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Sir Ebenezer Howard - Garden Cities The garden city philosophy is a method of urban planning that was initiated during 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, selfcontained, communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Howard published his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform during 1898 (which was reissued during 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow). His idealized garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6000 acres (2400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it had full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of THE THREE MAGNETS 50,000 people, linked by road and rail.
THE PEOPLE Where will they go?
This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and high wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). Howard illustrated the idea with his "Three Magnets" diagram. His ideas were conceived for the context of a capitalist economic
Lack of drainage. Abundance of water. Lack of amusement. Bright sunshine. No public spirit. Need for reform. Crowded dwellings. Deserted villages.
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In this concept, people can access easily through the rails and roads. Furthermore,
connections between towns for both people and goods can be by rail, the rapid transport of his day. The distance between the railway station and the town center will to be about one kilometer or a ten-minute walk. The time taken to cross from one side of the town to the other is about twenty to thirty- minute walk In Garden City concept, Howard has helped to reduce the need for movement in a number
of ways. Schools are located at the nucleus of residential wards. Each ward was large enough to be a complete segment of the town, which is containing a cross section of its population. The self- containment idea and community building and provision of ample green space can help to achieve the sustainable development through reducing the dependence of vehicle for movement. In addition, Howards proposal also may help to reduce the needs for movement of
agricultural produce. The city will be surrounded by agricultural land and green space, was capable of sustaining many of the needs of the town in terms of food supply and in turn absorbing some of the waste products of the town. Hence, the garden city concept
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