trn nhn mng li. Lc nhn. Giao thc bo hiu phn b nhn. K thut lu lng. Kh nng tng thch vi cc lc chuyn tip lp 2 khc nhau (ATM, FR, PPP: Point to Point Protocol). Hnh 4.6 m t cc giao thc c th c s dng cho cc hot ng MPLS. Module nh tuyn c th l bt c giao thc no trong cc giao thc cng nghip ph bin. Ph thuc vo mi trng hot ng, module nh tuyn c th l OSPF, BGP hay PNNI ca ATM, etcModule LDP s dng TCP truyn dn tin cy cc d liu iu khin t LSR ny n LSR khc trong sut mt phin. LDP cng duy tr LIB. LDP s dng UDP trong sut qu trnh khm ph ca n v trng thi hot ng. Trong trng thi ny, LSP c gng nhn dng cc phn t ln cn v cng nh s c mt ca chnh cc tn hin ca n vi mng. iu ny c thc hin thng qua trao i gi. IP Fwd l module chuyn tip IP c in, n tm kim chng k tip bng vic so snh ph hp vi a ch di nht trong cc bng ca n. Vi MPLS, iu ny c thc hin ch bi cc LER. MPLS Fwd l module chuyn tip MPLS, n so snh mt nhn vi mt cng u ra v chn s ph hp nht vi mt gi cho.Cc lp c biu din trong hp vi ng gp khc c th c thc hin bng phn cng hot ng nhanh v c hiu qu.
104

Hnh 4.6. Ngn xp giao thc MPLS

105

CHNG V BO HIU 5.1. Phn tich mt cuc goi. m t h thng chuyn mch, tin trnh ca mt cuc gi xem nh tri qua 10 tng. Cc tng ny c minh ha di y v c tm tt trong hai lc . Trong hnh 5.1 m t tin trnh ca mt cuc gi ni ht nhn t thu bao gi v tng i ni ht. Hnh 5.3 m t cc tng ca mt cuc gi lin quan n tng i th hai, t gc nhn ca tng i th nht.

in thoi

ng dy thu bao Tng i cc b

Hnh 5.1. Cc thnh phn ca in thoi khi ang t ng nghe

5.1.1. Tn hiu nhc my ( off-hook) Mt thu bao mun thc hin mt cuc gi trc ht phi nhc ng nghe. Th tc cn thit ny pht ra tn hiu nhc my cn gi l tn hiu truy cp ng truyn, n thng bo vi tng i chun b iu khin cuc gi. Vic nhc ng nghe lm gii phng mt tip im, iu ny to thnh mt mch vng gia tng i v in thoi. Khi mch ny hnh thnh, mt thit b bn trong tng i c kch hot v mt lot cc tn hiu hng n cc phn thch hp ca tng i c khi pht. Khi ng nghe c t xung trng thi rnh ri, tip im b n xung tn hiu truy cp gi n tng i khng cn na, mch vng b ct v cuc gi khng cn thc thi, nh vy tit kim c nng lng. Hnh 2.1 ch ra m hinh mch in vng gia in thoi v tng i ni b. Nng lng trn ng dy thu bao c cp bi ngun pin trong tng i, v n yu cu dng mt chiu. Ngun pin c sc bi ngun in xoay chiu thng qua b chnh
106

Hnh 2.1

lu, v l ngun duy tr cung cp in cho tng i trong mt thi gian xc nh khi ngun in chnh b h. 5.1.2. S nhn dng thu bao gi Cuc gi c pht hin ti n v kt cui ng thu bao thc hin gi (SLTU Subcriber Line Terminal Unit) trong tng i, n v ny c quy nh ch s thit b (EN Equipment Number). Ch s ny cn c dch sang ch s th mc ca thu bao (DN Directory Number). Do , cn phi dng cc bng dch. Trong tng i c, chng c gi trong b dy ni logic. Trong tng i SPC, chng c gi trong b nh ca my tnh.
Thu bao gi
Tn hiu truy cp

Tng i

Thu bao c gi

Nhn dng thu bao gi

m mi quay s

Phn b b nh cha cc ch s v kt ni thit b dng chung

Cc ch s quay

4
Phn tch s v chn knh xut

5 6

m hiu chung

Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch

Dng in chung

7 8
Tn hiu tr li m thoi

m thoi

Ct m hiu v dng chung

Qun l Tn hiu gc my

9
10

Tn hiu gc my

Ngt thit b

Hnh 5.2. Trnh t ca mt cuc gi ni ht

H thng iu khin cng cn phi nhn dng thu bao gi v hai l do. Th nht, thu bao cn phi tr cc cho cuc gi. Th hai, cn tin hnh th tc kim tra xem thu bao c c php thc hin mt cuc gi ng di hay khng. Thng tin cn thit c lu tr trong cc bn ghi (mt phn t ca mt t chc lu tr) m t chng loi dch v ca thu bao. C mt bn ghi phn loi dch v cho mi kt cui trn tng i nhm lu tr cc dng thng tin v kt cui.
107

5.1.3. S phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit b dng chung Mt chc nng thuc v nguyn l bn trong tng i l iu khin. Mt vi yu t logic phi lm sng t cc s kin trong qu trnh thc thi cuc gi, a ra cc quyt nh hnh ng cn thit v khi ng cc hot ng khc. Khi tng i nhn mt tn hiu truy cp (off-hook signal), h thng iu khin phi phn phi thit b dng chung cho cuc gi v cung cp mt ng dn cho n bt u t ng dy gi. iu ny hnh thnh nn nhm thit b b chim dng lu, thit b ny cn thit trong sut cuc gi v loi thit b s dng ngn hn ch cn trong giai on thit lp cuc gi m thi. Trong cc tng i tng t, cu truyn dn phn tch ng ting mang tn hiu xoay chiu vi thnh phn mt chiu xuyn qua tng i l mt v d v loi thit b th nht. Trong cc tng i SPC l bn ghi ca cuc gi, n l mt vng ca b nh b chim gi trong sut tin trnh cuc gi. Loi thit b th hai gm b thu v lu tr cc ch s cu thnh a ch ca thu bao c gi. Cc ch s ny khng nhng nhn dng thu bao c gi m cn cung cp thng tin cn thit nh tuyn cuc gi xuyn qua mng. Trong mt tng i c, cc ch s c lu gi trong thanh ghi v trong tng i SPC c lu tr trong b nh. Khi b nh c phn phi, mt m hiu mi quay s (dial tone) c gi n thu bao gi bo rng tng i sn sng tip nhn cc ch s a ch. V tng i c thit k vi cc thit b lu tr trn c s d bo lu lng gi n thay cho lu lng tng cng ti a khi cc thu bao thc hin ng lot cuc gi, do c lc thiu b nh. Tuy nhin, thu bao s c thng bo iu ny qua s kin tm thi khng c m hiu mi quay s c gi t tng i. Trong tng i SPC, kh nng ny c gim thiu bng cch gia tng kch thc b nh, mc d vy iu ny ch c ch khi nng lc x l bt kp vi s gia tng tc cuc gi n. 5.1.4. Cc ch s a ch Sau khi nhn c m hiu mi quay s, thu bao nhp vo cc ch s a ch bng cch quay s. Cc ch s c gi di dng cc tn hiu n tng i v c lu tr ti . Hot ng bo hiu l kha cnh ht sc quan trng trong h thng in thoi v s c trnh by cc mc sau. 5.1.5. Phn tch ch s

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n thu bao gi

Tng i cc b A

n tng i k B

Tn hiu nhc my

m mi quay s

Cc s quay Tn hiu nhc my

Tn hiu chp nhn

Cc ch s quay

m hiu chung

Tn hiu tr li

m thoi Tn hiu gc my

m thoi

Tn hiu gc my

Hnh 5.3. Tin trnh ca mt cuc gi c nh tuyn qua mt tng i th hai

H thng iu khin phi phn tch cc ch s xc nh tuyn i ra t tng i cho cuc gi. Nu cuc gi hng n thu bao thuc tng i ni b th ch c mt mch c th c nh tuyn l ng dy thu bao c gi. Nu ng dy ang lm vic vi cuc m thoi khc th cuc gi khng th thc hin v tn hiu bn c gi n thu bao gi. Mt khc nu cuc gi hng n mt thu bao thuc tng i xa, n c th c phn phi bt k mt mch no trn tuyn thch hp i ra khi tng i gc, vic phn phi bao gm c tuyn d phng. Nu tt c cc mch u bn, tn hiu bo bn cng c gi n thu bao v cuc gi b t chi. Nu c mt mch thch hp ang rnh, n s b bt ly v s khng th s dng cho bt k cuc gi no khc. Trong cc tng i c in, vic chim gi ny tc ng mt iu kin v mc in vo thit b kt cui ca mch v thng c xem nh thao tc nh du (marking). iu ny cng tng t nh trong cc tng i SPC. Tuy nhin thng tin v mch thng c lu gi
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trong cc bng di dng phn mm, trong trng hp ny mt m ch nh trong vng d liu cho trc ch ra trng thi ca mt mch. 5.1.6. Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch Lc ny h thng iu khin bit c cc danh nh ca mch nhp v mch xut. Nhim v k tip ca n l chn ng dn gia chng thng qua cc chuyn mch ca tng i. Bn trong cc h thng chuyn mch c cc gii thut chn cc ng dn chuyn mch thch hp. Mi im chuyn mch trn ng dn chn phi c kim tra m bo rng n khng trong trng thi phc v cho cuc gi khc v chim ly nu n rnh. Mt ln na, iu ny c thc hin trong cc tng i c in bng cch kim tra cc iu kin in, v trong cc tng i SPC bng cch d v chn vo cc mc nhp trong cc bng c sp xp. Trong cc tng i c in, thanh ghi (c dng nhn v lu tr cc ch s) phi xa kt ni khi ng dn c thit lp. 5.1.7. Dng chung v m hiu chung Mt tn hiu phi c gi n u xa tin hnh cuc gi. Nu thu bao c gi l cc b, iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic gi dng in chung n kch hot chung trong my in thoi c gi. Nu thu bao khng phi cc b, mt tn hiu truy cp phi c gi n tng i k tip, nh trnh by trn hnh 2.3, nhm kch hot n tin hnh cc thao tc ring. Cc thao tc ny tng t nh nhng g c m t trong cc phn trn y, bao gm cc tn hiu gi li tng i ngun. Khi tt c cc kt ni c thit lp cho php cuc gi tin hnh trn mng ni ht hoc mng hp ni hoc mng trung k, dng in chung c gi n thu bao u xa v m hiu chung c gi n thu bao gi. 5.1.8. Tn hiu tr li Mt tn hiu tr li nhn t thu bao u xa (trong trng hp ny l tn hiu truy cp) hay t tng i khc, c nhn bit bi h thng iu khin ca tng i cc b. S truyn phi c chp thun trn ng truyn dn chuyn mch chn xuyn qua tng i. Dng in chung v m hiu chung phi c xa trn ng dy thu bao u xa v thu bao gi. Sau hai phn ny c ni vi nhau v cng vic tnh cc cuc gi ny i vi thu bao gi c khi ng. 5.1.9. Gim st Trong khi cuc gi ang c tin hnh, cng vic gim st cng c thc thi tnh cc v pht hin tn hiu xa cuc gi. Cng vic gim st cng thc hin qut tt c cc dy kt cui trn tng i pht hin tn hiu truy cp ca cuc gi mi.

