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J Med Syst DOI 10.

1007/s10916-010-9564-2

ORIGINAL PAPER

An Ultra Low-power and Traffic-adaptive Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Body Area Network
Sana Ullah Kyung Sup Kwak

Received: 16 April 2010 / Accepted: 14 July 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

Abstract Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) consists of low-power, miniaturized, and autonomous wireless sensor nodes that enable physicians to remotely monitor vital signs of patients and provide real-time feedback with medical diagnosis and consultations. It is the most reliable and cheaper way to take care of patients suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Some of the most important attributes of WBAN is low-power consumption and delay. This can be achieved by introducing flexible duty cycling techniques on the energy-constraint sensor nodes. Stated otherwise, low duty cycle nodes should not receive frequent synchronization and control packets if they have no data to send/receive. In this paper, we introduce a Traffic-adaptive MAC protocol (TaMAC) by taking into account the traffic information of the sensor nodes. The protocol dynamically adjusts the duty cycle of the sensor nodes according to their traffic-patterns, thus solving the idle listening and overhearing problems. The traffic-patterns of all sensor nodes are organized and maintained by the coordinator. The TaMAC protocol is supported by a wakeup radio that is used to accommodate emergency and ondemand events in a reliable manner. The wakeup radio uses a separate control channel along with the data channel and therefore it has considerably low power consumption requirements. Analytical expressions are

derived to analyze and compare the performance of the TaMAC protocol with the well-known beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols. The analytical derivations are further validated by simulation results. It is shown that the TaMAC protocol outperforms all other protocols in terms of power consumption and delay. Keywords MAC WBAN Low-power Traffic

Introduction Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) allows the integration of intelligent, miniaturized, low-power sensor nodes in/around a human body to monitor the body functions and the surrounding environment. It can be used to stream biological information from the human body and transmit it over a short distance to a control device called a coordinator. The coordinator forwards the information to a remote server to get relevant diagnostic recommendations. Compared to the current patient monitoring systems, WBAN has significant advantages such as mobility of patients and independent monitoring facility. WBAN devices work autonomously and can search a suitable network including Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), or internet to reliably transmit data to a remote server. Possible applications include diagnoses and treatment of many diseases including myocardial infarction, gastrointestinal tract, cancer detection, asthma, diabetes, and other health diseases. Non-medical applications include monitoring forgotten things, establishing a social network, monitoring

S. Ullah (B) K. S. Kwak Graduate School of IT and Telecommunication Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, South Korea e-mail: sanajcs@hotmail.com K. S. Kwak e-mail: kskwak@inha.ac.kr

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of athletes, and in some cases assessing soldier fatigue and battle readiness. The long term health monitoring of patients requires low-power techniques on the energy-constraint sensor nodes. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols play a significant role in determining the energy consumption in wireless communication. Traditional MAC protocols mainly focus on improving bandwidth utilization, throughput, and latency. However, they lack energy conserving mechanisms, which is one of the most important requirements of WBAN. Generally, the main sources of energy waste are collision, idle listening, overhearing, and control packet overhead. MAC protocols maximize the network lifetime by controlling the aforementioned sources of energy waste. Some contention-based protocols such as WiseMAC [1] and BMAC [2] use low-power listening and preamble sampling techniques to reduce idle listening. Other protocols such as SMAC [3], TMAC [4], and PMAC [5] reduce idle listening by applying a synchronized schedule between the nodes. But these protocols incur significant synchronization overhead. Contention-based solutions are not suitable for WBAN since most of the traffic is correlated. For example, a patient suffering from fever triggers temperature, blood pressure, and respiration sensors at the same time and these changes may affect the oxygen saturation level in the blood. These kinds of physiological parameters increase the traffic correlation. A single physiological fluctuation

triggers many sensors at the same time. In this case, considering a contention-based protocol encounters heavy collisions and extra energy consumption. Additionally, most of the contention-based protocols including Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) use Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) to determine the status of the channel. However, this is not always guaranteed in WBAN due to the high path loss inside/outside a human body. Schedule-based protocols such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) provide good solutions to the traffic correlation and CCA problems. These protocols are energy conserving protocols because the duty cycle is reduced and there are no contention, idle listening, and overhearing problems. However, common TDMA needs extra energy for periodic time synchronization. All the sensors (with and without data) are required to receive periodic control packets in order to synchronize their clocks. In this paper, we propose a novel Traffic-adaptive MAC protocol (TaMAC) for WBAN that improves energy efficiency by exploiting the traffic information (traffic-patterns) of the nodes. We classify the WBAN traffic into normal, emergency, and on-demand traffic as given in Fig. 1. Normal traffic is initiated by the nodes in a normal condition to send routine health information to the coordinator. This kind of traffic is heavily generated on periodic basis and should be carefully handled. Emergency traffic is initiated by the nodes in emergency events and is totally unpredictable.

