EE 2192 Laboratory Practice IV

INDUCTION GENERATOR

Instructed by : K.L.J..Jayaranga

Name Index No. Field Group

: W.M.C.N.S.Kirinde : 100255K : Electrical Engineering : G6

Date of Performance : 2012/11/15 Date of Submission : 2012/11/29

OBSERVATION SHEET
PRACTICAL NAME INDEX NO. FIELD GROUP DATE OF PERFORMANCE DATE OF SUBMISSION INSTRUCTED BY : Induction Generator : W.M.C.N.S.Kirinde : 100255K : Electrical Engineering : G6 : 2012/11/15 : 2012/11/29 : K.L.J. Jayaranga

(1) Self Excited Induction Generator

Part (a): No - load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed Speed: 2500 rpm Residual Voltage: 2.912 V
Capacitance (F) Voltage (V) Current (A) Frequency (Hz)

50 55 60 62 65 70

0 0 0 240 250 274

0 0 0 2.2 2.4 2.8

41 42 42 41 41 41

Part (b): No load characteristics for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance Capacitance: 62 F
Voltage (V) Speed (rpm) Current (A) Frequency (Hz)

200 220 240 260 270

2380 2432 2500 2560 2600

1.75 1.95 2.20 2.50 2.60

39.50 40.35 41.30 42.60 43.20

Part (c): Performance of load generator with constant speed Speed: 2500 rpm Capacitance: 70 F
Voltage (V) Gen. Current (A) Load Current (A) Frequency (Hz) Torque (Nm)

270 265 262 258 245

2.80 2.75 2.70 2.70 2.60

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.5

41.40 41.00 41.10 41.22 40.90

1.7 2.1 2.6 2.8 3.2

Part (d): Performance of the loaded generator without speed regulation No load Speed: 2500 rpm
Speed (rpm) Voltage (V) Gen. Current (A) Load Current (A) Frequency (Hz) Torque (Nm)

2500 2426 2373 2339 2320

270 266 224 205 190

2.80 2.50 2.25 2.10 1.90

0.00 0.38 0.70 0.96 1.18

41.40 40.05 39.10 38.40 37.90

1.6 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4

(2) Grid Connected Induction Generation

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

Power (W)

Speed (rpm)

Frequency (Hz)

Torque (Nm)

1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.1

230 230 230 230 230

0 40 240 420 480

3014 3025 3050 3073 3086

50.10 50.20 50.20 50.10 50.25

1.4 1.6 2.3 2.9 3.1

CALCULATIONS
(1) Self Excited Induction Generator

Part (a): No - load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed

From the graph Line Voltage vs. Magnetizing Current,

Magnetizing Current at the voltage 240V, Im = 2.2A Frequency at the voltage 240V, f = 41.30 Hz | | | |

From the graph Line Voltage vs. Magnetizing Current,

Magnetizing Current at the voltage 240V, Im = 2.2A

(2) Grid Connected Induction Generator Efficiency

Specimen Calculation Wattmeter Reading Multiplication Factor Hence, output power Torque Angular Speed = 24W = 20 = = 3.1 Nm = 3086 rpm

Power Factor

Specimen Calculation

GRAPHS
1) (a) No-Load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed Line Voltage vs. Magnetizing Current

 Line Voltage vs. Capacitance

(b) No-Load characteristics for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance Voltage vs. Speed

 Frequency vs. Speed

 Magnetizing Current vs. Speed

(c) Performance of the loaded generator with constant speed Voltage vs. Load Current

 Frequency vs. Load Current

 Generator Current vs. Load Current

(d) Performance of the load generator without speed regulation Voltage vs. Load Current

 Frequency vs. Current

 Torque vs. Speed of the prime mover

2) Grid Connected Induction Generator Power Output vs. Speed

 Line Current vs. Speed

 Efficiency vs. Speed

 Power Factor vs. Speed

DISCUSSION
Comment why the no-load test was designed to result in a lower frequency than the rated frequency of 50 Hz.

In this no-load test we need to obtain parameters for a wide range of line voltage like from 200V to 280V for better results. In order to do that, we need to keep the operating point of the induction generator to be in the non-linear region. If the operating point lies on the linear region, then the range of the voltage wont be considerably large enough to do the practical over a wide range. When the frequency increases and reaches a value like 50Hz, the gradient increases and operating point lies on the linear region then. Thus, the no-load test is designed to result in a lower frequency than the rated frequency of 50Hz.