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5.1.10. Tn hiu xa kt ni Khi nhn tn hiu xa kt ni (c pht ra bi thu bao gi hoc thu bao c gi), thit b tng i hay b nh c dng trong kt ni phi c gii phng v sn sng s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Trong cc mng c qun l v bo tr mt cch hiu qu, h thng gim st yu cu thu thp d liu trn mi cuc gi. Khi cuc gi tht bi do thit b hng hoc cc mch hay thit b khng p ng, thng tin ny c yu cu cho cng tc bo tr qun l v hoch nh mng. D liu trn cc cuc gi thnh cng dng tnh cc. V vy cng tc qun l gim st rt c ngha trong mng in thoi. Trong cc tng i c in, iu ny chu nh hng ca cc kt ni dy gia cc thnh phn thit b ring v cc im gim st. Trong tng i SPC, v iu khin c thc hin bi cc my tnh nn d liu c thu thp v lu gi trong phn mm. Vic x l sau c thc hin bi cc b x l hay chuyn n cc my tnh bn ngoi tng i. 5.2. Tng quan v bo hiu
a. Khi nim

Mt mng vin thng c nhim v ch yu l thit lp, gii ta v duy tr knh gia thu bao vi node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng thng tin h tr c trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui v gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu. Thng tin bo hiu c th c nhiu dng khc nhau thun tin cho vic iu khin cc thao tc chuyn mch, x l gi... Thc cht, mt s trao i tin gia ngi s dng v cc thit b trong mng cn phi c mt s t chc chng c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch an tan. Cho nn, thng tin bo hiu c trc, trong v sau mt cuc gi. tng hiu sut lm vic, thi gian lm vic ca h thng bo hiu cng nh cng tt, n ph thuc vo cc thit b hin i trong mng.
b. Cc chc nng bo hiu

Ta c th nu cc chc nng bo hiu tng qut nh sau:

Chc nng gim st

Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit v phn nh s thay i v trng thi hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng dy thu bao, trung k).
Chc nng tm chn

Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v c khi u bng thu bao ch gi gi thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc thng tin a ch ny cng vi cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng i p ng qu trnh chuyn mch. Chc nng ny phi c tnh hiu qu, tin cy cao m bo vic thc hin chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn mch.
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Chc nng vn hnh

Nhn bit v chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong mng, thng thng l trng thi ng cho thu bao ch gi. Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang trng thi bo dng. Cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc. Cung cp cc phng tin nh gi, ng chnh, cnh bo t tng i khc.
c. c im cc h thng bo hiu

Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh sau: C tnh quc t Ph hp vi cc thit b m n phc v

Kh nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu khc.

d. Phn loi bo hiu

Thng thng bo hiu c phn loi nh hnh di y:

Bo hiu

Bo hiu ng dy thu bao

Bo hiu lin tng i

Bo hiu knh lin kt CAS Hnh 5.4. Phn loi bo hiu

Bo hiu knh chung CCS

Bo hiu ng dy thu bao Tn hiu ng dy thu bao ch gi: - Tn hiu yu cu gi. - Tn hiu yu cu gii ta tuyn gi. - Tn hiu a ch. - Tn hiu bo bn. - Tn hiu bo ri. - Hi m chung. - Tn hiu tr li v. - Tn hiu gi my qu lu. Tn hiu ng dy thu bao b gi: - Tn hiu chung. - Tn hiu tr li. - Tn hiu phc hi
112

Tn hiu ng dy thu bao th 3: Ging nh tn hiu ng dy thu bao b gi.

c s dng cho in thoi hi ngh. N lm gin on thu bao ch gi trong mt khong thi gian nh hn tn hiu gii ta gi khong 200ms n 320ms.
Bo hiu lin tng i: C th c truyn dn tn hiu bo hiu theo ng

dy bo hiu ring hoc i chung vi ng dy thai. Chng s dng tn s trong bng tn ting ni (trong bng) hoc ngoi di tn ting ni (ngoi bng). Thng s dng 2 k thut truyn sau : - Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS). - Bo hu knh chung (CCS).
Bo hiu knh kt hp: Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc ng bo hiu c n nh trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau. C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt hp l : Bo hiu ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi (a ch). SIG Tng i A Tuyn trung k SIG SIG SIG: Thit b bo hiu Hnh 5.9. Bo hiu knh kt hp SIG SIG SIG Tng i A

Bo hiu ng dy: l phng php bo hiu c truyn dn gia cc thit b kt cui v thng xuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c cc mch kt cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri

Bo hiu thanh ghi: Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc thng tin c lin quan n tuyn ni cuc gi bao gm cc con s thu bao b gi, nhng c tnh ca thu bao .
Phng php truyn:

im ni im (end to end): Theo phng php bo hiu ny, thng tin lun c truyn i gia cc u cui ca tuyn ni theo tin trin ca n. V d khi thit lp tuyn ni qua 3 tng i A-B-C, thng tin bo hiu u tin c truyn t A ti B v sau khi qung ni B-C c thit lp th bo hiu li c truyn t A ti C.

ng tip ng (link to link): Tn hiu lun c truyn i v tm lu tng qung ca tuyn ni. u tin thng tin bo hiu c truyn i t A n B v sau khi qung ni t B n C c thit lp th thng tin bo hiu tip tc truyn i t B n C. Ni chung, thng tin bo hiu gim st v cc kiu thu bao c truyn dn theo phng thc ng tip ng cn thng tin a ch th c truyn i theo phng php im ni im hoc ng tip ng ty thuc v cu trc mng.
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Cc k thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS

Mt cch chnh xc, bo hiu knh kt hp phi l mt s kt hp vnh vin vi knh mang cuc gi tht s. T , ta c cc dng khc nhau ca tn hiu bo hiu: - Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong bng). - Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng phm vi tn s khc (ngoi bng). - Tn hiu bo hiu trong 1 khe thi gian, m trong , cc knh thoi c phn chia mt cch c nh theo chu k (bo hiu PCM trong TS16). Bo hiu knh kt hp c th s dng gia cc loi tng i khc nhau. Nh vy, k thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn hiu bo hiu : - Bo hiu DC. - Bo hiu AC. - Bo hiu PCM. Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn: Cc tn hiu bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i bao gm mt s tn hiu c bn sau cho mt cuc gi hon thnh: - Tn hiu chim dng (Seizure) : Yu cu chim dng mt ng vo tng i B (1 knh thai) v cc thit b nhn thng tin a ch. - Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (Seizure aknowledgement): Thng bo cho tng i A bit rng tng i B nhn c tn hiu chim dng t A. - Thng tin a ch (Address Information): S a ch ca thu bao B. - Tn hiu tr li (B answer): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit thu bao B nhc my. - Xa v (Clear back): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit B gc my. - Xa i (Clear forward): Tng i B nhn thng bo cuc gi kt thc, gii ta thit b v ng dy.

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Yu cu chim knh Bo nhn chim knh

Thng tin a ch B tr li

m thoi Xa hng v Xa hng i

Hnh 2.10. Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn ca mt cuc gi thnh cng Bo hiu knh chung: Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling) khc phc c nhc im ca bo hiu knh kt hp v hiu sut s dng knh bo hiu. i vi bo hiu knh chung, knh bo hiu c phn pht cho knh ting ni ch trong mt khong thi gian bo hiu. Ngi ta s dng mt tuyn ring bit cho knh bo hiu. Ni cch khc, h thng bo hiu knh chung c mt chm knh bo hiu. Chm knh ny ch c cp cho knh ting ni khi c nhu cu bo hiu trc nht. V vy, knh ting ni cn xp hng ch knh bo hiu ri. Do , dung lng chm knh bo hiu ph thuc vo cp phc v c th chp nhn c, ni dung bo hiu, tn sut s dng mi knh ting ni. Nh s dng k thut ny, thit b c th tp trung ha v ch to gn gng hn. iu ny to ra u im v mt kinh t v tit kim c khng gian lp t thit b. Tuy nhin, phng thc ny ch c th s dng cho cc tng i SPC trao i bo hiu lin tng i gia cc b x l.

Hnh 2.11. Bo hiu knh chung

Trong h thng PCM, knh bo hiu c th s dng bt k khe thi gian no m

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khng nht thit phi l khe thi gian TS16. Cc bn tin bo hiu c truyn i di dng cc gi, tc knh truyn l 64Kbps.
Cu trc bn tin CCS nh sau:

a ch ch a ch ngun S gi Trng s liu Trng kim tra a ch ch: a ch ny c phn tch ti bt k my thu no v c so snh vi a ch ca n. Nu khng trng th bn tin c truyn n im khc cho n khi n ch thc ca n. a ch ngun: a ch ny gip cho my tnh bit c khi c nhu cu cp pht li bn tin th c a ch yu cu pht li. S gi: S gi ch ra tt c cc s liu ca bn tin c sp xp ln lt mt cch chnh xc. S liu ny c kim tra lin tc v ch c ly ra khi c ch dn. Trng s liu: Cha nhng thng tin ca bo hiu. Trng kim tra li: Cho php s liu c kim tra trc khi truyn n ch. c im ni bt ca bo hiu knh chung l cc u cui khng ch dnh ring cho mt cuc ni m mt bn tin tun t c th c trang b bt c u cui no vi nhng cuc gi khc nhau v ch khc nhau. Tt c cc bn tin ca cuc gi khng nht thit phi cng hng. Cc bn tin tiu biu c truyn i mt cch ph hp vi nhng tuyn c nh ra bng thut ton da trn c s ch, tnh sn sng v ti ca mch. Khi bn tin c thu thp, n c truyn n nhng im chn trn mng. Khi ti ch, n c tin hnh, so snh v iu chnh, kim tra li. Nu c li, n yu cu pht li bn tin. V CCS khng chuyn bo hiu trn cc trung k m thoi thit lp v gim st, nn tuyn gi phi c kim tra lin tc mi khi cuc gi ang thit lp. iu ny c thc hin nh b thu pht m thanh c ni ti thi im thit lp nhm m bo s lin tc ca tuyn. Bo hiu s 7 c quc t cng nhn l h thng bo hiu knh chung (CCS) gia cc tng i s dng trong mng quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu c truyn i trn mt khe thi gian c phn pht trn 1 trong cc tuyn PCM mang cc knh thoi.

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Hnh 4.1. S tiu biu h thng bo hiu s 7

V d nh hai tng i trao i vi nhau bng 2 lung 2 Mbps, nh vy, kh nng dng lng knh thng tin gia 2 tng i ny l 60 knh, trong , 1 lung 2 Mbps mang bo hiu s 7 trong TS16 ca n. Thng tin bo hiu c tch, ghp qua trng chuyn mch ca tng i hoc DLTU (Digital Line Terminal Unit). Thng tin bo hiu c gi t tng i ny sang tng i khc c xc nh bi h thng iu khin qua S/R CCS cho bo hiu s 7. S/R CCS bao gm 3 phn h trn c s ca cc b x l. Thng tin t h thng iu hin tng i nhn t phn h iu khin bo hiu di dng thc thch hp. Cc bn tin c xp hng y, cho n khi c th c truyn i. Khi khng c cc bn tin truyn i th phn h iu khin bo hiu pht cc bn tin chn lc gi tuyn lun trng thi tch cc. Cc bn tin c gi qua phn h u cui bo hiu, s dng cc bits kim tra c pht i t phn h iu khin li to thnh cc n v bo hiu s 7 hon chnh. Ti tng i thu, qu trnh ngc li c thc hin.
e. K thut bo hiu

K thut bo hiu nghin cu v: - Ni dung bo hiu. - Phng php truyn bo hiu. - K thut x l bo hiu. 5.3. Bo hiu s 7 5.3.1. Mt s khi nim a. im bo hiu (Signalling Points) Mng bo hiu s 7 hot ng song song vi mng truyn ti. Kin trc mng bo
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hiu s 7 nh ngha ba tp cc node gi l cc im bo hiu (SPs), c kt ni vi nhau bi cc tuyn bo hiu. Mi mt im bo hiu SP c phn bit vi nhau bi mt m im bo hiu nh phn duy nht. Tu theo v tr ca n c th l m im gc OPC (Originating Point Code) hay m im ch DPC (Destination Point Code).