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Coordinator Gather Implanted Information Pacemaker On-demand Traffic Emergency Traffic Normal Traffic Wake-up Circuit Main Radio Security Ambulance Data Interface Bluetooth or WLAN

Internet
Medical/ Emergency Server

ECG (left atrium)

Classification

ECG (right ventricle)

GPRS

Telemedicine Server

Fig. 1 A WBAN architecture for ubiquitous health monitoring

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On-demand traffic is initiated by the coordinator to acquire certain information. The TaMAC protocol uses a traffic-based wakeup mechanism to accommodate normal traffic, and a wakeup radio mechanism to accommodate emergency and on-demand traffic. To the best of our knowledge, this kind of WBAN traffic classification is not considered before. In addition, none of the previous works considered the co-existence of normal, emergency, and on-demand traffic. We consider all three kinds of traffic and analyze the average power consumption and delay of the WBAN system. The results are compared with the well-known beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC [6], WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols. The rest of the paper is organized into four sections. Section Related works presents related works. Section Protocol description describes the protocol including its superframe architecture, low-power wakeup mechanisms, and packet format. Section Performance evaluation presents the simulation configuration and results. The final section concludes our work.

Related works Considerable research efforts are devoted to develop an energy efficient MAC protocol for WBAN. Most of the current implementations of WBAN considered IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) [7]. Since the Bluetooth technology is cost effective in terms of power consumption and complexity, it is therefore not widely studied. On the other hand, IEEE 802.15.4 attracted many researchers due to its quick implementation and support of low data rate applications with low cost of power consumption. C. Li et al. studied the performance of both beacon and non-beacon modes of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol and concluded that the non-beacon mode transcends the beacon mode in terms of throughput and latency but with high cost of power consumption [8]. Similarly, Timmons et al. supported the non-beacon mode for low data rate and asymmetric traffic [9]. The performance of a beaconenabled mode of IEEE 802.15.4 is studied in [10]. In [11], authors considered the beacon-enabled mode by adjusting its superframe structure to achieve better performance in energy efficiency and latency. Although IEEE 802.15.4 is closely associated to WBAN, it does not provide enough solutions for communication in WBAN. Other protocols which are mainly based on TDMA architecture are presented in [12, 13], and [14]. A novel TDMA-based MAC protocol called H-MAC is presented in [15]. This protocol exploits heart rhythm information to perform synchronization and to improve

energy efficiency. Since the TDMA slots in H-MAC are not traffic adaptive, it has low spectral efficiency for low duty cycle nodes. Additionally, the heart beat information is not always valid due to variation in the patients condition. A Reservation-based Dynamic TDMA (DTDMA) protocol is presented in [16]. In DTDMA, the slots are allocated to the nodes which have buffered packets and are released to other nodes when the transmission is completed. However, this protocol does not accommodate emergency and ondemand events. Another TDMA-based MAC protocol called the BodyMAC is proposed in [17] where the authors defined downlink and uplink subframes for on-demand and normal traffic, respectively. This protocol lacks proper wakeup mechanism for low-power implants. In addition, it considers CSMA/CA protocol which is not suitable for WBAN. The authors of [18] proposed a battery-aware TDMA protocol for WBAN by considering the joint effects of elerochemical properties of the battery, time-varying wireless fading channels and queuing characteristics. This protocol prolongs battery life span of the sensor nodes with high reliability and low latency. To support streaming of large amount of data in WBAN, an energy-efficient MAC protocol is presented in [19]. This protocol exploits the static nature of WBAN to implement effective TDMA strategies with little amount of overhead and no idle listening. Some other protocols such as WASP and CICADA which consider multi-hop communication in WBAN are proposed in [20] and [21].

