TRANSPORT OF GASES:

INSPIRED ALVEOLAR ARTERIAL VENOUS

AIR AIR BLOOD BLOOD.
pO2 158 100 97 -100 40
pCO2 0.3 40 40 46

O2 HB DISSOCIATION CURVE:

1. Curve relating percentage oxygen saturation of hemoglobin to the pO2.

2. SIGMOID IN SHAPE.

3. Because of binding of one O2 molecule to Hb, increases the affinity for

next Hb. Combination of heme in the hemoglobin molecule with O2
increases affinity of second heme for O2. Therefore, affinity of Hb for the
fourth O2 molecule is much greater than the first.

1g of HB can combine with 1.34 ml of O2

Factors affecting O2 – Hb DISSOCIATION CURVE:

Curve shifted to the right

AFFINITY Between O2 and Hb decreases and O2 can be easily extracted

from the blood.
Higher pO2 is required for Hb to bind given amount of O2.

z Acidosis.- respiratory or metabolic

z Increase in body temperature.
z Increased 2-3 Di Phospho Glycerate.(2,3-DPG.)
z Anemia.
z Exercise.
Bohr’s effect

Decreased O2 affinity of hemoglobin with decrease in blood pH unloading of

O2 with increase in CO2.

Haldane effect

Reverse of Bohr’s effect

Increase in affinity of O2 to Hb with rise in pH
More O2 binds with Hb displacing CO2

O2 – Hb dissociation curve shift to left:

MEANS INCREASE AFFINITY OF O2 TO Hb.

z Increased pH
z Decreased CO2
z Decreased temperature
z Decreased 2,3, DPG
z Fetal hemoglobin

Factors affecting 2,3DPG:

Decrease Increase
Acidosis Anemia
Stored blood Exercise
Chronic hypoxia
Increased body temperature.

High altitude

Thyroid hormones
SIGNIFICANCE OF O2- Hb dissociation curve:

1. FLAT TOP PART (70- 100 mm Hg). If pO2 falls from 100 to 70 mm
Hg, then HBO2 saturation falls from 97 to 92%.very little change in
amount of O2 carried by blood.

2. Steep part, (below 40 mm Hg). When pO2 falls below 40 mmHg,

more O2 is released from hemoglobin.

OXYGEN TRANSPORT:

Modes of O2 transport:
1. Plasma
2. Hemoglobin.
3. Blood.

BLOOD IS THE IDEAL VEHICLE FOR O2 TRANSPORT.

IT GIVES MORE O2 TO TISSUES AT LOWER pO2.

pO2 O2 CONTENT
Arterial blood 100 mm Hg. 19 Dissolved 0.3ml%
ml% Bound to Hb 18.7
ml%
Venous blood 40 mm 14 Dissolved 0.12
Hg ml% ml%
Bound to Hb
13.88ml%.

CO2 transport
1. Plasma
2. Bicarbonate solution
3. Blood
Blood is ideal medium for carrying CO2

Venous blood pCO2 46mmHg

Alveolar pCO2 40 mmHg
 1. CO2 from dissolved solution and carbamino compound breaks
up to liberate CO2
2. HB becomes oxygenated forming oxy-HB----Increase Acidity
of cells----CL shift in reverse order----CL comes out of cell
3. HCO3 from plasma enters the cells
4. In RBC s oxy Hb release H that joins with HCO3 forming
H2CO3
5. H2CO3 is broken up in RBC into H2O and CO2
6. CO2 is liberated from the lungs.

Plasma
a. Dissolved form
b. Carbamino compound
c. Hydration

CO2 + H2O ÙH2CO3ÙH + HCO3

BLOOD

FACTORS AFFECTING CO2 DISSOCIATON CURVE

1. Increase in temp. -----release of O2 from blood----increase take up of
CO2 in blood
2. Decrease in O2 causes loading of CO2

NOTE deoxyHb carries more CO2

CHLORIDE SHIFT (HAMBURGER phenomenon)

a) Blood passing through capillaries contains more HCO3 content in

RBC than plasma

b) HCO3 enters plasma from RBC down the concentration gradient.

c) Electrochemical equilibrium is maintained by shift of chloride from
plasma into cells

d) Cl content of venous content is significantly higher than arterial

blood.

e) For every One CO2 enters RBC ,there is an increase of HCO3 or CL in

the RBC

f) RBC takes up water and haematocrit of venous blood is 3 %greater

than arterial blood