Hnh 4.2. Cc thnh phn ca mng bo hiu s 7

- im chuyn mch dch v (Service Switching Point SSP) SSP c kt hp vi cc node chuyn mch ca mng truyn ti v l giao din gia mng bo hiu s 7 v mng truyn ti. Trong mng truyn ti c iu khin bi bo hiu s 7, tt c cc tng i, k c tng i trung tm v qu giang, u c kt ni ti mng bo hiu s 7 thng qua cc SSP. Mt SSP ch kt ni trc tip vi cc nt gn k v vic lin lc vi cc im bo hiu xa ph thuc hon ton vo kh nng nh a ch v nh tuyn ca mng. V mt vt l, SSP l mt my tnh to ra cc bn tin gi n cc thnh phn khc ca mng bo hiu s 7 v nhn cc bn tin tr li. - im chuyn tip bo hiu (Signal Transfer Point) STP l cc node chuyn mch c thm chc nng bin dch nhn nh tuyn v nh tuyn lu lng mng SS7 gia cc SP khng k nhau. STP cng nh tuyn cc bn tin SS7 n cc im iu khin dch v (Service Control Point SCP) m ti lu gi c s d liu. Ton b qu trnh thng tin trong mng SS7 u c thc hin qua STP ngay c i vi cc node k nhau. Cui cng, STP cung cp cc dch v gateway, phn phi v nhn cc cuc gi SS7 t cc mng khc, bao gm c cc nh cung cp dch v quc t v v tuyn m c th trin khai SS7 mt cch khc nhau. Trong thc t, STP thng c trin khai theo tng cp nng cao hiu nng h thng v tin cy ca mng. - im iu khin dch v (Service Control Point) SCP cho php truy nhp vo c s d liu thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh hot ng ca mng, thng l bin dch s v ch dn ng dng, nhng cng bao gm ngy cng nhiu cc d liu cn thit cho cc dch v v tuyn v thng minh. Cc STP c th truy nhp nhng d liu ny thng qua cc tuyn khng phi l ca SS7, v d nh X.25,
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v tr li thng tin cho nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc SSP, kt hp s quay vi ch n thc t, cung cp hng dn chuyn tip cuc gi..v.v.. SCP cng cho php kt ni ti cc thnh phn mng thng minh nh H thng qun l dch v v Ngoi vi thng minh. SCP thng c d phng kp nng cao hiu nng h thng v tin cy ca mng. b. Cc kiu tuyn bo hiu

Hnh 4.3. Cc tuyn bo hiu trong mng bo hiu s 7

Cc tuyn bo hiu trong mng bo hiu s 7 c phn chia ph thuc vo ng dng ca chng trong mng bo hiu. Thc t chng khng c g khc nhau v mt vt l, u l cc tuyn d liu song hng 56kbps hoc 64kbps. Cc tuyn bo hiu ny c phn loi nh sau: - Tuyn A (Access): kt ni gia mt STP v mt SSP hay mt SCP. Tuyn A c s dng cho mc ch duy nht l phn pht bo hiu xut pht t hay n cc im cui bo hiu (SSP hay SCP). - Tuyn C (Cross): kt ni cc STP vi nhau. Chng c s dng tng tin cy ca mng bo hiu trong trng hp mt hay vi tuyn bo hiu gp s c. - Tuyn E (Extend): trong khi mt SSP c kt ni vi STP nh ca n bng mt s cc tuyn A th c th tng tin cy bng cch trin khai thm mt s cc tuyn ni ti mt cp STP th hai. Nhng tuyn ny c gi l tuyn E, thc cht l cc tuyn kt ni d phng trong trng hp khng th kt ni c vi SSP nh qua cc tuyn A. Tuyn E c th c trin khai hay khng hon ton ph thuc vo nh cung cp mng. - Tuyn F (Fully associated): y l cc tuyn m kt ni trc tip hai im bo hiu vi nhau. Cc tuyn F ch c cho php thc hin trong kin trc mng bo hiu kiu kt hp v vic c trin khai cc tuyn F hay khng l ph thuc vo nh cung cp mng. Ngoi cc tuyn bo hiu trn cn c mt s tuyn bo hiu khc nh: tuyn B (Bridge), tuyn D (Diagonal). D tn c khc nhau nhng chc nng chung ca chng u l truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu t im khi u vo mng n ng a ch ch.
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5.3.2. Cc kiu kin trc bo hiu Trong thut ng ca CCS No.7, khi hai nt bo hiu c kh nng trao i cc bn tin bo hiu vi nhau thng qua mng bo hiu ta ni gia chng tn ti mt lin kt bo hiu. Cc mng bo hiu c th s dng 3 kiu bo hiu khc nhau, trong ta hiu kiu l mi quan h gia ng i ca bn tin bo hiu v ng ting c lin quan. Kiu kt hp: Trong kiu kt hp cc bn tin bo hiu v cc ng ting gia hai im c truyn trn mt tp hp ng u ni trc tip gia hai im ny vi nhau. Kiu khng kt hp: Trong kiu ny cc bn tin bo hiu c lin quan n cc ng ting gia hai im bo hiu c truyn trn mt hoc nhiu tp hp ng qu giang, qua mt hoc nhiu im chuyn tip bo hiu. Kiu ta kt hp: Kiu bo hiu ny l trng hp c bit ca kiu bo hiu khng kt hp, trong cc ng i ca bn tin bo hiu c xc nh trc v c nh, tr trng hp nh tuyn li v c li. 5.3.2. Cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng bo hiu s 7 Trong mng bo hiu s 7, cc node thng tin vi nhau bng cc bn tin di dng gi gi l cc n v bo hiu (Signal unit SU). C ba kiu bn tin bo hiu c phn bit vi nhau bi trng ch th di (LI Length Indicator), l: n v tn hiu bn tin MSU: y l bn tin quan trng v phc tp nht trong ba loi bn tin. Khng ging nh FISU v LSSU ch c th c nh a ch ti node ln cn v do ch h tr nhng lp thp nht trong chng giao thc SS7, MSU cha nhn nh tuyn v trng thng tin bo hiu. Do chng cung cp phng tin mang thng tin iu khin knh v bn tin thc hin s dng bi cc lp cao hn ca chng giao thc SS7. Cc trng thng tin ca MSU cng c th mang thng tin bo dng v qun l mng. n v tn hiu trng thi ng LSSU: LSSU c s dng cung cp cc ch th v trng thi ng ti u kia ca ng s liu. Cc thng tin v trng thi ng c th l: bnh thng, khng hot ng, mt tn hiu ng chnh, trng thi khn.., trong c th tc ng chnh ban u, c s dng khi khi to ln u cc ng bo hiu v khi phc li sau s c. n v tn hiu thay th FISU: FISU c truyn khi trn ng truyn s liu khng truyn cc bn tin MSU v LSSU, mc ch l nhn cc thng bo tc thi v s c ca ng bo hiu. Cc trng trong n v bo hiu: - F (C): Mu ring bit 8 bit ny c s dng bt u v kt thc mt n v bo hiu v c gi l c. N khng xut hin bt c ni no khc trong n v bo
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hiu. Ngi ta phi a ra cc phng php o lng, kim tra trnh c gi xut hin trong n v bo hiu. C c c trng bng t m 01111110.
Bn t FISU in Flag BSN BIB FSN FIB LI FCS BIB: Backward Indicator bit BSN: Backward Sequence Num ber FCS: Fram check sequence e FIB: Forward Indicator Bit FISU: Fill-in SU FSN: Forward Sequence Num ber LI: Length Indicator LSSU: Link Status SU MSU: Message SU SIO: Service Indicator octet SU: Signal Unit

Bn t LSSU in Flag BSN BIB FSN FIB LI Status FCS field

Bn t MSU in Flag BSN BIB FSN FIB LI SIO SIF FCS

H 4.4. Khun d cc bn tin SS nh ng 7

- CK (m kim tra d vng): CK l mt con s tng (ChechSum) c truyn trong tng n v bo hiu. Nu ti im bo hiu thu nhn c Checksum khng ph hp th n v bo hiu c coi l c li v phi loi b. - SIF (Trng thng tin bo hiu): Trng ny ch tn ti trong bn tin MSU. N gm cc thng tin v nh tuyn v thng tin thc v bo hiu ca bn tin. Cu trc ca SIF gm c 2 phn: nhn nh tuyn (mc 3) v thng tin ngi s dng (mc 4) Nhn nh tuyn: im ch ca mt n v tn hiu c xc nh trong mt nhn nh tuyn. Nhn nh tuyn trong mt n v tn hiu bn tin bao gm cc trng m im ch (DPC), m im gc (OPC) v la chn tuyn bo hiu (SLS). Mt m c gn cho mi im bo hiu trong mng bo hiu ph thuc vo mt k hoch nh s. Phn truyn bn tin s dng m nh tuyn bn tin. DPC xc nh im bo hiu m bn tin c truyn n . OPC xc nh im bo hiu m t bn tin c truyn. Ni dung ca trng SLS xc nh tuyn bo hiu m theo bn tin c truyn. Bng cch ny, trng SLS c s dng chia ti trong cc tuyn bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu. Thng tin ngi s dng: thng tin ngi s dng cha d liu c to ra bi phn ngi s dng im gc v d liu c c lng ca phn ngi s dng im ch.
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- SIO (Octet thng tin dch v): Trng ny ch tn ti trong bn tin LSSU. Octet ny gm ch th dch v v phn ch th mng. Ch th dch v c s dng phi hp bn tin bo hiu vi mt Ngi dng ring bit ca MTP ti mt im bo hiu, c ngha l cc chc nng lp 3 phn phi bn tin ti cc phn ngi s dng tng ng, vi s tr gip ca ch th dch v. Trng ch th mng gm ch th v mng c s dng phn bit gia cc cuc gi trong mng quc gia v quc t hoc gia cc s nh tuyn khc nhau trong mt mng. Ch th mng cng xc nh mng tng ng trong c ni gi v nhn bn tin. NAT0 = mng ch. NAT1 = mng bo hiu chung vi cc nh cung cp mng trong nc khc. INAT0 = mng bo hiu chung vi cc nh cung cp mng quc t khc. INAT1 = khng s dng. - ERROR CORRECTION c dng kim tra li tun t v yu cu truyn li, n gm: + BSN (S th t hng v): Trng BSN c s dng cng nhn cc n v bo hiu m u cui ca ng bo hiu pha i phng nhn c. BSN l s th t n v bo hiu c cng nhn (7 bits) + BIB (Bt ch th hng v): BIB c s dng khi phc li bn tin khi c li (1 bit) + FSN (S th t hng i): FSN l con s th t hng i ca n v bo hiu mang n (7 bits) + FIB (Bt ch th hng i): FIB c s dng khi phc li cc bn tin khi c li (1 bit) + LI (Ch th di): Trng LI ch ra s lng Octet c trong mt n v bo hiu tnh t sau trng LI n trc trng CK. Trong : LI = 0 : n v bo hiu thay th (FISU) LI = 1 hoc 2 : n v bo hiu trng thi ng (LSSU) LI thuc (2;63) : n v bo hiu bn tin (MSU) 5.3.3. Chng giao thc bo hiu s 7 Chng giao thc bo hiu s 7 c 4 mc : 3 mc ca phn truyn bn tin MTP cung cp mt h thng truyn dn tin cy cho tt c ngi s dng ; v mc th t bao gm cc ngi s dng ca MTP (MTP User). C hai ngi s dng MTP: th nht, l phn ngi s dng ISDN (ISDN User Part) cung cp bo hiu iu khin cuc gi chuyn mch knh c bn v h tr cc dch v ph ca ISDN. Ngi dng MTP th hai l Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP, cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn v nh a ch mng khng phi l chuyn mch knh, thng qua giao thc Cc kh nng bin dch
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TC ti ngi s dng ca SS7 tc l cc ng dng. Cc ng dng ca SS7 yu cu phi truy nhp n c s d liu xa v cc node, do yu cu kh nng nh a ch mng. Kin trc chng giao thc bo hiu ny c ch ra hnh sau :
User Application TC

ISUP

SCCP MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 MTP Level 1 H 4 . Ki trc chng giao thc bo hi s7 nh .5 n u

Mc d ITU T nh ngha chng giao thc SS7 trc khi ISO/OSI m t m hnh by lp, nhng n cng c th c so snh i th vi m hnh OSI by lp nh c ch ra hnh sau : S kt hp ca MTP v cc kh nng nh a ch ca SCCP to nn Phn dch v mng SS7 (SS7 Network Service Part) cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn v nh a ch lp 3 ca m hnh OSI cho cc ng ng.
User Application TC OSI Model Application Presentation Session SCCP MTP L evel3 MTP L evel2 MTP L evel1 Transport Network Datalink Physical

ISUP

Hnh 4.6. Kin trc chng giao thc bo hiu7s trong tng quan vi m hnh OSI

Cc lp t 4 n 6 ca m hnh OSI ng vi Phn dch v ngi s dng ca SS7 (Application Service Part) nhng hin thi cha c nh ngha. tin cy m nhng giao thc hng kt ni trong m hnh OSI ny cung cp c thc hin