Protocol description The TaMAC protocol presented in this paper is developed for a star topology WBAN where a central coordinator controls the entire operation of the network. Since the nodes are extremely low-power miniaturized nodes and use low capacity batteries, most of the complexity is shifted to the coordinator. In TaMAC protocol, the coordinator schedules and allocates resources to the nodes using their traffic-patterns. The traffic-patterns are utilized for normal traffic only. In case of emergency and on-demand traffic, resources are allocated using a wakeup radio mechanism. The aim of the TaMAC protocol is to achieve the following assumptions: 1) Real-time health monitoring, 2) Collision free transmission using the TDMA concept, 3) Lowpower consumption, 4) Tolerable delay, 5) Quick channel access (less than one second) in case of emergency events, 6) scalability, 7) Desired Quality of Service (QoS) for all types of traffic.

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Fig. 2 TaMAC superframe structure

In TaMAC protocol, the channel is bounded by superframe structures as given in Fig. 2. The superframe contains a beacon, a Configurable Contention Access Period (CCAP), and a Contention Free Period (CFP). The beacon is used for synchronization and resource allocation. The CCAP period contains few minislots (3 or 4) of equal duration and is used for short data transmission. This period uses the slottedALOHA protocol since the CSMA/CA protocol encounters unreliable CCA and heavy collision problems as discussed before. The CFP period contains a series of Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS), which are used for actual data transmission. The superframe duration is configurable according to the traffic-patterns and the data volume. Depending on the type of traffic, the TaMAC protocol uses two channel access mechanisms: a trafficbased wakeup mechanism that is used for normal traffic, and a wakeup radio mechanism that is used for emergency and on-demand traffic. In the trafficbased wakeup mechanism, the operation of each node
Fig. 3 Data transfer models: a normal traffic, b updating traffic-based wakeup table, c on-demand traffic, and d emergency traffic

is based on the traffic-patterns. The initial trafficpatterns are pre-defined by the manufacturer and/or created and modified by the coordinator. The trafficpatterns of all nodes are organized into a table called traffic-based wakeup table. The table is maintained by the coordinator according to the application requirements. The table stores IDs of the nodes and their corresponding traffic-patterns. Since the nodes are assigned pre-dened trafc-patterns, they wake up whenever they have data to send/receive, otherwise they remain in sleep mode. This mechanism avoids unnecessary power consumption which is incurred by idle listening and overhearing. Generally, all the nodes wake up periodically (according to the traffic-patterns) with a constant period, however their relative offsets are independent. If more than one node has the same traffic-pattern, then resources are allocated to a high priority node. To access the channel, the node wakes up and waits for a beacon from the coordinator. Since the coordinator knows the traffic-patterns of each node, it sends a beacon to the node on the right time. The node grabs the beacon that contains synchronization, priority, channel, and slot information. The data transmission starts in the GTS slot and ends up with an acknowledgement from the coordinator as given in Fig. 3a. The node should wake up with an average period of T K = 2 TW in advance in order to compensate for the clock drift between the quartz at the coordina-

J Med Syst Fig. 4 TaMAC frame formats

TW . Since the clock of the node or the coordinator may be early/late, therefore the average duration of the clock compensation of the TaMAC protocol is 2 TW . In the wakeup radio mechanism, the node (for emergency trafc) or the coordinator (for on-demand trafc) sends a wakeup radio signal followed by a beacon frame (if required) as shown in Fig. 3c and d. This mechanism is also used to update the traffic-based wakeup table as shown in Fig. 3b. The band used for the wakeup radio is the widely known 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The wakeup radio uses a separate control channel to wake up the main radio (data channel) for data transmission as given in Fig. 1. Since it is mainly used for the wakeup purpose, its power consumption requirements are considerably lower than the main radio and can be simply designed. The advantage of using a separate wakeup radio is to support applications having strict latency requirements. It is therefore desirable for emergency and on-demand traffic due to their stringent QoS requirements. The general MAC frame format is given in Fig. 4. The MAC header contains frame control, sequence no, and address fields, and the MAC footer contains the frame check sequence field. The figure also shows the

tor and the node, where is the frequency tolerance and TW is the wakeup period (beacon period). Since the TaMAC protocol sends beacons according to the traffic rate/pattern, so TW = L, where L is the packet inter-arrival time. The average duration of the clock drift compensation can be obtained as follows: consider that a node is sending a packet to the coordinator at a beacon period TW . The node and the coordinator will count n = TW f cycles, where f is the quartz frequency. If the node has a higher frequency of f (1 + TW n ), then TW = f (1+) = 1+ . For << 1, TW TW =
TW (1+)

beacon and acknowledgement frame formats used in our analysis.