Discuss the importance of induction generators both self-excited and grid connected in power generation of Sri Lanka.

Induction generators have the ability to produce useful power at varying rotor speeds. Hence, they are really important for the usage in wind turbines and mini and micro hydro installations. In Sri Lanka, we can find a lot of small waterfalls, especially in the central parts. Induction generators can play a vital role in the mini and micro hydro power stations because of their simplicity in electrical and mechanical aspects. Induction generators are not appropriate for high power applications. Because of the coastal areas all around Sri Lanka, wind power stations can be installed. These induction generators are more rugged than other types and require no brushes or commutators. Thus, inductions generators are really important for windmills too. They usually require no regulation process and the power factor correction also can be easily provided by capacitor banks. Induction generators are comparatively cheap and compact in size making them ideal for small scale generation in Sri Lanka. Self-Excited Induction Generators are really useful in isolated power generation in Sri Lanka. They do not need an external power supply to produce the magnetic field. It makes them the ideal choice for the wind power generation in remote areas. The magnetic field does not deteriorate with the time which causes a drop in generated voltage in these generators unlike the other generators with permanent magnets. The synchronous alternator s in standalone power generation is being replaced gradually by these generators due to their advantages over the alternators. In grid connected systems, the frequency and the voltage at the machine are governed by the electric grid. Grid connected systems are usually between 10 kW and 100 kW. The power should be normally conditioned using an inverter before fed to the grid. Selfcommutated inverters need a reference from the utility grid to hold synchronization. This can be easily done with induction generators.

 Discuss about each graph plotted. 1. Self-excited Induction Generator

Part (a):- No Load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed Line Voltage vs. Magnetizing Current When the magnetizing current increases, the line voltage also increases. But after some time, the line voltage tends to saturate with the further increment of magnetizing current. The relation between the two parameters as follows where E, Im, , Lm indicates Line voltage, magnetizing current, angular frequency and inductance of the equivalent magnetic circuit of the machine respectively. | | | |

Line Voltage vs. Magnetizing Current With the increment of capacitance, the line voltage increases drastically. Further, line voltage tends to saturate in lower capacitance conditions when the prime mover speed is at a constant.

Part (b):- No Load characteristics for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance Voltage vs. Speed With the speed of the prime mover, voltage increases linearly.

Frequency vs. Speed With the speed of the prime mover, frequency increases linearly.

Magnetizing Current vs. Speed With the speed of the prime mover, magnetizing current increases linearly.

Part (c):- Performance of the loaded generator with constant speed Voltage vs. Load Current Voltage decreases when the load current increases. At lower load currents the decrement of the voltage is very low. However with the load current, voltage decreases drastically.

Frequency vs. Load Current According to the results obtained, it is significant that frequency remains constant while load current is being increased. Hence, it is found that at constant speeds, the frequency of the loaded generator does not depend on load current.

Generator Current vs. Load Current Generator current is being decreased with the load current.

Part (d):- Performance of the load generator without speed regulation Voltage vs. Load Current The voltage decreases with the load current in this case too. But in numbers, the decrement of voltage is dramatically large when theres no speed regulation.

Frequency vs. Load Current Frequency decreases with the load current in the absence of speed regulation unlike in the earlier case, the speed regulated scenario. It is tend to remain constant for very low load currents for a moment; but drastically decreases then.

Torque vs. Speed of the prime mover Torque, speed relationship here is somewhat linear and torque decreases uniformly with the speed of the prime mover.

2. Grid Connected Induction Generator

Power Output vs. Speed The increment of power output with respect to the speed of the grid connected induction generator is somewhat linear.

Line Current vs. Speed Line current increases with the speed in a linear manner.

Efficieny vs. Speed Efficiency increases with the speed. However it is tend to reach a maximum at more speeds because the gradient is decreasing. Then after reaching its maximum, the efficiency will decrease again at very high speeds.

Power factor vs. Speed Power factor shows a non-linear relationship with the increment of speed. At lower speeds close to 3000rpm the increment is very low and when it reaches a values like 3030, 3040 rpm it tends to show a linear relationship. Then again at higher speeds close to like 3100rpm the power factor tends to reach a maximum point and then decreases with further increment.

REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_generator http://autonopedia.org/renewable_energy/Generators/motors_as_generators.html http://www.ijcee.org/papers/278-E747.pdf