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bng cc phng thc khc trong cc giao thc ca phn Cc kh nng bin dch TC. Mc d ISUP thng c biu din m rng t lp 3 n lp 7 nhng iu khng c ngha l tt c cc lp gia c xc nh. Thc t, n ch cho thy l ISUP lin quan n vic bin dch cc tn hiu thit lp cuc gi ban u ca ngi s dng thnh cc giao thc bo hiu thit lp cuc gi SS7, v cng tng tc vi cc giao thc truyn bn tin mc thp hn ca MTP. 5.3.4. Phn truyn bn tin MTP
a. MTP mc 1

Mc mt trong phn chuyn bn tin MTP gi l ng s liu bo hiu, n tng ng vi mc vt l trong m hnh OSI. ng s liu bo hiu l mt ng truyn dn s liu hai chiu. N bao gm hai knh s liu hot ng ng thi trn hai hng ngc nhau vi cng mt tc . ng s liu bo hiu c th l ng tn hiu s hoc tng t . ng s liu bo hiu s c xy dng trn knh truyn dn s (64 Kb/s) v tng i chuyn mch s. ng s liu bo hiu tng t c xy dng trn knh truyn dn tng t tn s thoi (4Khz ) v Modem. Giao thc mc 1 nh ngha cc c tnh vt l, cc c tnh in v cc c tnh chc nng ca cc ng bo hiu u ni vi cc thnh phn CCS N 07. Cc c tnh ny c m t chi tit trong khuyn ngh CCITT G703, G732 v G734. Cc tc ca MTP mc 1 c th l DS-1 (1.544Mbps), DS-0 (64kbps) v DS-0A (56kbps) theo chun Bc M hay theo cc giao din chun ca th gii nh V.35 (64kbps).
b. MTP mc 2

MTP mc 2 tng ng vi lp 2 trong m hnh phn lp OSI. N thc hin chc nng ng bo hiu, cng vi ng s liu bo hiu (MTP mc 1) cung cp mt ng s liu cho chuyn giao tin cy cc bn tin bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu c u ni trc tip . MTP mc 2 nh ngha cc giao thc cn thit xc nh mt v hu gi tin trn cc ng d liu ring bit v sp th t cc gi d liu c phn pht. MTP mc 2 s dng cc bn tin FISU xc nh v sa li v s dng cc bn tin LSSU iu khin khi phc ng s liu. MTP mc 2 thc hin chc nng ny m khng lm nh hng n cc lp cao hn.
c. MTP mc 3

MTP mc 3 c th c coi nh tng ng vi lp mng trong m hnh OSI. N chu trch nhim x l bn tin v qun tr mng. MTP mc 3 s thc hin cc chc nng

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phn bit, nh tuyn, v phn phi cc bn tin qua cc ng s liu c to bi cc giao thc mc 2. - Mc 3 phn tch a ch ca cc bn tin n v t phn bit cc bn tin c a ch l a ch node hin ti vi cc bn tin c a ch l node khc. - Cc bn tin c a ch l node hin ti c chuyn ti cc qu trnh tip theo xc nh bi trng SIO trong bn tin. - Nu a ch ca bn tin n khng phi l a ch node hin ti, mc 3 s chuyn tip t chc nng phn loi sang chc nng nh tuyn. Chc nng ny s kim tra bng nh tuyn, nh tuyn bn tin mt cch thch hp v phn pht n tr v cho cc giao thc mc 2 truyn i. MTP mc 3 thc hin chc nng nh tuyn ca n da trn m im (Point Codes) c ghi trong a ch bn tin. M im ny xc nh duy nht v tr ca im khi u v kt thc ca ng s liu. Tuy nhin MTP ch c th nh tuyn theo kiu theo tng ng mt (link by link). y khng phi l vn i vi bo hiu chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin, vi bo hiu khng phi l chuyn mch knh ti cc c s d liu v cc ng dng c th khp ni trn mng, MTP mc 3 ti cc tng i chuyn mch c th khng c bng nh tuyn yu cu. Do , n lp y cc trng cha bit vi s 0 v chuyn tip n n STP ni c bng nh tuyn tp trung. Cc giao thc lp trn ti STP s thc hin chc nng bin dch tiu chung (Global Title Translation), thm vo d liu nh tuyn cn thit v tr bn tin li cho MTP mc 3 tip tc truyn i. Bn cnh chc nng phn bit, phn pht v nh tuyn bn tin, MTP mc 3 cng thc hin mt s chc nng qun l. N iu khin vic s dng LSSU cho qun l ng s liu mc 2. Quan st trng thi ng mc 3 bao gm c iu kin ca im cui, chng hn nh cc card giao din mng, sao cho mt ng s liu c th hot ng mc 2 nhng khng cung cp dch v mc 3. Chc nng qun l ng mc 3 thng a nhng ng s liu li ny sang trng thi khng phc v, thc hin xc nh li v ng chnh li, v a chng tr li phc v m khng lm gin on qu trnh hot ng. Chc nng qun l mc 3 cng khi to lu lng lp cao hn v qun l nh tuyn bn tin s dng cc bn tin MSU c xc nh qun l. Khi mt node b nghn hay khng phc v c v mt l do no , mc 3 c th gim lu lng qua node hay nh tuyn li lu lng. Trong c hai trng hp u thng bo cho cc node ln cn trn mng. Mc 3 cng cung cp thng tin bo dng cho cc trung tm OA&M nh qun l c th can thip. 5.3.5. Cc chc nng ngi s dng MTP Cc chc nng ngi s dng MTP (MTP User Functions) cho php tip cn ti ngi s dng MTP (MTP User). C hai ngi s dng MTP :
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- Th nht l Phn ngi s dng ISDN (ISUP) s dng MTP mang cc bn tin iu khin thip lp v hu b cuc gi link by linh. - Th hai l Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu (SCCP) cho php nh tuyn mng mt cch mm do cc bn tin bin dch ng dng c s dng bi cc mng thng minh, cc dch v di ng cng nh OA&M.
a. Phn ngi s dng ISDN (ISUP)

ISUP cung cp cc chc nng bo hiu cn thit h tr cc dch v mang c bn v cc dch v ph tr cho cc ng dng thoi v phi thoi. N iu khin qu trnh thit lp v hu b cuc gi thoi v s liu cho c cc cuc gi ISDN v khng phi l ISDN thng qua MTP. Nhim v ISUP c bn l thit lp mt kt ni knh truyn dn gia cc node, dn ti bn b gi ph thuc vo bng nh tuyn chun t ti im chuyn mch. ISUP cng h tr cc dch v ph tr ISDN bng cch mang cc c im hay thng tin ch gi kt hp vi cuc gi m c thit lp nh l mt phn ca Trng thng tin dch v ISDN SIF. ISUP chp nhn c cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi ISDN v khng phi l ISDN, sp xp chng vo Bn tin a ch khi to ISUP IAM ca chnh n. Do , ISUP thng c miu t l m rng n c lp ng dng (lp 7) ca m hnh OSI, ni m cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi ny c khi to. Khun dng cc bn tin ISUP c mang trong trng SIF ca mt bn tin MSU ISUP. ISUP SIF cha mt nhn nh tuyn, mt m nhn dng knh v thng tin bo hiu. Nhn nh tuyn cung cp cc m im cho a ch bt u v a ch ch. M nhn dng knh CIC l mt m (khng c xc nh trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU T) m xc nh knh mang l i tng ca bn tin. Thng tin bo hiu bao gm kiu bn tin v cc thng s bt buc/la chn c xc nh bi bn tin . C 43 kiu bn tin ISUP c ITU T nh ngha, v d nh l Bn tin a ch khi to IMA, bn tin qun l cuc gi nh CPG Cu trc ca bn tin ISUP SIF nh sau :

Flag

BSN

BIB

FSN

FIB

LI

SIO

SIF

FCS

Routing Label

Circuit Indentification

Message Type & Parameters

Hnh 4.7. Cu trc bn tin ISUP SIF b. Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP

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Khng ging ISUP c s dng thit lp v hu b knh mang vt l, SCCP tn ti mang lu lng Cc ng dng ngi s dng SS7 v qun l. V n mang thng tin ng dng gia hai im m c th khng lin quan n bt c knh mang no, SCCP phi c kh nng bin dch v cung cp thng tin nh tuyn v nh a ch mm do hn qua cc giao din ti MTP. SCCP thc hin chc nng bin dch tiu chung GT (Global Title Translation) v nh tuyn cho cc m im xut pht v m im ch m khng gn vi im xut pht v im ch thc t, cng nh l cc s phn h m cung cp cc a ch logic cho cc phn h ng dng ring bit trong node c nh a ch. SCCP cng iu khin chia s ti MTP mc 3 gia cc im bo hiu d phng. Giao thc SCCP c bn chc nng c bn nh c ch ra hnh sau :
SCLC
T lp 2

SCRC

SCOC SCMG
Ti lp 2

Ti lp 4

Ti lp 2

Hnh 4.8. Chc nng ca SCCP

Chc nng quan trng nht l iu khin nh tuyn SCCP (SCCP Routing Control - SCRC). SCRC bin dch gia node duy nht v m im i ch phn h v tiu chung c n gin ho cha trong hu ht cc bn tin SCCP. Da trn kh nng bin dc ny, SCCP thc hin chc nng phn loi bn tin, phn phi cc bn tin c nh a ch node ny ti cc phn h, v chuyn nhng bn tin m khng c nh a ch tr li MTP. SCCP nh tuyn bn tin ti mt trong ba chc nng sau phn pht ti cc phn h: chc nng iu khin khng kt ni SCCP (SCCP Conectionless Control SCLC), chc nng qun l SCCP (SCCP Management - SCMG), v chc nng iu khin hng kt ni SCCP (SCCP Conection Oriented Control - SCOC). SCCP c nh ngha cho c cc dch v hng kt ni v khng kt ni. Dch v khng kt ni SCCP rt tt v c th cnh tranh vi cc c tnh vi dch v hng kt ni n mc thng tin kiu hi p c th c thc hin mt cch tin cy. SCCP cung cp hai mc dch v khng kt ni : lp 0 l dch v datagram, v lp 1 l dch v nh th t. Khi mt ngi s dng la chn dch v lp 0, SCCP phn phi bn tin mt cch ngu nhin qua bt c ng s liu d phng no kh dng nh l mt phng thc qun l duy tr s cn bng lu lng. Lp 1 c chn khi di ca mt phin lm vic ln hn 273 octet c php trong trng SIF ca mt bn tin MSU. Khi SCCP lp 1 pht hin ra rng mt phin giao dch b phn on, n yu cu tt c cc on s phi c truyn qua cng mt tuyn vt l, do bo m rng ngi nhn s nhn tt c cc on theo ng th t m n c truyn i.
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Bn cnh vic iu khin th t c cung cp bi s la chn hai lp dch v, SCCP cung cp hai thng s cht lng dch v QoS khc nhau. La chn quay li cho php MTP hu b bn tin li hay yu cu tr li SCCP nh l mt bn tin li. Mc u tin ca bn tin c gn bi MTP cho bn tin SCCP ph thuc vo cc tiu ch c pht trin t bn ngoi. SCCP cho php qun l nh tuyn v lu lng mng mt cch t ng. Khng ging nh qun l MTP ch chu trch nhim cho cc ng s liu ring bit ni cc node, qun l SCCP h tr cc ng dng v phn h m c th c phn phi qua vi node. SCCP nhn thng tin gc v tnh trng node trc tip t im bo hiu MTP cng nh trng thi phn h t node xa. Da trn nhng thng tin ny, SCCP c th cu hnh li mng bo hiu; SCCP loi b lu lng hay nh tuyn cc bn tin i vng qua cc node m thng bo l chng b nghn, v qun l s khc nhau v nh tuyn gia dch v lp 0 v lp 1. Thm vo , SCCP c th c s dng h tr OAMP trong tnh trng cnh bo. Ging nh ISUP, bn tin SCCP c mang trong trng SIF ca bn tin MSU. Trng SIF ny mang mt nhn nh tuyn ging nh ca ISUP, xc nh im khi to v im ch ca cuc gi. Phn th hai ca SCCP SIF cha loi bn tin v cc thng s la chn hay bt buc nh ngha cho loi bn tin . Khng ging nh ISUP, SCCP cung cp mt dch v vn chuyn v trng th ba cha bt c bn tin no c truyn, thng l mt bn tin Cc kh nng ngi s dng TC. Cu trc ca bn tin SCCP SIF nh sau :