Performance evaluation In this section, we first derive analytical expressions for the power consumption and delay of the TaMAC, beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols. Then we present the simulation setup and finally the results. Power consumption and delay analysis TaMAC protocol Consider Fig. 5, where the coordinator sends a beacon according to the traffic-pattern which is grabbed by the node on the right time for data transmission. It can be seen that the node wakes up T K seconds before the actual start of the beacon in order to compensate for the clock drift between the coordinator and the node. The average power consumption and delay of the TaMAC protocol can be obtained from the following expressions. PTaM AC = P Z + P R T K P R (T S + 2TC + 2TT ) + PT T D L (PT + P R )T RO P R Tc + + 2 2 + DTaM AC = 1 + T D + 2TC + 2TT 2

(1) (2)

Where P Z , PT , and P R represent the power consumed in doze, transmit, and receive states, respectively. T K

J Med Syst Fig. 5 TaMAC description

is the average clock drift compensation and is equal to 2. T S is the setup time from the doze state to transmit or receive states. TC is the transmission time of the control packets including beacon and Acknowledgement (ACK) packets. TT is the turn-around time. T D is the data transmission time and is equal to T D = T PH R + T MH R + T PAY LO AD + T FT R as given in Fig. 5. T RO is the transmission time of a wakeup radio packet and L is the packet inter-arrival time. In Eq. 1, the first term is the power consumed in doze state. The second term P R T K is the average power consumed in order to cover the clock drift. The third term represents the power consumed to turn on the tranceiver, listen to the beacon, send the data frame, and to receive the ACK. As the beacon period TW = L, therefore beacons are sent every L seconds. This is different from the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol where beacons are sent every TW seconds and TW = L. Since more than one node can have the same traffic-pattern, they receive on average TC beacons in order to know 2 the priority information. The last term is the average power consumed to transmit/receive the wakeup radio packet during emergency and on-demand traffic. In Eq. 2, the average delay of the TaMAC protocol is given. Beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol The average power consumption and delay of the beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol (also known as Zigbee) are given by P Z igb ee = P Z + P R T K + + P R (T S + TC ) TW (3)

fore beacons are sent every TW seconds and packets are sent every L seconds. WiseMAC protocol The average power consumption and delay of the WiseMAC protocol can be obtained as PWiseM AC = P Z + + P R (T S + 1/R) TW

PT (T D +TT + X)+ P R TC + P R (n1)Y L (5)

where X = 2 L 1 e 4 L
2 TW T D + 12T D L 1 e 4 L 2TW
TD

(6)

Y= and

(7)

DWiseM AC = T D +

TW TW 1 e 4 L 2 TD TW

+ 2 L 2 e 4 L e 4 L

(8)

PT (T D + 2TT ) + P R TC L

In Eq. 5, the term X is the listening duration of the wakeup preamble (transmitted by the source node) prior to detect the start of first data frame. When the data is transmitted, it is often listened by other nodes. The term Y is the average duration during which the data is listened by the potential overhearers. The term P R (n 1)Y is the power consumed by n 1 potential overhearers during the transmission of a single packet. Finally R represents the data rate. Further details about the derivations of the above equations are given in [22]. SMAC protocol In SMAC protocol, the sensor nodes wake up periodically with a period TW and transmit data with a period

D Z igb ee =

TW + T D + 2TC + 2TT 2

(4)

As mentioned earlier, mostly in the beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol, the TW = L and there-

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L. The average power consumption and delay can be calculated as PSM AC TZ TD PZ + = 1 TW L + PT (T D + 2TT ) + 2P R TC L (9)

Simulation setup The simulation flow diagram at the coordinator is given in Fig. 6. For normal traffic, the coordinator uses the traffic-based wakeup table to determine if a node intends to transmit. If more than one node has the same traffic pattern, resources are allocated to a high priority node. However, if more than one node has the same traffic pattern (same wakeup time) as well as same priority, then resources are allocated to a node having minimum data volume. The remaining nodes wait until the high priority nodes finish their transmission. The remaining nodes are subsequently served based on their priorities. For on-demand traffic, the coordinator directly sends resource allocation information (a wakeup radio signal followed by a beacon) to a node as indicated in the flow diagram. Emergency traffic is generally considered as an interrupt to the normal operation of the coordinator. The entire process stops

DSM AC = nTW

TW + TCS + D 2

(10)

where T Z represents the time during which the nodes remain in doze state, n is the number of nodes, TCS is the channel access time, and D is the transmission delay. Note that in Eq. 9, L = (La + L f )/2, where La is the arrival period of the packets and L f is the forwarding period of those packets to the destination nodes.