Flag

BSN

BIB

FSN

FIB

LI

SIO

SIF

FCS

Routing Label

Message Type & Parameters

User Message or Data

Hnh 4.9. Cu trc bn tin SCCP SIF

5.3.6. Ngi s dng SS7 (SS7 Users) Ngi s dng SS7 chng ta cp n y l nhng ng dng tn ti ti lp 7 ca m hnh OSI (lp ng dng). Ngi s dng SS7 c th c chia thnh hai loi : Nhng ngi s dng ng dng h tr lu lng chuyn mch knh (Phn ngi s dng iu khin knh), s dng ISUP truy nhp ti MTP Nhng ngi s dng ng dng m truy nhp ti MTP thng qua Cc kh nng bin dch SS7 v SCCP m h tr lu lng khng phi l chuyn mch knh
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vi c s d liu ti SCP ; bn cnh cho php vn chuyn cc d liu ng dng.

a. Phn ngi s dng ISDN

ISUP - iu khin thit lp v hu b knh nh l mt giao thc lp 4 trong m hnh OSI, cng l mt giao thc lp ng dng OSI. V ISUP coi mt bn tin thit lp gi ca ngi s dng nh l mt bn tin ng dng c bin dch sang khun dng ISUP ca chnh n, ISUP thng c m t trong chng giao thc SS7 nh l mt " ng ng" t lp 4 n lp 7, s dng bi cc ng dng chuyn mch knh.
b. Cc kh nng bin dch TC

TC h tr cc tin trnh ng dng lp 7 ca m hnh OSI khng phi l chuyn mch knh. Nhng tin trnh ny ph thuc vo mt kh nng no ca SS7 thc hin hi - p, cc dch v mng thng minh, hay cc bn tin truyn d liu... Tt c u c th c coi nh l cc "giao dch". Tt c cc giao dch ny yu cu bn tin phi c nh tuyn gia ngi s dng v c s d liu hay gia ngi s dng vi nhau. Thng tin ny khng p dng cho iu khin knh, v nh tuyn th khng c thc hin bng phng thc link to link nh ISUP. TC l mt Thnh phn dch v ng dng (ASE) chung m c th h tr mt s cc ng dng SS7. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc ng dng, chng hn nh Phn ng dng Qun l, iu hnh v bo dng OAMP, yu cu phi c thm cc chc nng ASE xc nh m khng c cp bi SS7. ITU T nh ngha TC l mt ASE chung nm gia Ngi s dng TC (trn lp 7 OSI) v SCCP. TC bao gm Phn ng dng (TCAP) v Phn dch v ng dng cha xc nh (ASP). ASP thuc t lp 4 n lp 6 OSI v h tr dch v hng kt ni. Tuy nhin c cc khuyn ngh ca ITU T v cc chun T1 ca M u cha nghin cu c th vn ny. Do vy, c ITU T v T1 u coi TC trng vi TCAP. TCAP gm 3 phn lp: Bin dch, Hi thoi v Thnh phn. Phn lp Bin dch xc nh v phn phi lu lng ti phin xc nh v cc thnh phn ng dng nh, do h tr vic thc hin cc dch v hng kt ni. Phn lp Hi thoi v Thnh phn h tr hi/p v nhu cu truyn ti lu lng d liu n hng ca cc ng dng. Ging nh tt c cc bn tin SS7 lp cao hn, TCAP ph thuc vo MSU, to mt trng TCAP trong trng SCCP SIF bao gm phn xc nh bin dch v d liu (thnh phn, d liu, hay hi thoi) cn thit cho bin dch. Trng xc nh bin dch xc nh kiu bn tin v cc thng s yu cu. Cu trc ca trng TCAP trong SCCP SIF nh sau:

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Flag

BSN

BIB

FSN

FIB

LI

SIO

SIF

FCS

Routing Label

Message Type & Parameters

User Message or Data

Transaction Identification

Components

Hnh 4.10. Cu trc trng TCAP trong bn tin SCCP SIF

5.3.7. Cc phn ng dng INAP, MAP, OMAP

a. Phn ng dng mng thng minh INAP

INAP (Intelligent Network Application Part) cho php thc hin mt c s h tng bo hiu, phn cp nh cung cp t c mt th trng in thoi c nh rng khp ton cu. INAP l mt giao thc bo hiu gia mt SSP, cc ngun phng tin mng (ngoi vi thng minh), v c s d liu tp trung ca SCP. SCP bao gm cc d liu v chng trnh dch v cung cp bi nh khai thc mng hay bn th ba no . Thng qua INAP, nh khai thc mng c th t c s c lp ti a t cc chng trnh phn mm cung cp bi cc nh cung cp tng i. Mng thng minh (IN) l mt kin trc mng in thoi m tch bit dch v ra khi thit b chuyn mch, cho php cc dch v mi c th c thm vo m khng phi thit k li phn mm chuyn mch. Vi mng IN, nh khai thc c th thc hin cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc nhau, to cho chng cc u im cnh tranh trn th trng v n cho php thm vo cc dch v mi mt cch d dng hn v cung cp cho cc khch hng nhiu s la chn hn. IN c tnh c lp ng dng, c ngha l n cung cp cc chc nng c th ti s dng v tng qut m c th c tch hp hay ti kt hp cung cp cho mt dch v mi. SCP lu tr cc d liu v thng tin v nh cung cp dch v nh hng cho hot ng x l chuyn mch v iu khin cuc gi. Ti mt im nh trc trong qu trnh x l mt cuc gi n hay i, tng i tm dng tin trnh ang thc hin, ng gi thng tin lin quan n x l cuc gi, a vo hng i v i lnh tip theo. SCP thc hin cc chng trnh c nh ngha bi ngi s dng m phn tch trng thi hin ti ca cuc gi v thng tin nhn t tng i. Chng trnh khi c th chnh sa hay to d liu cuc gi c gi tr li cho tng i. Sau tng i phn tch thng tin nhn c t SCP v thc hin theo nhng hng dn c cung cp cho qu trnh x l cuc gi tip theo.
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c pht trin bi ITU, IN c xc nh nh l mt chun ton cu. Ton b cc chc nng ca IN c xc nh v thc hin trong cc phn gi l cc tp kh nng (CS). Phin bn u tin c pht hnh l CS-1. Hin nay cng xc nh v c CS-2. Phn ng dng CAMEL (CAP) l mt phn tch ra t INAP v cho php s dng INAP trong mng di ng GSM. Cch thc hot ng ca INAP: Thu bao ch gi quay s. Nhng con s quay ny c gi n tng i. Tng i thng c bit n trong mng bo hiu l SSP chuyn tip cuc gi qua mng bo hiu s 7 ti SCP, ni lu tr c s d liu v thng tin logic dch v. SCP xc nh dch v c yu cu t cc s c quay v tr li thng tin v cch thc x l cuc gi cho SSP. Trong mt s trng hp, cuc gi c th c x l nhanh hn bng ngoi vi thng minh c u ni vi SSP thng qua cc ng ISDN tc cao. V d, mt thng bo thoi tu chn c th c pht tr li cho s quay hay mt cuc gi thoi c th c phn tch v xc nh. Thm vo , cc thit b b tr c th c thm trc tip vo SSP vi cc kt ni tc cao cho cc dch v gia tng cha xc nh. Cc dch v c th c cung cp bi INAP bao gm: Dch v s n: mt s quay c th ti mt s ni ht cng vi dch v. Dch v truy nhp c nhn: cho php ngi s dng qun l cuc gi n. Dch v khi phc thm ho: cho php lu tr d phng a ch cuc gi trong trng hp c thm ha. Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi Dch v quay s m rng mng ring o
b. Phn ng dng di ng GSM MAP

Phn ng dng di ng GSM (GSM MAP) cho php thc hin c s h tng bo hiu mng di ng, phn cp nh cung cp dch v hng ti mng GSM v l nn tng cung cp cc c tnh di ng ca n. Tin to ra GSM MAP l kt ni cc thnh phn chuyn mch phn tn, c gi l cc MSC vi mt c s d liu chnh l HLR. HLR lu tr mt cch ng v tr hin ti v thuc tnh ca mt thu bao di ng. HLR c tham kho trong qa trnh x l mt cuc gi n. Ngc li, HLR c cp nht khi thu bao di chuyn trong mng v do c phc v bi cc tng i khc nhau. GSM MAP v ang pht trin khi mng v tuyn m rng, t h tr n thun thoi, ti cc dch v d liu gi. GSM MAP cng c th c kt ni ti cc thnh phn ca mng NGN chng hn nh GGSN hay SGSN.
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GSM MAP c mt s chc nng c bn. N cung cp: C ch cho mt GMSC tip cn c mt s nh tuyn cho cuc gi n. C ch cho mt MSC cp nht tnh trng thu bao v s nh tuyn qua VLR tch hp. D liu v cc thuc tnh dch v b sung ca thu bao ti cc thnh phn chuyn mch thng qua VLR. GSM MAP cng vi CAMEL cho php thc hin khi nim mng ch v khch, t cho php nh khai thc mng c th cung cp cng mt s cc dch v nh nhau m khng quan tm n vic thu bao c l thu bao ca mng ch khng, hay n ang c chuyn vng mng khch.
c. Phn iu hnh, qun l v bo dng OAMP.

OMAP cung cp phng tin nh khai thc mng bo dng mng ca h. Cng vic duy tr v bo dng bao gm vic qun l bn ngoi chc nng qun l c thc hin mt cch t ng bi cc giao thc SS7. OMAP hon ton p ng ba yu cu chnh ca cc giao thc SS7 v mng bo hiu kt hp. N cung cp mt giao din gia nh khai thc v mng bng cch s dng cc khi nim chun c nh ngha bi cc khuyn ngh v qun l mng vin thng ca ITU T. N cung cp phng tin chun ha cch tip cn ti ton b mng vin thng (bao gm cc knh mang v cc mng khc). iu ny c ngha l cc i tng c qun l bi OMAP ph hp vi cc i tng c nh ngha qun l bi ITU T. OMAP thc hin vic iu khin nhng i tng ny bng cch s dng mt C s thng tin qun l TMN (TMN MIB), thng qua mt giao din cha xc nh. Mi mc giao thc cha mt s Thc th qun l lp (LME) m cc i tng c qun l t . OMAP m rng cc chc nng qun l t ng ca cc giao thc SS7 thnh mt h thng duy nht trn ton th gii. OMAP cho php qun l li v hiu nng, qun l cu hnh li, gim st hiu nng mng v s thnh cng ca cc th tc qun l t ng ca SS7. OMAP cng cho php ngi iu hnh c th ch ng can thip tm dng hot ng mng bo dng. OMAP hot ng thng qua 3 chc nng l: kim tra tnh hp l nh tuyn MTP, kim tra tnh hp l nh tuyn SCCP, kim tra tnh hp l knh. Nhng kim tra ny v mt khi nim thuc v Ngi s dng thnh phn ng dng OMAP (OMASE) ca OMAP. OMASE thng tin vi SCCP v MTP thng qua OMASE c bit v ASE, TC chung.

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5.4. V d v thit lp cuc gi n gin s dng h thng bo hiu s 7 Chng ta xem xt mt th tc gi cho mt cuc gi t mt thu bao ca tng i A ti mt thu bao ca tng i B v qua thy c vai tr ca mng bo hiu s 7.
STP W
14 3. . R IA EL M

STP X
LC .R 1 6 A NM . 11 CM A 7.
14 . 4 . REL IA M

B chuyn mch A

M 8. A C M . AN 12 LC 17. R

B chuyn mch B

Voice Trunk Signaling Link Subscriber Line

Hnh 4.11. V d thit lp cuc gi n gin s dng SS 7

1. Tng i A phn tch cc con s c quay v xc nh rng n cn phi chuyn cuc gi n tng i B 2. Tng i A chn mt knh trung k ri gia n v tng i B v to mt bn tin a ch khi u IMA bn tin c bn u tin thit lp mt cuc gi. IMA c a ch l tng i B. N xc nh tng i khi to (tng i A), tng i nhn (tng i B), trung k c chn, s b gi v s ch gi cng nh l cc thng tin khc. 3. Tng i A chn mt trong nhng tuyn bo hiu loi A ca n (v d AW) v truyn bn tin qua tuyn bo hiu nh tuyn n tng i B. 4. STP W nhn bn tin, c nhn nh tuyn, v xc nh rng bn tin c nh tuyn n tng i B. N chuyn tip bn tin trn tuyn bo hiu WB n B. 5. Tng i B nhn bn tin. Nh phn tch bn tin, n xc nh rng thu bao b gi nm trong s phc v ca n v thu bao b gi ang ri. 6. Tng i B to mt bn tin hon thnh a ch ACM ch ra rng IAM n c a ch thch hp. Bn tin xc nh tng i nhn (tng i A), tng i gi (tng i B) v trung k c chn. 7. Tng i B chn mt trong nhng tuyn bo hiu loi A ca n (v d l BX) v truyn bn tin ACM qua tuyn nh tuyn n tng i A. Cng mt thi im, n hon thnh ng i cho cuc gi hng ngc li (hng

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v tng i A), gi hi m chung qua trung k n A, v gi tn hiu chung cho ng dy thu bao b gi. 8. STP X nhn bn tin, c nhn nh tuyn ca n v xc nh rng bn tin c gi n tng i A. N chuyn tip bn tin trn tuyn XA. 9. Khi nhn c ACM, tng i A kt ni ng dy thu bao ch gi ti trung k c chn theo hng ngc li ( ngi gi c th nghe thy tn hiu hi m chung c gi t tng i B). 10. Khi thu bao ch gi nhc my, tng i B to mt bn tin tr li ANM, xc nh tng i nhn (A), tng i gi (B) v trung k c chn. 11. Tng i B chn tuyn bo hiu dng gi bn tin ACM (tuyn BX) gi bn tin ANM. Ti thi im ny, trung k cng phi c kt ni ti ng dy b gi theo c hai hng ( cho php hi thoi). 12. STP X nhn dng bn tin ANM, xc nh a ch tng i nhn l tng i A v chuyn tip n qua tuyn bo hiu XA. 13. Tng i A m bo chc chn rng thu bao ch gi c kt ni vi trung k c hai hng v cuc m thoi c th c thc hin. 14. Nu nh thu bao ch gi h my trc (sau khi hi thoi), tng i A s to mt bn tin gii phng REL c a ch l tng i B, xc nh trung k phc v cuc gi. N gi bn tin ny i qua tuyn bo hiu AW. 15. STP W nhn bn tin REL, xc nh a ch ca n l tng i B, v chuyn tip n bng tuyn bo hiu B. 16. Tng i B nhn bn tin REL, ngt kt ni trung k khi ng thu bao, tr li trung k v trng thi ri, to mt bn tin hon ton gii phng RLC c a ch l tng i A, v truyn n trn tuyn bo hiu BX. RLC cng ch r trung k c s dng phc v cuc gi. 17. STP X nhn bn tin RLC, xc nh a ch tng i nhn (A) v chuyn bn tin i qua tuyn XA. 18. Khi nhn c bn tin RLC, tng i A a trung k c ch ra v trng thi ri, sn sng phc v cuc gi mi. 5.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i H thng bo hiu c s dng nh mt ngn ng cho 2 thit b trong h thng chuyn mch trao i vi nhau thit lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi. Ging nh bt k ngn ng no, chng cng c t vng vi nhng chiu di khc nhau v chnh xc khc nhau. Tc l cc bo hiu cng c th thay i v kch thc v dng c php ca n theo cc quy lut ghp ni v to thng tin bo hiu. X l bo hiu trong tng i l s x l cc dng tn hiu bo hiu thu bao v tng i trn cc ng dy thu bao v trung k trong tng i. Bo hiu trong tng i
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in thoi bao gm khng ch l bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao v bo hiu lin i m cn mang cc thng tin v trng thi cuc gi bng cc tones v cc bn tin thng bo khc

Hnh 4.12. Tng quan x l bo hiu trong tng i

Nh vy, ta thy rng qu trnh x l bo hiu bao gm cc phn chnh sau: - nh tuyn trong tng i. - Cc b thu pht bo hiu. - To tones v cc bn tin thng bo. 5.5.1. S nh tuyn trong tng i Bo hiu tng i - thu bao: Trong tng i SPC c kh nng cho php hai loi thu bao tng t v thu bao s ng vi mi loi, ta c cc tn hiu, phng php nh tuyn khc nhau. o Thu bao tng t: Trn mng in thoi hin nay, v l do kinh t thng s dng thu bao tng t. S nh tuyn thu bao tng t nh hnh di y. S nh tuyn gm hai thnh phn bo hiu: - Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy (gim st): mang trng thi ca mch in. - Tn hiu bo hiu a ch (chn s): ch th s thu bao b gi.

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Hnh 4.13. nh tuyn bo hiu ca thu bao tng t n thit b thu tng ng

Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c nhim v gim st mch in ng dy thu bao. Vi cc thu bao tng t, dng tn hiu ny dng LD (ct mch vng). Tn hiu bo hiu chn s (a ch) c th c thu bao pht bng 2 cch: LD hoc MF (m a tn). i vi in thoi dng a quay s, c bo hiu ng dy v chn s u c thc hin theo kiu ct mch vng (Loop disconnection). Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny c tch ra t ng dy thu bao bi SLTU. Sau , chng c thu thp ti khi iu khin SLTU bin i t trng thi LD sang cc tn hiu trng thi v ch s a ch ri gi n h thng iu khin taeng i x l v t a ra nhng thao tc thch hp. i vi in thoi n phm, tn hiu ng dy c tin hnh theo kiu LD cn tn hiu chn s theo kiu MF. Nh vy, tn hiu ng dy c tch ra khi SLTU v qua b SLTU n h thng iu khin tng i nh in thoi a quay s. S truy cp n b thu MF thng thng qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. B thu MF c th dng chung cho 1 s ln ng dy thu bao vi mc ch gim chi ph thit b. o Thu bao s: y l s nh tuyn bo hiu n 2 kiu thu bao s ISDN v ISPBX trn s truy cp ng dy s cp v th cp. Trong s truy cp s cp, 1 knh bo hiu 16Kbps kt hp vi 2 knh giao thng 64Kbps to thnh tc 144kbps dng (2B+D) cho mi hng. Knh bo hiu mang thng tin bo hiu ng dy v chn s cho c 2 knh giao thng nh thng tin x l cuc gi v cc thng tin bo dng. Trong s truy cp th cp bao gm 1 ng dn 2Mbps t 1 ISPBX, 1 knh bo hiu knh chung tc 64kbps cho 30 knh giao thng 64Kbps c mang trong TS16.

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Hnh 5.14. nh tuyn ca thu bao s

Bo hiu lin tng i: Cc h thng bo hiu khc nhau trn cc ng trung k c nh tuyn n cc b thu pht bo hiu tng ng c thc hin nh b chuyn i tn hiu hoc kt hp trong ATTU (Analogue Trunk Terminalting Unit) cho cc kiu bo hiu LD, DC v 1VF. H thng bo hiu 1VF l h thng bo hiu n tn trong bng, n c th l bo hiu ng dy hoc bo hiu a ch (nhng ch yu l ng dy). S chuyn i bo hiu trong bng sang dng thch hp a n cc b thu pht bo hiu (thng l CAS) c th c thc hin bi mt thit b kt hp mi li vo tng t n 1 ATTU hoc s dng mt n v n gin m n tch cc tones t dng s 2Mbps. Phng thc th 2 thng c s dng nhiu hn v tnh kinh t ca n. B chuyn i thc hin chia mt li vo 2Mbps cha 30 knh vi m bo hiu n tn 1VF thnh li ra 2Mbps vi bo hiu mang trong TS16. Thit b do phi c kh nng tm kim s xut hin ca cc tones c m ha s (v d 2280). iu ny c thc hin bi k thut lc s. i vi hng ngc li, thit b chuyn i cc bits CAS trong TS16 thnh cc tones tng ng chn vo lung 2Mbps. Bo hiu MF c nh tuyn trn c s call-by-call qua khi chuyn mch nhm t ng dy ang gi n b thu pht MF bng ni kt thi gian gi ngn (short-holding-time). Ni kt thi gian gi ngn l mt ni kt trong thi gian rt ngn thng vi mc ch thu nhn cc ch s a ch, ni kt ny c gii phng ngay sau khi tn hiu a ch kt thc. Lc ny mt ng dn thoi c thit lp qua trng chuyn mch n li ra yu cu. Ty theo phng thc truyn thng tin bo hiu m c phng php bin i khc nhau. truy nhp ti b thu pht bo hiu CAS l cc ng ni bn c nh. Cn cc ng ni ti cc b thu pht MF l cc tuyn c nh thc hin nguyn tc trao i gia cc khe thi gian TS16 vi nhau v ni dung cc TS ny c cha thng tin bo hiu. i vi bo hiu knh
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chung, thng tin bo hiu c cha trong cc TS16 ca cc lung 2Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht CCS qua ng ni bn vnh vin (semi-permanent) qua trng chuyn mch. Ni kt ny cho php cc khe thi gian t lung 2Mbps truy cp n CCS S/R qua 1 cng 2Mbps. Ni kt ny l bn vnh vin v n duy tr trong mt thi gian di (c th l vi nm) cho n khi c s c hoc c s thay i ln trong tng i th h thng iu khin s thit lp tr li.

H nh 5.15. nh tuyn bo hiu vi cc ng trung k 5.5.2. Cc b thu pht bo hiu

Thu pht MF

nh tuyn bo hiu MF t thu bao hoc cc ng trung k ti b thu pht MF, yu cu mi b thu pht cn phi giao tip vi 30 knh thoi v s b thu pht yu cu ph thuc vo tc s dng v thi gian chim dng ca mi cuc gi. i vi bo hiu thu bao, mt ng dn n hng c thit lp qua b tp trung thu bao gia SLTU ang gi v 1 khe thi gian ri trong ng cao tc ti b thu pht MF, trong khi tone mi quay s c a n thu bao qua 1 ng thoi n hng khc qua b tp trung. n vTH MF phi c kh nng xc nhn c ch s u trong tone mi quay s. Khi cc s quay l y , h thng iu khin tng i s gii phng ng dn qua b

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tp trung thu bao ny. Khe thi gian trong ng cao tc lc ny l ri v c th c s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Qu trnh bo hiu lin i cng din ra tng t. B thu pht MF c th s dng k thut tng t hoc k thut s. B thu pht MF dng tng t: Phng php ny s dng nhiu trong cc tng i th h u v tnh kinh t cao. 30 b thu pht MF c ni v bin i ti PMUX (MUX th cp) to ra lung s 2,048Mbps theo cu trc khung. Trong , TS0 chc tn hiu ng b khung v TS16 bo hiu cho cc knh cn li.

Hnh 4.16. Cc b thu MF tng t

B thu pht bo hiu MF dng s: B thu lm vic theo nguyn tc phn chia theo thi gian cho mt s knh ( y l 4). Cc s thu c t mi knh qua b thu n n v iu khin, , chng c nh dng vo trong mt bn tin ri gi n h thng iu khin taeng i. B pht MF th lm vic mt cch n gin hn, mnh n c s dng cho tt c cc knh thoi v trong TS16 ca lung 2Mbps.

Hnh 4.17. Cc b thu MF s

Vi kiu thu pht MF s, ch cn 8 b thu MF cho 30 knh u vo v mt b pht cho tt c cc knh. B thu MF s da trn c s b lc s. Yu cu kh nng nhn bit v phn tch 2 tone t mt t hp a tn (2 tn s), b qua cc tn hiu
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ngoi bng tn 4Khz xc nh c cc tn hiu bo hiu khc nhau suy ra ngha ca n. Sau , b thu s tm ra tn hiu c t hp tn s tng ng gi n b iu khin thu pht MF a n h thng iu khin tng i c nhng x l thch hp. B pht MF c th thc hin bng cc t hp tn s c m ha v lu tr trong ROM v c c ra cc ng vo thi im thch hp. 5.5.3. Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo
a. S nh tuyn tones v cc bn tin thng bo:

Tng i cn phi bo cho thu bao v trng thi cuc gi cng nh cc tin trnh ca n t khi bt u n khi kt thc. Tc l mt thu bao bnh thng mun trao i thng tin th phi c p ng m xc nhn yu cu hoc yu cu khng c chp thun v nhiu m khc nhau trong tin trnh x l cuc gi nh thng bo, tr gip... Thng thng, thng tin trng thi c th nghe thy c dng tones hoc li thoi thng bo. Do , mi thu bao cng nh cc ng trung k v cc n v khc thuc tng i phi c truy nhp n cc b to tone v thng bo.