Fig. 6 Simulation flowchart at the coordinator

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when an emergency interrupt/event (a wakeup radio signal) is received from a node. If required, resources can be allocated to an emergency node. We consider 10 nodes firmly fixed on a human body. The nodes are connected to the coordinator in a star topology are used to generate uplink trafc only. Generally, the packet inter-arrival period, say L D , in the normal traffic is constant as compared to the emergency and on-demand traffic, where the packet inter-arrival period, say L P , follows exponential distribution (1/L P follows poisson distribution). In the simulation, each node has two traffic generators, i.e., a poisson (emergency and on-demand) traffic generator and a deterministic (normal) traffic generator, where one generator can be used at a time according to the traffic type. The poisson and deterministic traffic are generated from the following equations. 1 L P = log(1 p) with 0 p 1 R N O = a + [ p(b a) + 1] with 0 p(b a) 1, b > a L D = i Rno (12) (11)

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Fig. 7 Average power consumption of the protocols

where in Eq. 11, is the average arrival rate and p represents the probability which is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 1]. In Eq. 12, first a uniform generator is used to calculate a random number R N O and then the L D is generated (i times) as a function of R N O . Generally, each node has a different R N O and thus a different L D . However, there might be a possibility that more than one node has the same inter-arrival time (same traffic-pattern or L P = L D ). In such a case, resources will be allocated to a high priority node as mentioned earlier while low priority nodes will have to wait until the high/medium priority nodes finish their transmission. This behavior increases the average delay of the system (see Fig. 9). The simulation parameters are P Z = 5 W, PT = 27 mW, P R = 1.8 mW, T S = 0.8 ms, TT = 0.4 ms, and = 30 ppm. The size of the control/wakeup radio packet and the data packet is 10 and 60 bytes (including MAC and PHY headers), respectively. The data rate is 25 Kbps. Results Figure 7 shows that the TaMAC protocol outperforms all other protocols in terms of power consumption. This is because the coordinator sends beacons according to the traffic-patterns, thus reducing the extra power con-

sumed in idle listening/overhearing. Since the beaconenabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols exchange control packets periodically (regardless of the traffic rate) for synchronization, their

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Fig. 8 Average delay of the protocols as a function of packet inter-arrival time L

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traffic. The TaMAC protocol introduced two wakeup mechanisms: a traffic-based wakeup mechanism used for normal traffic, and a wakeup radio mechanism used for emergency and on-demand traffic. we studied the co-existence of heterogeneous WBAN traffic and analyzed the performance of the whole system in terms of power consumption and delay. The results were compared with the well-known beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols. It was shown that the TaMAC protocol outperformed all other protocols in terms of power consumption and delay.
Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2010-0018116).

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References
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performance degrades for large L. The average delay of the TaMAC protocol as a function of L and wake up period TW is shown in Figs. 8 and 9. For the beaconenabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols, TW = 1 sec, and for the TaMAC protocol, TW = L. It can be seen in Fig. 8 that the average delay of the TaMAC protocol is less than the other protocols when L decreases. For L = 1,000 sec, the TaMAC protocol has the same delay as that of the other protocols. In Fig. 9, the average delay of the protocols increases as a function of TW . In other words, for a large TW , packets have to wait longer before they are served. But in TaMAC protocol, packets are immediately served according to the traffic-patterns. This results in a reasonable delay as shown in Fig. 9. The figure also shows another delay curve (marked red) for the TaMAC protocol. It can be seen that the delay increases with the increase in TW because for some nodes L P = L D and TW > L. As mentioned earlier, if L P = L D , the average delay of the system increases but this delay is comparatively less than that of the other protocols.

Conclusion We proposed the TaMAC protocol for WBAN that exploits the traffic information of the sensor nodes to accomodate normal, emergency, and on-demand

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