Hnh 4.18. S nh tuyn cho Tone v bn tin thng bo

t hiu qu kinh t v k thut cho vic phn phi cc m bo n tng thu bao, cn phi phn loi theo chc nng ca tng dng m m phn b v tr ca cc b to m. V d: cc tnh trng thng thng c bo hiu bng cc tones, cn cc trng hp c bit th bng cc bn tin. Trong tng i SPC, cc b m bo thng c phn b ti cc b tp trung thu bao theo phng php 1 ng phn b ti nhiu ng. Cn b lu tr bn tin thng bo c phn b ti khi chuyn mch chnh, v cc bn tin ny mang tnh cht dch v, t lin quan n tin trnh x l cuc gi. Vic nh tuyn cho cc m bo ti cc thu bao c thc hin bng lung s PCM. Nh vy, ti u ra ca thit b to m l cc tn hiu s, mi 1 m bo khc nhau c cha trong mt TS ring v n c qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao hay khi chuyn mch nhm nh qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu thai. S khc bit y l tn hiu t b to m phi m bo v ln n thc hin chuyn mch ti nhiu u ra c yu cu cng lc. Vi cc bn tin thng bo, thng thng n c truy cp ti khe thi gian trung gian ca khi chuyn mch chnh v c thc hin chuyn mch nh tn hiu thai.
b. Cc tones x l cuc gi 140

Trong tng i s, c hai cch to tones x l cuc gi a vo ng dn thai, l: - Pht lin tc cc tones dng tng t, ri sau a qua b chuyn i A/D. - Pht lin lc cc tn hiu s tng ng vi cc tones bo hiu khc nhau. Phng thc u tin c s dng cho cc h tng i trc y v n khai thc thit b to tones trong tng i tng t m cha thay bng k thut s c. S lai tp gia cc b pht tones c-in t trong taeng i in t s gy nn s cng knh v kch thc v km hiu qu v mt kinh t. Khi k thut s l pht trin th phng thc th 2 c s dng nhiu hn vi cc tnh nng cao hn. Cc b to tones phc v cho chuyn mch tp trung thu bao c yu cu trong thi gian u trc thit lp cuc gi, cn b to tone phc v chuyn mch nhm dng mang p ng ca thu bao trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi.
c. B to tone v cc bn tin thng bo

Dng k thut tng t: C nhiu loi cu trc b to tone. Vi cc tng i analog th ta c cc b to tone analog vi cu trc n gin l cc b to dao ng vi cc mch iu khin ngt nhp khc nhau nh rle hoc cc cng in t. Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny phi c chuyn i sang dng s chn vo cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn PCM a n cc u cui qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im: Kch thc ln, cng knh, khng kinh t, khng c tin cy cao.

Hnh 5.19. S dng k thut tng t

Dng k thut s: o To tones: i vi tng i SPC hin nay th cc b to m thng l b to tone s. Cc b to tone ny c kh nng cho ra nhiu loi tone khc nhau. Vic phn bit cho cc loi tone ny cho tin trnh x l cuc gi c thc hin bng cch thit lp cc di ngt nhp khc nhau cho cc tone. Cu trc ny ph thuc vo cch qun l khc nhau. Cc phn t b
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to tone s bao gm: Cc b nh ROM dng lu tr cc loi tone tng ng bng cc tn hiu s, mch iu khin tone theo chu k, b iu khin c ROM v cc thit b iu khin khc. Cc b nh ROM lu cc loi tones tng ng m ha v c ra vi a ch do bm chu k xc nh. Thi im pht tones qua trng chuyn mch do n v iu khin iu khin b SELECTOR. B SELECTOR bao gm cc b ghp knh logic s m chuyn mch gia li vo v li ra ph thuc vo a ch c cung cp bi n v iu khin. Nh vy, cc tones khc nhau c s ha (vi tn s ly mu l 8Khz) v np vo ROM, sau c c ra thi im thch hp theo yu cu ca thu bao. i vi tn hiu c chu k th ch cn np vo chu k l . i vi tn hiu khng c chu k th phi np tt c tn hiu . iu ny lm gim dung lng ca ROM, do , tnh kinh t phng pht ny rt cao.

Hnh 5.20. S b to m bo s

To cc bn tin thng bo: Mt trong kh nng cung cp dch v ca tng i SPC l vic cung cp cc bn tin thng bo vi nhng ni dung mang tnh cht thng bo ch dn Cc bn tin thng bo c lu tr trong cc thit b bng t, a t, b nh sao cho kh nng truy cp c d dng. Trn thc t c hai phng php lu tr sau: - Phng php 1: Tt c cc bn tin c s ha vi tng bit nh phn v ghi vo thit b lu tr. - Phng php 2 : Kiu ca bn tin thng bo c dng cc cu, cc t hp ch ci c chung nht mt m tit, cc t vng chung c ghi vo vi mch ROM, RAM truy xut theo mt a ch thch hp. Phng php 1 n gin nhng tn km v khng gian b nh, phng php 2 kinh t hn, nhng vn iu khin li phc tp hn rt nhiu. Cc bn tin c
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nh th c th lu vo trong ROM, cn cc bn tin c th thay i hoc cc dch v mi th thng c lu vo RAM tng tnh linh hat, thun tin trong vic sa i b sung.

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CHNG VI TNG I K THUT S SPC 6.1. Gii thiu v tng i SPC (Stored Program Control) Tng i in t SPC (Store Program Controller ) l tng i c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn trong b nh chng trnh iu khin lu tr. Ngi ta dng b vi x l iu khin mt lng ln cng vic mt cch nhanh chng bng phn mm x l c ci sn trong b nh chng trnh. Phn d liu ca tng i - nh s liu thu bao, bng phin dch, x l a ch thu bao, thng tin nh tuyn, tnh cc - c ghi sn trong b nh s liu. Nguyn l chuyn mch nh trn gi l chuyn mch c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn SPC. Tng i SPC vn hnh rt linh hot, d b sung v sa cha. Do cc chng trnh v s liu c ghi trong b nh c th thay i theo yu cu ca ngi qun l mng. Vi tnh nng nh vy, tng i SPC d dng iu hnh hot ng nhanh tho mn theo nhu cu ca thu bao, cung cp cho thu bao nhiu dch v. Trong tng i in t s cng vic o th trng thi lm vic ca cc thit b bn trong cng nh cc tham s ng dy thu bao v trung k c tin hnh t ng v thng k. Cc kt qu o th v pht hin s c c in ra tc thi hoc hn gi nn thun li cho cng vic bo dng nh k. Thit b chuyn mch ca tng i SPC lm vic theo phng thc tip thng tng phn. iu ny dn n tn ti cc trng chuyn mch c cu to theo phng thc tip thng nn hon ton khng gy ra tn tht dn n qu trnh khai thc cng khng tn tht. Tng i in t s x l n gin vi cc s c v chng c cu trc theo cc phin mch in lin kt kiu cm. Khi mt phin mch in c li th n c t ng pht hin nh chng trnh bo dng v chun on. 6.1.1. Nhim v ca tng i SPC Bo hiu : Trao i bo hiu vi mng bn ngoi, bao gm mng cc ng dy thu bao v mng cc ng dy trung k u ni vi cc tng i khc. X l bo hiu v iu khin cc thao tc chuyn mch : C nhim v nhn thng tin bo hiu t mng ng dy thu bao v cc ng trung k x l, pht ra cc thng tin iu khin iu khin thit b chuyn mch v cc thit b ph tr khc to tuyn kt ni, cp cc ng bo hiu n thu bao. Tnh cc : Chc nng ny tnh cc cho ph hp vi tng loi cuc gi, c ly... sau khi cuc gi kt thc. 6.1.2. u im ca tng i SPC
Tnh linh hot 144

Cc tng i SPC c tnh linh hot mc cao th hin kha cnh tc dng lu di v tc dng trc tip Kha cnh tc dng lu di: Trong tng giai on pht trin ca h thng chuyn mch, mt lot chng trnh c th to ra cho php h tr cc nhu cu dch v v qun l. S hiu chnh phn mm p ng ngy cng a dng v dch v lm cho h thng khng tr ln lc hu theo thi gian. Nh vy cc phn mm c bn m bo cho h thng hot ng p ng cc dch v truyn thng v nhu cu hin ti, c xem xt kh nng thay i khi cn nng cp ch cn ci tin i cht v phn mm hoc a ra cc th tc mi m khng cn phi thay i cu trc phn cng. Ngha l, cu trc phn cng ca tng i SPC cng vi phn mm iu khin ban u ca n c thit k theo khuynh hng module ha ph hp vi chin lc m rng c v dung lng v kh nng dch v. Kha cnh tc dng trc tip: th hin kh nng thay i nhanh chng bng c s d liu c th thch ng vi iu kin thay i trng thi ca mng, ngha l kh nng thch nghi ca h thng vi tng trng thi mng khi c cc bin c. V d: Khi c mt tc nghn ti mt nt mng no hoc trn tuyn truyn dn c c cc php chn tuyn ti u. Hoc l i vi thu bao, d dng thay i dch v ca tng thu bao bng vic thay i c s d liu ca n theo yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Cc tin ch cho thu bao

Cc tng i SPC cung cp cho thu bao nhiu tin ch hn, r hn v d dng hn so vi cc tng i khc. Cc tin ch ny c phn phi bi h thng qun l v theo tnh nng ty chn ca thu bao. Cc tin ch bao gm: Short-code dialling (dch v quay s tt t b nh ca tng i): Cc a ch thng gi c nh trc vo b nh ca tng i vi m tng ng no . Khi cn gi, thu bao ch cn chn m rt gn th a ch nh c t ng gi ra. Call transfer (dch v chuyn cuc gi): Cc cuc gi n mt s in thoi no c chuyn hng ti mt s in thoi khc mt cch t ng Ring back when free: Tng i c yu cu thit lp kt ni n mt thu bao in thoi ang bn cng sm cng tt ngay khi n kt thc m thoi. Automatic alarm call: Tng i t ng pht tn hiu cnh bo ti thi im t trc. V d nh bo thc Outgoing and incoming call baring: Cho php cc ch thu bao c th hn ch cc cuc gi ti v gi i Itemised billing: Cung cp cc ha n lit k chi tit cc cuc gi v s tin phi tr
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 Malicious-call tracing: Cc thu bao hoc cc c quan c thm quyn c bit v ngun gc ca cuc gi quy ri.
Tin ch qun tr

Tng i SPC cung cp mt di rng ln cc tin ch qun l, nhng cng vic m trc kia l t tin hoc tn nhiu cng sc. Mt s tin ch qun l l: iu khin cc tin ch thu bao: Cho php thay i danh sch cc tin ch sn c ca thu bao. Thay i nh tuyn: Khi c cc vn v tc nghn tm thi hoc thay i lu di k hoch nh tuyn Thay i s ca thu bao v cc m trung k Xut cc thng tin thng k qun l tng i: Nh d liu v cuc gi thnh cng, cc chi tit v tc nghn trn cc tuyn Cc cng c bo tr: Bao gm kim th, ghi kt qu t ng, x l cc cnh bo. Vic dng cc chuyn mch s trong cc tng i SPC lm tng thm nhng u im sau: Tc thit lp cuc gi: c ci thin ng k do c s tng thch v dng v p gia phn iu khin v phn t chuyn mch, cng vi c tnh khng nghn mch ca cc chuyn mch s cho php thit k mng chuyn mch gn nh, tit kim v kh thng cao. Ngoi ra, nu cuc gi ang tin hnh b gin on bi mt l do no th c gng ti thit lp cuc gi c th c thc hin m khng gy ra s cm nhn cho ngi s dng Cc chuyn mch s c kch thc rt nh nhng tch hp li rt cao nn kh nng chuyn mch rt ln li p dng k thut ghp knh theo thi gian nn hiu sut s dng cao t gim c khng gian ca phn thit b chuyn mch v kch thc chung ca tng i. tin cy cao v d bo tr: Do khng c cc phn t c in nn trong hot ng ca tng i loi tr c cc hng hc, sai st c kh. Kch thc ca cc linh kin li gn nh nn cho php p dng cc bin php d phng m bo thay th t ng khi c sai st, s c. Cc mch chc nng c ch to di dng module c kim sot bng cc chng trnh chun on, cnh bo hng hc, cung cp kh nng t bo hnh v cung cp thng tin y cho vic sa cha bo tr. Ngoi ra cc tng i SPC cn cung cp kh nng qun l v bo dng t xa. Cht lng cuc ni: Kt hp chuyn mch s v truyn dn s cho php ci thin c bn cht lng cuc ni bi cc l do: truyn dn s trnh c suy hao tn hiu gc, loi tr cc tn hiu nhiu, tp m, trnh c tp m tch ly. T m cht lng cuc gi ng di v cuc gi ni ht khng c s khc bit.
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 Kh nng cung cp cc dch v phi thoi: Cc loi dch v phi thoi nh video, fax, telexc s ha c th c truyn v chuyn mch trong cng mng vi tn hiu thoi. Gi c: Nhn chung th gi u t thit b chuyn mch, nng cp h thng tit kim hn Thi gian lp t nhanh chng 6.2. S khi tng qut ca tng i SPC

a. Khi nim Tng i in t SPC (Stored Program Control) l tng i in t m cc hot ng ca n da trn nguyn l iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn. Cc chc nng iu khin vic thit lp, duy tr v gii phng kt ni cng nh nhng cng vic lin quan u khai thc qun l v bo dng u theo mt chng trnh c lp v lu tr sn ti cc b nh ca h thng iu khin ca tng i. H thng iu khin tng i c v nh mt my tnh nng lc v thng minh. Nhng chng trnh iu khin v cc s liu cn x l c lu tr ti cc b nh thch hp, b nh trong hay b nh ngoi. Cc chng trnh ny do nh ch to lp sn, c trng cho mi loi tng i, nn n nh hng ln n ch tiu kinh t v k thut ca tng i. * Do tng i hot ng theo chng trnh nn cc chng trnh iu khin cn phi m bo cc yu cu. - Chng trnh phi m bo tt c cc chc nng iu khin cn thit. - Chng trnh phi tun th v thi gian thc. - Chng trnh phi c an ton cao trong qu trnh thc hin cc thao tc qun l bo dng. - Chng trnh phi m rng c khi cn c s thay i cn thit. - Chng trnh phi c thc t ho, d s dng. b. Gii thiu chung v tng i SPC T khi nim trn m cc tng i in t SPC c kt hp t 2 phn chnh. Phn cng (Hard Ware) . - Thit b kt cui (thu bao trung k ). - Mng chuyn mch (Chuyn mch khng gian, thi gian). - H thng iu khin (Mp, b nh, Bus).
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- Giao tip bo hiu (B to, phn phi bo hiu). - Giao tip ngi my (bn phm, mn hnh, my tnh ). Phn mm (Software). i vi tng di in t SPC ngoi cu trc phn cng l khung, gi, bng mch, cp ni v cc thit b ph tr khc th mt phn khng th thiu quyt nh vic iu khin hot ng tng i mang tn SPC l chnh phn mm. Phn mm c hiu gm: Chng trnh v s liu - Chng trnh: c cc nh ch to vit sn vi cc ngn ng bc cao gm cc tp lnh iu khin vit bng ngn ng my v lu vo cc b nh ROM. - S liu (s liu) gm: Cc s liu v h thng, thu bao, trung k, thng k, tnh cc... c. Cc c tnh c bn ca tng i in t Chc nng chuyn mch Cc bi ton phn tch bin dch, to tuyn cuc gi v cc dch v c bit u thc hin bng chng trnh ghi sn. Qua mi bc x l gi s nhn mt s quyt nh tng ng a ti cc thit b x l iu khin tng ng. Tnh linh hot Vic thay i s liu, phng thc to tuyn, dch v cho thu bao c thc hin bng lnh trao i ngi my, khng cn can thip phn cng nn tnh linh hot cao, nh d dng trong vic tng dung lng, hot ng ca tng i c th thay i mt cch nhanh chng theo cc iu kin mng. tip thng Kh nng tip thng ca chuyn mch l hon ton (Non-Blocking). Cc dch v thu bao C kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v c bit cho thu bao v s dng d dng. Tc chuyn mch Tc chuyn mch nhanh: Ch cn vi s/thao tc do kh nng u ni ln . tin cy tin cy cao cc chc nng quan trng ca h thng u hot ng ch d phng. Thch ng vi ng dng bo hiu knh chung CCS
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Cung cp kh nng lin lc nhanh chng gia cc h thng iu khin ca cc tng i. Thi gian to mt cuc ni rt ngn. CCS cho php mt s cc dch v thu bao c m rng. Vn hnh khai thc bo dng Vn hnh qun l thc hin d dng bng vic s dng lnh giao tip . d. S khi v chc nng cc khi . S khi
Khi kt cui Khi chuyn mch

ng thu bao Analog

Khi kt cui thu bao Mch kt cui thu bao Analog

Thu DTMF Tp trung thu bao

Ti iu khin trung tm

MUX/DMUX

ng thu bao Digital

Mch kt cui thu bao Digital

RG Mch kt cui Trung k Analog

TGD

SW

ng trung k Analog

ng trung k Digital

Mch kt cui Trung k Digital

Tp trung trung k

Khi kt cui trung k

TGD

Khi bo hiu

Thit b bo hiu knh chung CCS

Thit b bo hiu knh ring CAS

iu khin trung k

iu khin thu bao

iu khin chuyn mch

BUS

iu khin trung tm

Vn hnh bo dng

Hnh 1.1: S khi tng i SPC 149

Chc nng cc khi Hin nay tuy c nhiu tng i SPC khc nhau nhng u m bo da trn cu trc chc nng c bn vi cc khi sau.
Khi kt cui (TU: Terminated Unit): Giao tip kt ni gia thu

bao, trung k vi tng i, bao gm. Khi kt cui thu bao Mch kt cui thu bao Analog: Mi thu bao Analog kt ni vi tng i thng qua mt mch giao tip ng dy thu bao Analog thc hin chc nng cp ngun, bo v qu p, cp chung, gim st, m ho - gii m, bin i 2-4 dy, o kim,. c gi tt l 7 chc nng BORSCHT. Mch kt cui thu bao s: Chng c thc hin thng qua cc i cp phn phi in thoi c sn di dng truy cp c bn ca mng s lin kt a dch v ISDN, n c kh nng h tr mt lot cc dch v phi thoi (non-voice) cng nh dch v in thoi thng thng, nn cc chc nng BORSCHT khng nm ton b trn mch kt cui thu bao SLTU, cc mch ti c tch ra: B T O mch SLTU, H C mch NTU, S R mch TA. Khi ghp / tch knh (MUX/DMUX) - Khi ghp knh (MUX) ghp cc tn hiu thoi ca tng knh dng s thnh lung s, nhm nng cao hiu sut s dng ng s (PCM) ti khi tp trung thu bao v ngc li. - Trong thc t ngi ta thng t chc (mi ngn 128 hoc 256 line) u vi mt vi b MUX, a ra 1 hay nhiu ng PCM u n b tp trung. + Khi tp trung thu bao: Tp trung cc lung tn hiu s c mt lu lng thp ti u vo thnh mt s t cc lung PCM c mt cao hn u ra nhm mc ch nng cao hiu sut s dng cc ng PCM gia b tp trung v trng chuyn mch . - Ngoi ra cn thc hin chc nng thit lp tuyn ni cc thit b ph tr. Cp m bo (TGD) thu xung a tn. thc hin cc chc nng trn cu trc b tp trung thu bao gm trng chuyn mch T, ghp / tch knh, B suy hao. + Thit b to m bo (TGD): c cu to cc vi mch nh EPROM. Mi vng nh cha mt thng tin v m bo c s ho. m mi quay s, HC, bo bn, tc nghn...

- Thit b TGD c kt ni vi b tp trung bng ng PCM theo s sp xp b iu khin c ngn nh thch hp vo thi im thch hp . - Trong qu trnh x l gi cn cp mt m bo no cho thu bao b iu khin ch iu khin kt ni gia khe thi gian dnh cho thu bao v khe thi gian c cha m bo qua chuyn mch ni b ca b tp trung thu bao. + Thu xung a tn (DTMF): u ni vi b tp trung thu bao qua ng PCM thc hin chc nng thu xung a tn t thu bao trung tm, sau chuyn cc thng tin a ch thu c cho iu khin trung tm. S lng cc b thu MF c tnh ton sao cho p ng nhu cu s dng ca thu bao . + To chung (RG): To tn hiu chung xoay chiu tn s thp, in p cao cung cp cho mch thu bao bo c cuc gi n. Khi kt cui trung k : Giao tip kt ni cc tuyn trung k vi tng i. + Kt cui trung k s: Giao tip gia ng trung k s vi tng i, thc hin cc chc nng phi hp bin i m ng truyn, thu pht x l bo hiu lin i c tm tt 8 chc nng GAZPACHO. + Kt cui trung k Analog: Giao tip gia ng trung k analog vi tng i, c bn thc hin cc chc nng ging mch kt cui thu bao Analog (tr chc nng cp chung) c b xung bo hiu lin i. + Khi tp trung trung k: Tp trung tt c cc ng trung k c u vi tng i, a ra lung s tng ng a n khi CM. H thng bo hiu chuyn thng tin v cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny lin quan n vic thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi, bo hiu c chia lm 2 loi: Bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i (bo hiu trung k). Bo hiu thu bao l bo hiu gia thu bao vi tng i. Bo hiu lin tng i l bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau, v gm 2 loi l bo hiu knh ring (CAS) v bo hiu knh chung (CCS). Khi chuyn mch Chc nng: Thit lp tuyn ni gia mt u vo bt k ti mt u ra bt k. truyn dn tn hiu thoi v cc tn hiu lin quan khc, vi tin cy l cao nht. Yu cu: Trng chuyn mch phi c tip thng hon ton. Cu trc: tng i SPC tn ti 2 h thng chuyn mch s

- Trng chuyn mch thi gian tn hiu s (T). - Trng chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu s (S). nng cao tip thng ngi ta dng kt hp gia chuyn mch thi gian v khng gian. H thng iu khin Chc nng: iu khin ton b mi hot ng ca tng i nh. - iu khin x l ngoi vi (Thu bao, trung k, bo hiu). - i khin x l gi (X l bin dch, to tuyn, gii phng tuyn, tnh cc) cho cc cuc gi. X l vn hnh bo dng. m bo h thng hot ng tin cy trong thi gian di. Cu trc: H thng iu khin tng i SPC c v nh h thng mt hay nhiu my tnh (tu theo cu hnh tng i), ngi ta s dng h thng mt b x l iu khin tp trung (Ton b tng i). Hay s dng nhiu b x l iu khin phn tn (Chia cng vic x l cho cc khi iu khin chc nng ring). Cc b x l lm vic theo cc chng trnh c phn cng c th. Khi vn hnh v bo dng Chc nng: Qun l, khai thc v bo dng ton b h thng. - Qun l: D liu v tnh trng hot ng ca thu bao, trung k, h thng, cnh bo, cc... - Khai thc h thng: Thay i/khi to h thng, backup d liu vi cc thit b nh ngoi nh a, bng t, ngoi ra c th thay i chng trnh ng dng khi cn thit. - Bo dng: o kim cht lng ng dy, mch ng dy thu bao, trung k Theo di cnh bo, x l cc thng tin cnh bo, x l cc s c thng thng. Cu trc - Cc b x l trao i thng tin lnh, bn tin lnh, bn tin cnh bo, truyn d liu vi thit b nh ngoi. - Cc thit b nh ( a cng, bng t) cc panel cnh bo, thit b giao din ngi my (my tnh, my in, mn hnh, bn phm, con chut, - Cc thit b o th v cc dung c khc. Yu cu: D khai thc, trao i, thng tin d c, d hiu